a MADE EASY MADE EASY India's Best Institute for IES, GATE & PSUs > Test Series Online Test Series Classroom Test Series 5 GATE A SU [og on to SSE > | Course Content 2 Classeoom Teaching » Postal Course Separately for TES, GATE & PSUS » Classroom Course + RegulorClessroom Course * Weekend Classroom Course | Courses Steams 2 Regula Casstoom Course 2 Weekend Cassoom Course 2 Postal Study Couse fr, 2 Classroom & Postal Test Series 2 Chl Engineeing 4 leewoniesEngnecting 2 Hlewcal Engineering 1 Mechanical Engineering 2 Computer Science IT 5 Intrusion Engg.” 2 suet 2 PD,GD& Intervw Guidance Online Tet Series = Interview Guleance PD Enamasenchcoracr MADE EASY CENTRES Emit esanaynonegmalon =. | = ce cons Inetsnantgralc ke oo Ho Sa ons Por eee ce rrRE [MADEEASY Publications Corporat Ofice 4-4/4 Kalu Sarai Non Deo 110016 da Ofce:0-2, eco, Nol, tar Pradesh Webstersnrwmacecaspubicationsorg. | Ph:O1-45124612, 9956995590, 860576007 Emallifoneptenadesiso ‘GATE-2015 :Engincering Engineering Topicuise Previous GATE Solved Papers (2002-2014) Copyright 2014, by MADE EASY Pubscators ‘igh are reserved, No part oie publication may bereproduced stron or naduced into 2 reieval sytem, or rarsmtted in ary form or by any means (electrons, mechaical, proto ‘copying. racorting oaerwise), without the psi writen permission of he above maniionsd ubisher of tis book Fst Eon: 2009, Second Eton: 2010 ‘hid Eton: 2017, Fourth Eston 2012 Eon: 2013 ‘Sheth Eton: 2014 seniors 95.0605532 MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS fas aen dw cv alecig the dat nd prong te slvr. bre biting ns book spe hi any macy pang et occ thn MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS ‘ones oregonstity eile peste joucoupantoutany suherexYuraunpeaionsibe apiece. << Preface (Over the period of time the GATE examination has become more challenging due to increasing number of candidates. Though every ‘candidate has ably to succeed but competitive ewionment in-depth knowledge, quality guidance and good source of study is required to achieve high level goals, “Engineetieg Mathematics for GATE" Is @ textbook wich covers exactly the sylabus required for GATE examination. This text book covers the enti syllabus of Engineering "Mathematics compulsory portion of GATE forthe seams CE EC, EE, ME, CSVIT ete... The Unique featur ofthis text book is that each concept i ilustrated thoroughly by solved ‘examples taken fram past GATE Papers, The contents ofthe book are: Linear Algebra, CCaleulus, ferential Equations, Complex Functions, Prebabilly an Statistics, Numerical Methods and Laplace Transforms. thas beennaticed thatthe currently available text books for engineering mathematics ‘are too detalled whereas the GATE syllabus is limited in comparison, In this textbook we have tried our best to focus exsctly on wha is requied for students in their successful proparator for the GATE examination. Since GATE questions from past 10 years are ine Cluded ater each topic, the readers can ealy decide how much ime to spend on each ‘ofthese top, based on the number as well as diffcuty level of the questions asked ‘n pact exame. Only those proofs are included, which wil lp the student to develop a ‘beter conooptual idea ofthe topic. Ihave true desist Serve student community by way f proving good source of study and ‘quality guidance. [hope his book wil proved an importattool to succeed in GATE exam. Ary suggestions fam the readers forthe Impravement of his book are most welcome. Singh (Ex. IES) (Chalrman and Managing Diector MADE EASY GroupGATE: ClvilEngineering Linear Algebra: Watialgeb, Syste of lines equtons, gen values and Eigen vectors ‘Caleaus: Functions of singe vale, Lit, continuity and dflerentaity, Mean value theorems, Fvaluxionf define an prope integrals, Part derivates, Total drain, Mama and minima, Goat, Degence and Ga Vector Metis, Dectonal devas, Line, Surface and Volume Ings Stokes, Gaus and Gren teres. Differential equations: Fist rer eustions (hear and nor-line) Higher order lines eretil ‘equatns wth canton coefiens, Cauchy and Elers equation, Ina and boundary vale robls, Laplace tanstorms, Solutions of one dimersianat eat 2rd wave equations and Laplace equatn, Comps vartabes: Analytic anton Cavey itera theore, Tor and Levent serie Probability andStatstics:Deinsionsf ebay andsagingthesensCnatienapabcity Meo, eda, mode and tnd deviation, Random variables Psa, Namal ander ibutons ‘Numerical Methods: Numeral sluts of ner and non-nearalgerale equations Iteration by trapezoidal and Simpson ue, single and mult-step methods fo erential equations GATE: Mechanical Engineering near Algebra: Manialgeba, Systems oflnearequaons, igen volves and gen vcs. Cates Functions of single vaabl, Lint, cominuity and deena, Mean value sheers, lutons of definite and improper integra, Parl derivatives, fatal detvave, Maxima and mini, Gadler, Dversence and Cr eco dente, Directonal devas, Line, Surface and Yun megs, Stokes, Gauss and Gee's theres. Differential equations: st ore uations linear and nonin) Higher ore near detent equatns with constant coeficets, Cauchy’ and ules equations, ntl and toundaty value ‘oblens. Laplace tansfams,Slaions of on dimensional heat and wave equations and Lapalce equtin (Complex Variables: Aly untns, Cauchy natal tener, Tayor and Lauren series Probability and Statistics: Defnions of probably and sampling theorems, Condon robabity, Mear, median, mode and standard deviation, Random vats, Posor, Norma and Biol dsb, [Numetical Methods: uml sins of near 2nd nonlinear algebra equations Ietgiation| by apeodal and Simpson, single and mult-step methods fo areal equationsGATE: Electrical Engineering i GATE: Computer Science &IT Engineering Linear Agere: Mai age, Sens cts elton Egen abies and gee \ Mathematical og Ropetonl ot ner. 2 ‘alalus Meanie eens Therenst regal aks luni ete and moa ea ios Probaily Condo Poti, Mex, Medan Mode and tac eae une od re, Mee’ ove see Ver Went Dona | Someusns cm nowopsenst ton Bm Tun non ae PEs Line Safe an lane eas Sls ssa ers OS, | hathan thintaeenncnnt ory & lg: ects Gn Parl Oc tie Bok Aer Difereatlal equations: Fist ace equator (net and rane). phe ae new eet comb ins aa aces cote, Met! of arte of pretend Eder un, | Cambie Porat otra, Soman: rc ts ens Caan aryl pes Paral Deena Eto nd abe spatle metho Complex erables: Anycool teem anteyal omdaTeran ent i Graph ea Gn: sannng es Ca verses 8s coven: matching dependent ‘Sie ese ese sion nega Chur; nay bap rohan and stats: Sapirg teens Cot poiy Mean ean, node and Lear Algebra: Agee of abies, determinants, systems of erations, gen voles a gen prover devon, Rando vaablesOacet an continuous dst, Piss, Normal ang ioral econ. fitibten, Cretton ad greson nays america Methods: LU decompastan fr systems of ner equations meal sons of not ‘umerical Methods: Solutions of nonlinear algerac equations, single and mtsep methods of ‘near dgebrac equations by Secant, isetion and Newton-Raphson Methods: Numerical Integration by eee ‘penal and Sinoson es, eee rere Gaels: Lint Coinaty & étfeennably, Mean value Theor, Thetens of lag cles, ‘flat of finite &npoper tral Paral demas Tt dente, maxima & ina GATE: Electronics Engineering Linear Algebra: Matix lb, Systems of ea equations, lgen ales and eres Coteus: bean value theorer, Theorems of nega cleus, Evaluation of ete and Improper ‘Rls Paral Derwaties, Mima nd rina, Muti Inga, Four series, ecto ents, Drectonal dates Line Surface and Yolen Stokes Gauss and Gens Theres Diflerential equations: Fst oferequatons (nea and naniinea). Higher over eat etal tuntons ith constant cece, Method ofvaraton ofFarameters, Cauchy sandEersequntions, nal and boundary value pce, antl Dera Equations ang varablesearble ethos ‘Complex variables Aral function, Cauchy inte theorem an integral fom, ayer and Laurent, ste theater, sou ite Probability and Statistes: Samgling theres, Condtona probability, Mean, median, se 2nd pune devison, Random vals, Discrete and continuous sribtions, POSS, Normal and finoial strut, Corelaon and reqeson ana ‘Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations single and muti-step metods for eentalequtons “Transform Theory Foe tnsorm, Laplace anf, Z-roSystem of Linear EqUatINS umn 18 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors nm 22 Contin nnn 23. Diferentiabilty... 24 MeanValue Theorems. 25 Computing the Derivative. 26 Applications of Derivatives. 27 Partial Derivatives. 28 Total Derivatives nna — 7 ‘Mair & Minima (f Function of Two Independent Variables). 210 20 212 Anplications of integration. : 2.13. Multiple Integrals and Their Application. 214 Vectors. Differential EqUuatlons (2x9) 9x9) 9 x2) 2"2 (PRP PY 242 2 Tororo too matixes PU x2), O42 x4) era R(t). Theminimum of mtipaton eased to compute the matix POR ICE, GATE-2018, 1 Merk) Solution: It we muitiply OR fist then 0.4% Fe having multiplication number 8 Thoreors By ay til have minim number of mation = @.8 Mutiptcaton of maces € and Fis G. Matrices E and G are feos sina 0) 109 | sina cosa of andG=|0 1 0 o 0 ft 00 4, Wit i the matic F? feose sino 0) @ |sine ocs9 0} (848) 16. cost cxs8 0] (ey |-cos8 sino 0 0 o o 4 ot ‘cos sind 0] sind -c0s8 0) © |-sn0 cos0 0 to [oe sno 9 o o 1 o Oa IME, GATE-2006, 2 marks] souton: ) Nottod 1: cos =o 0 e = lane cose 0 00 ti 100 ws a-jord oo ccordngtopotien EXE (MADE EASY Linear Algebra | 17, cot oro o] [1.0.0 a [5h exe ofxe = [0 1 0 cEOR Bee lotoks sere wen tagrosete (Enka. us tbe he se cod so 0 136 [Fe ono ol aac Mottod 2: ‘An easier method fo finding Fis by muitipying E with each ofthe choicas (a. (0). (0) and (a) ‘and incing out which one ives the product a identty matrix G Again the answer (). ~ ot entree Sh mu pct order of metric = 3 Frank « dmansion of ull space of A= 3-2 = t 1.28 Traceofa Matrix Terabe squematco ern Thesunct elon hing Aenea agra is caed the trace of A denoted by Ti(A). 7 aa Thus (lpn ton, TA) = Let ‘Then, trace (A)=tiA) = 14(-8) +5 = 3 Propertios of Tace of a Matrix: Let A and B be two square matrices of ordern and be a scalar Then, 1. trGAye aera 2 WATB)=UArHB 8. tr(AB)=ir(@A)48. | Engineering Mathematics for GATE MADE EASY 1.29. TransposeofaMatrix Let A= [aly Ten thon x meat otaned Tom AY chang tH into columns and its Caiumns ho vows is clld te tanspose ofA ands denoted by 8’ by sew eft 2° tota=|2 4)manaten =|) 4 5 6 6 WB =(129}then wep 2 a Properties of Transpose of a Matrix: Ths’ and B be tansposes ofA and B respectively ther SKY =A 2 (ae oy =A 8 F fea «keg any complex nba (By © 8 5 (ancy =C BK . 1.2.10 ConjugateofaMatrix She mau oblaned ron gen at er number scaled te conjugate of Aandi denoted YK. pea 4-8 paamplest=[ 6” oni _ [2-a aen 8 A-[ a 6 9-1 Properties of Conjugate of a Mate: | 1B & B be the conjugates of A.B respectively. Ten, ix Aon rplacingits elements by the coresnonding conugate 1. Wea 2 eB} = AB 2. Bay = KR. king any capex ser AB) = AB. AB Being conforabietoutiicalon 5. Kx Ait is roa matic K =-Aift Als purely imaginary matric 1.2.11 Transposed Conjugate of Matrix “Te tranepoe othe conjugate of e matrix is cafedWersposed conjugate ofA ands deneted by Wor Ata (Rts socalled conigate transpose of A examples [?2! a (MADE EASY Totind we st fad A [ Tron A? = (A) Linear Algebra | 19 2-1 +i 4144 fa aad ‘Some properties: I! AP& BY bo tho transposed conjugates of A and B respectively then, 1 2 a 4 ic (+B = ats 8° (6A) = FAP, k-> complex number (ABP = BAP 1.2.12 Classification of Real Matrices Roaimaet can beclaefadote olowrg tee typebasodonne retention A 4 2 3 i Symmic Wats (A=) Show Syeetic Nations 3 =A) rtogorl Natio (= "er A= Symmotic Ma Asqare ans [alssaato be eynehic (arenas sts Poona ie. a, =a a8 : =m Inasyrmente mati ATA Example: f ° i sos e aE Note: for any matric A, (@) Ais aays a eymmatric mats Asa 2 Note: (and 8 an symmeti, thon (@) Av Band A~ Bare also symmetic, (b) AB, BA may or may not be symmetric. ‘Skew Symmetric Matt: square matrix A= [&]is sac tobe skew symmetric), )eleme is Of Aisthe nogative ofthe (iP elements of if ay =~2) Yi | Ina show syretvc matric AT =— A. Askew symmetic matix must have al O's inthe agonal © Is always symmatic matrix. Example: ong J-h 0 | lea skew-symmetric mar, -9 FO) Is always skew symmetric,MADE EASY 20 | Engineering Mathematics for GATE 1.2.13 Classification of ComplexMatrices '3. Onhogonal Matix: A square matrix Ais sald be orthogonal Hearne AAT = Ad =. Thus Awl bean orthogonal mai AT = Example: Te Wentity mats ortrogonal sine = F< Note: Since for an orthogonal matic, 1 aK - Jaa] = hilt 3 tal iath = 4 5 abe = Bo ATA lal = st the determinant ofan orthogonal matrix always as. a modius of 1 ‘Comlexmatrioes can be classified! iro tne folowing hres types based on etatonstip betweon At on = att = Sov 9 Scramets cone Acca camo [yg Uk] nate Ic 12. Skew-Hermitan Matix: necessary and sufciet conaion focamatiitobe skew-Hemiion cough [2 “y']nton tein ~~ a. unr nonon cA ane swcyng von iby Awe pte trate estuary marcas hen 8 Fee srwen tenants condition for @ matrix A to be Hermitian is thet fate aA xanotes-|,Z, 2, |nenerarelet sua ic 2 - ILLUSTRATIVEEXAMPLES FROM GATE a. almanicee Aye Bhu(Cher (Olan lou t0¢ Fs steer Matas 61 —rcE] axe syemot Folloning tatrmens are made with respect to these mations. {1 Metri proguct FY [CT [21IC} Fs a scalar. 2. Mat product[D} [1 [Ds abvays syrmetro. ‘tayaference above seterts, whch of he flowing ePpes? {@) Statoment 1 Is tue but 2 fl69 {@) Stotoment 1 i false BA 21s ue {© Bomhine statements ae tue {@) Both he stators re flee : OE, GATE-2004, 1 mark] MADE Easy Linear Algebra | 21 Soluton: (0) ‘Saleen is tue as shown belo, (Ftapa size x5 (CF wsaszo5x3 [Bltesaszeaxs (Climeaszea.s [Fitasasize 5x1 So(FT CFB) (Cl Fas ase 1 x. Metre So, Satmont tue ohieasea Conse Stoment2:D"F Dis aay emetic. Now” coos oto noe Dy Fy, and Ds 2 nt mut F ee Foes 6 Df nt compa for mtipation ee a So, Saran! 1 fe 0.6 A-cquare matrix Bis skowayrnmaticit (@ st =-8 @es sotto ICE, GATE-2000, 1 mark] ‘Asauae mati Bis defined as skew-symmetric if end only I BT = -B, by dfinton. 127 {Alix equarematrxuhich nether syrmetcnor skew-symmetric ans (4 cow eymmetic ang [list torspose. {hess otecnncroore marco seeder (eA oY 1 - WTA respactvely Which ofthe follwing statements TRUE? , {@) Both{5] and D]aresymmetic (0) Boh{S] and D}areskew-syrmetic {6} [8] skowaymmetcand (0) symmetic {6) [Sis symmetric and [0] is skew-symmetric ICE, GATE-2007, 1 mark Solution: (4) Since Sa (ASA = AAT AeASS ie. eee 2 Sis symmetric . Sica DiS (AAW = A(R te Ded SoDis Skow-Synmetic, QB Match List with List and select the correct answer using the codes given below thelist 4 ems a a aes os ae seeLa : og as monte ST git pe ocr ee oti ‘h Singular matix > Determinants 26° B.Non-square mai» Daterminant snot defined (Real eymmetic —» Eigen values ere aways rea 1D Onhogonal mar» Determinantisalways ne 1 1 1 1 9. Glvenan orthogonal matric A= | | 0 Loe o 8 i w[lLooo @}7 00 0 2 : ofoo ofoo : cote ojo 1 oood ood pecs [food dio ° poe ofoe aor : Jooje : oood : {EC, GATE-2005, 2 marks) scion (0) i : wares caro. Fenavesoteare dines Ward sere cn ent ese pepe DOESNOT “ALWAYS hold? . fa) (wy {b) (omy! = 0M nee Nn=n (@) (Ws NTE MT a a [EC, 2014 1 Mark, Set-t] ‘Solution : (d) tes uptcation rot cometh MADE EASY Linear Algebra | 23 Q.11 Which one ofthe fotowing statements is NOT true fora square matrix A? {@) Ais uppar triangular, te eigervalues of Aare the agonal elements oft {0} WAisreal symmatc, the eigenvalues ofA are always eal and postive {) Ais real, the eigenvalues of And AT are always the same {@) Hallthe prneipal minors of Aare postive, athe eigenvalues ofA are also postive TEC, 2014 : 2 Marks, Set-3] Solution : (b] 0.12 Which one of the folowing statements is rue fr aleeal syrmetic matices? {@)_Althe eigenvalues areal (©). Allthe elgenvalues are postive. (0) Altho eigenvalues are ditint (6) Sumotal he eigenvalues is zero. couten-(0) IBE, 2014 : 1 Mark, Set-2] Q.12. Whichone ofthe folowing equations a corect deny for arbitrary 9x9 real matrices P,Q and R? (@ FQ+R)=PO+AP (©) (P-GP =Pe-2P0 + (6) cotlP +O)=dotP + det @ (@) (P+ OF =P2+PO +P +P 2014: 1 Mar, Sa ‘Solution = (d) ™ Sect) (P+0y = Pes POLO + oF PP+PO+OP+00 = Py PO4 OP + E 2.14 Gventhematicas J = clever Ice, 2014 Mark, Se] Solutionea 24 | Engineering Mathematics for GATE (MADE EASY Q.15 The sum of Eigen values of matrix (MT ie 215 660 725) where (i) =|655 150. 835 [485 355. 560 15, : (o) 1988 6 0 @ 200 ICE, 2014 1 Mark, Set] Solution: (2) ‘Sum of eigen values = trace of matic 2215+ 150+ 850= 915 0.16 Win referencetethe corwenional Cartesian (3) the flowing coordinates; x, ys) = (1, O: a) = (2:2) O99) = coordinate system, the vetoes ofavenaieheve 13), The roa ofthe tangle eeaele 3 3 wo 5 ot o8 (oe 2011 Mak sete: . Area viangies MADE EASY Linear Algebra | 25 a (p-a)(p-b)(P—0) arbse when p. stpte ae (aoe eP ave b= (ae eP-a8 fo=WF @F -v8 B+ V5 +32 3 Se 8 1.3. DETERMINANTS. 1.3.1, Definition lay lear az 22,7 called determinants of order 2. The number ay, jy dy dave called elements ofthe eta 8 apy Be Be any four rumbars. Tho symbol [gt 3 | represents the number a. elerminant and the number 8 :2,.— 2, 1.32 Minorsand Cofactors .iscalled the value af determinant. ae ot 2S — 4 Example: The Minor of elermantay, = May lars ar orient 2 23 tyice EASY 26 | Engineering Mathematics for GATE maot 3 Cofactors 135 canary rtp by (ica te cotter forty fan element by coresponding capita iter Example: Cotactor of = Ay =(-1)*! My 2 a ee ‘We shall donate the cofactor by edacoroteometag= Au EN We define for any mati, the sum ofthe products ofthe elements of any row or column wth Nrresponding ootactors fe equa tothe determinant ofthe max, 120) eee Example: ee 12 4 12 cota = |-4 2 4 then, ea Jal = (1 12) (24) (0x12) 2 Cts) +16 x2) + (18) (avez) + 0x1) +28) D 1.34. Determinantofordern ‘A determinant of ordorn has NOW paotorminant of oder n is asquere array ofn x n quantities nt lary Ata A ae ba eal lags Aan Sn sn i equalto ("ties the determinants of cxder (0-1) obIainad ment caus ase nee sor slosed between vertical bars. actor of Af laments coe mr ects pasa oh Sore : S agoote.)= Ba cons Ba corte) Bareete -Theraore, deternant can be expanded using ary a fa ae 1 ao interchanged. Serer of dterminnt dove net change wnen rows and cons ara merchant Tale al 2 Hayron(rctirn) tarnish ace 200 tel Alo 0 a ow oreakann) sealed a 210 om (or cok) ‘ve donical,hon| Al = st any two rows (ecu) ofa mac Aare ° a oan ae tve col ola seminar a rrcanged evo emia mulled by = WAisa3x3 matic then | row oF cohsmn. aces Linear Algebra | 27 4. all dements of the one aw (or one column) ofa determinant are mukiptd by same number k the vue of determinant isk ties the value of given determinant. 5. IFAbenrowed square matrix, and kbe any scala, then Al = K'AL {6 (@) Ira determinant tne sum of the products a the elements of any row (or column) withthe” cofactors of carespanding elements of ary row or colun is equal tothe determinant value (b) IF determinant the sum ofthe praducis ofthe elements of any row (or column) with the cetactors of some other ow ox column is 26. Example: lay by ze las ba Ten aA, +b, 46,0, = 4 aA, biB, +610, = 0 A+B, +00 = 0 aA + bD,+o,0, = 4 2A +bB, +00, = Oete here A, B,C, be cotactor of he element a,b, 6 in 7. tote elements of ow or column) ofa determinant are added m tres the corresponding ements of anche row or clu) the vale ol determinant ns obtained sequal ioe feral deteninant Ae te. AB2 8 thon LA and A292 45 then La Al*|6| and based on tie we can prove the following a Proof of a: lan] = |A*A*A... 0 times] lal Lal al nines = daly Prootot lanl = lil at Now since, lansl = [al lanl * lal lan] = = latl = al 9. Usingthe fact that A. cA = [A] 1, the fofowing can be proved for A @ [Aci Al = JAle=1 (0) ao} yy = Lalio-?