Power Distribution System Balancing &

Optimization

Dissertation-I submitted to
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad
For the award of the degree
Of
Master of Technology
In Electrical Engineering with Specialization
in
Power Electronics & Electrical Drives
By
PRATIK BISWAS
Admission No. 15KT000036

Under the Guidence of

Dr. P.K.Sadhu
( Professor & Head)
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad
April 2017
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Power Distribution System Balancing &
Optimization, is a record of investigation carried out by Mr. Pratik Biswas, Admission
No. 15KT000036 under the guidance of Dr. P.K.Sadhu.
The dissertation submitted is in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of
Technology in Electrical Engineering with Specialization in Power Electronics &
Electrical Drives during the academic session 2016-17 from Indian Institute of
Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad.

The results embodied in the dissertation have not been submitted for the award of
any degree to any university or institute.

Dr. Pradip Kumar Sadhu

Professor & H.O.D.

Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
 Abstract
__________________________________________________

This Project presents a generalised methodology to Load Balance in a Distribution

System to maintain the stability of the Grid by optimizing the cost and also reduction of
emission. The modality of load balancing is discussed along with cost optimization
strategy and emission reduction. The problem is formulated and the algorithm of this
project is mapped. This proposed model is a step by step approach which maintain the
Grid stability followed by cost reduction and emission reduction methodology.
Introduction
The need for more flexible power systems, changing regulatory framework, competitive
market, and economic scenarios, energy savings andenvironmental impact are providing
impetus to the development of Power System which are predicted to play anincreasing
role of the future power market. This proposed method may be developed so that they
satisfy thecustomers load demand at compromise cost and emissions allthe time.
The management of the power industries requires an accurateeconomic model to describe
the operating cost taking intoaccount the output power production.These types of model
is discreteand nonlinear in nature, hence optimizations tools are neededto extract the best
solution between the operating costsemissions and load balancing.

Fig: Distribution System Model

Problem Formulation
In this project the Power System has been studied in Figure 1.
It is seen from the above figure that the system consist of a group of radial feeder which
is a part of a distribution system.
There is a single point of connection to the utility called Point of Common Coupling
(PCC).
In the above power system the feeder 1 and feeder 2 is connected with critical load.
These feeder also connected to renewable sources like Solar PV, Solar Thermal, Wind
Turbines, Fuel cells, Micro Turbines, one Diesel Generator and one battery Storage. The
third feeder has only traditional loads.
As the feeder 1 and feeder 2 supplies critical load so these two feeders may be islanded at
the time of any event. The fuel input is needed only for the Diesel Generator, Fuel Cell,
and Micro Turbines as the fuel for the Wind Turbines Solar PV & Solar Thermal comes
from nature.
Electrical Power can be produced by Solar PV, Solar Thermal, Fuel Cell, Diesel
generators, Micro Turbines and Wind Turbines to meet the demand and to store the
charge at battery. A charge controller should be there to manage the charge of the battery.
Each components of the Power Systemsystem is modelled separately based on its
characteristics and constraints.

Proposed Objective Function

The objective of the project is to supply uninterrupted power to the critical load by
utmost utilizing the Power System resources in most economical manner with minimum
emission. Hence the system components are found
1. Load Forecasting of the critical load.
2. Weather Forecasting to generate from Renewable generators
3. Availability of the generators
4. Power Balancing
5. Cost optimization of the generators
6. Emission Reduction of the Power System
1. Load Forecasting of the Critical Load.
Load Forecasting is a crucial job to meet the demand supply equilibrium. The accuracy
of the Load Forecasting is a great significance because it has commercial as well as
environmental impact on the Power System in term of Cost burden and the Emission
effect respectively.
2. Weather Forecasting to Generate from Renewable Generators
The availability of solar& wind energy is not guaranteed at any particular place or time:
it depends on the weather conditions that prevail and that prevailed recently. Since
meteorological agencies provide detailed weather forecasts round-the-clock, we should
be able to use their predictions to our advantage in planning activities that require solar
and wind energy. Generation and load balance is very important aspect today in the
economic scheduling of the generating units and in electricity market trades and it is
necessary for Grid stability. Power generation forecasting can be used to mitigate some
of the challenges that arise from the uncertainty in the resource. Solar and Wind power
forecasting may be done by using Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic etc.
Variable energy generations, particularly from renewable energy resources such as
wind and solar energy plants have created operational challenges for the electric
power grid because of the uncertainty involved in their output in the short term. As the
intermittency of these generators are high, these resources may adversely affect the Grid
stability.
The operating reserves that use fossil fuel generating units should be kept as low as
possible to emission reduction and to get the highest benefit from the deployment of the
variable generations[1]. Forecasting the renewable generators is very important in
economic despatch as well as in the purview of electrical operation.
The Renewable Generation forecasting and renewable generation scheduling may be
done by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the help of statistical data and weather
report.

3. Availability of the Generators and Storage

For smooth running condition of the power system the Availability study of the
generators connected in the power system is very much important. The availability will
be assessed based on its installed capacity and other factors. The availability of the
generators in the power system is determined based on the expression.
P = PV + W + F + ST + DG+ B
 PV = Total Availability of Power from PV System in KW
W = Total Availability of Power from Wind Generators in KW
F = Total Availability of Power from Fuel Cell in KW
ST = Total Availability of Power from Solar Thermal Generators in KW
DG= Total Availability of Power from Diesel Generators in KW
B = Total Availability Energy Storage System in KW

4. Power Balancing
To meet the active power balance, an equality constraint is imposed.
PV+ W + Fi + ST + DGi+ B - L = 0
For stable power system operation real power output of a Diesel Generator is limited to
PDGimin PDGiPDGimaxi= 1,2,3N
Where PDGiminminimum output power of unit i
And PDGimaxminimum output power of unit i
PFimin PFi PFimaxi= 1,2,3N
Where PFiminminimum output power of unit i
And PFiminminimum output power of unit i

Each generating unit has a minimum up time (MUT) and minimum down time (MDT)
limits. Once when a generating unit is switched on, it has to operate continuously for a
certain minimum time before switching it off again. Besides someminimum stop time has
to be maintained before starting the unit. The violation of such constraints may have
detrimental effect on the generators.
This constraints are formulated as
(Tont -1,iMUTi), (ut-1,i ut,i ) 0
(Tofft -1,iMDTi), (ut-1,i ut,i ) 0
Tont -1,i / Tofft -1,i is the unit off/on time, while ut-1,i stands for the unit off/on [0,1]status
So to match the demand supply curve of a power system the difference between load and
power available can be managed from Power System sources or Renewable energy
sources. If the total load demand cannot be mitigated by Power System sources then
power should be purchased and if power available is more than the power demand then
the power can be sold. The following equations can describe the mathematical model for
Power Purchase and Power selling of the power system.[2]
Where
CPP = CP X max (PL Pi, 0)
ISP = CsX max (Pi PL, 0)
Cp and Cs are the tariffs of the purchased and sold power respectively in (Rs./kWh).

The number of starts and stops ( startstop) should not exceed a certain number (Nmax).

start-stop Nmax

5. Cost optimization of the Generators

The Cost Optimization function should be developed in such a way to minimize the cost
of the power system.

F (Pi) =
=1( + + ) +
where
F (Pi) The operating cost of the generating unit i in Rs/Hour
Ci Fuel costs of the generating unit i in Rs/Litre for the Diesel GeneratorsRs/KWH for
Fuel cell and Micro Turbines.
Fi Fuel consumption rate of a generator unit i,
OMi Operation and maintenance cost of a generating unit i in Rs/h
SCiStart up cost of the generating unit i in Rs/h
Pi Decision variables, representing the real power output from generating unit i in kW
CPP Cost of purchased power if the load demand exceeds the generated power in Rs/h,
ISP Income for sold electricity if the output generated power exceeds the load demand
inRs/h.
The operation and maintenance cost of the generating unit i (OMi) is assumed to be
proportional with the produced energy, where the proportional constant KOM.

OMi = KOM=1

The value of KOM is assumed below

KOM (DG) = 0.01258 Rs/kWh
KOM (FC) = 0.00419 Rs/kWh
KOM (MT) = 0.00587 Rs/kWh.
KOM (ST) = 0.00422 Rs/kWh
The Operation & maintenance cost of Solar PV and Wind Turbines is assumed to be
negligible.
The start up cost depends on the shut down time [3].
,
SCi = i+ i [1 exp( )]

i is the hot start up cost, i the cold start up cost, i the unit cooling time constant and
Toff,i is the time a unit has been off.

6. Emission Reduction of the System

The Emission is basically termed as emission of pollutants such as sulphur oxides SO2,
carbon oxides CO2, and nitrogen oxides NOx, caused by burning of fuel at diesel
generators. The total emission of these generators can be modelled in termed as Kg/Hour,
which is modelled below [4].

E(Pi) = =1(10 2(i + iPi + iPi2) + i exp(iPi))
Algorithm of the Proposed Method
These power system modelled is designed to set the objective to Optimization of Cost,
Minimization of Emission and Load Balancing for Grid Stability and Demand Side
Management. To achieve main goal all important influencing factors should be
highlighted. The following algorithm will drive this project to achieve its main goal.
i) As per as the Grid Stability and Demand Side Management are concern the
Load Forecasting is very much important to estimate the other parameters. So
from the load forecasting the load demand of the system will be estimated.
ii) Weather forecasting should be a vital steps to predict the solar irradiation,
temperature and the wind speed to calculate the output power of the solar PV,
Solar Thermal and Wind Turbine because the out power will be different from
Standard Reference Condition at that weather condition.
iii) After Load Forecasting and Weather Forecasting the availability of the
generators will be checked. It is very important to match the demand and
supply.
iv) As the Solar Power and Wind Power is zero running cost power and has no
emission so these power is treated as Top Priority Power in terms of merit order
dispatch of generators.
v) The calculation of the unmet load from the Solar and wind should be
calculated.
vi) Based on the power requirements the Diesel Generators, Fuel Cell, and Micro
Turbines will be scheduled according to cost optimization and emission level.
vii) Power balancing is one of the main objective of this projects. So to manage the
demand and supply storage is very important. Basically storage is necessary
when the micro generators is insufficient to serve the load as well as surplus
power at the time of excess generation will be stored in the storage system.
viii) If the output power is insufficient then purchase of powerwill be done from the
main gird, and if the output power is more than the load demand then sell of
excess power will be done to the main grid.
Future Work
The Load forecasting for the distribution system will be done by ANN. Weather
forecasting and assumption of temperature, wind velocity, and solar irradiation will be
predicted and analysed through weather forecasting and statistical data. Cost optimization
& emission reduction will be simulated by using Multi objective Optimization.
Reference
[1] Solar Power Forecasting Using Artificial Neural Networks, Mohamed Abuella,
Student Member, IEEE Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University
of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, US and Badrul Chowdhury, Senior Member,
IEEE Energy Production & Infrastructure Center University of North Carolina at
Charlotte Charlotte, USA

[2] Azmy, A.M., and Erlich, I., Online Optimal Management of PEM Fuel Cells Using
Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.,Vol. 29, No. 2, p. 10511058,
Appril 2005.

[3] Orero S. O, and Irving M. R., Large scale uint commitment using a hybrid genetic
algorithm, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy systems., Vol. 19, No. 1,
pp. 4555, 1997.
[4]. Abido M. A Enverionmental/Economic Power Disparch Using Multiobjective
Evolutionary Algorithms, , IEEE Trans. on Power Syst.,Vol. 18, No. 4 November 2003
p. 1529 1537