‘EE4101/EE4101 RF COMMUNICATIONS / Page 2 Section A. Qu A 10 GHz microwave radio system uses antennas 1 m in diameter for transmission and reception, ‘The transmitted power is 2 W and the receiver has a bandwidth of 80 MHz, and consists of an LNA (gain 10 dB, noise figure 3 dB), a mixer (conversion loss 6 dB, noise figure 6 dB) and an IF amplifier (gain 15 dB, noise figure 5 dB). The signal-to-noise ratio at the demodulator needs to be 25 dB to achieve the required error rate, (2) Estimate the maximum length of a single link which will allow a fade margin of 30 AB. The effective area of an antenna may be assumed to be 50% of the physical aperture and the antenna noise temperature is 290 K. Ground reflections may be neglected. Take kT = 4x10™ J, (15 marks) () This link is set up over flat terrain with a distance of 20 km between the two antennas and the antennas mounted on towers 40 m high. Assume that the reflection coefficient is given by = 0.5/0". Show that the received signal is approximately 1.2 4B below that for free space transmission, Also show that if the receiving antenna is raised or lowered, the ratio of maximum to minimum signal strength of about 9.54 dB can be expected. Briefly explain the origin of the signal variations. (10 marks) ‘The antenna factor for a two-ray model is given by: RRA 5p - where Ay and fy ate the respective antenna heights, d is the antenna separation, 4 is the wavelength, and the ground reflection coefficient is r= Q2 A certain microwave transistor has the following $ parameters measured at 4 GHz with a 50 ohms reference: $11 =0.707 L15S° Siz Soo = 0510.20" Say = 5.0 (180° (@) Determine the maximum transducer gain achievable with the transistor. (5 marks) (b) The input (GS) and the output (GL) constant-gain circles for 2, 1, 0, and -1 dB are plotted in Figure Q2 (on Page 4). It is known that, for the transistor Faia = 2.5 dB, To = 0.475 {166° , and Ry = 3.50. Draw the F = 3 dB noise figure circle (superimpose it on Figure Q2 and submit Figure Q2 with your answer script). Thus, design for an amplifier with a 3 dB noise figure (or better) and 16 dB gain, Implement the source and load terminations using L networks for source and load impedances of 50 ohms. (20 marks) Q.2 is continued on Page 3EE4101/EE4101E RF COMMUNICATIONS / Page 3 Itis given that the centre of noise figure cizcle: De the radius of the noise figure circle: and N is given as: Q.2 is continued on Page 4BE4101/EE4101E RF COMMUNICATIONS / Page 4 Su*,3dB : Sx", 1.3 dB Figure Q2BE4101/EE4101E RF COMMUNICATIONS / Page 5 Q3 (@) A load impedance of Zs, = (150-50) © is connected to a 5 em length of lossless transmission line with characteristic impedance of Za = 50.2. If the operating frequency is 750 MHz, compute the input impedance, reflection coefficient and SWR by looking into the input terminal of the transmission line as depicted in Figure 0.3(2). The port impedance is also set at Zo= 50 Q. If the input RF power is 100 mW, compute the RF power absorbed by the load, (10 marks) (00 mW > <—— Som ZF, SWR Figure Q.3(a) () Ifthe chara Zo=500, teristic impedances of the transmission line and both port impedances are 1d the scattering parameters for the following two-port network as shown in Figure Q.3(b), where Za = 50 ©, Ziy= 100 Qand Zc=50 Q. (5 marks) 24 Ze oH T o Port 2 25 Port 2 Figure Q.3(b) Q4 The scattering-matrix parameters for a bipolar transistor at 1 GHz are as follows Si; = 0.82.2 -85°, $2 = 0.04 2 80°, Su = 1.72 124°, Sp = 0.72.2 -63", (@) Determine the stability. (marks) () Calculate the parameters of the load and source stability circles and identify the regions on the Smith Chart with stable values of source, and load impedances. (8 marks) (©) Under unilateral design assumption, design an amplifier to achieve maximum stable power gain, estimate the gain value and plot the amplifier schematic with input and output matching networks using the distributed technique. (14 mats)EE4101/EE41018 RF COMMUNICATIONS / Page 6 Section B Q5 (@) 2M isotropic antennas are aligned along the x axis to form an antenna array as shown in Figure Q5 below. The feeding currents to all the antennas have the same amplitude hh, Antennas 1, 2, ... M are fed by currents with @ progressive phase difference ‘A=45°, with antenna 1's phase being zero. Antennas (M#1), (M2), .., 2M are also fed by currents with a progressive phase difference #=45° but with antenna (M+1)'s phase being 180° relative to antenna 1's phase. Antennas 1, 2, ... Mf are uniformly separated by a distance d = OSA (where 2 is the operation wavelength), same as antennas (M+1), (M42), ., 2M, which are also uniformly separated by a distance d. However, the separation between antennas M and (M+1) is 2d. Find the expression of the array radiation pattern £(g) of this array in the x-y plane. (5 marks) Melements 2M ye 0.7, what are the (0) Fora general uniform linear array with an element separation ranges of values for the progressive phase difference f# such that there are no grating lobes? (10 marks) Q6 (@) ‘The far-zone electric field of a vertical Hertzian dipole located atthe origin is known tobe: E, (0,9) re no q Vale) where / is the magnitude of the current I(z')=# flowing along the dipole. If the Hertzian dipole is now tumed in 2 horizontal direction with a current given by 1(x')=81 as shown in Figure Q6(a) (on next page), find the expression E, (0,4) for the far-zone electric field of this horizontal dipole. (Hint: The vector potential of the horizontal Hertzian dipole in Figure Q6(a) is known to be mglat{ az or A(x yz) = ) (1S Marks) Q6 is continued on Page 7EEIO1/ £4101E RF COMMUNICATIONS / Page 7 Hertzian dipole \_ Figure Q6(a) (b) A vortical and a horizontal dipoles as shown in Figure Q6(a) are used to construct cross dipole as shown below in Figure Q6(b). But the current on the horizontal dipole has a phase lead of 1/2 relative to the current of the vertical dipole. Find the expression E, (6,9) for the far-zone electric field of this cross dipole. Hence find the expression P,, (8,9) for the Poynting vector of this cross dipole, (10 Marks) Hertzian dipoles Sy Figure Q6(b) Q7 (@) Draw and label the equivalent circuits for conjugate matched conditions of an antenna operating in the transmit and receive modes. A hertzian dipole, made of copper wire of length £ = 0.4 metre , radius a = 0.403 mm and o,, = 5.8 x 10’ S/m, is used as a receiving antenna operating at the broadcast frequency of 1 MHz. The amplitude of the incident electric field across the open-circuited dipole is 10 Vim. Obtain the dipole equivalent circuit parameters, assuming a nominal characteristic impedance Z, of 75 ohms in your calculations. Hence calculate the average power received by a load of (75 +j0) ohms placed at the dipole terminals, and compare your result with the answer for the average power obtained for the conjugate matched case. (12 marks) Q.7 is continued on Page 8EE4101/EE4101E RF COMMUNICATIONS / Page 8 () Show that a linearly polarized (LP) wave can be obtained as the superposition of two circularly polarized (CP) waves rotating in opposite directions but at the same angular frequency rate. ‘Two aperture antennas TX and RX, of respective gains of 12 dB and 18 dB in the ditection of transmission and respective dimensions of (15 em x 12 em) and ( 20cm x 24 cm), are separated by a distance of 20 metres. The transmit antenna ‘TX is right- handed circularly polarised (RECP) and is transmitting 5 W at 4 GHz. The receive antenna RX is linearly polarized (LP). Determine whether the antennas are operating in their respective far-field zones, Determine also the power received by antenna RX. (13 marks) Qs (@) A reflector antenna is to be modeled as a planar radiating square aperture of (LxL) dimensions with uniform aperture field distribution. Hf L=40Ao, using a graphical method or otherwise, calculate the 3-dB beamwidth and 1* sidelobe level of the aperture’s radiation patterns in the principal planes. Hence estimate the directive gain of the antenna, Briefly state the assumptions made in the directive gain formula you use. Briefly discuss the effects of aperture illumination taper on the gain and sidelobe levels of the antenna, (12 marks) (b) A linearly potarised (LP) plane wave of frequency 10 KHz travelling in air is incident normally on seawater having the following constants: o =5.1 Sim; 6, =80 and yu, = 1. The associated incident wave Electric field E; is 20 Vim. The sea water surface is covered with a uniform layer of ice (assumed lossless and non-magnetic) having properties of thickness = 0.4 meter and ¢, =300 A submerged autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) fitted with a half-wave dipole antenna is to extract maximum power from the above wave signal Assuming that multiple reflection effects within the ice layer can be ignored, what is, the maximum depth at which the AUV can receive the signal if its half-wave dipole receiver antenna system has a bandwidth of 40 Hz with a S/N ratio of 90 dB? Take KTy= 1.380 x 107°). (13 marks) END OF PAPER