OZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI ICHKI ISHLAR VAZIRLIGI

A KA DE M IY A

M. A. RUSTAMOV, M. I. ASRIYANS

INGLIZ TILI GRAMMATIKASI

TOSHKENT
OZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI ICHKI ISHLAR VAZIRLIGI
A KA DE M IY A

M. A. RUSTAMOV, M. I. ASRIYANS

INGLIZ TILI GRAMMATIKASI

Toshkent 2006
81.2 . 73
R88

Rustamov M. A., Asriyans M. I.

R88 Ingliz tili grammatikasi: Oquv qollanmasi.
T.: Ozbekiston Respublikasi IIV
Akademiyasi, 2006. 111 b.

Oquv qollanmada hozirgi zamon ingliz adabiy tilida faol

ishlatiladigan grammatik hodisalar, modellar va konstruk-
siyalarning yasalishi qoidalari va qollanish holatlari bayon
qilingan.
Qollanma ingliz tilini organayotgan barcha kitobxonlar
uchun moljallangan.
K 81.2 . 73

Taqrizchilar: filologiya fanlari doktori, professor

A.A. Abduazizov;
yuridik fanlari nomzodi
A. Rahmonov

Ozbekiston Respublikasi IIV Akademiyasi, 2006 y.

 SOZ BOSHI
Malumotnoma OzR IIV Akademiyasida chet tili
sifatida ingliz tilini organuvchi talabalarga moljallangan
bolib, Akademiya tinglovchilari uchun tuzilgan ingliz tili
fanidan namunaviy oquv dasturida nazarda tutilgan
grammatik mavzular asosida tuzilgan. Qollanmani
tuzishda ingliz tili grammatikasiga oid zamonaviy ilmiy
adabiyotlar, darslik va oquv qollanmalaridan foydalanildi.
Grammatik hodisalarning sharhlarini berishda hozirgi
ozbek adabiy tilining xususiyatlari hisobga olingan. Ingliz
tilida qotib qolgan va sozma-soz tarjima qilib
bolmaydigan grammatik qoliplarning ozbek tilidagi
muqobil shakllarini topishga harakat qilingan va zarur
orinlarda izohlar bilan tushuntirib berilgan. Oquvchilar
uchun qulaylik tugdirish maqsadida ishda chizma va
jadvallardan keng foydalanilgan.
Qollanmada ingliz tilining sodda grammatikasi
doirasida malumotlar berishga harakat qilingan. Unda
ingliz tilidagi ot, olmosh, son, sifat, fel kategoriyalariga oid
hamda sifatdoshlar, modal fellar, boglovchi va old
komakchilar (predloglar), gapdagi sozlar tartibi kabilar
haqida til organuvchilar uchun zarur malumotlar
keltirilgan.
Qollanmaga soz yasovchi qoshimchalar va notogri
fellar royxatlari ilova qilingan. Notogri fellar royxati
ikkita jadvalda berilgan. Birinchi jadvalda hozirgi, otgan
zamon va otgan zamon sifatdoshi shakllari turlicha bolgan
notogri fellar orin olgan bolsa, ikkinchi jadvalga har
uchchala yoki ikkinchi va uchinchi shakllari bir xil bolgan
notogri fellar joylashtirilgan.
Qollanma mualliflari ishda uchrashi mumkin bolgan
kamchiliklar uchun oldindan uzr soragan holda mazkur
qollanma haqida bildirilgan har qanday tanqidiy fikrlarni
minnatdorchilik bilan qabul qiladilar.

3
 OT
NOUN
Otlar shaxslar, hayvonlar, joylar, narsalar, hodisalar va
turli- tuman mavhum tushunchalarni ifodalovchi sozlar
bolib, Who? (kim?) va What? (nima?) soroqlariga
javob boladi.
Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar
Ingliz tilidagi otlar ham ozbek tilidagi kabi ozi
ifodalagan tushunchaga kora sanaladigan yoki
sanalmaydigan otlarga bolinadi. Bazi kop manoli otlar
bir manosida sanaladigan otlar sirasiga kirsa, boshqa
manosi bilan sanalmaydigan otlar qatoridan orin olishi
mumkin. Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar quyidagi
xususiyatlari bilan farqlanadi:
Sanaladigan otlar Sanalmaydigan otlar
birlik va koplik shakllariga ega faqat bir shaklga ega
boladi
birlik yoki koplikda kelishiga birlik shaklidagi fellar bilan
qarab birlik yoki koplik keladi
shaklidagi fel bilan keladi
birlik shaklida kelganda oldida a, oldidan a, an yoki one sozlari
an, yoki one kabi aniqlovchilar aniqlovchi sifatida kelmaydi
bolishi mumkin
koplik shaklida kelganda oldida oldidan aniqlovchi sifatida
many yoki few aniqlovchilari much ishlatilishi mumkin
bolishi mumkin
faqat koplik shaklida kelganda oldidan aniqlovchi sifatida
oldidan some aniqlovchisi some kelishi mumkin
ishlatilishi mumkin
faqat koplik shaklida oldidan oldidan amount of qollanishi
number of kelishi mumkin mumkin

4
 Muayyan turdagi otlar odatda doim sanaladigan
boladi. Ularni quyidagi guruhlarga ajratish mumkin:
1. Odam, hayvon, osimlik, hasharot va ularning
qismlarini atovchi otlar:
PEOPLE ANMALS PLANTS NSECTS PARTS
(ODAM) (HAYVON) (OSIMLIK) (HASHAROT) (QISM)
a boy a cat a cactus an ant an ankle
(bir) bola (bir) mushuk (bir) kaktus (bir) (bir) topiq
a girl a dog a bush chumoli a bone
(bir) qiz (bir) it (bir) buta a butterfly (bir) suyak
a man a horse a flower (bir) kapalak a face
(bir) kishi (bir) ot (bir) gul a (bir) yuz
a student a mouse an oak caterpillar a head
(bir) student (bir) sichqon (bir) eman (bir) qurt (bir) bosh
a teacher a tiger a potato a fly a nose
(bir) (bir) yolbars (bir) (bir) (bir) burun
oqituvchi a wolf kartoshka pashsha an ear
a wife (bir) bori a rose a mite (bir) quloq
(bir) rafiqa a zebra (bir) atirgul (bir) burga a wing
a woman (bir) zebra a tree a tick (bir) qanot
(bir) ayol (bir) daraxt (bir) kana
a wasp
(bir) ari

2. Turli shakllarga ega bolgan narsa va obyektlarning

nomlari:
a ball a car a mountain a street a lamp
(bir) top (bir) mashina (bir) tog (bir) kocha (bir) lampa
a building a door a river a church an
(bir) bino (bir) eshik (bir) daryo (bir) umbrella
a house a window a lake cherkov (bir) soyabon
(bir) uy (bir) deraza (bir) kol a stadium a book
a tent a shop a valley (bir) stadion (bir) kitob
(bir) palatka (bir) dokon (bir) vodiy a tree a pen
(bir) daraxt (bir) ruchka

3. Olchov birliklari (uzunlik, maydon, ogirlik, hajm,

harorat, bosim, tezlik va boshqalarni olchashda
ishlatiladigan sozlar) va tasnif sozlari (turlarni atash
uchun xizmat qiladigan sozlar). Sanalmaydigan otlar
olchanishi yoki tasniflanishi mumkin:
5
 an inch a piece a cubic a gramm
bir dyum (2,54 sm.) bir bolak centimeter bir gramm
bir kub sm.
a foot a square foot a part a meter
bir fut (30,48 sm.) bir kvadrat fut bir qism bir metr
a type a square meter a degree a pound
bir tur bir kvadrat metr bir daraja bir funt
a bit a cubic inch a drop an item
bir chimdim, ozgina bir kub dyum bir tomchi bir band

4. Jamiyatdagi tasniflanishga oid otlar:

a family a tribe a city a word a language

(bir) oila (bir) qabila (bir) (bir) soz (bir) til
a clan a country shahar a phrase
(bir) toda (bir) a state (bir) ibora
mamlakat (bir)
davlat

5. Bazi mavhum tushunchalarni ifodalovchi otlar:

a help an invention a rest
(bir) yordam (bir) kashfiyot (bir) hordiq
a hindrance a nuisance a scheme
(bir) tosiq (bir) noxushlik (bir) chizma
an idea a plan a taboo
(bir) fikr (bir) reja (bir) tabu/taqiq

Sanalmaydigan otlarni quyidagi guruhlarga bolish

mumkin:
1. Oziq-ovqat, materiallar va metallar, tabiiy sifatlarni
nomlovchi otlar:
OZIQ-OVQATLAR MATERIAL VA TABIIY SIFATLAR
METALLAR
bread copper lightness
non mis yoruglik
cake cotton darkness
pirog paxta qorongulik
chocolate grass heaviness
shokolad ot ogirlik
meat iron brightness
6
 gosht temir charogonlik
spaghetti rayon foolness
makaron cellulosa axmoqlik va boshqa
spinach steel -ness (-lik)ka tugovchi
ismaloq polat sozlar
butter wood luminescence
saryog taxta miltirash, chaqnash
cheese adolescence
pishloq yoshlik; yigitlik va qizlik

2. Suyuqliklar, gazlar va juda mayda qismlardan iborat

jismlar:
SUYUQLIKLAR GAZLAR MAYDA BOLAKLARDAN
IBORAT JISMLAR
coffee air barley
kofe havo arpa
milk carbon dioxide rice
sut uglekislotali gaz guruch
oil oxygen sugar
yog kislorod shakar
tea smoke popcorn
choy tutun bodroq

3. Tillarning nomlari: Arabic, English, Chinese, French,

Japanese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Welsh, etc.

4. Kopchilik -ing qoshimchasi bilan tugovchi otlar.

Quyidagilar bundan mustasno: building, feeling,
dealing, wedding, helping ovqat manosida; a saving
iqtisod, lekin savings tejalgan pul; furnishings)
doim koplikda ishlatiladi:

clothing hiking trying

kiyim sayr urinish
dancing learning waiting
raqs organish kutish
studying lightning smoking
oqish chaqmoq chekish

5. Kopchilik mavhum otlar, shu jumladan, -ness, -

7
ance va -ity qoshimchalari bilan yasalgan otlar mavhum
tushunchalarni bildiradi va sanalmaydi:
beauty selfishness peace
chiroy xudbinlik tinchlik
equality ignorance plenty
tenglik nodonlik kop
serenity importance sanity
osudalik ahamiyat soglomlik
happiness obsolescence verbosity
baxt toliqish sergaplik

Boshqa tillarda sanaladigan kopgina otlar ingliz tilida

sanalmaydigan otlar sirasiga kiradi:
advice furniture permission
maslahat mebel ruxsat
anger garbage photography
jahl axlat fotografiya va aphy
applause harm ga tugaydigan boshqa
qarsaklar zarar otlar
baggage hospitality poetry
bagaj mehmondostlik nazm, sheriyat
behavior information progress
fel-atvor malumot progres
cash laughter publicity
naqd pul kulgi oshkoralik
chaos leisure rubbish
xaos bosh vaqt chiqit, ortiqcha narsa
chess luck safety
shahmat va boshqa omad xavfsizlik
oyin nomlari luggage violence
china (dishes) bagaj zoravonlik
Xitoy taomlari melancholy weather
conduct melanxoliya ob-havo
xulq-atvor money moonlight
damage (harm) pul oy nuri
zarar news mud
dirt yangiliklar (koplik balchiq
iflos shaklida, lekin music
birlikdagi fel bilan musiqa
keladi)

8
 Sanalmaydigan otlar olchanganda yoki tasnif
qilinganda (turlarga, sinflarga bolinganda), ularning
kopchiligidan oldin of, piece, bit, item sozlari kelishi
mumkin. Boshqa shularga oxshash sozlar ham,
sanalmaydigan otlarning ayrimlari bilan qollanishi
mumkin:
a slice of bread, cake, meat a grain of rice, barley, wheat
bir bolak (parrak) non, pirog, bir dona guruch, arpa, bugdoy
gosht a lump of coal, sugar
a bar of chocolate, candy, bir bolak komir, qand
soap a bit of paper, metal, wood
bir bolak shokolad, konfet, sovun bir parcha qogoz, metal, yogoch
a sheet of paper, ice a piece of , cake, wood
bir varaq qogoz, bir bolak muz bir bolak qogpaper oz, pirog, taxta
a blade of grass, wheat
bir maysa, bugdoy poyasi

Atoqli va turdosh otlar

Atoqli otlar alohida olingan odamlar, joylar yoki narsa-
larning nomlaridir. Ular bosh harf bilan yoziladi. Qolgan
barcha otlar turdosh otlar hisoblanadi.
George Allen attends Lakeview College.
Jorj Allen Leykvyu kollejiga qatnaydi.
Monday, June 15, is Marilyn Morgans birthday.
Dushanba kuni, 15 iyunda Marilin Morganning tugilgan kuni.

Agar atoqli ot ikki va undan ortiq kishi, joy yoki

narsaning nomi bolsa, uning oldidan aniq artikl yoki biror
aniqlovchi qoyiladi.
My brother is named Bill Johnson and my cousin is also
named Bill Johnson. The Bill Johnson who lives across the
street from me is my brother.
Akamning ismi Bill Jonson, jiyanimning ismi ham Bill Jonson.
Kochaning narigi tomonida (mening qarshimda) yashaydigan Bill
Jonson mening akam.

Turdosh otlar mavhum va aniq otlarga bolinadi.

9
Mavhum tushunchalar fikr va tasavvurlar, hissiyotlar,
sifatlar va jarayonlarni nomlaydi: justice, beauty,
happiness, length, weight, classification. Aniq otlar
hissiyotlar orqali togridan togri sezish mumkin bolgan
narsalar yoki jonzotlarni nomlaydi: ball, boy, bread,
chair, heat, noise, fire, smoke, ice, water va hokazo.
Jamlovchi otlar
Jamlovchi otlar bir guruh kishilar, hayvonlar, qushlar,
hasharotlarni ifodalaydi. Jamlovchi ot harakatning guruh
tomonidan birga bajarilayotgani yoki guruhning har azosi
tomonidan alohida bajarilayotganiga qarab felning birlik
yoki koplikdagi shaklini oladi.
Ijtimoiy uyushma va guruhlarni ifodalovchi jamlovchi
otlardan ayrimlari quyidagilar:

army clan chorus

qurolli kuchlar toda, guruh xor
audience congregation police
auditoriya kongregatsiya, toplangan politsiya
band kishilar team
orkestr group jamoa,
brigade guruh komanda
brigada (komanda) orchestra troop
orkestr qoshin

Hayvonlar, qushlar va hasharotlarni ifodalaydigan

jamlovchi otlardan ayrimlari quyidagilar:
a herd of cattle, sheep, a hive of bees
goats arilar galasi
mollar, qoylar, echkilar podasi a swarm of ants, bees, flies
a flock of birds, chickens chumolilar todasi, arilar, pashshalar
qushlar, jojalar galasi galasi

Otlarda koplik
Ingliz tilidagi aksariyat otlarning koplik shakli togri
yol bilan yasaladi. Otning birlik shakliga -s qoshimchasi
10
qoshilib, uning koplik shakli hosil qilinadi.
boy boys book books pencil - pencils

-s, -ch, -sh, -tch, -x, -z harflari bilan tugagan

sozlarning koplik shakli -es qoshimchasini qoshish yoli
bilan yasaladi.
bunch bunches patch patches fox foxes
oram/bog(lar) bolak/parcha(lar) tulki(lar)

Eslatma: o harfi bilan tugovchi kopgina sozlarga -s

qoshimchasi qoshiladi, biroq quyidagi otlarning koplik
shaklini yasash uchun -es qoshimchasini qoshish lozim
boladi:
echo echoes potato potatoes
aks-sado aks-sadolar kartoshka kartoshkalar
embarg embargoes tomato tomatoes
o embargolar pomidor pomidorlar
embargo heroes torpedo torpedoes
hero qahramonlar torpeda torpedalar
qahramon Negroes veto vetoes
Negro habashlar veto vetolar
habash

Bazi otlarga koplik qoshimchasi qoshilganda

muayyan imlo ozgarishlari yuz beradi. Soz oxirida
undoshdan keyin kelgan y harfi iga aylanadi va es
qoshiladi:
baby babies
godak godaklar
city cities
shahar shaharlar
study studies
oqish oqishlar

Bazi otlar oxiridagi -f yoki -fe koplik qoshimchasi (-

s/-es) qoshilgach -ves ga aylanadi:
-f yoki -ef bilan tugovchi ot Koplik shakli
calf calves
11
 buzoq buzoqlar
elf elves
elf elflar
half halves
yarim yarimlar
hoof hooves yoki hoofs
tuyoq tuyoqlar
knife knives
pichoq pichoqlar
leaf leaves
barg barglar
life lives
hayot umrlar
loaf loaves
buxanka buxankalar
relief reliefs
qutilish koplikda kam ishlatiladi
self selves
ozi ozlari
shelf shelves
javon javonlar
thief thieves
(ogri) ogrilar
wife wives
rafiqa rafiqalar
wolf wolves
bori borilar
Lekin roof (tom) roofs (tomlar), belief (ishonch) beliefs
(ishonchlar), proof (dalil) proofs (dalillar), relief
(qutilish) reliefs (koplikda kam ishlatiladi) holatlari ham
uchraydi.
Hozirgi ingliz tilida ayrim otlarning qadimgi ingliz
tiliga oid koplik shakllari hamon ishlatiladi.
man men mouse mice ox oxen
kishi(lar) sichqon(lar) hokiz(lar)
woman women louse lice goose geese
ayol(lar) ablah(lar) goz(lar)
fireman firemen child foot feet
ot ochiruvchi(lar) children oyoq(lar)
bola(lar)

12
 workman - tooth - teeth
workmen tish(lar)
xizmatchi(lar)

Ayrim otlar birlik shaklini saqlagan holda jamlovchi

koplik manosini bildirishi mumkin.
ANIMALS, BIRDS AND FISH (HAYVONLAR, QUSHLAR VA BALIQLAR)
deer (bugu)
pheasant (qirgovul)
Mr. Parker hunts (ovlaydi) (fil)
elephant
duck (ordak)

trout (forel)
He catches (tutadi) perch (okun)
bluefish (lufar)

TREES AND PLANTS (GRAINS) (DARAXTLAR VA OSIMLIKLAR

(BOSHOQLI OSIMLIKLAR)
pine (qaragay
oak )
The Allens wheat (eman) on their farm this
planted (ekdilar) corn (bugdoy) year.
(don) (oz xojaliklariga bu yil)
sorghum
barley (sorgoh)
(arpa)

PEOPLE (ODAMLAR)
Everyone man, woman, and child is affected by air
pollution.
Barcha erkagu ayolu bola havoning ifloslanishidan zaharlandi.
Student and teacher alike signed the petition.
Talaba va oqituvchi ikkalasi petitsiyaga qol qoyishdi.

Ozbek tilida otlar ikki va undan katta sanoq sonlardan

keyin kelganda ham birlik shaklida qollanadi (onta kitob),
lekin ingliz tilida oldidan birdan katta sanoq son kelgan
otlar koplik shaklida ishlatilishi kerak:
two girls five chairs
ikkita qiz beshta stul
ten books seven days
onta kitob yetti kun

13
 Otlarda egalik kelishigi
Ot turkumiga mansub sozlar ikki kelishikdan birida
qollanadi: umumiy (common) va egalik (possessive).
Umumiy kelishikda otga hech qanday qoshimcha
qoshilmaydi. Egalik kelishigi shaxs yoki narsaning biror
kimsaga tegishli ekanini ifodalaydi va Whose? (kimning?)
sorogiga javob boladi. Otning egalik kelishigi shakli ikki
usulda yasaladi:
Birinchi usulida otga -s qoshimchasini qoshiladi va
odatda ozbek tilidagi -ning (qaratqich kelishigi)
qoshimchasiga mos keladi, masalan:
the girls bag Jacks coat
qizning sumkasi Jekning paltosi
the boys tent Georges book
bolaning chodiri Jorjning kitobi

Agar otga koplik qoshimchasi -s (-es) qoshilgan

bolsa, soz oxiridagi s harfidan keyin tutuq belgisi
qoyiladi. Masalan:
the boys books
bolalarning kitoblari

-s quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi:

1. -s odamlar va inson faoliyati dilan aloqador otlarga
qshiladi, masalan:
Atoqli otlar: Abraham Lincolns speech.
Abraham Linkolnning nutqi.
Shaxslarni nomlovchi The girls dress.
otlar: Qizning koylagi.
Jamlovchi otlari: The teams success.
Jamoaning muvaffaqiyati.
Inson faoliyati bilan The bodys ability.
aloqador otlar Tana(ning) qobiliyati.
Geografik nomlar: Canadas history.
Kanadaning tarixi.
Muassasalarning The Universitys budget.
Universitetning byudjeti.
14
 nomlari: The museums members.
Museyning azolari.

2. Vaqtni ifodalovchi kohchilik sozlarning egalik

kelishigi -s bilan yasaladi, masalan:
a months pay two weeks vacation
bir oylik ish ish haqqi ikki haftalik tatil
a years work seasons greetings
bir yillik ish mavsimning ochilishi

3. Bazi turgun iboralar tarkibidagi otlar -s bilan

birikadi, masalan:
our moneys worth at arms length
pulumizga yarasha nariroqda

4. Murakkab hayvonlarning nomlariga -s qoshiladi,

masalan:
a dogs life the kittens cry
itning hayoti mushikchaning yiglashi
the horses mane the cats meow
otning yoli mushikning miyovlashi

Qolgan holatlarda otlarning egalik kelishigi of predlogi

yordamida yasaladi. Bunda ozbek tilidan farqli ravishda
birikmadagi aniqlanmish of predligidan oldin, aniqlovchi
esa, predligdan keyin qoyiladi, masalan:
the tires of the car the roof of the house
Mashinaning balonlari uyning tomi
the surface of the road the leaves of the tree
yolning yuzasi daraxtning barglari

ARTIKLLAR
ARTICLES
Artikllar mustaqil manoga ega bolmagan yordamchi
sozlar bolib, otlarning aniqlovchisi hisoblanadilar. Ingliz
tilida artikllarning ikki turi mavjud: noaniq artikl (the
15
indefinite article) va aniq artikl (the definite article).
Noaniq artikl (a / an)
Noaniq artikl (a/an) qandaydir bir degan manoni
anglatadi, yani bir turdagi bir necha narsalardan qaysidir
bittasi ekanligini bildiradi. Ozbek tilida unga aynan mos
keladigan soz yoq, shuning uchun u kopincha tarjima
qilinmaydi. Bazan bir, bitta, qandaydir kabi sozlar bilan
tarjima qilinishi mumkin.
Quyidagi ikki gapni qiyoslang:
Bandargohga paraxod Paraxod bandargohga
keldi. keldi.

Birinchi gapdagi paraxod sozi shu turga oid

predmetlarning birini ifodalamoqda, yani bandargohga
keladigan paraxodlardan biri, lekin aynan qaysi biri
ekanligi noaniq. Ikkinchi gapdagi paraxod sozi shu
malumotni (gapni) yetkazayotgan va uni tinglayotgan
shaxslar uchun aniq narsani, yani ular kutayotgan pa-
raxodni ifodalayapti. Shuning uchun birinchi misoldagi
paraxod sozi ingliz tiliga a ship tarzida, ikkinchi
misoldagisi esa the ship tarzida ogirilishi kerak.
Noaniq artikl faqat birlik shaklidagi sanaladigan
otlarning oldidan qoyiladi.
Noaniq artiklning a shakli undosh tovush bilan
boshlanuvchi otlardan oldin qoyiladi:
a ball a policeman a house
(bir) koptok (bir) politsiyachi (bir) uy
a man a book a dog
(bir) kishi (bir) kitob (bir) it

Noaniq artiklning an shakli unli tovush bilan

boshlanuvchi otlardan oldin qoyiladi:
an apple an example an inkpot
(bir) olma (bir) misol (bir) siyohdon
16
 an umbrella an egg an eye
(bir) soyabon (bir) tuxum (bitta) koz
Give me, please, a pen.
Iltimos, menga ruchka bering (qandaydir bitta
ruchka).
This man is a teacher.
Bu kishi oqituvchi (qandaydir bir oqituvchi).
He is an investigator.
U tergovchi (bir tergovchi).

Agar otning oldida artikldan boshqa aniqlovchi ham

bolsa, u holda artikl osha aniqlovchidan oldin qoyiladi.
It is a book.
Bu (bir) kitobdir.
It is an interesting book.
Bu (bir) qiziqarli kitob.

Noaniq artikl quyidagi holatlarda ishlatilmaydi:

1) sanalmaydigan otlar bilan:
I like cheese and milk.
Men pishloq va sutni yaxshi koraman.

2) koplikdagi otlar bilan:

They are schoolchildren.
Ular maktab bolalaridir.

3) atoqli otlar bilan:

I spoke to Peter about it.
Men bu (narsa) haqida Piter bilan gaplashdim.

4) otlar oldidan egalik va korsatish olmoshlari kabi

aniqlovchilar kelganda:
I need this book.
Menga bu kitob kerak.
I see his car.
Men uning mashinasini koryapman.

5) ozidan keyin sanoq son kelgan otlardan oldin:

He lives in apartment 3.
U 3-xonadonda yashaydi.

17
 Aniq artikl (the)
Aniq artikl the sozlovchi va tinglovchi uchun aniq
bolgan shaxs, narsa, hodisa kabilarni ifodalovchi otlar
oldidan ishlatiladi.
The book is interesting.
Kitob qiziqarli (sozlovchi va tinglovchi uchun aniq bolgan kitob).

Ingliz tilidagi aniq artikl the odatda ozbek tiliga

tarjima qilinmaydi. Bazan osha olmoshi yoki tushum
kelishigi qoshimchasi (-ni) yoxud boshqa vositalar bilan
tarjima qilinishi mumkin.
This is the book I asked you for.
Bu (osha) men sizdan soragan kitob.

The hamma otlar bilan ishlatilishi mumkin. Aniq artikl

(the)ni quyidagilarni korsatuvchi otlarni aniqlash uchun
ishlatish kerak:
1. Oldinroq tilga olib otilgan otga qayta ishora
qilinganda.
We saw a new film yesterday. The film was interesting.
Kecha biz yangi film tamosho qildik. Film qiziqarli ekan.
A dog has been barking all day and here is the dog now,
standing outside the gate.
Bir it kuni boyi hurib chiqdi, endi osha it tashqarida, darvoza tashqarsida
turibdi.

2. Otning ozidan keyin keladigan aniqlovchisi borligini

bildirish uchun.
The man at the door wants to speak to you.
Eshik yonidagi kishi siz bilan gaplashishni xohlaydi.
The dog that has been barking all day has finally
stopped barking.
Kuni bilan hurib chiqqan it nihoyat hurishdan toxtadi.
Every student should know something about the history of
his own country.
Har bir talaba oz vatani tarixi haqida biror narsa bilishi kerak.

18
 Aniq artikl (the) orttirma darajadagi sifat va ravishlar
hamda tartib sonlardan oldin qoyilishi shart (bunda
kopincha otdan keyin birikmali aniqlovchi keladi).
This is the best cake I have ever eaten.
Bu men umrimda yegan eng yaxshi shirin kulcha ekan.
China has the largest population of all countries in the
world.
Xitoy dunyodagi barcha mamlakatlar ichida eng kop aholiga ega.
Mr. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
Janob Everest (togi) dunyodagi eng baland tog.
Charles Lindbergh was the first person to fly the Atlantic
alone.
Charlz Lindberg Atlantika (okeani)dan yolgiz uchib otgan birinchi
insondir.

Eslatma: yakka holda ishlatilgan, yani ozidan keyin aniq-

lanmish kelmagan tartib son oldidan artikl qoyilmaydi.
She was first in her class.
U oz sinfida birinchi edi.
Our team is third in the standings.
Bizning lamoa mavqeyi boyicha uchinchi.

3. Sozlovchi (yozuvchi) va tinglovchi (oquvchi) uchun

malum bolgan kontekstda.
Here comes the teacher (one teacher known to the class).
Bu yoqqa oqituvchi kelyapti (sifga malum bolgan oqituvchi).
Turn on the light in the kitchen (only one light in one
kitchen).
Oshxonadagi chiroqni yoq (oshxonada faqat bitta chiroq bor).
Have you been to the mountains recently? (mountains
nearby that are known to everyone)
Siz yaqindda togda boldingizmi? (shu yaqin atrofdagi hammaga malum
togda)
They prefer to live in the city (the reader understands the
difference between living in the country or suburbs and living in
the city).
Ular shaharda yashashni afzal koradilar (oquvchi shaharda yoki uning
chekkasida yashash bilan qishliqda yashash orasidagi farqni tushunadi).

4. Narsaning sinfini aniq korsatish uchun. Kopincha

otdan oldin keladi:
19
 The child is the hope of the future.
Bola(lar) kelejak(imiz) umididir.
The nuclear threat is frightening.
Atom (bombasi) havfi dahshatga solmoqda.

Aniq artikl the bazan sifatdan oldin kelishi ham

mumkin, masalan:
The eldery are often lonely.
Keksalar kopincha yolgiz boladilar.
The handicapped need access to public buildings.
Nogironlarga jamoat binolariga kirish huquqini berish kerak.

5. Ilovali 1 birikmalar boshida.

This is my friend, the one I was telling you about.
Do this experiment first, the experiment on page 29.

6. Yagona holda mavjud bolgan narsalarni ifodalovchi

otlar oldidan.
the sky the moon the president
osmon oy prezident
the sun the earth the capital
quyosh yer poytaxt

Tashkent is the capital of our country.

Toshkent mamlakatimizning poytaxti.
The sun rises in the east, and sets in the west.
Quyosh sharqdan chiqib, garbga botadi.

Artikllar (a/an, the) quyidagi hollarda ishlatilmaydi:

1. Ot bir sinfga (turga) mansub bolgan barcha
narsalarni ifodalaganda:
Dogs are domestic animals. (all dogs)
Itlar uy hayvonlaridir. (barcha itlar).
Mary likes dogs. (all dogs)
Meri itlarni yaxshi koradi. (barcha itlarni)
Man proposes; God disposes.
Insondan harakat, Allohdan barakat (man kishi sozi orqali barcha

1
Ilova (appositive) bevosita otdan keyin keluvchi boshqa ot, olmosh yoki
ot birikma bolib, birinchi kelgan ot haqida koproq malumot beradi.
20
 insonlar nazarda tutilgan)

2. Bir turni boshqa turdan ajratish uchun:

Dogs, not squirrels, are domestic animals.
Olmaxonlar emas, itlar uy hayvonlaridir
Mary likes dogs, not cats.
Meri mushuklarni emas, itlarni yoqtiradi.
Men, not women, are boxers.
Ayollar emas, erkaklar bokschilardir.

3. Bir turga mansub barcha narsalarni emas, qanchadir

miqdori ifodalanganda:
Leaves are beginning to fall.
Barglar tokila boshlayapti.
Engineers make good salaries.
Injenerlar yaxshi maosh olishadi.
The edge of the field was marked by trees.
Dalaning cheti daraxtlar bilan belgilab qoyilgan edi.

4. be felidan keyin kelgan koplikdagi otlar bilan:

Most of my friends are students.
Dostlarimning kopchiligi student.
His sisters are teachers.
Uning opalari oqituvchi.

5. Oziga xos va yagona bolgan muassasa va jarayonni

ifodalovchi otlar bilan:
School begins Monday (a particular Monday).
Maktab dushanba (kuni) boshlanadi.
Breakfast will be late tomorrow (there will be only one
breakfast tomorrow).
Ertaga nonushta kechikadi (ertaga faqat bir marta nonushta boladi).
People are angry with Congress (there is only one Congress
in the country).
Odamlar Kongresdan norozi (mamlakatda faqat bitta Kongress bor),
lekin,
People are angry with the state legislature (one of many).
Odamlar davlat qonunchiligidan norozi (bir nechtadan bittasi).
People are angry with the city council (one of many).
Odamlar shahar kengashidan norozi (bir nechtadan bittasi).

21
 6. Quyidagilarga oxshash qotib qolgan iboralar,
kopincha juft otlar bilan:
man and wife heaven and hell
er va xotin jannat va dozax
father and son wind and rain
ota (va) ogil shamol va yomgir
brother and sister snow and sleet
aka-singil qor va yomgir (aralash yogishi)
lock and key go home
qulf-kalit uyga bor
sun, moon and stars come home
quyosh, oy va yulduzlar uyga kel

7. Quyidagilarga oxshash old qoshimchali (predlogli)

birikmalar bilan:
at war in danger on guard by out of
urushda xatarda himoyada accident control
at in need on tasodifan nazoratdan
peace muhtojlikda purpose by design chiqqan
tinchlik in tears ataylab qasdan out of
vaqtida koz yosh on fire by heart danger
at ease tokib ot ichida yoddan xatardan xoli
erkin in reply on sale by out of date
at rest javoban sotuvda surprise eskirgan
dam in love on tosatdan out of door
olishda oshiqlikda vacation by chance tashqarida
at sea in oquv tasodifan out of order
dengiz difficulty tatilida by buzilgan
boyida qiyinchilikd on time mistake out of stock
at lunch a vaqtida qolmagan
yanglishib
lanchda on duty by bus out of turn
navbatchilikd avtobusda navbatdan
a by plane tashqari
on land samalyotda
yerda by car
on sea mashinada
dengizda

8. Gazetadagi bosh satrlar, kitob nomlari, belgilar,

sarlavhalardagi yozuvlarda.

22
PRISONER FREED
MAHBUS OZOD QILINDI

ENTRANCE TO PARKING
TOXTASH JOYIGA KIRISH

BEWARE OF DOG
EHTIYOT BOLING IT BOR

23
 SON
NUMERALS
Sonlar ikki turga bolinadi: sanoq (cardinal) va tartib
(ordinal) sonlar.
Sanoq sonlar
1 dan 12 gacha bolgan sanoq sonlar:
1 one 5 five 9 nine
2 two 6 six 10 ten
3 three 7 seven 11 eleven
4 four 8 eight 12 twelve

13 dan 19 gacha bolgan sanoq sonlar 3 dan 9 gacha

bolgan sonlarga -teen qoshimchasini qoshish orqali
yasaladi va bu qoshimcha ham urgu bilan talaffuz qilinadi:
13 thirteen 15 fifteen 18 eighteen
14 fourteen 16 sixteen 19 nineteen
17 seventeen

20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 kabi onliklarni yasash
uchun 2 dan 9 gacha bolgan sonlarga -ty qoshimchasini
qoshish orqali yasaladi:
20 twenty 40 forty 60 sixty 80 eighty
30 thirty 50 fifty 70 seventy 90 ninety

100 va undan keyingi yaxlit sonlar quyidagilar:

100 hundred 1000000 million
1000 thousand milliard billion

100 dan katta murakkab sonlar quyidagi tartibda

yasaladi:
104 one hundred (and) four
24
 392 three hundred (and) ninety two
1025 a thousand (and) twenty five
2235 two thousand (and) two hundred and thirty five
100.736 a hundred thousand and seven hundred thirty six
5.219.348 five million (and) two hundred nineteen
thousand (and) three hundred fourty eight

Tartib sonlar
1 dan 3 gacha bolgan tartib sonlar quyidagilardir:
first birinchi
second ikkinchi
third uchinchi

Qolgan tartib sonlar (4 va undan keyingilari) sanoq

sonlarga -th qoshimchasini qoshish yoli bilan yasaladi.
fourth eighth sakkizinchi thirteenth on
tortinchi ninth toqqizinchi uchinchi
fifth beshinchi tenth oninchi fourteenth - on
sixth oltinchi eleventh on tortinchi
seventh birinchi twentieth
yettinchi yigirmanchi
etc.

Ayrim tartib sonlarning yasalishida quyidagi imlo

ozgarishlari yuz beradi:
1. Sanoq son y harfi bilan tugagan bolsa (twenty,
fourty va h.k.), y harfi orniga ie yoziladi va -th
qoshimchasi qoshiladi:

twenty fifty fiftieth seventy

twentieth sixty sixtieth seventieth
thirty thirtieth eighty eigtieth
fourty fourtieth ninety ninetieth

2. Quyidagi tartib sonlarning yasalishidagi imlo

ozgarishlarini eslab qoling.
five fifth twelve twelfth nine ninth

25
26
 OLMOSHLAR
PRONOUNS
Kishilik olmoshlari
Kishilik olmoshlari (Personal Pronouns) ikki kelishika
ega, bosh (nominative) va obyekt (objective) kelishiklar.
Bosh kelishikdagi olmoshlar ega va kesim
vazifalarida qollanadi.
Birlik (Singular) Koplik (Plural)
I shaxs I Men We Biz
II shaxs - - You Siz
He U (er)
III shaxs She They
U (ayol) Ular
It U (narsa)

My name is Jasur. I am a student.

Mening ismim Jasur. Men talabaman.
My friends name is Sultan. He is not a student.
Dostimning ismi Sulton. U talaba emas.
This is my sister. She is a dentist.
Bu mening singlim. U tish shifokori.
That is a book. It is a text-book.
Anavi kitob. U darslik.
My family is large. We are five.
Mening oilam katta. Biz besh kishimiz.
Do you speak English?
Siz inglizcha gaplashasizmi?
My parents are not at home now, they are in Italy.
Ota-onam hozir uyda emas. Ular Italiyada.

Obyekt kelishigidagi kishilik olmoshlari

toldiruvchi va hol vazifalarida ishlatiladi.
Birlik (Singular)
I shaxs me meni, menga, mendan
II shaxs - -
III shaxs hi uni, unga, undan (er)
27
 m uni, unga, undan (ayol)
her uni, unga, undan (narsa)
it
Koplik (Plural)
I shaxs us bizni, bizga, bizdan
II shaxs you sizni, sizga, sizdan
III shaxs them ularni, ularga, ulardan

He met me/us at the railway station.

U meni/bizni temiryol bekatida kutib oldi.
The teacher helped me/us to translate the text.
Oqituvchi menga/bizga matnni tarjima qilishda yordam berdi.
A man asked me/us the way to the station.
Bir kishi mendan/bizdan temiryol bekatiga boradigan yolni soradi.
Do you know him/them?
Siz uni/ularni bilasizmi?
Please, write him/them a letter.
Iltimos, unga/ularga xat yozing.
The teacher asked him/them to repeat the grammar rules.
Oqituvchi undan/ulardan grammatika qoidalarini qaytarishni iltmos
qildi.
Susan is arriving this evening. Meet her at the airport.
Syuzan bugun kechqurun yetib keladi. Uni aeroportda kutib oling.
Susan and Tom are arriving this evening. Meet them at the
airport.
Syuzan va Tom bugun kechqurun yetib kelishadi. Ularni aeroportda
kutib oling.
My sister lives in England now. Yesterday I wrote her a
letter.
Singlim hozir Angliyada yashaydi. Kecha men unga xat yozdim.
Do you help them with their home works?
Uy vazifalarini bajarishda ularga yordam berasizmi?
The woman carrying a black case looked suspicious and the
customs officer asked her to open the case.
Qora jamadon kotargan ayol shubhali korindi va bojxona ofitseri undan
jamadonini ochishini soradi.
The book is on the table. You can take it.
Kitob stolning ustida. Uni olishing mumkin.
The dog was sitting at the door. The boy opened the door
and gave it a bone.
It eshik tagida otirar edi. Bola eshikni ochib, unga suyak berdi.

28
 He va she olmoshlari jinsiga qarab jonivorlarga
nisbatan ham qollanishi mumkin.
The dog is looking for his/her/its bone.
It suyagini qidiryapti.
The hen cackled after she/it laid her/its egg.
Tuxumini tugib bolgach, tovuq qaqilladi.

Uchinchi shaxs birlik olmoshi it hamma jonsiz

narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi, biroq ship(kema)ga
nisbatan doim she ishlatiladi. Bazan insonga juda yaqin
bolgan narsalar (masalan, avtomobil) kopincha ayolga
qiyoslanib she olmoshi bilan ifodalanishi mumkin.
Ananaga kora he aralash guruhlarga yoki jinsi
nomalum bolgan guruhlarga nisbatan ishlatilib kelgan.
Lekin hozir kopchilik buni maqullamaydi va bu
muammoni olmoshning koplik shaklini (they) ishlatish
orqali chetlab otish mumkin.

ANANAVIY: Everybody brought his own book.

Har kim oz kitobini olib keldi.
NOQULAY: Everybody brought his or her own book.
Har kim oz kitobini olib keldi.
QULAY: All the students brought their own bookes.
Talabalarning hammasi oz kitoblarini olib keldilar.

Egalik olmoshlari
Kishilik olmoshlarining (Possessive Pronouns) har biri
ozining egalik olmoshiga ega. Egalik olmoshlarining ikki
shakli bor. Birinchisi oddiy shakli bolib gapda aniqlovchi
vazifasida keladi. Ikkinchisi mutlaq shakli bolib, gapda
otlar ornida ishlatiladi.
Egalik olmoshlarining oddiy shakllari:
Birlik Koplik
I shaxs my mening our bizning
II shaxs your sizning
29
 his uning (er)
III her uning (ayol) their ularning
shaxs its uning (narsa)

My brother is an investigator. His name is Charly.

Mening akam tergovchi. Uning ismi Charli.
Susan is not at home, she is at her aunts.
Syuzan uyda emas, u xolasinikida.
Ted washed his face and put on his glasses.
Ted yuzini yuvdi va kozoynagini taqdi.
This word is not clear to me. I dont know its meaning.
Bu soz menga tushunarli emas. Men uning manosini bilmayman.
These people are from England and their language is
English.
Bu odamlar Angliyalik va ularning tili inglizcha.

Egalik olmoshlarining mutlaq shakllari gapda otning

ornida ishlatiladi.
Birlik Koplik
I shaxs min meniki ours bizniki
e
II - - yours sizniki
shaxs
III his uniki (er) theirs ularniki
shaxs her uniki (ayol)
s

This book is not mine, it is yours.

Bu kitob meniki emas, u seniki.
My family lives in Oregon, but his lives in California (his
family).
Mening oilam Oregonda yashaydi, lekin uniki Kaliforniyada yashaydi.
Their country is England but ours is Uzbekistan.
Ularning yurti Angliya, lekin bizniki Ozbekistondir.
Our country is Uzbekistan but theirs is England.
Bizning mamlakatimiz Ozbekiston, leking ularniki Angliya.

Korsatish olmoshlari
Korsatish olmoshlarini (Demonstrative Pronouns)
yakka holda olmosh sifatida yoki otlardan oldin aniqlovchi
30
sifatida qollash mumkin. Korsatish olmoshlari masofa
yoki masofaga bogliq bolmagan nomuvofiqlikni
ifodalaydi.
Sozlovchiga yaqinroq bolgan narsa/shaxs yoki qiyosla-
nayotgan ikki narsadan birinchisini ifodalash uchun this
olmoshi ishlatiladi va ozbek tiliga bu, ushbu, shu,
mana bu, bunisi kabi olmoshlar bilan tarjima qilinadi.
Uning koplik shakli these [i:z] bolib, ot ornida
ishlatilganda ozbek tiliga koplikda (bular, shular,
mana bular, mana shular, bulari, shulari tarzida),
biror otni aniqlab kelganda esa birlikda tarjima qilinadi.
This is my friend.
Bu - mening dostim.
This man is our teacher.
Bu kishi bizning oqituvchimiz.
These are my books.
Bular mening kitoblarim.
These books are not expensive.
Bu kitoblar qimmat emas.

Sozlovchidan uzoqroq bolgan narsa/shaxs yoki

qiyoslanayotgan ikki narsadan ikkinchisini ifodalash uchun
that olmoshi ishlatiladi va ozbek tiliga u, osha,
anavi, ana shu kabi olmoshlar bilan tarjima qilinadi.
Uning koplik shakli those bolib, ozbek tiliga ular,
oshalar, ana ular kabi olmoshlar orqali tarjima
qilinadi. Aniqlovchi vazifasida kelganda odatda birlik
shaklida tarjima qilinadi.
That is not my book.
U mening kitobim emas.
That man didnt tell me his address.
Osha kishi menga manzilini aytmadi.
Those roses are more beautiful.
Anavi atir gullar chiroyliroq.
Those are not your books.
Ular mening kitoblarim emas.

31
 Those kishilar, odamlar, shaxslar manosida ham
ishlatiladi.
Those who eat too much gain weight.
Juda kop ovqat yeydigan odamlarning (kishilar/shaxslarning) vazni
ogirlashadi.
Those who are friendly have many friends.
Xushmuomala kishilarning dostlari kop boladi.

Birgalik olmoshlari
Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi each other va one
another olmoshlari birgalik olmoshlari (Reciprocal
Pronouns) hisoblanadi.
each other bir-bir(lar)i (-ni/-ga/-da/-dan)
one another bir-bir(lar)i (-ni/-ga/-da/-dan)
Martha and Harold gave each other gifts on their wedding
anniversary.
Marta va Xarold nikoh yubileylarida bir-birlariga sovgalar berishdi.
The students greeted each other after their long summer
vacation.
Uzoq yozgi tatildan song talabalar bir-birlarini olqishladilar.
Members of the class were asked to prepare questions for
one another.
Sinf azolaridan bir-birlariga savollar tayyorlash soraldi.

Belgilash olmoshlari
Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida all, half, each, every,
both, either, neither, another, other(s) kabi belgilash
olmoshlari (Defining Pronouns) ishlatiladi.

all All are present.

hamma(si), Hamma bor.
barcha(si) All the boys are here.
Hamma bolalar shu yerda.
All his children are here.
Uning hamma bolalari shu yerda.
half Half a loaf is better than none.
yarim, yarmi(si) Yarimta non yoqdan kora yaxshiroq.
32
 each (one) Each summer they go to the country.
har, har bir(i), har Har yoz ular qishloqqa borishadi.
qaysi(si) Each of the students has own text-
book.
Har bir talabaning oz darsligi bor. (yoki
Talabalarning har biri oz darsligiga ega.)
Each one of the books is on the table.
Kitoblarning har biri stol ustida.
every Every student has his own text-book
har, har bir, har qaysi now.
Endi har bir talabaning oz darsligi bor.
both Both the children are asleep.
ikkala(si), har ikka- Ikkala bola (ham) uxlayapti. Yoki
la(si), ikkovi, har Bolalarning (har) ikkalasi uxlayapti.
ikkovi
either If either of my brothers wins the race,
ikkala, har ikkala I will be happy.
Agar ikkala akam poygani yutsa, baxtiyor
bolardim.
Do Mary and Margaret both want
bananas?
Meri va Margaret ikkalasi ham banan yeyishni
xohlaydimi?
Marry doesnt want any, and Margaret
doesnt, either.
Meri xohlamayapti, Margaret ham.
neither - not The first experiment did not give the
either ornida expected results, and neither did the
ishlatiladi second one.
Birinchi tajriba kutilgan natijalarni bermadi,
ikkinchisi ham.
another Ted is reading another book now.
boshqa, boshqa bir, Ted hozir boshqa (bir) kitobni oqiyapti.
yana, yana bir She wants another cup of tea.
U yana bir chashka choy ichmoqchi.
other He really doesnt like other coffee.
boshqa U chindan ham boshqa kofeni yoqtirmaydi.
All other books are on the shelf.
Boshqa hamma kitoblar javonda.
others Wait for the others.
boshqalar Boshqalarni kuting.

33
 Eslatma: Either va niether koproq teng boglovchi
vazifasida qollanadi.
Kuchaytirish olmoshlari
Kuchaytirish olmoshlarining (Intensive Pronouns)
shakllari ozlik olmoshlariga mos keladi. Kuchaytirish
olmoshi togridan-togri ozi tegishli bolgan sozdan keyin
yoki gap oxirida keladi. Ozbek tiliga odatda -ning ozi-
yoki ozi- tarzida tarjima qilinadi.
The president herself spoke to us/The president spoke to
us herself.
Prezidentning ozi biz bilan gaplashdi.
The drivers themselves were to blame for the accident/The
drivers were blame for the accident themselves.
Baxtsiz hodisada haydovchilarning ozlari aybdor edilar.
The dean himself visited the class/The dean visited the
class himself.
Dekanning ozi sinfga tashrif buyurdi.
Margaret and I did the work ourselves.
Ishni Margaret va men zimiz bajardik.

Agar birinchi shaxs olmoshi bilan ikkinchi shaxsdagi

olmoshni yoki uchinchi shaxsdagi ot yohud olmoshni birga
qollash kerak bolsa, birinchi shaxsdagi kuchaytirish
olmoshi gapda ikkala olmoshdan keyin keladi (gapdagi
ikkala boshqa olmoshga tegishli ekanini korsatish uchun).
Agar ikkinchi shaxsdagi olmosh bilan uchinchi shaxsdagi
ot yoki olmoshni ishlatish kerak bolsa, ikkinchi shaxsdagi
kuchaytirish olmoshi avvalgi ikkala olmoshdan keyin
keladi.
III I shaxs I shaxs
shaxs
Don and I found ourselve wandering through the
s
building looking for the right classroom.

34
 You and Paul lost control of yourselves at the party last
night.
Otgan oqshomdagi kechada sen va Paul ozingizni yoqotib
qoydinglar.

Ozlik olmoshlari
Ingliz tilida ozlik olmoshlari (Reflexive Pronouns) fel
yoki predlog toldiruvchisi vazifasida gapning egasiga
tegishli ekanini korsatish uchun qollanadi. Hozirgi zamon
ingliz tilida qollanadigan ozlik olmoshlari quyidagilar:

birlik koplik
I shaxs myself ozim ourselves ozimiz
II shaxs yourself ozing yourselves ozlaringiz
III himself ozi hemselves ozlari
shaxs herself ozi
itself ozi

The child is able to dress himself.

Bolaning ozi kiyina oladi.
Albert hit himself on the elbow with a bat.
Albert ozinig tirsagiga toqmoq bilan urdi.
The hunter accidentally shot himself in the foot.
Ovchi bexosdan oz oyogiga otib qoydi.
The boy is old enough to go on the bus all by himself.
Bola avtobusda yolgiz ozi yurish uchun yetarlicha ulgaygan.

Ozlik olmoshi oxirgi misolimizdagi kabi all by

birikmasi bilan kelganda yolgiz ozi, boshqalarning
yordamisiz manosini ifodalaydi.
Istisno: makonni ifodalovchi predlogli birikmalarda
ozlik olmoshlari ornida ularning obyekt kelishigidagi
shakllari qollandi.
They put their books on the tables in front of them.
Ular kitoblarini (ozlarining) oldilaridagi stol ustiga qoyishdi.
Walter looked up at the light above him.
Uolter ozining tepasidagi chiroqqa qaradi.
The little girl hid her hands behind her.
35
 Qizcha qollarini (ozinig) orqasiga yashirdi.

Some, any, no olmoshlari

Some olmoshi bir necha, bir qancha degan
manolarni anglatib, faqat bolishli gaplarda ishlatiladi.
There are some books on the table.
Stol ustida bir qancha kitoblar bor.
Ive got some French books.
Menda bir nechta fransuzcha kitob(lar) bor.

Any olmoshi bolishsiz va soroq gaplarda some

ornida ishlatiladi va hech qancha, hech qanday,
birorta kabi manolarni anglatadi.
There are not any book(s) on the table.
Stolning ustida hech qanday kitob yoq.
Are there any book(s) on the table?
Stolning ustida birorta kitob bormi?
I havent got any French books.
Menda hech qanday fransuzcha kitob yoq.
Have you got any French books?
Sizda birorta fransuzcha kitob bormi?

Any olmoshi bolishli gaplarda har qanday, istagan,

xohlagan kabi manolarda ishlatiladi.
Come and see me any time.
Istagan vaqtda kelib, men bilan uchrash.

Some va any sanalmaydigan otlardan oldin kelganda

odatda ozbek tiliga tarjima qilinmaydi.
Give me some milk, please.
Iltimos, menga sut bering.
Ive got some money, but not enough to buy a car.
Menda pul bor, lekin mashina sotib olish uchun yetarli emas.
Is there any butter in the fridge?
Muzlatkichda saryog bormi?

Some va any olmoshlaridan keyin of predlogi kelishi

mumkin.
36
 some of ... -ning/-dan bazilari (ayrimlari/bir nechtasi/bir
qanchasi)

Some of the books are on the table.

Kitoblarning ayrimlari stolning ustida.
Some of the participiants will come later.
Ishtirokchilardan bazilari kechroq kelishadi.

any of ... bolishli gaplarda -ning/-dan istalgani (har

biri/ har bittasi/ har qaysisi/qaysi biri bolsa ham );
bolishsiz gaplarda -ning/-dan hech biri (hech
qaysisi/birortasi ham).
Any of the books will do.
Osha kitoblarning qaysi biri bolsa ham bolaveradi.
Any of those people couldnt give useful information.
Osha kishilarning hech biri foydali malumot bera olmadi.

Eslatma: Agar soroq gap orqali biror narsa taklif qilinsa

yoki soralsa any emas some olmoshi qollanadi.
Would you like some coffee?
Kofe ichishni xohlaysizmi?
Would you like some cheese?
Pishloq yeyishni xohlaysizmi?
Could you lend me some money?
Menga qarzga pul bera olasizmi?

No olmoshi faqat bolishsiz gaplarda not any ornida

ishlatilishi mumkin.
There are no book(s) on the table.
Stolning ustida kitob(lar) yoq.
I have no time to do it now.
Buni qilishga hozir vaqtim yoq.

Some, any va no olmoshlarining har biri body, one,

thing, where sozlari bilan birikib yangi olmoshlarni hosil
qiladi.
somebody/someo anybody/anyone nobody/no-one
ne anything nothing
37
 something anywhere nowhere
somewhere

Somebody va someone olmoshlari manodosh

bolib, kimdir degan manoni anglatadi.
Somebody (or someone) is knocking the door.
Kimdir eshikni taqillatyapti.

Something nimadir, biror nima, biror narsa

kabi manolarda ishlatiladi.
I am hungry. I want to eat something.
Qornim ochdi. Biror narsa yegim kelyapti.

Somewhere biror joy, biror yer, qayerdir kabi

manolarni ifodalaydi.
Where is Ted? He is somewhere in Europe.
Ted qayerda? U Yevropaning biror yerida.

Some bilan yasalgan barcha olmoshlar tasdiq gaplarda

ishlatiladi.
Anybody va anyone olmoshlari soroq va inkor
gaplarda kimdir, biror kishi, hech kim kabi
manolarda ishlatiladi.
Can anybody/anyone help? (it does not matter who)
Biror kishi yordam bera oladimi? (kim bolishidan qati nazar)
Dont let anyone open the door.
Hech kim eshikni ochmasin.
They did not find anybody who could help them.
Ular yordam bera oladigan hech kimni topmadilar.

Anything olmoshi soroq va inkor gaplarda nimadir,

biror narsa, hech narsa kabi manolarda ishlatiladi.
Did he tell you anything about that accident?
U sizga osha baxtsiz voqea haqida biror narsa aytib berdimi?
He doesnt know anything about the accident.
Baxtsiz voqea haqida u hech narsa bilmaydi.

38
 Anywhere olmoshi soroq va inkor gaplarda biror
yer, biror yoq, biror joy, hech yer, hech qayer kabi
manolarda ishlatiladi.
Will you go anywhere this weekend?
Bu dam olish kunlari biror yoqqa borasizmi?
Last evening I was at home; I didnt go anywhere.
Kecha kechqurun uyda edim; hech qayerga bormadim.

Nobody/no-one faqat inkor gaplarda hech kim,

hech kimsa kabi manolarda ishlatiladi va not anyone
ornida qollanishi mumkin.
Nobody needs to worry about ice storms in Jamaica.
Yamaykada hech kim qorboron haqida qaygurmaydi.
The examinator asked somebody to come in but
nobody/no-one came in.
Imtihon qiluvchi biror kishining kirishini iltimos qildi, lekin hech kim
kirmadi.

Nothing olmoshi faqat inkor gaplarda hech narsa

manosida ishlatiladi.
Nothing of their plans was known to me.
Ularning rejasi haqida hech narsa bilmas edim.
There is nothing in the box; it is empty.
Qutida hech narsa yoq; u bom-bosh.

Nowhere olmoshi faqat inkor gaplarda hech yer,

hech yoq kabi manolarda ishlatiladi.
Nowhere have I seen so many beautiful houses.
Men bunday chiroyli uylarni hech qayerda kormaganman.

39
 SHAXSSIZ GAPLAR
IMPERSONAL SENTENCES (IT )
Ingliz tilida har qanday gapning egasi bolishi kerak.
Shuning uchun ozbek tilidagi Qish. Sovuq. Qorongi.
kabi gaplarni ingliz tilida ifodalash uchun it olmoshini ega
vazifasida qollash kerak.
Ega Kesim
It is dark. Qorongi.
It is cold. Sovuq.
It is easy. Oson.
It rained. Yomgir yogdi

Bunday gaplardagi it olmoshi ozbek tiliga tarjima

qilinmaydi. Boglovchi va yordamchi fellar (is, was, will be,
had been) shaxs va zamonni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.
Its getting late.
Kech bolyapti.
Its too early to go now.
Ketishga hali juda erta.
It was dark.
Qorongi edi.
It wont be easy.
Oson bolmaydi.

Kesimning ismdan iborat qismi odatda ot, sifat, son,

ravish turkumlaridan biriga oid sozdan iborat boladi.
Its summer now.
Hozir yoz (fasli).
It was warm and so he didnt put on his coat.
Havo iliq edi, shuning uchun u paltosini kiymadi.
It was nine (oclock) when we got home.
Uyga kelganimizda soat toqqiz edi.
It was early mormimg.
Erta tong edi.

40
 Shaxssiz gaplar odatda quyidagi holatlarda qollanadi:
1. Tabiat hodisalarini ifodalashda:
It rains often in England.
Angliyada tez-tez yomgir yogadi.
It doesnt snows in summer.
Yozda qor yogmaydi.
It rained last morning.
Kecha ertalab yomgir yogdi.
It snowed much last winter.
Otgan qish kop qor yogdi.
It is not raining now.
Hozir yomgir yogmayapti.

2. Ob-havo sharoitini ifodalashda:

It is windy.
Shamol.
It is foggy.
Tuman.

Havoning ochiq yoki bulutli, issiq yoki sovuq ekanligi

kabi belgilari ifodalangan inglizcha gaplar o'zbek tiliga
havo yoki kun so'zini qo'shib tarjima qilinadi.
Its warm. Its cloudy. It is fine.
Havo iliq. Havo bulut. Havo yaxshi.
It is hot It is cold Its sunny.
Kun issiq. (Kun) sovuq. Havo ochiq (quyoshli)

3. Vaqtni ifodalashda:
Its five oclock.
Soat besh.
Its time to go home.
Uyga ketadigan vaqt boldi.
It was early when we got home.
Uyga kelganimizda hali erta edi.
It will be cold when winter sets in.
Qish kirgach, sovuq boladi.

4. Masofani ifodalashda:
41
It is a long way from here to the airport.
Bu yerdan aeroportgacha uzoq.
We can walk home. It isnt far.
Uyga piyoda ketishimiz mumkin. Uzoq emas.
Its 20 miles from our village to the nearest town.
Qishlogimizdan eng yaqin shahargacha 20 mil (masofa bor).

5. Harakat yoki hodisaga munosabatni ifodalashda:

Its easy. Its nice. Its dangerous.
Oson. Maroqli. Havfli.
Its possible. Its good. Its wonderful.
Mumkin. Yaxshi. Garoyib.
Its safe. Its difficult. Its expensive.
Ishonchli. Qiyin. Qimmat.
Its stupid. Its impossible. Its terrible.
Ahmoqlik. Mumkin emas. Azob.
Its cheap. Its O.K.
Arzon. Yaxshi.

42
 THERE IS / THERE ARE
KONSTRUKSIYASI
THE CONSTRUCTION THERE IS /
THERE ARE
There is (There are) bilan boshlanuvchi gaplar biror
joyda biror kimsa (kimsalar) yoki narsa(lar)ning borligini
ifodalayadi. Mazkur konstruksiyali gaplardagi sozlar
tartibi quyidagicha boladi:
there is/are ega orin holi
There is a newspaper on the table.
There are newspapers

Bunday gaplar ozbek tiliga orin holidan boshlab

tarjima qilinadi.
Stol ustida gazeta(lar) bor.
Eslatma: Gapda bir nechta ega kelgan bolsa, kesim
(to be) odatda, ozidan keyin turgan ega bilan sonda
moslashadi.
There is a table and five chairs in the room. Xonada stol va
beshta stul bor.
Tasdiq, inkor va soroq gaplarning yasalishi:
Birlik
There is a book on the table.
Tasdiq Stol ustida kitob bor.
gap Theres a good film on TV today.
Bugun televizorda yaxshi film bor.
There is not any book on the table.
Inkor Stol ustida hech qanday kitob yoq.
gap There isnt any good film on TV today.
Bugun televizorda hech qanday yaxshi film yoq.
There is no good film on TV today.
Bugun televizorda yaxshi film yoq.

43
 Is there any book on the table?
Soroq Stol ustida birorta kitob bormi?
gap Is there any good film on TV today?
Bugun televizorda biror yaxshi film bormi?
Koplik
Tasdiq There are some / a few / many chairs in this
gap room.
Xonada bir nechta (ozgina/ko) stullar bor.
There are not any chairs in this room.
Inkor Xonada hech qancha stillar yoq.
gap Therere no factories in our district.
Bizning tumanda fabrikalar yoq.
There are no good films on TV today.
Bugun televizorda yaxshi filmlar yoq.
Are there any books on the table?
Soroq Stol ustida qanchadir kitoblar bormi?
gap Are there any factories in your district?
Sizning tumaningizda qandaydir fabrikalar bormi?

Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan:

some bread at home.
little sugar in the cup.
There is a little butter on the plate.
no money in my bag.
a lot of oil in our country.
much work at our office today.
There is / There are dan keyin sanaladigan ot
birlikda kelsa, u noaniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. Koplikdagi
sanaladigan otlar va sanalmaydigan otlar bilan esa, some,
any, no olmoshlari ishlatiladi.
There is a telephone in that room.
Osha xonada telefon bor.
There are some students in the library.
Kutubxonada bir nechta talabalar bor.
There arent any children in the park.
Istirohat bogida bolalar yoq.
Otgan zamonda is orniga was, are ornida were
qollanadi.
There was ... / There was not (wasn't) ... / Was there ... ?
44
 There were ... / There were not (weren't) ... / Were there ... ?
Kelasi zamonda is va are orniga will be ishlatiladi.
There will be ... / There will not (wont) be ... / Will there be
... ?

45
 HAVE GOT / HAS GOT

Ogzaki nutqda ega bolmoq manosida have (has)

got ishlatilib, ozbek tiliga bor deb tarjima qilinadi.
Tasdiq (positive)
I Menda
We have a car. Bizda mashin bor.
You (got) Sizda a
They Ularda
He
She has a car. Unda mashin bor.
It (got) a

I have got black eyes. yoki I have black eyes.

Mening kozlarim qora.
He has got a large family. yoki He has a large family.
Uning katta oilasi bor.
They have got a lot of English books. yoki They have a lot
of English books.
Ularda kop inglizcha kitoblar bor.

Inkor (negative)
I Menda
We havent a car. Bizda mashin yoq.
You (got) Sizda a
They Ularda
He
She hasnt (got) a car. Unda mashin yoq.
It a

I have got a sister but I havent got a brother.

Mening singlim bor, lekin ukam yoq.
They havent got any animals at home.
Ularning uyida jonvorlar yoq.

46
 Soroq (question)
I Menda
Hav we (got a car? Bizda mashina bormi?
e you ) Sizda
they Ularda
he
Has she (got a car? Unda mashina bormi?
it )
Have you got a car? Yes, I have.
Mashinangiz bormi? Ha, bor.
Has Ann got a family? No, she hasnt.
Annaning oilasi bormi? Yoq.
Have they got any witnesses? I dont know.
Ularning guvohlari bormi? Bilmadim.
Inkor va soroq gaplarda do felini ishlatish mumkin.
They dont have any children. yoki They havent got any
children.
Ularning bolalari yoq.
Does Ann have a car? yoki Has Ann got a car?
Annaning mashinasi bormi?
Do you have any question? No, I dont.
Birorta savolingiz bormi? - Yoq.
Negative (inkor) dont have / doesnt have
I Menda
We dont (do not) have a car. Bizda mashina yoq.
You Sizda
The Ularda
y
He
She doesnt (does not) have a Unda mashina yoq.
It car.

Question (soroq) Do you have / Does she have

I Menda
Do we have a car? Bizda mashina
you bormi?
Sizda
47
 they Ularda

he
Does she have a car? Unda mashina
it bormi?

Do you have enough time to do your lessons? No, I dont

have.
Darslaringni tayyorlash uchun vaqting yetarlimi? Yoq.

Otgan zamonda have / has ornida had shakli

ishlatiladi.
I had some money.
Menda (bir qancha) pul bor edi.
I didnt have any money.
Menda (hech qancha) pul yoq edi.
Did you have any money?
Pulingiz bormidi?

Have got va has got shakllari faqat hozirgi zamonga

xosdir.
Have feli breakfast, dinner, supper, tea, coffee
kabi bir qator otlar bilan birikib kelganda ozbek tiliga
oziga xos tarzda tarjima qilinadi:
to have dinner
ovqatlanmoq / tushlik qilmoq
to have supper
ovqatlanmoq (kechki ovqat haqida)
to have a cup of tea
bir chashka choy ichmoq.

I usually have dinner at two oclock.

Men odatda soat ikkida tushlik qilaman.
I dont have breakfast in the morning.
Men ertalab nonushta qilmayman.
I had dinner at 3 yesterday.
Kecha soat 3 da tushlik qildim.

48
 SIFAT va RAVISHLARNING
QIYOSIY DARAJALARI
COMPARATIVE DEGREES of
ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS
Ingliz tilidagi sifat va ravishlarning ham ozbek tilidagi
kabi uchta qiyosiy darajasi mavjud: oddiy, qiyosiy va
orttirma darajalar.
Qisqa (bir yoki ikki boginli) sozlarning qiyosiy
darajasi -er va orttirma darajasi -est qoshimchalari
yordamida yasaladi. Orttirma darajadagi sifat yoki ravish
oldidan aniq artikl (the) ishlatiladi.
deep deeper the deepest
chuqur chuqurroq eng chuqur
small smaller the smallest
kichik kichikroq eng kichik

Undosh ketidan kelgan y harfiga tugagan sozlarga -

er va -est qoshimchalari qoshilganda y harfi iga
aylanadi.
easy easier - the easiest
oson osonroq eng oson
busy busier the busiest
band bandroq eng band
dirty - dirtier the dirtiest
iflos iflosroq eng iflos

Qisqa unlidan keyin keluvchi undoshga tugagan

sozlarga -er yoki -est qoshilganda oxirgi undosh
ikkilanadi.
thin thinner the thinnest
yupqa yupqaroq eng yupqa
big bigger the biggest
katta kattaroq eng katta

49
 Kopchilik ikki boginli va barcha kop boginli sifat va
ravishlarning qiyosiy hamda orttirma darajalari more
koproq yoki less kamroq, most eng kop yoki least
eng kam sozlari yordamida yasaladi.
difficult more difficult the most difficult
qiyin qiyinroq eng qiyin
interesting more interesting the most interesting
qiziq qiziqroq eng qiziq

Qiyosiy darajadagi sifat va ravishlardan keyin

qaraganda, nisbatan manosidagi than boglovchisi
keladi.
Peter, David and Stephen are all tall.
Piter, David va Stefan barchasi novcha.
Peter is taller than David.
Piter Daviddan novcharoq.
Stephen is taller than both David and Peter.
Stefan Daviddan ham, Piterdan ham novcharoq.
Staphen is the tallest of the three.
Stefan uchchalasining ichida eng novchasi.
This book is more interesting than that one.
Bu kitob narigisidan qiziqarliroq.

Qiyosiy darajani kuchaytirish uchun ancha

manosidagi much sozi ishlatiladi.
The Volga is much longer than the Neva.
Volga Nevadan ancha uzun(roq).

Bir xil sifatli ikki narsa qiyoslanganda oddiy darajadagi

sifat yoki ravishning oldidan va ketidan as as qoyiladi
va ozbek tiliga (xuddi) kabi, (xuddi -ga oxshab, -
chalik, (xuddi) -dek/-daka tarzida tarjima qilinadi.
This book is as interesting as that one.
Bu kitob (xuddi) narigisi kabi qiziq.
Was that man as fat as you?
Osha kishi (xuddi) siz kabi semizmidi?

50
 Inkor gaplarda birinchi as kopincha so bilan
almashadi.
This armchair is not so comfortable as that one.
Bu kreslo narigisichalik qulay emas.

Ayrim sifatlarning qiyosiy va orttirma darajalari

boshqa sozlar bilan ifodalanadi.
good better the best
yaxshi yaxshiroq eng yaxshi
bad worse the worst
yomon yomonroq eng yomon
little less the least
kichik/kam kichikroq/kamroq eng kichik/eng kam
many more the most
kop koproq eng kop
much more the most
kop koproq eng kop
All of the boys work is good.
Hamma bolalarning ishi yaxshi.
Toms work is better than Teds.
Tomning ishi Tednikidan yaxshiroq.
Freds work is better than both Toms and Teds.
Fredning ishi Tomnikidan ham, Tednikidan ham yaxshiroq.
Freds work is the best.
Fredning ishi eng yaxshisi.

51
 FEL ZAMONLARI
TENSE
Oddiy hozirgi zamon
Felning hozirgi oddiy zamon (Simple Present Tense)
shakli infinitivning tosiz shakliga togri keladi. Uchinchi
shaxs birlikda fel ozagiga -(e)s qoshimchasi qoshiladi.
Positive Tasdiq
I Men oynayman.
We Biz oynaymiz.
You play Siz oynaysiz.
They Ular oynaydilar.
He U oynaydi.
She plays U oynaydi.
It U oynaydi.

Uchinchi shaxs birlikda ishlatilayotgan fel undoshdan

keyin keluvchi y harfiga tugagan bolsa, y harfi iga
aylanadi va -es qoshimchasi qoshiladi:
study studies try - tries
o unlisi va ch, sh, s yoki x sirgaluvchi
undoshlar bilan tugagan sozlarga -es qoshimchasi
qoshiladi:
go goes teach teaches fish fishes
do - does pass passes fix - fixes

Inkor va soroq gaplar do yordamchi feli vositasida

yasaladi.
Negative Inkor
I Men oynamayman.
We do not Biz oynamaymiz.
You (dont) play Siz oynamaysiz.
They Ular oynamaydilar.
52
 He U oynamaydi.
does
She play U oynamaydi.
not
It U oynamaydi.
(doesnt
)
Question Soroq
I Men oynaymanmi?
Do We play? Biz oynaymizmi?
You Siz oynaysizmi?
They Ular oynaydilarmi?
He U oynaydimi?
Doe
She play? U oynaydimi?
s
It U oynaydimi?

Oddiy hozirgi zamon har xil holatlarda ishlatilishi

mumkin. U doim ham hozir bolayotgan ish-harakat yoki
holatni ifodalamaydi.
Oddiy hozirgi zamon quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:
1. Biror narsa yoki kimsaning hozirgi holati yoki
maqomini ifodalash uchun holat fellari bilan.
Ben is hungry.
Benning qorni och.
Now I believe that you are right.
Endi haqligingga ishonyapman (yoki ishondim).
That cake smells good.
Anavi shirin kulchadan yaxshi hid kelyapti.
Do you realize what you are saying?
Nima deyayotganingni tushunyapsanmi?
Caroline attends college in Canada.
Karolin Kanadada kollejga qatnaydi (yoki qatnayapti).
Does Harold live in Rome now?
Harold hozir Rimda yashayaptimi?

Bunday gaplarda now, at this time/moment,

today, tonight, this minute/morning/noon/evening
kabi payt ravishlari kelishi mumkin.

53
 2. Oddiy hozirgi zamon mutlaq haqiqat yoki tabiiy
qonuniyatni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.
The moon affects the tides.
Oy suvning kotarilishi va pasayishiga tasir qiladi.
Parallel lines never meet.
Parallel chiziqlar hech qachon toqnashmaydi.
Hot air rises.
Issiq havo (yuqoriga) kotariladi.
Hydrogen and oxygen combine to make water.
Suv hosil bolishi uchun vodorod bilan kislorod qoshiladi.

Bunday gaplarda always (doim), never (hech

qachon), inevitably (muqarrar), without fail (albatta),
at all times (hamisha), invariably (shubhasiz) kabi payt
ravishlari kelishi mumkin.
3. Oddiy hozirgi zamon odat tusiga kirgan,
takrorlanuvchi ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.
Beverly drinks coffee every morning.
Beverli har kuni ertalab kofe ichadi.
We always celebrate my birthday with a family party.
Biz doim mening tugilgan kunimni oilaviy kecha bilan
nishonlaymiz.
The Browns do not wash their windows every week.
Braunlar derazalarini har hafta yuvishmaydi.
Do the Andersons plant tomatoes every year?
Andersonlar har yili pamidor ekishadimi?

Bunday gaplarda always (doim), never (hech

qachon), usually (odatda), seldom (kamdan
kam/bazida), sometimes (bazan), rarely (kamdan
kam), not ever (doim emas), occasionally (tasodifan),
often (tez-tez), not often (tez-tez emas), every (har),
each (har) kabi payt ravishlari kelishi mumkin.
4. Hozirgi oddiy zamon badiiy, ilmiy, sahna va sanat
asarlarini muhokama qilishda boshqalarning avval aytgan
yoki yozgan gaplariga murojaat qilinganda tarixiy hozirgi
zamonni korsatish uchun ishlatiladi.
54
 In the short story The Lottery, Shirly Jackson writes an
allegory of the injustice of life.
Lottereya nomli qisqa hikoyasida, Shirli Jakson hayot
adolatsizligi allegoriyasini yozgan.
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from
lower to higher forms.
Darvin hayotning quyi shakldan yuqori shaklga qarab rivojlanishi
haqida dalillar keltiradi.
The author of this textbook explains the problem clearly.
Bu darslik muallifi muammolarni yaxshi tushuntirib bergan.

Bunda gapda skillfully (mohirona), cleverly

(oqilona), correctly (togri), incorrectly (notogri),
clumsily (qopol), brilliantly (alo darajada), well
(yaxshi), poorly (bosh), adequately (mos tarzda),
inadequately (nomuvofiq tarzda), properly (togri),
rightly (haqli ravishda), wrongly (notogri) kabi
baholash ravishlari kelishi mumkin.
5. Hozirgi oddiy zamon biror narsani izohlash,
tushintirish yoki aniqlashda ishlatiladi.
To fight against criminality means to prevent and solve
crimes.
Jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashmoq jinoyatlarni oldini olmoq va
ochmoq demakdir.
An investigator solves crimes but an operative worker
detects criminals.
Tergovchi jinoyatlarni ochadi, tezkor xodim esa, jinoyatchilarni
izlab topadi.

6. Hozirgi oddiy zamon shart va payt ergash gaplarda

kelajakda sodir bolishi mumkin bolgan ish-harakatni
ifodalashda ishlatiladi.
Uncle Robert will give you fifty dollars if he likes your
work.
Agar ishing yoqsa, Robert amaki senga ellik dollar beradi.
Uncle Robert will give you fifty dollars when he sees you.
Robert amaki seni korganida senga ellik dollar beradi.

55
 7. Hozirgi oddiy zamon keljakda sodir bolishi aniq
bolgan ish-harakatni ifodalashda ishlatiladi.
The plane leaves at 9:25 tonight.
Samolyot kechqurun soat 9:25da uchadi.
The term is over on December 16.
Muddat 16 dekabrda tugaydi.

Oddiy kelasi zamon

Felning oddiy kelasi zamon (The Simple Future Tense)
shaklini yasash uchun shall (I shaxs birlik va koplikda) va
will (II va III shaxslar birlik va koplikda) yordamchi
fellari hamda asosiy felning tosiz infinitiv shaklidan
foydalaniladi. Hozirgi ingliz tilida barcha shaxslar uchun,
ham birlikda ham koplikda will yordamchi felini qollash
oddiy holga aylangan.
I shall (will) do it tomorrow.
Men buni ertaga bajaraman.

Ogzaki nutqda tasdiq va soroq gaplarda yordamchi

fellarning qisqargan shakllari ishlatiladi.
Birlik Koplik
toliq qisqargan toliq shakli qisqargan
shakli shakli shakli
I shall = Ill we shall = well
I will = Ill he will = well
he will = hell you will = youll
she will = shell they will = theyll
shall not = shant
will not = wont.

Soroq gaplarda yordamchi fel egadan oldin qoyiladi.

Tasdiq gap Soroq gap
I be ... . I be ... ?
We will have ... . we have ... ?
You (ll) come ... you come ... ?
56
 They . Will they do ... ?
He will do ... . he go ... ?
She not go ... . she take ... ?
It (wont) take ... . it give ... ?
give ... .

Simple Future kelgusida sodir boladigan ish-

harakatlarni ifodalaydi. Kelasi zamonda kopincha quyidagi
payt ravishlari ishlatiladi:
tonight bugun tunda
tomorrow ertaga
the day after tomorrow indinga
in two days (a month) ikki kundan (bir oydan) keyin
next week kelasi hafta(da)
next month kelasi oy(da)
soon yaqinda, tezda
She travels a lot. Today she is in London. Tomorrow shell
be in Rome, next week shell be in Tokyo.
U juda kop sayohat qiladi. Bugun u Londonda. Ertaga u Rimda
boladi, kelasi hafta(da) Tokioda boladi.
Well probably go out for a walk after dinner.
Tushlikdan keyin sayr qilishga chiqsak kerak.
I wont be at home tonight.
Bugun tunda uyda bolmayman.

Simple Future (oddiy kelasi zamon) kopincha if,

when, after, as soon as, before boglovchilari bilan
boglangan shart va payt ergash gapli qoshma gaplarda
ishlatiladi. Bunday qoshma gaplardagi bosh gap odatda
kelasi zamonda keladi.
Oddiy kelasi zamon be going to -moqchi vositasida
ham ifodalanishi mumkin.
Oddiy otgan zamon
to be felining tuslanishi
Oddiy otgan zamonda (The Simple Past Tense) to be
(bolmoq) feli ikki shaklda ishlatiladi: was - birlikda va
57
were - koplikda.
Tasdiq Inkor
I edim I emasdim
He was edi he was emasdi
She edi she not/wasnt emasdi
It edi It emasdi

We edik we emasdik
You wer edingiz you were emasdingiz
They e edilar the not/werent emasdilar
y

So'roq Javob
I? edimmi? you were. (were not)
Was he ? edimi? Yes, he was. (was not)
she ? edimi? (No, she was. (wasnt)
it ? edimi? ) it was. (wasnt)

we ? edikmi? you were. (werent)

Wer you ? edingizmi? Yes, we were. (were not)
e edingmi? (No, I was. (wasnt)
they ? edilarmi? ) they were. (werent)

Togri va notogri fellar

Otgan zamon shaklining yasalishiga kora ingliz tilidagi
fellar ikki turga bolinadi: togri fellar (regular verbs) va
notogri fellar (irregular verbs).
Togri fellarning otgan zamon shakli -ed
qoshimchasi yordamida yasaladi va [d] yoki [t] yohud [id]
tarzida talaffuz qilinadi:
Jarangli undoshlar va unlilardan keyin [d] tarzida:
to open opened to play played
ochmoq ochdi oynamoq oynadi

Jarangsiz undoshlardan keyin [t] tarzida:

58
 to work worked to talk talked
ishlamoq ishladi gaplashmoq gaplashdi

d va t harflaridan keyin [id] tarzida:

to want wanted to shout shouted
xohlamoq xohladi baqirmoq baqirdi
to depend depended to demand
bogliq bolmoq bogliq demanded
edi talab qilmoq talab
qildi

Imlo (spelling)
-e harfiga tugagan togri fellarga -d harfini qoshib
otgan zamon shakli yasaladi:
to translate translated to investigate investigated
tarjima qilmoq tarjima tekshirmoq tekshirdi
qildi

Undoshdan keyin keluvchi y harfiga tugagan felga -

ed qoshimchasi qoshilganda y harfi iga aylanadi.
to study studied to identify identified
tahsil olmoq tahsil aynanlashtirmoq aynanlashtirdi
oldi

Notogri fellarning otgan zamon shakli fel ozagining

ozgarishi bilan hosil boladi.
to write wrote to go went
yozmoq yozdi bormoq - bordi
to become to have had
became ega bolmoq ega edi
bolmoq boldi

Hozirgi ingliz tilida kop ishlatiladigan notogri

fellarning royxati qollanmaning oxiriga ilova qilingan.
Positive (tasdiq)

59
 I watched Kordim.
He . Qildi.
She did. Bordi.
It went. Yomgir yogdi.
We rained. Oynadik.
You played. Boshlading(iz).
They begun. Tozaladilar/tozalashdi.
cleaned.

Inkor va soroq gaplar do yordamchi felning otgan

zamon shakli did vositasida yasaladi.
Negative (inkor)
I watch. Kormadim.
He do. Qilmadi.
She did go. Bormadi.
It not rain. Yomgir yogmadi.
We (didnt play. Oynamadik.
You ) begin. Boshlamading(iz).
They clean. Tozalamadilar/tozalashmadi.

Interrogative (soroq)
I watch? Kordimmi?
he do? Qildimi?
she go? Bordimi?
Di it rain? Yomgir yogdimi?
Oynadikmi?
d we play?
Boshlading(iz)mi?
you begin? Tozaladilarmi/tozalashdimi?
the clean?
y

Oddiy otgan zamon quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:

1. Otmishda bir marta sodir bolgan ish-harakatni
ifodalash uchun yesterday (kecha), the day before
yesterday (otgan kuni), yesterday morning (kecha
ertalab), last night (kecha oqshom), an hour/a week/a
month/a year ago (bir soat/hafta/oy/yil ilgari) kabi payt
ravishlari bilan:

60
 She visited her parents last week.
U otgan hafta ota-onasini korib keldi.
Yesterday we went to the library.
Kecha biz kutubxonaga bordik.

2. Otmishdagi odatiy, qaytariluvchi ish-harakatni

ifodalash uchun:
Last month I went to the theatre every week.
Otgan oyda men har hafta teatrga bordim.

3. Bolib otgan bir necha ish-harakatni ifodalash

uchun:
Jane did much yesterday; she cleaned her room, did
shopping, went to the chemistry and looked after the children.
Jeyn kecha kop ish qildi; u xonani yigishtirdi, dokonga chiqib
keldi, dorixonaga bordi va bolalarga qaradi.
I got up, had breakfast and went to work.
Ornimdan turdim, nonushta qildim va ishga ketdim.

Hozirgi davomli zamon

Continuous (davomli, davom etuvchi) zamonlari guruhi
ish-harakatning muayyan vaqtda (otmishda, hozir yoki
kelgusida) sodir bolib turganligini yoki hali
tugamaganligini bildiradi.
Hozirgi davom etuvchi zamon (The Present Continuous
Tense) to be yordamchi felining hozirgi zamon
shakllaridan biri (am, is, are) va asosiy felning hozirgi
zamon sifatdosh shakli (Participle I) yordamida yasaladi.
Positive Tasdiq
I am working. Ishlayapman.
He
She is working. Ishlayapti.
It
We Ishlayapmiz.
You are working. Ishlayapsiz.
They Ishlayaptilar.
61
 Negative Inkor
I am not Ishlamayapman.
working.
He
She is not working. Ishlamayapti.
It (isn't working)
We Ishlamayapmiz.
You are not Ishlamayapsiz.
They working. Ishlamayaptilar.
(aren't
working)

Question Soroq
Am I working? Ishlayapmanmi?
he
Is she working? Ishlayaptimi?
it
we Ishlayapmizmi?
Are you working? Ishlayapsizmi?
they Ishlayaptilarmi?

Present Continuous bazi manbalarda Progressive

Tense deb ham yuritiladi. Mazkur zamon ayni paytda sodir
bolib turgan, lekin tugaydigan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi.
Kelasi zamon payt ravishlari bilan ishlatilganda kelasi
(Future) zamonni ifodalaydi.
Present Continuous quyidagi hollarda ishdatiladi:
1. Hozir sodir bolib turgan ish-harakatni ifodalashda
now, today, this minute, this month, this year, at
the moment kabi va boshqa payt ravishlari bilan:
The children are playing outside today.
Bugun bolalar tashqarida oynashyapti.
What are you doing now?
Hozir nima qilyapsiz?
Im reading a book.
Kitob oqiyapman.
It is raining.
62
 Yomgir yogyapti.

2. Odat bolib qolgan ish-harakatni, kopincha salbiy

munosabat bildirilganda:
That little girl is always biting her fingernails.
Osha qizcha doim tirnogini tishlab yuradi.
Tracy is always eating too much.
Treysi doim kop ovqat yeydi.

3. Kelgusida sodir bolishi kutilayotgan ish-harakatni

ifodalashda this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow, next
week, soon, next month va shu kabi boshqa payt
ravishlari bilan:
The chief constable is arriving from London at 2:15
tomorrow afternoon.
Bosh konstabel ertaga kunduzi soat 2:15 da Londondan keladi.
We are going to the theatre tonight.
Bugun kechqurun teatrga bormoqchimiz.
She is leaving on Friday.
U juma kuni jonab ketyapti. (yoki ketadi)

Jismoniy, aqliy va ruhiy hissiyotlarni ifodalaydigan

quyidagi fellar Continuous zamonlarida ishlatilmasdan,
Simple (oddiy) zamonlarda ishlatiladi.
to like to understand to love
yoqtirmoq tushunmoq sevmoq
to know to notice to feel
bilmoq payqamoq, sezmoq sezmoq
to have to believe to forget
ega bolmoq ishonmoq unutmoq
to wish to remember to see
xohlamoq eslamoq kormoq
to hear to intent
eshitmoq jazm qilmoq

Do you hear a strange voice?

Siz galati ovozni eshityapsizmi?
I dont like this this song.
Menga bu qoshiq yoqmayapti.

63
 Otgan davomli zamon
Otgan davomli zamon (The Past Continuous Tense)
was yoki were yordamchi felidan keyin asosiy felning
hozirgi zamon sifatdoshini qollash bilan hosil qilinadi.
Positive Tasdiq
I edim.
He was Ishlayotga edi.
She working. n edi.
It edi.

We edik.
You were Ishlayotga eding(iz).
They working. n edilar.

Negative Inkor
I edim.
He was not working Ishlamayotga edi.
She (wasn't working) n edi.
It edi.

We edim.
You were not working. Ishlamayotga eding(iz).
They (weren't working) n edilar.

Question Soroq
I edimmi?
Was he working? Ishlayotgan edimi?
she edimi?
it edimi?

we edikmi?
Wer you working? Ishlayotgan eding(iz)mi?
e they edilarmi?

Past Continuous otmishda muayyan vaqtda sodir

64
bolib turgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. Otmishdagi
muayyan vaqt nutq vaziyatidan anglashiladi yoki gapda
ifodalanadi.
Ish-harakat davom etayotgan vaqt gapda payt holi
bilan ifodalanishi mumkin. Bunda at four oclock (soat
tortda), at that time (osha vaqtda), all day/night long
(butun kun/tun davomida), the whole
evening/morning (butun oqshom/tong), from six to
seven (oltidan yettigacha) va boshqalar ishlatilishi mum-
kin.
I was watching television the whole evening yesterday.
Kecha butun oqshom davomida televizor korayotgan edim yoki
kecha butun oqshom televizor kordim.
From five to seven we were playing chess.
Soat beshdan yettigacha shaxmat oynayotgan edik.

Ish-harakat davom etayotgan vaqt otgan zamondagi

boshqa fel orqali ifodalanishi mumkin. Bunday gaplar
odatda when (paytda) yoki while (-yotganda) boglovchisi
bilan boglangan payt ergash gapli qoshma gap
korinishida boladi.
When I came home, my brother was having supper.
Men uyga kelgan paytda (yoki uyga kelganimda) akam
ovqatlanayotgan edi.
James and I were watching television when lightning
struck the house.
Uyni yashin urganda Jeyms va men televizor korayotgan edik.
While James and I were watching television, lightning
struck the house.
Jeyms va men televizor korayotganimizda uyni yashin urdi.

Past Continuous bir vaqtda bolayotgan ikki va undan

ortiq ish-harakatni ham ifodalashi mumkin.
While I was working in the garden my sister was making
65
dinner.
Men bogda ishlayotganimda singlim ovqat pishirayotgan edi.

Kelasi davomli zamon

Kelasi davomli zamon (The Future Continuous Tense)
shall (I shaxs birlik va koplik uchun) va will (qolgan
shaxslar uchun) yordamchi fellaridan keyin be va asosiy
felning hozirgi zamon sifatdoshini qollash orqali hosil
qilinadi.
Positive Tasdiq
I shall be Ishlayotgan bolaman.
We working. Ishlayotgan bolamiz
('ll be working)

He Ishlayotgan boladi.
She will be working. Ishlayotgan boladi.
It ('ll be working) Ishlayotgan boladi.
You Ishlayotgan bolasiz.
Ishlayotgan boladilar.
They

Negative Inkor
I shall not be Ishlayotgan bolmayman.
We working. Ishlayotgan bolmaymiz.
(shan't be working)

He Ishlayotgan bolmaydi.
She will not be working. Ishlayotgan bolmaydi.
It (won't be working) Ishlayotgan bolmaydi.
You Ishlayotgan bolmaysiz.
Ishlayotgan bolmaydilar.
They

Ozbek tilidagi kelasi davomli zamonda inkor asosiy fel

bilan ham ifodalanishi mumkin, masalan, ishlayotgan
bolmayman orniga ishlamayotgan bolaman deyish
mumkin.
Question Soroq

66
 I Ishlayotgan bolamanmi?
Shall be working? Ishlayotgan bolamizmi?
we

he Ishlayotgan boladimi?
she Ishlayotgan boladimi?
Will it be working? Ishlayotgan boladimi?
you Ishlayotgan bolasizmi?
Ishlayotgan boladilarmi?
they

Future Cuntinuous quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi:

1. Yaqin yoki uzoq kelajakda sodir boladigan
harakatlarni ifodalashda:
What will you be doing tomorow?
Ertaga nima qilasan?
Hell be taking his next exam next week.
Kelasi hafta u keyingi imtihonini topshiradi (yoki topshirayotgan
boladi).
Ill be seeing him tomorrow.
Uni ertaga koraman.

2. Kelgusida malum bir vaqtda sodir boladigan ish-

harakatni ifodalashda:
I shall be doing my homework at eight oclock tomorrow
again.
Men ertaga soat sakkizda yana uy vazifamni tayyorlayotgan
bolaman.

Payt va shart ergash gapli qoshma gaplardagi bosh gap

kelasi zamonda bolsa, ergash gapning kesimi, ish-harakat
mantiqan kelasi zamonda sodir bolishiga qaramay, hozirgi
zamon shaklida ifodalanadi.
I shall be working when you come to see me.
Sen meni korgani kelganingda men ishlayotgan bolaman.
When you arrive at the airport, he will be waiting for you
there.
Sen aeroportga yetib kelganingda u seni osha yerda kutayotgan
boladi.

67
 Hozirgi natijali zamon
Hozirgi natijali zamon (Present Perfect Tense) have
(uchinchi shaxs birlikda has) yordamchi feli va asosiy
felning otgan zamon sifatdoshi (Past Participle)
yordamida yasaladi. Togri fellarning Past Participle
yoki Participle II (Otgan zamon sifatdosh yoki Sifatdosh
II) shakli ularning Simple Past (Oddiy otgan zamon)
shakliga mos keladi.
to live lived
to play played
to study studied
to talk talked
to inspect inspected
to translate translated

Notogri fellarning sifatdosh II shakli jadvalning

uchinchi ustunida berilgan. Kopchilik notogri fellarning
Past Participle shakli ozak unlisining ozgarishi bilan
yasaladi:
to begin began begun (boshlamoq)
to do did done (qilmoq)
to drive drove driven (haydamoq)
to see saw seen (kormoq)
to give gave given (bermoq)
to ring rang rung (jiringlamoq)
to steal stole stolen (ogirlamoq)

Felning bu zamondagi shakli ozbek tilida turlicha

ifodalanishi mumkin. Perfect zamonlarining asosiy
xususiyati ish-harakatning tugaganligi yoki
tugamaganligini, yani natijani korsatishdir. Shuning
68
uchun uni ozbek tiliga oddiy otgan zamonda (I have
walked - Men piyoda yurdim), ravishdosh yordamida
(Yurib boldim/qoydim/keldim), otgan zamon
sifatdoshi vositasida (I have been to London. - Men
Londonda bolganman.) tarjima qilinadi.

Positive Tasdiq
I Yurdim. (piyoda)
We Yurdik.
have walked.
You Yurdingiz.
They Yurdilar.

He
has walked.
She Yurdi.
('s walked)
It

Negative Inkor
I have not Yurmadim.
We walked Yurmadik.
You (haven't Yurmadingiz.
They walked) Yurmadilar.

He
has not walked
She Yurmadi.
(hasn't walked)
It

Question Soroq
I Yurdimmi?
Hav we Yurdikmi?
walked?
e you Yurdingizmi?
they Yurdilarmi?
he
Has she walked? Yurdimi?
it
I have seen him this week.
Bu hafta men uni kordim.
Hes written a book.
69
 U kitob yozgan.
He has just phoned me.
U hozirgina menga qongiroq qildi.
I have read a lot of books.
Men juda kop kitoblarni oqib chiqdim.

Present Perfect zamonini quyidagi holatlarda

qollash mumkin:
1. Otmishda boshlanib, hozirgacha yoki hozirga yaqin
bolgan biror vaqtgacha davom etgan ish-harakatni
ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi. Bu zamonda hech qachon ago
sozini qollamaslik kerak. Payt ravishlaridan for +
muddatni ifodalovchi soz (for five years besh yildan
beri), since + aniq sana yoki vaqt (since ten oclock soat
ondan beri), in/during the last/past hour, day,
week, month, year, decade, century (songgi/otgan
soat, kun, hafta, oy, yil, on kunlik, asr ichida/davomida),
yet (hali), so far (hamon), up to now (hozirgacha)
kabilarni qollash mumkin.
Shirley has lived in Chicago for six years.
Shirli Chikagoda olti yildan beri yashaydi (hozir ham yashayapti).
They have waited since ten oclock.
Ular soat ondan beri kutishadi (hozir ham kutishyapti).
During the last years, many people have moved from rural
to urban areas.
Songgi yillar ichida kop odamlar qishloq joylardan shaharlarga
kochib otmoqda (kochish hali davom etyapti).
I have finished the work and Im going home now.
Ishni tugatib boldim, endi uyga ketyapman.
2. Present Perfect zamonini otmishda boshlanib,
hozirga yaqin bir vaqtda tugagan yoki yaqin kelajakda
tugaydigan ish-harakatni ifodalashda qollash mumkin.
Bunda already (allaqachon), not yet (yoq hali), early
(erta), late (kech), just (endigina), this minute (shu
daqiqada/onda), today (bugun), this month/year (shu
oy/yil), recently (yaqinda, yaqin otmishda), lately
70
(songgi vaqtda) kabi payt ravishlari kelishi mumkin.
I have already finished those exercises.
Osha mashqlarni allaqachon bajarib boldim (bolganman).
You have been absent a great deal lately.
Songgi vaqtda juda kop kelmayapsan (yana kelmasligi kutilyapti).
The players have come early.
Oyinchilar erta kelishgan.
The players have just arrived.
Oyinchilar hozirgina (endigina) yetib kelishdi.
Paul has rebuilt the engine of his car.
Pol mashinasining dvigatelini tamirlab boldi.
They have recently announced their engagement.
Ular yaqinda nikohdan otganliklarini elon qilishdi.
when, where va how sozlari bilan boshlanuvchi
soroq gaplarda Present Perfect ishlatilmaydi.
When did you come back? Qachon qaytib kelding?

Otgan natijali zamon

Otgan natijali (yoki tugallangan) zamon (The Past
Perfect Tense) yordamchi fel had va asosiy felning otgan
zamon sifatdoshi (Past Participle) yordamida yasaladi.
Positive Tasdiq
I Ishlab bolgan edim.
He Ishlab bolgan edi.
She had Ishlab bolgan edi.
It worked. Ishlab bolgan edi.
We ('d worked) Ishlab bolgan edik.
You Ishlab bolgan edingiz.
They Ishlab bolgan edilar.

Negative Inkor

71
 I Ishlab bolmagan edim.
He Ishlab bolmagan edi.
She had not Ishlab bolmagan edi.
It worked Ishlab bolmagan edi.
We (hadn't Ishlab bolmagan edik.
You worked) Ishlab bolmagan edingiz.
They Ishlab bolmagan edilar.

Question Soroq
I Ishlab bolgan edimmi?
He Ishlab bolgan edimi?
She Ishlab bolgan edimi?
Had It worked? Ishlab bolgan edimi?
We Ishlab bolgan edikmi?
You Ishlab bolgan edingizmi?
They Ishlab bolgan edilarmi?
Past Perfect zamoni ish-harakatning otgan
zamonda kechgan boshqa bir ish-harakatgacha sodir
bolganligini ifodalaydi. Ikkinchi ish-harakat otgan zamon
shaklidagi fel bilan ifodalanadi. Bu zamonda payt
ravishlaridan already va oddiy otgan zamonda
ishlatiladigan hamma ravishlar qollanishi mumkin.
Before Karen came here, she had studied in Paris for two
years. Bu yerga kelishidan oldin, Karen ikki yil Parijda oqigan.
After Philip had failed twice, he finally passed his test for
his drivers liecense. Filip ikki marta yiqilib, oxiri haydovchilik
guvohnomasi uchun sinovni topshirdi.
When Philip found out that he had failed again, he gave
up. Filip yana yiqilganini bilgach, (oqishni) tashladi.

Agar otgan zamondan oldingi otgan zamon ekanligi

gapdagi payt ravishi (masalan, before, after kabi) bilan
ifodalangan yoki kontekstdan malum bolsa, ikkala fel
uchun ham oddiy otgan zamon qollanadi.
Aniq vaqt by (-ga kelib) predlogi yordamida
ifodalanishi mumkin: by Sunday (yakshanbaga
kelib/yakshanbada), by two oclock (soat ikkiga kelib/soat
72
ikkida).
He had repaired the car by Saturday. Shanba kuni (-ga
kelib) u mashinani tuzatib bolgan edi.

Kelasi natijali zamon

Kelasi natijali (tugallangan) zamon (The Future
Perfect Tense) shall have yoki will have yordamchi
fellari hamda asosiy felning otgan zamon sifatdoshi
vositasida yasaladi. Amerika inglizchasida faqat will have
shakli ishlatiladi.
Positive Tasdiq
I Bajarib bolaman.
shall have done it.
We Bajarib bolamiz.

He Bajarib boladi.
She Bajarib boladi.
It will have done it. Bajarib boladi.
You Bajarib bolasiz(lar).
They Bajarib boladilar.

Negative Inkor
I shall not have done Bajarmagan bolaman.
We it (shan't) Bajarmagan bolamiz.

He Bajarmagan boladi.
She will not have done Bajarmagan boladi.
It it (won't) Bajarmagan boladi.
You Bajarmagan bolasiz(lar).
They Bajarmagan boladilar.

Question Soroq
I Bajargan bolamanmi?
Shall have done it?
we Bajargan bolamizmi?

73
 he Bajarib boladimi?
she Bajarib boladimi?
Will it have done it? Bajarib boladimi?
you Bajarib bolasiz(lar)mi?
they Bajarib boladilarmi?

Future Perfect zamoni kelajakda boladigan ish-

harakatdan oldin bolib otadigan boshqa bir ish-harakatni
ifodalaydi. Bu zamonda by predlogi bilan keladigan payt
bildiruvchi sozlar, masalan, by the end of the year (yil
oxiriga kelib), at that time (osha vaqtda), by tomorrow
(ertaga), by this afternoon (bugun kunduzi), by
tonight (bugun tunda/oqshom), by next
week/month/year (kelasi hafta/oy/yil) kabi payt
ravishlari keladi.
Bu zamonda ifodalangan inglizcha fellar ozbek tiliga
odatda otgan zamon sifatdoshi (-gan) yoki ravishdosh (-ib)
hamda har xil yordamchi fellar yordamida tarjima qilinadi
(masalan, tugatgan boladi yoki tugatib bolgan boladi;
korib chiqadi yoki korib chiqqan boladi kabi).
This obedience school will have trained fifty dogs by the
end of the year.
Itlarni orgatadigan maktab yil oxiriga kelib ellikta it tayyorlab
chiqaradi.
By the end of the winter season, more tourists will have
visited the island than ever before.
Qish mavsumining oxiriga kelib orolga har doimgidan ham
koproq sayyohlar kelib ketishgan boladi.
I left several letters unfinished on my desk, but I will have
finished them before noon tomorrow.
Yozuv stolimda bir nechta tugatilmagan xatlarni qoldirdim, lekin
ertaga peshingacha ularni tugatib bolaman.
We shall have completed the experiment by the end of
the month.
Oy oxiriga kelib tajribani tugatgan bolamiz (tugatib bolamiz).
They will have reached the village by 10 oclock.
Ular qishloqqa soat 10 da yetib borgan boladilar.

74
 Zamonlar moslashuvi
Toldiruvchi ergash gapli qoshma gaplarda bosh
gapning kesimi otgan zamondagi fel bilan ifodalangan
bolsa, bosh va ergash gaplar zamonda moslashadi.
Ergash gap orqali bir marta sodir bolgan ish-harakat
ifodalanganda Past Simple yoki Past Continuous
ishlatiladi.
He said that he often saw her.
U uni tez-tez korib turganligini aytdi.
He said that she was preparing for the exam.
U imtihonga tayyorlanayotganligini aytdi.

Bosh gapda ifodalangan ish-harakat ergash gapdagidan

keyin sodir bolgan bolsa, toldiruvchi ergash gapda Past
Perfect yoki Past Perfect Continuous qollanadi.
She said that she had passed her exam.
U imtihonni topshirganligini aytdi.
She said that she had been preparing for the exam for two
weeks.
U imtihonga ikki hafta tayyorgarlik korganini aytdi.

Toldiruvchi ergash gapdagi kelasi zamonga oid ish-

harakatni ifodalash uchun otgan kelasi zamon
shakllaridan biri would yoki should qollanadi.
He said that he would help me the next day.
U menga ertasiga yordam berishini aytdi.
He said that he would be waiting for me at 3.
U soat 3 da meni kutayotgan bolishini aytdi.

Agar gap hammaga malum bolgan biror tabiiy hodisa

haqida borsa, zamonlar moslashuvi buzilishi mumkin.
Galileo proved that the Earth goes round the Sun.
Galiley yerning quyosh atrofida aylanishini isbotlagan.

Ozganing nutqini ifodalash uchun (ozlashgan

gaplarda) say, ask, tell sozlari berilib, undan keyin
75
toldiruvchi ergash gap keladi. Agar mazkur fellar otgan
zamonda (said, asked, told tarzida) ifodalangan bolsa,
zamonlar moslashuviga amal qilinadi va gapdagi korsatish
olmoshlari va payt ravishlari boshqasi bilan almashtiriladi.
this bu that osha
these bular those oshalar
now hozir then oshanda
today bugun that day osha kuni
tomorrow ertaga the next day ertasiga
yesterday kecha the day before oldingi kuni
ago avval before oldin
here bu yerda there osha yerda

Ozlashgan gaplarning soroq shakli if yoki whether

boglovchisi vositasida beriladi.
He asked me, Are you busy? He asked me if
(whether) I was busy.
Bandmisan?, soradi u mendan. U mendan bandmanmi,
yoqmi, (shuni) soradi.

76
 FEL NISBATLARI
VOICES of VERBS
Ingliz tilidagi fellarning ikki nisbati mavjud: aniq
nisbat va majhul nisbat.
Aniq nisbat
Aniq nisbat (Active voice) maxsus grammatik
korsatkichga ega emas. Manosiga kora aniq nisbat ish-
harakatning asosan ega tomonidan bajarilganligini
ifodalaydi.
William Shakespear wrote Hamlet.
Uilyam Shekspir Hamletni yozgan.

Majhul nisbat
Majhul nisbat to be felining shaxs va zamondagi
tegishli shakli va otgan zamon sifatdoshi yordamida
yasaladi.
Hozirgi zamon This work is don every day
e
Bu ish har kuni qilinadi.
Otgan zamon This work was don yesterday.
e
Bu ish kecha qilingan.
Kelasi zamon This work will be don tomorrow.
e
Bu ish ertaga qilinadi.
must modal feli This work must be don at once.
e
Bu ish hoziroq qilinishi kerak.
can modal feli This work can be don at any time.
e
Bu ish har qachon qilinishi mumkin.

77
 may modal feli This work may be don now.
e
Bu ish hozir qilinishi mumkin.

Majhul nisbatning oziga xos xususiyati shundaki, agar

oddiy nisbatda gapning egasi ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi
bolsa, majhul nisbatda gapning egasi ish-harakatning
bajaruvchisi bolmaydi.
This house was built in 1920.
Bu uy 1920 yilda qurilgan. (majhul)

Qiyoslang:
Somebody built this house in 1920.
Bu uyni kimdir 1920 yilda qurgan. (oddiy)

Active: We can solve this problem.

Biz bu muammoni hal eta olamiz.
Passive: This problem can be solved.
Bu muammo hal etilishi mumkin.
The new hotel will be opened next year.
Yangi mehmonxona kelasi yil ochiladi.
This room is going to be painted next year.
Bu xona kelasi yil boyalmoqchi.
Active: Someone is cleaning the room right now.
Ayni paytda kimdir xonani tozalayapti.
Passive: The room is being cleaned right now.
Ayni paytda xona tozalanyapti.

Past Continuous zamonidagi majhul darajani yasash

uchun was va were ishlatiladi: was / were being +
done / cleaned
Active: Someone was cleaning the room.
Kimdir xonani tozalayotgan edi.
Passive: The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
Men yetib kelganimda xona tozalanayotgan edi.

Present Perfect zamonida: have / has been + done /

cleaned

78
 Active: Somebody has already cleaned the room.
Kimdir xonani allaqachon tozalab qoyibdi.
Passive: The room has already been cleaned.
Xona allaqachon tozalab qoyilgan.

Past Perfect zamonida: had been + done / cleaned

Active: When we came, somebody had cleaned the room.
Biz kelganimizda kimdir xonani tozalab qoygan edi.
Passive: When we came, the room had been cleaned.
Biz kelganimizda xona tozalab qoyilgan edi.

Majhul nisbat ozbek tilida fel ozagiga asosan l (yozdi

yozildi), va -n (kordi korindi) qoshimchalarini
qoshish orqali yasaladi.
This problem is much spoken about.
Bu muammo haqida kop gapiriladi.

Inglizcha majhul nisbatdagi ayrim gaplarni ozbek tiliga

birgalik nisbatida (-sh qoshimchasi vositasida yasaladi:
gapirdi gapirishdi) ham tarjima qilish mumkin.
This problem is much spoken about.
Bu muammo haqida kop gapirishadi.
Ann wasnt offered a job.
Annaga ish taklif qilishmadi.
A job wasnt offered to Ann.
Annaga ish taklif qilinmadi.
The way to the station was shown to us.
Bizga temir yol bekatiga boradigan yolni korsatishdi.

79
 MODAL FELLAR
MODALS
Ingliz tilida modallik (ish-harakatga munosabat)
manosini ifodalovchi maxsus fellar mavjud. Modallik
manosi deyilganda asosan majbur etish, zaruriyat, ruxsat,
taxmin kabilar tushuniladi. Modal fellar ozlari mustaqil
ishlatilmay, boshqa fellarga qoshilib keladi.
Can mumkinlik, layoqat, qobiliyat, imkoniyat kabilarni
ifodalaydi.
Who can speak English?
Kim inglizcha gapira oladi?
Can modal felinig ekvivalenti be able to modal
felidir.
He is not able to translate this text.
U bu matnni tarjima qila olmaydi. (tarjima qilishga qodir emas)

May mumkinlik, ijozat, faraz qilish kabilarni

ifodalaydi.
May I come in?
Kirsam maylimi? (Mumkinmi?)

May modal felining ekvivalenti sifatida be allowed

to ishlatiladi.
Then he was allowed to come in.
Keyin unga kirishga ruxsat berildi.

Must va should modal fellari majburiylik, zaruriyat

kabilarni ifodalaydi.
You must do as I told you.
Siz men aytganimdek qilishingiz kerak.
The windows are dirty. I must clean them.
Derazalar iflos. Ularni artishim kerak.
You should go and see this film. Its very interesting.
Siz, albatta, borib bu filmni korishingiz kerak. U juda
80
qiziqarli.
I must do it now. I cant leave it till tomorrow.
Men buni hozir qilishim kerak. Uni ertaga qoldira olmayman.
Must modal feli bilan tuzilgan savolga inkor javob
qaytarilganda neednt (=need not) ishlatiladi.
Must I do it now?
Shuni hozir qilishim shartmi?
No, you neednt (do it now).
Yoq, (hozir qilishing) shart emas.

Agar nima qilishingiz haqida korsatma olmoqchi

bolsangiz shall felini qollang.
Shall I repeat the sentences?
Gapni qaytarishim kerakmi?

Must modal feli inkor shaklda qatiyan man qilishni

ifodalaydi.
You mustnt do that.
Bunday qilmasliging kerak.
You mustnt play with matches.
Gugurt oynamasliging kerak.
You mustnt be late.
Kechikmasligingiz kerak.

Must modal felining otgan zamon shakli mavjud

emas. Otgan zamonda unga manodosh bola oladigan
have to yoki have got to ishlatilishi mumkin.
I cant go with you now, I have to (have got to) do my
homework.
Men hozir sizlar bilan keta olmayman, uy vazifamni tayyorlashim
kerak.
There was no bus in the street and we had to walk home.
Kochada birorta avtobus yoq edi va biz uyga piyoda ketishga
majbur boldik.

Have to modal felining soroq shakli egadan oldin do

/ does / did yordamchi felini qollash orqali ifodalanadi.
When do I have to do it? (=When I have got to do it?)
Men buni qachon qilishim kerak?
81
 Inkor gaplarda do not (dont) / does not (doesn't)
/ did not (didnt) ishlatiladi.
You dont have to stay.
Qolishingiz shart emas.
They didnt have to wait long.
Kop kutishlariga togri kelmadi.

Hozirgi zamonda inkorni havent got / hasnt got

tarzida ham ifodalash mumkin.
You havent got to stay.
Sizning qolishingiz shart emas.

Have to otgan va kelasi zamonlarda ham qollanishi

mumkin.
It was too late and we had got to walk home.
Juda kech bolgan edi va biz uyga piyoda ketishga majbur boldik.
Ill have to do this work tomorrow.
Bu ishni ertaga qilishimga togri keladi.

Should modal feli koproq maslahat va nasihat

manosida qollanadi.
You should see a doctor.
Sen shifokorga uchrashishing kerak.
He shouldnt work so hard.
U bunchalik qattiq ishlamasligi kerak.

Be to oldindan kelishilganlikni ifodalaydi.

We are to start tomorrow.
Biz ertaga jonab ketishimiz kerak. (shunday kelishganmiz)
The students are to come at two oclock.
Talabalar soat ikkida kelishlari kerak.

Need modallik manosini asosan soroq va bolishsiz

gaplarda ifodalab keladi.
You neednt go there.
U yerga borishingiz kerak emas.

Dare botinish va jurat etishni ifodalaydi.

82
I dare not to ask him to come here.
Undan bu yerga kelishni iltimos qilishga botina olmadim.

83
 SOZ TARTIBI (TASDIQ va SOROQ
GAPLAR)
WORD ORDER (POSITIVE and
NEGATIVE)
Ingliz tilida odatdagi soz tartibi egadan keyin fel,
undan keyin ravishlarning kelishidir. Teskari soz tartibi
felning egadan oldin kelishidir. Inglizcha sozlarning
grammatik manosi ozgarganda odatda ularning shakli
ozgarmaydi, shu boisdan ingliz tili uchun soz tartibi juda
muhim. Ingliz tilida soz tartibi sozlarni boglovchi asosiy
grammatik vositalardan biri hisoblanadi. Shu sababdan
ham ingliz tilida soz tartibi ozbek tilidagiga qaraganda
ancha qatiy va ozgarmas. Bu degani shuki, gap tarkibidagi
har bir soz oz joylashuv orniga ega.
Tasdiq gaplarda odatda egadan keyin fel, feldan
keyin toldiruvchi keladi. Gapda ikkita hol kelganda
(masalan payt va orin hollari) ularning biri toldiruvchidan
keyin, ikkinchisi gapning boshida kelishi mumkin.
Ega kesi toldiruvchi hol
m pred- vositasiz vositali harakat tarzi orin payt
log- va
siz predlogli
She teaches me English at home every
I sent Ann a letter. week.
I sent a letter to her.
Ann got a letter from
We read this him. with great pleasure.
book

Quyidagi hollarda ega kesimdan keyin kelishi mumkin:

1. There is (are) bilan boshlanadigan gaplarda:
There is a book on the table.
Stolning ustida kitob bor.

84
 2. Kochirma gaplarda:
Im tired, said she.
Men charchadim, - dedi u.

3. Here, never, neither, no, no sooner (than),

hardly (when) only ravishlari bilan.
Never in my life have I seen such a film.
Hayotimda hech qachon bunday filmni kormaganman.
Only then did I realize it.
Faqat shundan keyingina men uni amalga oshirdim.

Soroq gaplarda soz tartibi bir muncha ozgaradi.

Umumiy soroq gaplar yordamchi yoki modal fellar bilan
boshlanadi. (do, did, am, is, are, was, were, have,
will, shall, can, must va boshqalar)
Do you speak English? Yes, I do.
Inglizcha gapirasizmi? Ha, gapiraman.
Did he study History at University? Yes, he did.
U universitetda tarixni oqiganmi? Ha, oqigan.
Can you retell the text? No, I cant.
Matnni yoddan aytib bera olasizmi? Yoq, aytib bera
olmayman.

Maxsus soroq gaplar soroq sozlari bilan boshlanadi.

What do you do? kesimga
Nima qilasiz?
Whom do you meet at the club? toldiruvchiga
Klubda kimni uchratasiz?
What do you like?
Nimani yaxshi korasiz?
Which book do you like? aniqlovchiga
Qaysi kitobni yaxshi korasiz?
How many pencils do you need?
Sizga nechta qalam kerak?
Where do you go every day? orin holiga
Har kuni qayerga borasiz?
When (what time) do you get up? payt holiga
Qachon (soat nechada) turasiz?

85
 How well does he speak English? harakat
U qay darajada inglizcha gapiradi? tarziga
Why does he read badly? sabab holiga
Nima uchun u yomon oqiydi?

Egaga aloqador savollar who? (kim?) what?

(nima?) soroq sozlari bilan boshlanadi va tasdiq gap
tartibida davom etadi.
Who teaches you English?
Kim sizga ingliz tilini oqitadi?
What helps you in your work?
Sizga ishingizda nima yordam beradi?

Alternativ (tanlov) soroq gaplardagi sozlar

tartibi umumiy soroq gaplardagi kabidir.
Do you know English or German?
Siz ingliz tilini bilasizmi yoki nemis tilinimi?

Ajratilgan soroq gaplar tasdiq gaplar kabi

boshlanadi. Soroq gapning ikkinchi qismi yordamchi
felning inkor shakli va eganing olmoshlashgan shaklidan
iborat boladi va ozbek tiliga shunday emasmi tarzida
tarjima qilinadi.
You study English, dont you?
Siz ingliz tilini organasiz, shunday emasmi?
You are a student, arent you?
Siz talabasiz, shunday emasmi?

86
 SIFATDOSHLAR
PARTICIPLES
Sifatdoshlar felning maxsus shakllari bolib, ingliz
tilida sifatdoshlarning ikki turi bor: hozirgi zamon
sifatdoshlari (Present participles) va otgan zamon
sifatdoshlari (Past participles).
Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi
Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi yoki sifatdosh I (Participle I)
fel ozagiga -ing qoshimchasini qoshish yoli bilan
yasaladi.
walk walking sleep sleeping follow following
speak speaking eat eating detect detecting

Imlo:
Ikki va undan ortiq boginli -e ga tugovchi fellarga -
ing qoshilganda e harfi tushib qoladi:
give giving become becoming
take taking indicate indicating
say saying study studying

Fel ozagi urguli unlidan keyin keluvchi undosh bilan

tugagan bolsa, oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi:
run running drop dropping
cut cutting stop stopping
transfer transferring begin beginning

Otgan zamon sifatdoshi

Otgan zamon sifatdoshi yoki sifatdosh II (Participle II)
togri fellar ozagiga -ed qoshimchasini qoshish yoli
bilan yasaladi:
work worked last lasted
87
 walk walked play played
clean cleaned apprehend apprehended
Imlo:
-ega tugagan fellarga -d qoshimchasi qoshiladi:
move moved convince convinced
save saved observe observed
receive received indicate indicated

Undoshdan keyin keluvchi y harfiga tugagan felga -

ed qoshimchasi qoshilganda y harfi iga almashadi:
study studied bury buried
identify identified satisfy satisfied

Fel ozagi urguli unlidan keyin keluvchi undosh bilan

tugagan bolsa, oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi:
omit omitted drop dropped
pit pitted stop stopped
transfer transferred occur occurred

Notogri fellarning otgan zamon sifatdoshlari mazkur

qollanmaga ilova qilingan notogri fellar royxatida
berilgan.
Sifatdoshlarning ishlatilishi
Sifatdoshlar fellarning zamon shakllarini yasashda
ishlatilishi yoki sifat bolib kelishi mumkin.
1. Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi be felidan keyin davomli
zamonlarni hosil qilish uchun ishlatiladi (hozirgi
davomli zamon, otgan davomli zamon, kelasi
davomli zamon mavzulariga qarang).
2. Otgan zamon sifatdoshi have felidan keyin natijali
zamonlarni yasash uchun ishlatiladi (hozirgi natijali
zamon, otgan natijali zamon, kelasi natijali zamon
mavzulariga qarang).
3. Otgan zamon sifatdoshi otimli fellarning majhul
88
nisbatini yasashda ishlatiladi (majhul nisbat mavzusiga
qarang).
4. Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi sifat boib kelganda u
ifodalagan ish-harakat asosiy fel ifodalagan ish-harakat
bilan bir vaqtda sodir bolayotganini bildiradi:
The man walking down the street seems tired.
Kochada ketayotgan kishi charchagan korinadi.

5. Otgan zamon sifatdoshi sifat bolib kelganda u

ifodalagan ish-harakat asosiy fel ifodalagan ish-
harakatdan oldin sodir bolganligini bildiradi:
The man, having walked for several miles, seems tired.
Bir necha mil yurib qoygan kishi charchagan korinadi.

6. Otgan zamon sifatdoshi allaqachon sodir bolgan,

lekin hozirgacha osha holat yoki maqomni saqlab turgan
ish-harakatni ham ifodalashi mumkin:
The dish broken into a dozen pieces cannot be mended.
Onlab bolaklarga bolingan idishni tiklab bolmaydi.

7. Sifatdoshli birikmalar oz egasi, toldiruvchisi va

ravish bilan kelishi mumkin.
Ega: bunda sifatdoshning egasi sifatida obyekt
kelishigidagi olmosh ishlatiladi:
We left him sleeping.
Biz uni uxlayotganida tark etdik.

Toldiruvchi: otimli fellardan yasalgan sifatdoshlar

vositali toldiruvchi bilan kelishi mumkin:
Finding the course too difficult, Penny decided to drop it.
Kursning juda qiyinligini bilib, Penni uni tashlashga qaror qildi.

89
 GERUND
GERUNDS
Gerund felning shaxssiz shakli bolib, uni felning
otlashgan shakli deb atash ham mumkin. Gerund har
qanday felning ozagiga -ing qoshimchasini qoshish
orqali yasaladi. Ozbek tilida felning bunday shakli soz
ozagiga -sh, -ish, -moq qoshimchalaridan birini
qoshish orqali yasaladi.
Masalan: read + ing, study + ing, work + ing
(oqish, organish, ishlash). Gerund felning hozirgi zamon
sifatdosh (present participle) shakli bilan bir xil yasaladi.
Running is useful for health (gerund).
Yugurish sogliq uchun foydali.
The smoking boy is my friend ( participle).
Chekayotgan bola mening dostim.

Bazi fel ozaklariga -ing qoshimchasini qoshishda

ayrim imlo ozgarishlari sodir boladi.
write+ing writing put+ing putting
take+ing taking run+ing running
come+ing coming swim+ing swimming
tie+ing tying
die+ing dying
lie+ing lying

Gerund har qanday otlar kabi predloglardan keyin

qollanish xususiyatiga ega.
I thanked her for giving me the dictionary.
Menga lugat berganligi uchun unga minnatdorchilik bildirdim.
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
Fred qimmatbaho toshlarni ogirlaganini tan oldi.

Gerund egalik kelishigidagi otlar va egalik olmoshlari

90
bilan ishlatilishi mumkin.
They objected to Helens taking part in this expedition.
Ular Helenning ushbu ekspeditsiyada ishtirok etishiga qarshilik
qilishdi.
He insisted on their sending the goods by train.
U mollarni poyezdda jonatish fikrida turib oldi.

Gerund gaplarda quydagi vazifalarda keladi:

1. Predlogli toldiruvchi:
She is fond of reading.
U oqishni yaxshi koradi.
We succeeded in finishing our work in time.
Biz ishimizni oz vaqtida yakunlashga erishdik.

2.Aniqlovchi (kop hollarda otdan keyin of predlogi

bilan):
There are different ways of doing it.
Buni amalga oshirishning turli yollari mavjud.
We have no objection to apprehending the criminal.
Jinoyatchini qolga olishga hech qanday qarshiligimiz yoq.

3. Hol (turli predloglar bilan):

After saying this he left the room.
Shuni aytgach, u xonadan chiqib ketdi.
He improved his pronunciation by reading aloud every
day.
U har kuni baland ovozda oqish yoli bilan oz talaffuzini
yaxshiladi.
He left Tashkent without leaving his address.
U oz manzilini qoldirmasdan Toshkentdan jonab ketdi.

4. Ega vazifasida:
Smoking is harmful for health.
Chekish sogliq uchun zararli.

5. Kesim vazifasida:
Her favourite occupation is skating.
91
 Uning sevimli mashguloti changida uchish.

6. Vositali toldiruvchi vazifasida:

He suggested discussing this question at the conference.
U bu masalani konferensiyada muhokama qilishni taklif etdi.
Gerund noaniq va perfekt (tugal) shakllariga ega.
He is proud of winnig the chess tournament.
U shaxmat boyicha bellashuvda golib bolishlikdan faxrlanadi.
(noaniq)
He is proud of having won the first place in the chess
tournament.
U shaxmat boyicha bellashuvda golib bolganidan faxrlanadi.
(tugal)

Otimli fellardan yasalgan gerundlar oddiy va majhul

nisbatlarda kelishi mumkin.

Active Passive
Indefinite asking being asked
Perfect having asked having been asked

He likes asking questions.

U savol berishni yaxshi koradi.
He likes being asked questions.
Unga savol berishlarini yaxshi koradi.
A burglar entered the room without noticing housekeeper.
Ogri uy egasini payqamay xonaga kirdi.
A burglar entered the room without being noticed by
anybody.
Ogri hech kimga sezdirmasdan xonaga kirdi.

Gerunddan keyin ravish kelishi mumkin:

He likes walking quickly.
U tez yurishni yaxshi koradi.
The teacher insists on the boys reading slowly.
Oqituvchi bolaning sekin oqishini talab qiladi.

92
 PREDLOGLAR
PREPOSITIONS
Payt predloglari at in on
at 3.15 a.m. tungi 3.15 da
My sister was born on March 23 martda tugilgan.
Singlim 23.
in 1990. 1990 yilda

The inspector arrived at nine oclock.

Inspektor soat toqqizda yetib keldi.
He usually comes home at midnight.
U uyga odatda yarim tunda keladi.

Lekin soat soralganda at tushib qoladi.

At what time ? emas, What time? deb sorash
kerak:
What time are you going out this evening?
Bugun kechqurun soat nechada chiqib ketasiz?

at predlogi quyidagi sozlar bilan qollanib, ozbek tiliga

orin-payt kelishigi qoshimchasi -da orqali tarjima
qilinadi:
at night I dont like going out at night.
tunda Tunda tashqariga chiqishni
yoqtirmayman.
at Christmas (at We give them presents at
Easter) Christmas.
Rojdestvoda (hayitda) Rojdestvoda ularga sovgalar berdik.
at the moment (at I am free at the moment.
present) Ayni paytda (hozir) boshman.
ayni paytda (hozir)
at the same time Bob and Dick arrived at the same
bir vaqtda time.
Bob va Dik bir vaqtda yetib kelishdi.

93
at the age of
yoshida
at the beginning of
... (-ning) boshida
at the end of
... (-ning) oxirida
on predlogi oy va hafta kunlari oldidan ishlatiladi:
on April 15
on Friday(s)
on Monday evening(s)
on Tuesday afternoon(s)
on Christmas Day
but at Christmas
on Thirthday night(s)
I left school at the age of 17.
Men 17 yoshimda maktabni
tamomladim.
We are going away at the
beginning of December.
Dekabrning boshida biz jonab
ketyapmiz.
There was a bank at the end of
the street.
Kochaning oxirida bank bor edi.
15 aprelda
juma kun(lar)i
dushanba kun(lar)i
kechqurun
seshanba kun(lar)i kunduzi
Rojdestvo kunida
lekin, Rojdestvoda
payshanba kun(lar)i tunda

I am usually busy on Monday mornings.

Men odatda dushanba kunlari ertalab band bolaman.
This bank doesnt work on Fridays.
Bu bank juma kunlari ishlamaydi.

in predlogi quyidagi sozlar bilan ishlatiladi:

in May mayda
in 2003 2003 yilda
in (the) summer (shu) yozda
in the 21st century XXI asrda
in the 1990s 1990 yillarda
in the Middle Ages Orta asrlarda
in the morning(s) ertalab(lari)
in the afternoon(s) kunduz kun(lari)
in the evening(s) kechqurunlari

Our summer examinations usually begin in May.

Yozgi imtihonlarimiz odatda mayda boshlanadi.
He entered the National University in 2003.
U Milliy universitetga 2003 (yil)da kirgan.
94
 In the evenings she usually watches TV.
Kechqurunlari u odatda televizor koradi.

last (otgan) va next (kelasi) sozlari oldidan

predloglar (at / on / in) qoyilmaydi.
See you next Friday.
Kelasi jumada uchrashguncha.
They got married last winter.
Ular otgan qishda turmush qurishgan.

in predlogi -dan keyin manosida ham ishlatiladi.

He'll be back in a few minutes.
U bir necha daqiqadan keyin qaytadi.
The house will be ready in a month.
Uy bir oydan keyin bitadi.

Bunday birikmalarga in six month time, in a

weeks time kabi time sozini qoshib ishlatish ham
mumkin:
They are leaving in 2 weeks time.
Ular 2 haftadan keyin ketishadi.

in predlogi ichida, davomida manosida ham

ishlatilib, orin-payt kelishigi qoshimchasi -da vositasida
tarjima qilinishi mumkin.
I learned to drive in four weeks.
Men mashina haydashni tort haftada organdim.

before after during while

before (-dan) oldin
before the lesson
darsdan oldin
before the film
filmdan oldin

Before the lesson he brought to the classroom some text-

books from the reading hall.
95
 Darsdan oldin u sinfga oquv zalidan bir nechta darslik olib keldi.

after (-dan) keyin

after the film
filmdan keyin
after the lesson
darsdan keyin

After the lesson he went to the library.

Darsdan keyin u kutubxonaga ketdi.
We were tired after our visit to the museum.
Muzeyga qilgan sayohatimizdan keyin charchagan edik.
Before va after predloglaridan keyin kopincha -ing
qoshimchasini olgan fel keladi.
I always have breakfast before going to work (before I go
to work).
Ishga ketishimdan oldin doim nonushta qilaman.
I started work after reading the newspaper (after I read
the newspaper).
Gazetani oqib bolgach ishni boshladim.

during paytida, vaqtida, davomida kabi

manolarda ishlatilib, undan keyin faqat ot turkumiga
mansub soz keladi.
during the lesson
dars paytida
during the film
film davomida

I fell asleep during the movie.

Film paytida men uxlab qoldim.
Dont make noise during the lesson.
Dars paytida shovqin qilmang.
We met a lot of interesting people during our vacation.
Tatil davomida biz kop qiziqarli kishilar bilan uchrashdik.

while predlogi paytida, vaqtida, davomida kabi

manolarda ishlatilib, undan keyin ega yoki fel turkumiga
mansub soz keladi. Ozbek tiliga odatda -yotgan paytda
96
yoki -yotganida yohud -yotib tarzida tarjima qilinadi.
while he is eating
u ovqatlanayotganida / ovqatlanayotgan paytida / ovqatlanayotib
while we were on vacation
tatildaligimizda / tatildalik vaqtimizda

My father likes reading newspaper while he is eating.

Otam ovqatlanayotganida gazeta oqishni yaxshi koradi.
We met a lot of interesting people while we were on
vacation.
Tatildaligimizda biz kop qiziqarli kishilar bilan uchrashdik.
I fell asleep while I was watching TV.
Televizor korayotib uxlab qoldim.

from to until (till) for since

from to -dan ...-gacha:
We work from Monday to Saturday.
Biz dushanbadan shanbagacha ishlaymiz.
He lived in Britain from 1985 to 1993.
U Britaniyada 1985 yildan 1993 yilgacha yashagan.

until yoki till -gacha:

until (till) Friday
jumagacha
until (till) winter
qishgacha
until (till) I come
kelgunimcha

Well stay here until Friday.

Jumagacha shu yerda bolamiz.
Wait here till I come.
Kelgunimcha shu yerda kut.
How long will you be away? Until (till) Sunday.
Qachongacha safarda bolasiz? Yakshanbagacha.

for predlogi davomida manosini ifodalaydi va

muayyan vaqtni ifodalovchi sozdan oldin qoyiladi.
Kopincha ozbek tiliga tarjima qilinmaydi:
97
 for a week
bir hafta (davomida)
for 10 years
on yil (davomida)
for a long time
uzoq vaqt/muddat (davomida)

Ted will wait for ten minute; then he will leave.

Ted on minut kutadi; keyin ketadi.
He waited for an hour.
U bir soat kutdi.
He stayed with us for a week.
U biz bilan bir hafta turdi.
I have lived in this house for 24 years.
Men bu uyda 24 yil yashaganman.

Mazkur predlog go (bormoq), come (kelmoq),

last/continue (chozilmoq) kabi fellardan keyin kelsa, -
ga qoshimchasi vositasida tarjima qilinadi.
He is going away for a few days.
U bir necha kunga ketyapti.
Next time she will come for a week.
Keyingi safar u bir haftaga keladi.
The coference lasted for three days.
Konferensiya uch kunga chozildi.

for predlogi Present Perfect zamonidagi feldan keyin

kelganda -dan beri tarzida ham tarjima qilinishi mumkin.
This tree has been here for two hundred years.
Bu daraxt ikki yuz yildan beri shu yerda turibdi.

for predlogi belgilangan yoki tayinlangan vaqtni ham

ifodalashi mumkin. Bunda u ozbek tiliga jonalish kelishigi
qoshimchasi -ga vositasida tarjima qilinadi.
The judge has appointed the hearing of the case for 3:00.
Sudya ishni eshitishni (soat) 3:00 ga belgilagan.

since predlogidan keyin biror muddatni korsatuvchi

98
soz keladi va osha muddatdan hozirgacha bolgan vaqt
tushuniladi. Ozbek tiliga -dan beri (boshlab) tarzida
tarjima qilinadi.
since Friday
jumadan beri
since 1998
1998 yildan beri
since the morning
ertalabdan beri

Gapda since predlogi odatda Present Perfect (have

been / have done / have seen) zamonidagi fel bilan keladi.
I havent seen Pete since Sunday.
Men Pitni yakshanbadan beri kormadim.
My parents have been married since 1980.
Ota-onam 1980 yildan beri turmush qurib kelishadi.
It has been raining since the morning.
Ertalabdan beri yomgir yogyapti.

Makon va harakat predloglari

Quyidagi predloglarning kopchiligi gapning

mazmuniga qarab ham makon, ham harakatga nisbatan
qollanishi mumkin.
above in front of
tepasida, -dan balandda oldida
across inside
narigi tomonida, u betida ichida
against inside of
qarshi -ning ichida
along in the middle of
boylab -ning ortasida
alongside into
yonma-yon, yonida -ga, ichiga
among near
orasida yaqinida

99
 around next to
atrofida -dan keyingi, -ning
yonida(gi)
at off
-da, yonida -dan
away from on
-dan uzoqda, olisda -da, ustida
before opposite
oldin roparasida
behind out
orqasida tashqari(ga)
Below out of
-dan pastda, quyida -dan tashqari(ga)
beneath outside
tagida tashqarida
beside over
yonida ustidan
between past
orasida oldidan
beyond round
-dan tashqarida atrofida
by through
yonida orqali
by (the edge/side of) throughout
(qirgoq) boylab, tomondan -da
down to
ish-harakatning pastga -ga
yonalganligini korsatadi
far (away) from towards
-dan uzoqda -ga, -ga qarab, tomonga
from under
-dan tagida
in underneath
-da, ichida tagida
in back of up
orqasida ish-harakatning yuqoriga
yonalganini bildiradi.

Yuqoridagi lugatda of bilan berilganlaridan tashqari,

boshqa predloglardan keyin of predlogi ishlatilmaydi, yani
100
off of yoki behind of tarzida qollash mumkin emas.
Mazkur predlog qoyilishi ham, qoyilmasligi ham mumkin
bolgan holatlarda, uni ishlatmagan maqul.
Kopchilik predloglar ravish vazifasida ham qollanadi,
lekin hammasi emas. Bazi predloglarning ravish shakli
boshqa predlogni talab qilishi mumkin. Masalan, away
yoki far ravishlardir, lekin away from va far from
predloglardir.
Shirley is waiting outside the door.
Shirli eshik orqasida (tashqarisida) kutyapti (predlogli birikma).
Shirley is waiting outside.
Shirli tashqarida kutyapti (ravish).

Bazi ravishlar predloglarga juda oxshab ketadi, lekin

ularni aynan bir xil deb bolmaydi:
The taxi was waiting near the hotel.
Taksi mehmonxona yonida kutayotgan edi (predlogli birikma).
The taxi was waiting nearby.
Taksi yaqin atrofda kutayotgan edi (ravish).
Quyidagi predlogli turgun birikmalarni eslab qoling:
Harriet lives in Denver.
Xarriyet yashaydi Denver (shahri)da
in Colorado.
Kolorado (shtati)da
on Green Avenue.
Grin Avenyu (kochasi)da
at 261 Green Avenue.
Grin Avenyu (kochasi), 261 (uy)da
in Room or Apartment 210-A
210-maxsus xona yoki xonadonda

101
 Harriets friend lives in Canada.
Xarriyetning dosti Kanadada
yashaydi at/away from home.
uyida/uyidan uzoqda
on a farm.
fermer xojaligida
in an apartment, house, student
hostel.
xonadonda, uyda, talabalar
yotoqxonasida
in poverty, wealth, a city, a suburb
kambagal(-chilikda), badavlat,
shaharda, shahar atrofida
The plane landed in the South, West.
Samolyot qondi shimolga, garbga
in Chicago.
Chikagoga
at OHare Airport.
Ou Hare aeroportiga
at the Chicago Airport.
Chikago aeroportiga

Harriet lives at 261 Green Avenue, Denver, Colorado.

Xarriyet Kolorado (shtati), Denver (shahri), Grin Avenyu
(kochasidagi) 261 (uy)da yashaydi.
The plane landed at OHare Airport, Chicago.
Samalyot Chikago (shahridagi) Ou Xare aeroportiga qondi.
We are going to visit my cousin in Denver.
Biz Denverdagi jiyanimni korgani ketyapmiz.

He is in college.
U kollejda.
at the university.
universitetda.
We are going across the forest.
Biz ormonni kesib otyapmiz.
across the Mississippi River.
Mississipi daryosini kesib otyapmiz.
across the desert.
cholni kesib otyapmiz.
102
 Their house is on the beach.
(situated) qirgoqda.
Ularning uyi on the ocean.
(joylashgan) okeanda.
at the shore.
sohilda.
in the mountains.
togda.
on the river, bay, lake.
daryoda, korfazda, kolda.
in the desert.
cholda.
on the plains.
dashtda.

Between predlogi joylashuv ikki nuqtaga nisbatan

olinganda ishlatiladi. Among predlogi esa, joylashuv
ikkitadan ortiq nuqtaga nisbatan olinganda qollanadi:
Our house is between the house of the Andersons and the
house of the Simpsons.
Bizning uyimiz Andersonlarning uyi va Simpsonlarning uyi
ortasida joylashgan.
My car is parked among hundreds in the parking lot,
between Joes car and Cliffs car.
Mening mashinam toxtash joyidagi yuzlab avtomobillar ichida,
Joyning va Klifning mashinalari ortasida.

To predlogi bazi iboralarda yonalishni bildiradi.

Perpendicular to
-ga perpendikular
horizontal to
-ga gorizontal
to the north, south, east, west
shimolga, janubga, sharqqa, garbga
next to
-dan keyingi

lekin, north, south, east, west of the library

kutubxonaning shimoli, janubi, sharqi, garbi

103
 Eslatma: kompas tomonlarini ifodalovchi qoshma
sozlar qoshib yoziladi.
northeast southeast
shimoli sharq janubi sharq
northwest southwest
shimoli garb janubi garb

Kompas tomonlarni ifodalovchi sozlar yonalishini

ifodalaganda kichik harf bilan yoziladi.
Makon va harakatni ifodalovchi predloglar qaysi biri
ekanligi haqida malumot beradi. Quyidagilar ravishli
birikmalar bolib, ot yoki olmoshdan keyin keladi.
The buses in the city run every ten minutes.
Shahar avtobuslari har on minutda yuradi.
The houses on the bay were damaged by the hurricane.
Korfazdagi uylar dovuldan zarar kordi.

104
 BOGLOVCHILAR
CONJUNCTIONS
Boglovchilar fikrlar va gapdagi grammatik bolaklarni
ozaro boglaydi. Gaplarni togri tuzish va fikrlarni aniq
ifodalash uchun boglovchilarning turlarini bilish kerak.
Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi boglovchilar uch turga
bolinadi: teng boglovchilar (coordinating
conjunctions), juft boglovchilar (correlative
conjunctions), ergashtiruvchi boglovchilar
(subbordinating conjunctions).
Teng boglovchilar
Teng boglovchilar bir xil grammatik kategoriyadagi
ikki va undan ortiq soz, ibora yoki gaplarni boglaydi.
And, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, and/or teng
boglovchilar hisoblanadi.
Eslatma: for, so va yet boglovchilari gapda boshqa
vazifalarda ham kelishi mumkin.
And boglovchisi qoshish yoki qoshimcha qilishni
ifodalaydi. Qoshishni ifodalaganda -ga qoshimchasi
bilan, boshqa holatlarda va, bilan, hamda sozlari
bilan ozbek tiliga tarjima qilinadi.
Two and four make six.
Ikkiga tort (qoshilsa) olti boladi.
Rise and potatoes are common foods.
Guruch va kartoshka doimiy yemishlardir.

But ziddiyatni ifodalaydi va ozbek tiliga ammo,

lekin, biroq sozlari bilan tarjima qilinadi.
Two and four make six, but two and three make five.
Ikkiga tort olti boladi, lekin ikkiga uch besh boladi.
Many trees lose their leaves in winter, but evergreen trees
105
do not.
Qishda kopchilik daraxtlar barglarini tokadi, lekin doimiy yashil
daraxtlar tokmaydi.

Or tanlash yoki ajratishni ifodalaydi va ozbek tiliga

yoki, yo, yohud kabi boglovchilar vositasida tarjima
qilinadi.
Two and four or five and one make six.
Ikkiga tort yoki birga besh olti boladi.
Today travellers go by plane or by bus.
Bugun sayyohlar samolyot yoki avtobusda ketadilar.
They had enough money for eggs or bread, but not enough
for both.
Ularda tuxum yoki non uchun yetarli pul bor edi, lekin ikkalasi
uchun emas.

Nor boglovchisidan oldin not yoki neither keladi va

ozbek tiliga na ..., na ... tarzida ogiriladi.
They did not buy eggs, nor did they buy bread.
Ular na tuxum, na non sotib olishdi.

So natijani ifodalaydi va ozbek tiliga natijada,

shunday qilib, shunday ekan kabi sozlar bilan tarjima
qilinadi.
They did not have enough money to buy milk, so they
bought only eggs and bread.
Ularda sut sotib olish uchun yetarli pul yoq edi, natijada faqat
tuxum bilan non sotib olishdi.

For sababni ifodalaydi va ozbek tiliga chunki,

uchun, sababli, boisdan kabi sozlar yoki -dan
qoshimchasi vositasida tarjima qilinadi.
They bought only eggs and bread, for they did not have
enough money to buy milk.
Ular faqat tuxum va non sotib olishdi, chunki ularda sut sotib olish
uchun yetarli pul yoq edi yoki sut sotib olish uchun pullari yoqligi
uchun ular faqat tuxum bilan non sotib olishdi.

106
 Yet ziddiyatni ifodalaydi va ozbek tiliga lekin va
unga manodosh boglovchilar bilan tarjima qilinadi.
They bought eggs and bread, yet they forgot to buy milk.
Ular tuxum bilan non sotib olishdi, biroq sut sotib olishni
unutishdi.
For va yet boglovchilari ogzaki nutqda juda kam
ishlatiladi, biroq rasmiy yozma nutqda ikkalasi ham kop
qollanadi.
And/or boglovchilari ozidan keyingi sozning avvalgi
fikrga qoshimcha yoki ilova qilinganligini bildiradi. Ular
rasmiy adabiy tilda ishlatilmaydi, ammo ilmiy uslubda tez-
tez uchrab turadi:
Her letters are poorly typed. She needs a new typewriter
and/or a new secretary.
Uning harflari juda yomon bosilgan. Unga yangi yozuv mashinkasi
va/yoki yangi kotiba kerak.
The glassware is not clean. He needs a new dishwasher
and/or better procedures.
Shisha idishlar toza emas. Unga yangi idish yuvish mashinasi
kerak yoki ishni yaxshiroq bajarish kerak.

And boglovchisi gap egasining bolaklarini

boglayotgan bolsa, felni koplikda qollash kerak.
The boys and their father are going together.
Bolalar va ularning otasi birga ketishyapti.

Or yoki nor gap egasi qismlarini boglayotgan bolsa,

kesim oziga yaqinroq turgan ega bolagi bilan moslashadi.
Neither the boys nor their father is going.
Na bolalar, na ularning otasi ketyapti.
Neither Father nor our uncle nor the boys are going.
Na otamiz, na amakimiz, na bolalar ketishyapti.

Teng boglovchilar ikki bosh gapni boglab kelganda

boglovchidan oldin vergul qoyiladi. Lekin teng boglovchi
ikki sozni, iborani yoki ergash gaplarni boglab kelganda
vergul qoyilmaydi.
107
 They bought bread and milk, but they forgot to buy eggs.
Ular non sotib olishdi, lekin tuxum sotib olishni unutishdi.
They had enough money for eggs and bread or for eggs and
milk.
Ularda tuxum bilan nonga yoki tuxum bilan sutga yetadigan pul
bor edi.

Juft boglovchilar
Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida ishlatiladigan juft
boglovchilar quyidagilardir:
both . . . and
va . . . (har) ikkalasi /ham . . . ham
either . . . or
yo . . . yo
not only . . . but also
nafaqat . . . balki . . . ham
neither . . . nor
na . . . na

Juft boglovchilar teng turuvchi grammatik

qurilmalardan keyin keladi.
Both the parents and the children enjoyed the program.
Ota-onalar ham, bolalar ham dasturni miriqib tamosho qildilar.
Neither the parents nor the children enjoyed the program.
Na ota-onalar, na bolalar dasturni miriqib tomosho qildilar.
Not only the parents but also the children enjoyed the
program.
Nafaqat ota-onalar, balki bolalar ham dasturni miriqib tamosho
qildilar.
Either the parents or the children will attend, but not both.
Yo ota-onalar, yo bolalar qatnashadilar, lekin ikkovlari emas.

Ergashtiruvchi boglovchilar
Ergashtiruvchi boglovchilar tobe gaplardan oldin
keladi. Bosh (mustaqil) gapdagi fikr tobe gap orqali
izohlanishi yoki tushuntirilishi mumkin. Ravish ergash
gaplar ergashtiruvchi boglovchilar bilan kiritiladi.
Ergashtiruvchi boglovchilar teng boglovchilardan kop
108
jihatlari bilan farqlanadi:
1. Ergashtiruvchi boglovchi bilan boshlanuvchi tobe
gap alohida gap sifatida ajratilmaydi. Agar alohida gap
sifatida tinish belgisi bilan ajratilsa, xato hisoblanadi.
Mustaqil gap Mustaqil gap
The alarm clock rang. Mark got up.
(Qongiroqli) soat jiringladi. Mark (uyqudan) turdi.
Mark cooked breakfast. Mark ate breakfast.
Mark nonushta tayyorladi. Mark nonushta qildi.
Bosh (mustaqil) gap Ergash (tobe) gap
When the alarm clock rang, Mark got up.
Soat jiringlaganda Mark (uyqudan) turdi.
After Mark cooked breakfast, he ate it.
Nonushtani tayyorlab bolgach, Mark uni yedi.

2. Bazi ergashtiruvchi boglovchilar predloglar bolishi

mumkin. Bunday hollarda gapning qurilishiga qarang,
keyin felning qaysi shakli va qanday tinish belgisini
qoyishni hal qiling.
Predlogli birikma
Since my arrival here, I have made many friends.
Bu yerga kelganimdan beri kop dostlar orttirdim.

Tobe gap
Since I arrived here, I have made many friends.
Bu yerga kelganimdan beri kop dostlar orttirdim.

Because boglovchisining predlog shakli because of

boladi. Bu shakllarni chalkashtirmaslik kerak. Predlogdan
keyin ot, olmosh yoki otlashgan soz (masalan, -ing
qoshimchali fel) keladi.
Because the alarm clock rang, Mark got up.
Soat jiringlagani uchin Mark uygondi.
Because of the ringing of the alarm clock, Mark got up.
Mark soatning jiringlashidan uygondi.

Kop ishlatiladigan ergashtiruvchi boglovchilar quyida-

109
gilardir:
*after how
although even though if
as except that in case
as far as in order that *till
as if once *untill
as long as rather then when
as though *since whenever
because so that where
*before sooner than wherever
-er + than though while

Yulduzcha (*) qoyilgan sozlar predlog bola oladilar.

Boshqalari predlog bola olmaydi.

110
 SOZ YASOVCHI OLD
QOSHIMCHALAR
PREFIXES
Old Manosi Misol Manosi
qoshimcha
a- no-, be-, -siz, amoral axloqsiz
emas atypical tipik emas
ante- oldin to antedate oldin bolmoq,
oldin kelmoq
anti- qarshi anticlockwise soat miliga
qarshi
arch- oliy, bosh, archbishop cherkovga oid
asosiy lavozim
auto- avto-, oz autobiography avtobiogra-fiya
bi- ikki bilingual ikki tilda gapla-
sha oladigan
by- ikkinchi by-poduct ikkinchi
darajali, darajali
qoshimcha mahsulot
co- ham-, -dosh co-worker xizmatdosh
contra- qarshi to contradict qarshi
chiqmoq,
etiroz
bildirmoq
counter- qarshi counter clock- soat miliga
wise qarshi
de- tushirish, to devalue qiymatini
pasaytirish tushirmoq
dis- no-, -siz, to disagree norozi bolmoq
aks harakat discontented baxtsiz
to disconnect uzmoq
ex- sobiq ex-president sobiq prezident
fore- old, oldindan to foresee oldindan
kormoq
hyper- ota hypersensitive ota sezuvchan

111
in- (il-, no-, be-, siz- insensitive hissiyotsiz
im-, ir-) illegal noqonuniy
immoral axloqsiz
irreligious dinsiz
inter- aro iternational millatlar aro
mal- yomon malformed yomon
ishlangan,
yasalgan
mis- xato, notogri to misjudge notogri fikr
yuritmoq
mono- bir monosyllabic bir boginli
multi- kop multistorey kop qavatli
neo- yangi neocolonialism neokolonializm
non- -maslik nonpayment tolamaslik
out- haddan ziyod to outgrow haddan ziyod
osib ketmoq
over- kop, ortiqcha to overeat ortiqcha yemoq
ustidan overland quruqlikdan
post- keyingi postwar urushdan
keyingi
pre- oldingi prewar urushdan
oldingi
pro- tarafida, pro-education talim foydasiga
foydasiga
proto- birlamchi prototype prototip
pseudo- qalbaki, soxta pseudo-classic soxta klassik
quadr- tort quadrlateral tort tomonli
(quadri-)
re- yangidan, to restart yangidan
boshqatdan boshlamoq
semi- yarim, nim- semiprivate yarim xususiy
sub- ostki subway yer osti yoli
kichikroq qism subdivision bolinma
trans- kochish, kesib transatlantic atlantika
otish okeanini kesib
otuvchi
to transform shaklini butkul
ozgartirmoq
tri- uch tricycle uch gildirakli
velosiped

112
ultra- ota, haddan ultranationalis ota millatchilik
tashqari m
un- aks harakatni to uncover ochmoq
ifodalaydi

113
 SOZ YASOVCHI QOSHIMCHALAR
SUFFIXES
Sifat yasovchi qoshimchalar
Qoshim- Manosi Misol Manosi
cha
-able, -sa boladigan teachable oqitsa boladigan
-ible reducible qisqartirsa
boladi-gan
-al -iy, -viy; national milliy
-ga oid personal shaxsiy
-ant -li tolerant chidamli
-arian sifatiga ega authoritarian avtoritar
-ative -ga oid, aloqador investigative tergovga oid
-ese -lik Chinese xitoylik
-esque uslubida, -ona Romanesque Rimliklar
uslubida
-ful ser- meaningful sermano
-ic -ga oid, sifatiga ega democratic demokratik
-ical -iy, -viy theoretical nazariy
-ish -ga mansub Swedish shved
(millati)
-ash -ga oxshash reddish qizgish
-ive sifatiga ega, -ovchi explosive portlovchi
-less -siz, be- childless bolasiz
-like -ga oxshash childlike bolaga oxshash
-ous, sifatiga ega, -li dangerous xavfli
-eous, suspicious shubhali
-ious
-some uygatuvchi, fearsome qorquv uygatuv-
qozgatuvchi chi
troublesome tashvishga
soluvchi
-y -li, bilan qoplangan sandy qumli, qumloq

114
 Ot yasovchi qoshimchalar
Qoshim- Manosi Misol Manosi
cha
-age harakat nomi, carriege tashish
mavhum ot sinkage chokish
marriage nikoh
-an -ning azosi, -ga republican respublikachi
mansub, -chi
-ance, - faoliyat, holat guidance boshqarish
ence independence mustaqillik
-ancy, - faoliyat, biror consultancy maslahat berish
ency holatda bolish constancy barqarorlik
-ant, qiluvchi, -chi informant xabarchi
-ent defendant javobgar
litigant sudlashuvchi
-arian guruhiga mansub vegetarian vegetarian
authoritarian avtoritar
-ation biror ishni domination ustunlik
bajarishdagi communication aloqa
maqom
-crat -ga mansub shaxs democrat demokrat
bureaucrat byurokrat
-ee -chi, biror refugee qochoq
harakatni employee xizmatchi
bajaruvchi
-eer biror amalning auctioneer auktsioner
bajaruvchisi engineer injiner
-er qiluvchi, -chi teacher oqituvchi
silencer tovush yutgich
(glushitel)
-er yashovchi Londoner Londonlik
-ery faoliyat nomi robbery ogrilik,
forgery talonchilik
qalbakilashtirish
-ery jamlovchi machinery uskunalar

115
-ese -lik Chinese xitoylik
-ess biror ishni actress aktrisa
bajaruvchi ayol waitress ofitsianka
-ette kichraytirish kitchenette kichik oshxona
-ful sigim mouthful qultum
cupful (bir) stakan
-hood -lik, maqom falsehood yolgonlik
motherhood onalik
-ian -ga aloqador Parisian Parijlik
-ing material nomi piping quvur
wiring sim
harakat nomi walking yurish, sayr qilish
-ion biror ishni bajarish confession iqrorlik
-ism yonalish, etiqod, terrorism terrorizm
holat abseteeism yoqlik
-ite guruh azosi socialite sotsialist
-ity maqom, sifat complexity murakkablik
curiosity qiziquvchanlik
-let kichik, arzimas booklet kitobcha, buklet
starlet yulduzcha,
mashhur bola
boshlagan aktrisa
-ling ahamiyatsiz weakling zaif, kuchsiz kishi
-ment holat, harakat treatment munosabat, muo-
mala
government hukumat, boshqa-
ruv
-ness holat seriousness jiddiylik
readiness tayyorlik
-or -er ning ozga survivor olimdan qutilib
shakli qolgan shaxs
-ship holat friendship dostlik
ownership xususiy mulk
-ster ish bajaruvchisi trickster girromchi
-tion, - harakat nomi, prevention oldini olish
tion biror holatga legislation qonunchilik
kelganlik
-y erkalash, daddy dadajon
hurmatlash

116
 Ravish yasovchi qoshimchalar
Qoshim Manosi Misol Manosi
-cha
-ly ravishda closely yaqindan
strictly qatiyan
-ward tomonga; -ga qarab homeward uy tomonga
backward orqaga qarab
-wise tarzda, boylab clockwise soat yonalishi boylab

Fel yasovchi qoshimchalar

Qoshim Misol Manosi
-cha
-ate regulate tartibga solmoq
activate faollashtirmoq
-en tighten taranglashtirmoq
deafen ovozini ochirmoq
-ify beautify gozallashtirmoq
simplify soddalashtirmoq
-ize popularize ommalashtirmoq

117
 NOTOGRI FELLAR ROYXATI
IRREGULAR VERBS
I. Otgan oddiy zamon va otgan zamon sifatdoshi
shakllari har xil:
Infinitiv Otgan oddiy Otgan zamon Manosi
zamon sifatdoshi
break broke broken sindirmoq
choose chose chosen tanlamoq
speak spoke spoken gapirmoq
steal stole stolen ogirlamoq
wake woke woken uygonmoq
drive drove driven haydamoq
ride rode ridden minmoq
rise rose risen kotarilmoq
write wrote written yozmoq
beat beat beaten urmoq
bite bit bitten tishlamoq
hide hid hidden yashirmoq
eat ate eaten yemoq
fall fell fallen yiqilmoq
forget forgot forgotten unutmoq
give gave given bermoq
see saw seen kormoq
take took taken olmoq
blow blew blown esmoq
grow grew grown osmoq
know knew known bilmoq
throw threw thrown tashlamoq
fly flew flown uchmoq
draw drew drawn chizmoq,
show showed shown tortmoq
korsatmoq

118
begin began begun boshlamoq
drink drank drunk ichmoq
swim swam swum suzmoq
ring rang rung jiringlamoq
sing sang sung kuylamoq
run ran run yugurmoq
come came come kelmoq
become became become bolmoq
II. Otgan oddiy zamon va otgan zamon
sifatdoshi
shakllari bir xil:
Infinitiv Otgan oddiy zamon va Manosi
otgan zamon sifatdoshi
cost cost baholanmoq
cut cut kesmoq
hit hit urmoq
hurt hurt ogritmoq
let let ruxsat bermoq
put put qoymoq
shut shut yopmoq
lend lent qarzga bermoq
send sent jonatmoq
spend spent sarflamoq
build built qurmoq
lose lost yoqotmoq
shoot shot oq uzmoq
get got olmoq
light lit yoqmoq
sit sat otirmoq
burn burnt yonmoq, yondirmoq
learn learnt organmoq
smell smelt hidi kelmoq,
hidlamoq
keep kept saqlamoq
sleep slept uxlamoq

119
 feel felt sezmoq
leave left tark etmoq
meet met uchrashmoq
dream dreamt orzu qilmoq
mean meant anglatmoq
bring brought keltirmoq
buy bought sotib olmoq
fight fought kurashmoq
think thought oylamoq
catch caught tutmoq
teach taught oqitmoq
sell sold sotmoq
tell told aytmoq
find found topmoq
have had ega bolmoq
hear heard eshitmoq
hold held ushlamoq
oqimoq
read read [red] demoq
say said [sed]
pay paid tolamoq
make made qilmoq, yaratmoq
stand stood turmoq
understa understood tushunmoq
nd

120
 MUNDARIJA / CONTENTS

SOZ BOSHI ................................................................................3

OT / NOUN.................................................................................4
Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar .......................................4
Atoqli va turdosh otlar .............................................................9
Jamlovchi otlar .......................................................................10
Otlarda koplik ........................................................................10
ARTIKLLAR / ARTICLES ........................................................ 15
Noaniq artikl (a / an) ............................................................. 16
Aniq artikl (the) ......................................................................18
SON / NUMERALS ..................................................................24
Sanoq sonlar ...........................................................................24
Tartib sonlar ...........................................................................25
OLMOSHLAR / PRONOUNS ..................................................27
Kishilik olmoshlari .................................................................27
Egalik olmoshlari....................................................................29
Korsatish olmoshlari ............................................................ 30
Birgalik olmoshlari .................................................................32
Belgilash olmoshlari ...............................................................32
Kuchaytirish olmoshlari.........................................................34
Ozlik olmoshlari ....................................................................35
Some, any, no olmoshlari.......................................................36
SHAXSSIZ GAPLAR / IMPERSONAL SENTENCES (IT ) . 40
THERE IS / THERE ARE KONSTRUKSIYASI /
THE CONSTRUCTION THERE IS / THERE ARE..............43
HAVE GOT / HAS GOT............................................................46
SIFAT va RAVISHLARNING QIYOSIY DARAJALARI /
COMPARATIVE DEGREES of ADJECTIVES and
ADVERBS ..............................................................................49
FEL ZAMONLARI / TENSE....................................................52
Oddiy hozirgi zamon ..............................................................52
Oddiy kelasi zamon ................................................................56
Oddiy otgan zamon................................................................57
Togri va notogri fellar ........................................................58
Hozirgi davomli zamon .......................................................... 61
Otgan davomli zamon ...........................................................64
Kelasi davomli zamon ............................................................66
121
 Hozirgi natijali zamon........................................................... 68
Otgan natijali zamon ............................................................. 71
Zamonlar moslashuvi.............................................................75
FEL NISBATLARI / VOICES of VERBS ................................. 77
Aniq nisbat.............................................................................. 77
Majhul nisbat.......................................................................... 77
MODAL FELLAR / MODALS ................................................ 80
SOZ TARTIBI (TASDIQ va SOROQ GAPLAR) /
WORD ORDER (POSITIVE and NEGATIVE) .................... 84
SIFATDOSHLAR / PARTICIPLES ..........................................87
Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi .......................................................87
Otgan zamon sifatdoshi.........................................................87
Sifatdoshlarning ishlatilishi .................................................. 88
GERUND / GERUNDS............................................................ 90
PREDLOGLAR / PREPOSITIONS...........................................93
Payt predloglari at in on.........................................................93
Makon va harakat predloglari................................................99
BOGLOVCHILAR / CONJUNCTIONS .................................105
Teng boglovchilar ................................................................105
Juft boglovchilar..................................................................108
Ergashtiruvchi boglovchilar ................................................108
SOZ YASOVCHI OLD QOSHIMCHALAR / PREFIXES....... 111
SOZ YASOVCHI QOSHIMCHALAR / SUFFIXES............... 114
Sifat yasovchi qoshimchalar................................................ 114
Ot yasovchi qoshimchalar ....................................................115
Ravish yasovchi qoshimchalar .............................................117
Fel yasovchi qoshimchalar ..................................................117
NOTOGRI FELLAR ROYXATI / IRREGULAR VERBS .... 118

122
 RUSTAMOV Muhibbek Alibekovich
filologiya fanlari nomzodi;
ASRIYANS Margarita Isakovna

INGLIZ TILI GRAMMATIKASI

Muharrirlar:
B. A. Yarov, A. M. Kurganov
Texnik muharrir S. N. Yashina

Bosishga ruxsat etildi 10.05.2006. Nashriyot-hisob tabagi

7,5.
Adadi 100. Buyurtma 78. Narxi shartnoma asosida
Ozbekiston Respublikasi IIV Akademiyasi,
700197, Toshkent sh., Intizor kochasi, 68

124