English-Chinese Microfinance Glossary, July 2008

absorption accounting
Equivalent: full-cost accounting.
abusive lending
accelerated depreciation (of an asset)
acceleration of maturity
Equivalent: prematuring.
account
account balance
account certification

account entry
Equivalents: accounting entry, entry,
journal entry.
account holder
accountancy
Equivalent: accounting.
accountant
accounting
accounting and internal control system
accounting base

accounting period
accounting practice

accounting prescriptions
Accounting procedure
accounting standard

accounts payable (balance sheet liability
account)

1
accounts receivable (balance sheet, asset
account)
accrual accounting


accruals (accrual accounting)

accrued depreciation (balance sheet, asset

account)

Equivalent: accumulated depreciation.
accrued expense (accrual accounting, balance
sheet, liability account)
accrued income (accrual accounting, balance
sheet, liability account)
Equivalent: accrued revenue.
accrued interest

accrued revenue (accrual accounting, balance

sheet, liability account)
accumulated depreciation (balance sheet,
asset account)

Equivalent: accrued depreciation.
accumulated profit
Equivalent: earned surplus.
accumulated reserves (balance sheet)
Equivalent: reserves.

accumulating savings and credit association

(ASCA)
ACH (automated clearinghouse) ACH

acid-test ratio quick ratio

Equivalent: quick ratio.

acquisition cost
Equivalent: historical cost.

active borrower
active client
active loan
active savings account
activity based costing
actual amount

2
actual cost
actual loss
actuary (insurance) ,

additional credit
adjustable rate
adjusted cost of capital
adjusted income
adjusted income statement
adjusted interest rate
adjusted operating profit
adjusted return on assets (AROA)

adjusted return on equity (AROE)
adjusted trial balance
Equivalent: post-closing trial balance.
adjusting account
adjusting entry
Equivalent: closing entry.

adjustment

adjustment for subsidies

administrative efficiency
administrative expense
administrative expense rate
advance account /
advance deposit
advance deposit requirement
advance repayment
Equivalents: payment in advance,
prepayment, repayment in advance.
advances to employees (balance sheet, asset
account)
adverse exchange-rate position
adverse opinion (audit)
adverse selection
age bias
age the portfolio (verb)

3
age-accrued interest (accrual accounting)
aged portfolio
Equivalents: aging of the portfolio, aging aging of the portfolio, aging
portfolio balance, portfolio aging. portfolio balance, portfolio aging
aging categories (aging of loans)
aging of delinquency
aging of loans
aging of the portfolio

aging portfolio balance

aging schedule
agreed-upon procedure (audit)
agribusiness credit
agricultural activity
Equivalent: farm activity.
agricultural bank
agricultural finance
agricultural finance project
agricultural household
agricultural loan
agricultural processing
aid agency
aid effectiveness
airtime (mobile phone)
allocate
allocation base (costing)
allocation based costing
allocation of loan proceeds
allocation of net income
allocation of profits
Equivalent: appropriation of profits.
allocation of resources
allocation unit (costing)
alternative financial institutions
allowance for depreciation,reserve for
depreciation
Allowance,reserve(balance sheet)

4
AML (anti-money laundering) AML
amortization (asset) generic term


amortization expense (income statement, /
expense account)
amortization of a loan
amortization schedule (of a loan)
Equivalents: repayment schedule, repayment
plan (for a loan).
amortize a loan
amortized principal (loan)
amount outstanding
analysis grid
annual depreciation of donated funds for
fixed assets
annual general meeting
annualization /
annualized interest rate
annualized percentage rate (APR) APR
An interest rate comprised of interest,
commissions, and other costs that is
expressed on an annualized basis.
annuity
anti-money laundering
anti-money laundering (AML) AML

anti-money laundering regulation

apex funds
apex institution
applicable financial reporting framework
Equivalents: standards for financial
reporting, financial standards.
application for membership
application for withdrawal //
application of funds (financing plan)
appraisal
appropriation of profits
Equivalent: allocation of profits.

5
APR (annualized percentage rate)
An interest rate comprised of interest,
commissions, and other costs that is
expressed in an annual value.
area of risk
AROA (adjusted return on assets) AROA
AROE (adjusted return on equity)
arrears
Generic term for loans that have not been
repaid on time; can be used for late late payments, overdue
payments, overdue payments, past payments, past due payments, and
due payments, and delinquent delinquent payments
payments.
arrears rate
Equivalents: delinquency ratio,
delinquency rate, past-due rate.
The arrears rate is calculated by dividing
the amount of arrears (or late payments)
by the average outstanding loan balance.
ASCA (accumulating savings and credit ( ACEC
association)
assessment /
asset (balance sheet)
asset account
asset and liability management
asset and liability matching
asset quality
asset utilization
Equivalent: return on assets (ROA).
asset/liability matching
associated cost
assumption
ATM, automated teller machine
auction ROSCA (rotating savings and credit
association)
audit (accounting)
audit committee
audit evidence
audit of the financial statement
audit report

6
audit risk
audit trail

audited financial statements

auditing standards
auditor
automated clearinghouse
automated clearinghouse (ACH)
automatic teller machine
Equivalent: ATM, automated teller machine.
average cost of debt
Equivalent: average cost of funds.
average cost of funds
average loan size
average loan term
average outstanding balance of loans
average remaining life of initial
assets(years)

7
B

back-office
back-office transactions

back-to-back loan
bad debt
Equivalents: defaulted loan, doubtful
loan.
badwill



balance

balance an account
Equivalent: clear an account.
balance brought forward
Equivalent: opening balance. /
balance carried forward
Equivalent: closing balance.
balance on account
balance sheet
balance sheet account
balance sheet item
balance sheet ratio
balanced accounts
balancing subsidy
balloon loan
balloon payment
Equivalent: single end-of-term payment.

bank and investment income

bank book
bank charges
Equivalent: bank commissions and fees.
bank commissions and fees
bank current account
bank draft
Bank for international settlements (BIS) BIS

8
bank interest
Bank of central african states
bank reconciliation
bank reconciliation procedure
bank statement
bank supervision
bank supervisors
bankable

banking authorities
Banking authority of central Africa
banking correspondent
banking law
banking license
banking sector
bank-MFI linkage
base cost
Equivalent: baseline cost.
base interest rate
baseline cost
baseline data
basic information
below-market interest rate
benchmark
benchmarking

beneficiary
benefits
best practices
bias
bid
bilateral aid agency
bilateral donor
bill of exchange
BIS (Bank for international settlements) BIS
board (management)
bond issue
bond issue backed by microloans

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book value
Book-keeper
bookkeeping
Book-keepers entry
borrower
borrower in default
Equivalent: defaulter.
borrowing capacity
Equivalent: debt capacity.
borrowing cost
borrowing rate,depositor rate of interest
borrowing requirement
branch
Equivalent: branch office. /
branch office /
branch outlet
branchless banking
branch-level staff
break even (verb)
break-even analysis
break-even point
bridging credit
Equivalent: bridging facility.
bridging facility
budget request
budget variance
budgetary aid
budgetary surplus
budgeted amount
This term is used when comparing a
projected budget with an actual budget.
buildings (balance sheet account, asset
account)
burial fund
business accounting

10
business development services
Equivalent: enterprise development
services.
business operator /
business plan
business planning
business risk
Equivalent: operating risk.

11
C

calculation of reserve
Equivalent: reserve calculation.
call option (hedging instrument)
CAMEL CAMEL
Capital adequacy Asset quality ----
Management Earnings Liquidity ACCION International
An MFI evaluation system developed by
ACCION International.
cancelled debt
capacity building
capacity to reimburse
Equivalents: capacity to repay, repayment
ability, repayment capacity.
capacity to repay
capital adequacy
capital adequacy report
capital asset
Equivalents: permanent asset, fixed asset.
capital call
capital cost allowance
capital equipment
Equivalent: capital goods.
capital expenditure
capital formation
capital gain
capital goods
capital grant
Equivalent: donated equity.
capital lease
capital market
capital market instruments
capital requirements
capital-adequacy ratio
Equivalents: working-capital ratio,
current ratio.

12
capital-adequacy report
capitalization
capitalization rate
capitalize
cash (balance sheet, asset account)
Equivalent: cash assets.
cash account
cash accounting
Equivalent: cash-basis accounting.
cash advance
cash and cash due from banks
cash and cash equivalents
Equivalent: cash and near cash.
cash and near cash
cash assets (balance sheet, asset account)
cash balance
cash based economy
cash book
Equivalent: cash journal.
cash box
cash budget
cash collateral
cash control
Equivalent: cash count.
cash count
cash courier
cash credit
cash crop
cash deficit
cash deposit
cash donation
Equivalent: cash grant, cash subsidies.
cash due from banks
Equivalent: cash in bank.
cash equivalent (balance sheet, asset
account)

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cash expense

cash flow
cash flow after investments
cash flow analysis
cash flow cycle
cash flow from operations
Equivalents: funds provided from operating
activities, operating cash flow.
cash flow patterns
cash flow projection
Equivalent: cash projection.

cash flow review

cash flow statement
Equivalent: statement of change in
financial position.
cash grant
Equivalents: cash donation, cash
subsidies.
cash in bank
Equivalent: cash due from banks.
cash in bank and near cash
cash in hand
Equivalent: cash on hand.
cash in vault
cash inflow
cash input
cash journal
Equivalent: cash book.
cash management
Equivalent: liquidity management.
cash on hand
Equivalent: cash in hand.
cash outflow
cash payment
cash position
cash projection
Equivalent: cash flow projection.

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cash subsidy
Equivalents: cash donation, cash grant.
cash suspense account
cash-back transaction
cash-basis accounting ()
cash-disbursements journal
cashier
cashier services
cash-receipt journal
cell phone banking
Equivalent: mobile phone banking.
central bank
Central bank of west african states
certificate of deposit (CD) CD
certify financial statements (audit) ()
CFT (combating the financing of terrorism) CFT
CGAP
chains (ROSCA chains) (credit)
change in equity position
Change in financial position,statement of
change in financial position
change in working capital
Equivalent: working capital requirement.
character-based lending
chart of accounts
checking account
Equivalent: current account.
checks and balances
chief accountant
chief financial officer (CFO) CFO
Equivalents: financial officer, financial
director.
chief operations officer
chit fund
A type of rotating savings and credit
association (ROSCA) found in India.
clean the data (verb) (survey)

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clear an account (verb)
Equivalent: balance an account.
clearance service
clearinghouse
client attrition
Equivalents: desertion, client loss.
client exit survey
client feedback
client graduation
Equivalent: graduation
client impact tracking system
client loss
client outreach
client retention rate
Equivalent: retention rate.
client screening
client self-reporting
closed question (survey)
closing balance
Equivalent: balance carried forward.
closing cost
closing date
closing entry
Equivalent: adjusting entry.
cluster sampling (survey)
collateral
Equivalents: security, guarantee.
collateral savings
collateral substitute
collection
collective guarantee
Equivalents: group guarantee, peer-lending
guarantee.
combating the financing of terrorism
combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) CFT
commercial borrowing
Equivalent: commercial loan.

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commercial funding
commercial investor
commercial lender
commercial loan
commercial paper
commercial terms
Equivalent: market rate.
commercialization of microfinance
commission
commission an audit
commissions and fees
common stockholder equity, owners equity,
shareholders capital, shareholders equity,
shareholders funds
community bank
community banking
community development
community participation
comparison group
compensating balance
competition oriented pricing
competitive pricing strategy
compound factor
Equivalent: compounding factor.
compound interest
compound rate of growth
compounded interest rate
compounding factor
comprehensive planning
compulsory savings
Equivalents: obligatory savings, forced
savings, mandatory savings.
computer kiosk
concessional loan
Equivalent: soft loan.
conservation principle
Equivalent: conservatism.

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conservatism
consolidate maturities
consolidated balance sheet
consolidated financial statement
consolidated income statement
consolidated loss
consolidated profit
constant currency terms
consumer credit
consumer education
consumer protection
consumption smoothing
contingency fund
Equivalent: contingency scheme.
contingency reserve
contingency savings
Equivalent: precautionary savings.
contingency scheme
contract farming
Form of credit for small farmers provided
by private companies such as wholesalers
or processors.
contractual loan term
contribution margin
control (i.e., management control)
control environment
control group
In an evaluation process, control
group designates the group that is not
receiving services, as opposed to the
treatment group.
control risk (audit)
controller
Equivalent: management controller.

convertibility risk
COO (chief operations officer) COO
core expenditures

18
corporate body (legal)
Equivalent: corporation.
corporation (legal)
cosigner
cost
cost accounting
cost allocation
cost center
cost containment
cost control
cost efficiency
cost estimate
cost of capital
cost of debt
cost of funds
cost of operations
cost of portfolio administration
cost oriented pricing
cost per $ lent
cost per loan made
cost ratio
Equivalent: cost structure.
cost recovery
cost sharing
cost structure
cost-benefit analysis -
cost-effective
cost-effectiveness
costing
cost-of-funds subsidy
Equivalent: subsidy for cost of funds.
cost-volume-profit analysis
counterterrorism regulation
covariance risk
A risk that exists when the majority of
clients work in the same economic sector.

19
coverage rate
Equivalent: coverage ratio.
coverage ratio for loans
credit activity
credit availability
credit balance
credit bureau
Equivalents: credit information bureau,
credit reference service.
credit card
credit ceiling
Equivalent: credit limit.
credit component
credit cooperative
credit delivery
credit enhancement
credit facilities
credit history
credit information bureau
credit limit
credit line
Equivalent: line of credit.
credit manager

credit officer
Equivalent: loan officer.
credit policy
credit rating
Equivalent: rating.
credit rating agency
credit reference service
Equivalents: credit bureau, credit
information bureau.
credit report
credit risk
credit scheme

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credit scoring
Equivalents: scoring, loan scoring.
Credit scoring is a statistical technique
used by financial institutions to decide
whether or not to extend credit.
credit to microenterprises
credit union
Equivalents: savings and credit
cooperative (SACCO), savings and credit
union.
credit-delivery model
credit-in-kind
credit-only institution
creditor
creditworthiness
Equivalent: solvency.
creditworthy /
critical path (PERT method)
critical-path method
crop credit
Equivalent: seasonal credit.
crop insurance
cross tabulation
cross-border remittances
crossover discount rate
Equivalent: equalizing discount rate.
cross-sectional design
cross-subsidy
cross-tabulation table (statistical
analysis)
currency devaluation account
currency forward
currency gap
currency matching
currency mismatch
currency risk
Equivalents: exchange risk, foreign-
exchange risk.

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currency-gap ratio
currency-gap risk
current account
Equivalent: checking account.
current asset
current collection rate
Equivalent: current repayment rate.
current cost
Equivalent: replacement cost.
current debt
Equivalents: current liabilities, short-
term debt, short-term liabilities.
current liabilities
current loan
Equivalent: healthy loan.
current ratio
Equivalents: working-capital ratio,
capital-adequacy ratio.
current repayment rate
current terms, in (accounting)
current value
Equivalents: present value, current worth.
current worth
current year
customer due diligence

customer due diligence measure

customer interface
customized system
cutoff

22
D

daily balancing
data
data coding
data collection
database
database software
DCF (discounted cash flow) method
debit balance
debit card
debt
debt capacity
Equivalent: borrowing capacity.
debt directing
Equivalent: targeted lending.
debt financing
debt forgiveness
Equivalents: loan forgiveness, debt
pardoning.
debt fund
debt instrument (investment)
debt maturity
debt service
debtor
debt-to-equity ratio
decision tree
declining balances
declining-balance method
1) (depreciation method)
2) A method of calculating interest on
capital that remains due (known as the
declining balance). (interest rate
calculation)
dedicated fee
deductible expense
default

23
defaulted loan
Equivalents: doubtful loan, bad debt.

defaulter
Equivalent: borrower in default.
deferred charge (balance sheet, asset
account)
Equivalent: deferred expense.
deferred depreciation
deferred expense (balance sheet, asset
account)
deferred income (balance sheet, liability
account)
Equivalent: deferred revenue.
deferred interests (balance sheet)
deferred revenue (balance sheet, liability
account)
deficiency
deflate
deflation
deflator
delinquency

delinquency measurement
delinquency rate
Equivalents: arrears rate, delinquency
ratio, past-due rate.
The deliquency rate is calculated by
dividing the amount of arrears (or late
payments) by the average outstanding loan
balance.
delinquency ratio
delinquency report
delinquent client
Equivalent: late client.
delinquent client report
delinquent loan
Equivalents: loan in arrears, overdue
loan, past-due loan.
delinquent loan follow-up report

24
delinquent payment
Equivalents: late payment, overdue
payment, payment in arrears.
delivery mechanism
delivery of financial services
Equivalent: provision of financial
services.
demand deposit
Equivalent: sight deposit.
demand oriented pricing
deposit
deposit certificate
deposit collector
deposit insurance
deposit rate
depositor
depository

depreciable amount
depreciable life
Equivalent: economic life.
depreciation (asset)

depreciation allowance, see accumulated

depreciation (balance sheet)
depreciation expense (income statement,
expense account)
depth of outreach (of the services of an
MFI)
Refers to the poverty level of MFI
clients.
See also outreach and scale of
outreach.
DER (direct expense ratio) (cost allocation)
descriptive account number
desertion
Equivalents: client loss, client
attrition.
desertion rate
Equivalent: dropout rate.
designated funds

25
destitute
detailed balance sheet
detailed income statement
detection risk (audit)
devaluation

devaluation risk
development bank
development finance
development investor
direct administrative expense ratio (cost
allocation)
direct cost
direct costing (method)
direct expense ratio (DER) (cost allocation)
direct targeting
directed conversation (survey)
directed lending
disburse a loan
disbursed loan
Equivalent: loan disbursed.
disbursement
disclaimer of opinion (audit)
disclosure (financial)
disclosure law
disclosure requirement (consumer protection)
discount
discount factor
discount rate

discounted cash flow

discounted cash flow (DCF) method
discussion guide
disposal of assets
dissavings
distribute costs among (accounting ......
categories)

26
distribution outlet
Equivalent: retail outlet
diversification
dividend per share
domain of impact
Equivalent: impact area.
domestic funding market
domestic transfer service
donated capital
Equivalent: equity grant.
donated commodities or services
donated equity
Equivalent: capital grant.
donations-and-grants ratio
donor

donor funds
dormant savings account
double bottom line

double-barreled question (survey)
double-check (noun)
double-entry bookkeeping
Equivalent: double-entry system.
double-entry system
doubtful loan
Equivalents: defaulted loan, bad debt.

downscaling
dropout rate
Equivalent: desertion rate.
dropouts
due diligence
See customer due diligence.
due to be repaid (in)
Example: due to be repaid in 2003. 2003

27
E

earned income
earned surplus
Equivalent: accumulated profit.
earning asset
Equivalents: productive asset, performing
asset.
earnings
Equivalent: profits.
economic life
Equivalent: depreciable life.
economies of scale
economies of scope
effective interest rate

efficiency
efficiency indicator
EFT (electronic funds transfert)
electronic banking
Equivalents: internet banking, online
banking
electronic funds transfert (EFT)
electronic payment
eligibility (for a loan)
eligibility conditions
emergency loan
empower
empowerment
enabling environment
enabling policy environment
end-of-year balance
enforce a penalty
engagement letter
engagement risk (audit) ()
enterprise development services
Equivalent: business development services.

28
entry (accounting) /
Equivalents: account entry, accounting
entry, journal entry.
equal payments of principal
equalizing discount rate
Equivalent: crossover discount rate.
equilibrium income
equipment
equipment account
equipment depreciation
equipment leasing
equipment maintenance
equipment rental
equity
Equivalents: shareholder capital,
shareholder equity, shareholder funds,
stockholder equity, owner equity, owners
equity.
equity account
equity capital
equity finance
equity financing
Equivalent: equity investment.
equity fund
equity grant
Equivalent: donated capital.
equity investment
equity multiplier
equity plus medium-and long-term debt
Equivalents: investment capital, invested
capital.
ex post review
excess cash
excess of income over expenses
Equivalents: net profit, net earnings.
exchange premium
exchange risk
Equivalents: foreign-exchange risk,
currency risk.

29
exchange-rate differential
excluding grants (accounting)
executive director
Equivalent: managing director.
expenditure
expense
expense account (income statement)
exposure to foreign exchange risk
extend the term of a loan
external audit
external auditor

30
F

face value
Equivalent: par value.
facilitator
fall short by
farm activity
Equivalent: agricultural activity.
farmer
farming household
FATF (financial action task force)
fee
fee income
fee-based services
fiduciary risk (audit)
field staff
Equivalents: front-line staff, line staff.
field visit
financial action task force (FATF)
financial analysis
financial assets
financial calculator
financial cooperative
financial cost
financing expenses
financial cost of lending funds
financial director
Equivalents: chief financial officer,
financial officer.
financial forecasting
financial indicator
financial infrastructure
financial intermediary
financial intermediation
financial leverage
Equivalent: leverage.

31
financial literacy
financial management
financial modeling
financial officer
financial position
financial productivity
financial projection
financial ratio
financial regulation

financial risk
financial self-sufficiency
financial services for the poor
financial spread
financial standards
Equivalents: applicable financial
reporting framework, standards for
financial reporting.
financial statement
financial statement audit
financial statement audit report
financial structure
financial supervision

financial sustainability
financial viability
financial year
Equivalent: fiscal year.
financing cost
financing-cost ratio
first-tier MFI
fiscal year
fit and proper tests
fixed asset
Equivalents: permanent asset, capital
asset.
fixed cost
fixed interest
fixed-asset loan

32
fixed-charge coverage
fixed-income instrument
fixed-income market
fixed-term deposit
Equivalents: term deposit, time deposit.
flat method
Equivalent: flat-rate interest method.
flat rate
flat-rate interest method(interest charged (
on initial loan amount) )

float shares (verb)

floating rate
flow item
flowchart
focus group
focus-group discussion
follow-up loan
food security
forced savings
Equivalents: obligatory savings,
compulsory savings, mandatory savings.
forced-sale value
Equivalent: liquidation value.
foreign currency
foreign debt
foreign exchange loss
foreign-exchange cost
foreign-exchange exposure
foreign-exchange risk
Equivalents: currency risk, exchange risk.
formal financial institution
formal financial service
formal MFI
forward contract
fraudulent scheme
frequency table
front name

33
front-office
front office functions /
front office operations /
Designates activities involving direct
client contact.
front-line staff
Equivalents: field staff, line staff.
full-cost accounting
Equivalent: absorption accounting.
full-service commercial bank
fund
fund accounting
funding agency
funding liabilities

fundraising
funds
funds provided from operating activities
Equivalents: cash flow from operations,
operating cash flow.
funeral club
funeral thrift society
fungibility
fungible
future value
futures

34
G

GAAP (generally accepted accounting

principles)
gain from currency adjustments
gap analysis
gap ratio
gap report
gap risk
gender analysis
gender bias
general journal (accounting)
Equivalent: journal.
general ledger (accounting)
Equivalent: ledger.

general price-level accounting

Equivalent: price-level accounting.
general treasury fund
generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP)
generally accepted auditing standards
ghost loan
Equivalent: phantom loan.
giro

going-concern principle
goodwill
governance /
grace period
graduated tax
graduation
Equivalent: client graduation
grant
Equivalent: subsidy.
grant income (income statement)
Equivalent: operating subsidy.
grant income for financial services

35
gross cash flow (cash flow statement)
gross financial margin
Equivalent: gross financial result.
gross financial result

gross margin
Equivalent: gross profit.
group guarantee
Equivalents: collective guarantee, peer-
lending guarantee.
group-based lending
growth indicator
guarantee
Equivalents: collateral, security.
guarantee fund
guarantor
guidance planning
Equivalent: indicative planning.

36
H

hard currency
health insurance
healthy loan
Equivalent: current loan.
hedging instrument
hidden transaction cost
historical cost
Equivalent: acquisition cost.
historical cost convention
historically valued assets
home bank
Equivalent: piggy bank.
home loan
home-based entrepreneur
honorarium
hot money

household
household budget
household economic portfolio
household economic security
household financial diary
household welfare
housing improvement
housing loan
housing microfinance
Equivalent: microfinance of housing.

37
I

IAS (International Accounting Standards)

IASB (International Accounting Standards

Board)
IASC (International Accounting Standards
Committee)
identified financial reporting framework
idle cash
idle fund
IFRIC (International Financial Reporting
Interpretation Committee)
IFRS (International Financial Reporting
Standards)
impact
impact analysis
impact area
Equivalent: domain of impact.
impact assessment
Equivalent: impact survey.
impact indicator
impact proxy
impact survey
imprest account
imputed cost of capital
in arrears (credits)
incentive (human resources)
Equivalent: staff incentive.
incentive scheme

inclusive financial systems

income
income account
income generating activity
income generating asset
income smoothing
Often used as an adjective, such as
income-smoothing activities.

38
income statement
Equivalent: profit-and-loss (P&L) account.
income taxable
incorporation
incremental cost
Equivalent: marginal cost.
incremental rate of return
in-depth individual interview
indexing
indexing factor
indicative planning
Equivalent: guidance planning.
indicator
indirect costs
Equivalent: on-costs.
indirect targeting
individual contribution
individual loan
Equivalent: individual lending
induced cost
industry
industry performance standard
ineligible for a loan
inflation
inflation accounting
inflation adjustment
inflation index
inflow (accounting)
informal credit
informal financial intermediary
informal insurance scheme
informal provider
information system
infusion of borrowed funds
inherent risk (audit)

39
in-kind reimbursement
Equivalent: payment in kind.
in-kind subsidy
input supplier
in-service training
insider loan
Equivalent: related-party loan.

insolvency
installment
institution building (noun)
Often used as an adjective, such as
institution-building activities.
institutional assessment
institutional capacity building
institutional loans received
institutional model
institutional status
institutional sustainability
insurance fund
insurance policy
insurance premium
intangible assets
integrated MFI
Equivalent: multi-service MFI.

This term refers to an MFI that offers

financial services in addition to other
services, such as enterprise development
services, social services, etc.
interest
interest after loan payment (declining-
balance method)
interest charged on declining balance
(declining-interest balance method)
interest charged on initial loan amount
(flat-rate interest method)
interest due
interest in arrears
Equivalents: interest unpaid, unpaid
interest.

40
interest income
interest loss provision (accrual accounting,
income statement)
interest loss reserve (accrual accounting,
balance sheet, asset account)
interest on loans
interest on overdue payment
Equivalents: moratorium interest, penalty
interest.
interest on savings
interest payable (accrual accounting,
balance sheet, liability account)
interest payment
interest rate
interest rebate
interest receivable (accrual accounting,
balance sheet, asset account)
interest spread
interest unpaid
Equivalents: unpaid interest, interest in
arrears.
interest-bearing account
interest-bearing deposit
interest-rate cap
Equivalent: interest-rate ceiling.
interest-rate ceiling
interest-rate differential
interest-rate margin
interest-rate risk
interest-rate sensibility
intermediation
internal audit
internal auditor
internal control
internal rate of return (IRR) IRR
internal unit
International Accounting Standards (IAS)

41
International Accounting Standards Board
(IASB)
international accounting standards committee
(IASC)
international financial institution (IFI)
International Financial Reporting
Interpretation Committee (IFRIC)
International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRS)
international remittances
international standard on auditing (ISA)
internet banking
Equivalents: electronic banking, online
banking.
interview
interviewer
inventory
inventory credit
Equivalent: warehouse-receipt financing.
Inventory credit permits farmers to store
their crops in a warehouse and use them as
a guarantee against credit before they are
sold.
inventory turnover
invested capital
Equivalents: investment capital, equity
plus medium-and long-term debt.
investee MFI
investment bank
Equivalent: merchant bank.
investment budget
investment capital
investment funds
investment grant (balance sheet)
investment income (income statement)
investment return
Equivalents: investment yield; return on
investment, ROI.
investment yield
investment-income rate

42
invoice
IRR (internal rate of return)
ISA (international standard on auditing)
issue (share or bond) (verb)

43
J

joint-liability group
Equivalent: solidarity group.
journal (accounting)
Equivalent: general journal.
journal entry
Equivalents: account entry, accounting
entry, entry.
journal voucher
journalize (verb)

44
K

key interest rate

know your customer regulations

45
L

labor bank
LAN (local area network)
land (balance sheet)
late borrower

late client

Equivalent: delinquent client.
late fee on loans
late payment
Equivalents: delinquent payment, payment
in arrears, overdue payment.
leading question (survey)
lean period
lease
leasehold amortization (income statement)
leasehold improvements (balance sheet)
leasing
ledger (accounting)
Equivalent: general ledger.

legal and regulatory framework

legal entity
Equivalent 1: legal person.

legal reserves
legal title
Equivalent: title.
legal transformation
lender
lending fund
lending methodology
Equivalent: method of lending.
lessee
lessor
letter of credit
leverage
Equivalent: financial leverage.

46
leverage ratio
liabilities
liabilities and equity (balance sheet)
Unlike French, the English language does
not a specific term that designates both
liabilities and equity.

liability account
license
licensed financial institution
licensed non-bank intermediary
life expectancy (equipment)
life of a loan
limitation of scope (audit)
Equivalent: limitation on scope.
limitation on scope (audit)
limited-survey sample
line of credit
Equivalent: credit line.
line staff
Equivalents: field staff, front-line
staff.
linked liabilities
liquid asset
Equivalent: quick asset.
liquidation value
Equivalent: forced-sale value.
liquidity
liquidity management
Equivalent: cash management.
liquidity position
liquidity requirements
liquidity risk
liquidity shortage
liquidity squeeze
liquidity threshold
liquidity-adequacy ratio
Equivalent: current ratio.

47
livelihood activities
livestock savings
loaded question (survey)
loan

loan agreement
Equivalent: loan contract.
loan application
loan application procedure
loan appraisal
loan approval
loan assets
loan balance
loan capital
Equivalent: loan-fund capital.
loan charges
loan collateral
Equivalent: loan guarantee.

loan contract
loan cycle
loan disbursed
Equivalent: disbursed loan.
loan disbursement
loan diversion
loan documentation
loan fee
loan forgiveness
Equivalents: debt forgiveness, debt
pardoning
loan fund
Equivalent: loan fund capital
loan guarantee
loan in arrears
Equivalents: delinquent loan, past-due
loan, overdue loan.
loan income
loan life insurance
loan loss

48
loan loss allowance
loan loss provision (income statement)
Equivalents: loan-loss provision expense,
loss provision.
loan loss provision expense (income
statement)

loan loss rate

Equivalent: loan-loss ratio.
loan loss ratio
loan loss reserve (balance sheet, asset
account)
loan loss reserve ratio
loan maturing
Equivalent: maturing loan.
loan officer
Equivalent: credit officer.
loan officer productivity
loan origination
loan outreach ,
loan portfolio
loan portfolio turnover
loan pricing
loan principal
Equivalent: principal.
loan proceeds
loan processing
loan product
loan recovery
loan repayment
loan repayment rate
loan rescheduling ratio
loan scoring
Equivalents: credit scoring, scoring.
Loan scoring is a statistical technique
used by financial institutions to decide
whether or not to extend credit.
loan size
loan supervisor

49
loan term
loan use
loan write-off
Equivalent: write-off.
loan write-off ratio
Equivalent: write-off ratio.
loans outstanding
Equivalents: outstanding loan portfolio,
outstanding portfolio, portfolio
outstanding.
loan-tracking management information system
(MIS)
loan-tracking system
local area network (LAN)
local currency
local investor
longitudinal study
long-range planning
long-term debt
long-term investment (balance sheet, asset
account)
long-term liabilities (balance sheet,
liability account)
long-term loan
loss
loss from currency adjustments
loss provision (income statement) ()
Equivalents: loan-loss provision, loan-
loss provision expense.
lottery ROSCA (rotating savings and credit
association)

A type of ROSCA.
low income clients
low-end market
Equivalent: low-income end of the market.
low-income end of the market
Equivalent: low-end of the market.

50
M

machinery (balance sheet, asset account)

mainstream banking
mainstream financial system
maintenance and cleaning (income statement)
management
management accounting
management auditor
management by objectives
management chart
Equivalents: management report,
performance chart.
management control
management indicator
management information
management information system (MIS)
management letter (audit)
management report
management representation letter (audit)
Equivalent: representation letter.
management representations (audit) ()
manager
managerial sustainability
managing director
Equivalent: executive director.
mandatory savings
Equivalents: obligatory savings, forced
savings, compulsory savings.
margin

margin analysis
marginal cost
Equivalent: incremental cost.
marginal costing analysis
marginal-cost pricing
markers of change
market interest rate

51
market penetration
market rate
Equivalent: commercial terms. /
market research
market segment
market terms, commercial terms
market value
marketable securities
market-debt capital
market-driven approach
marketing channel
mark-up pricing
marriage fund
master budget
matching funds
material amount
material misstatement (audit)
materiality
materiality level (audit)
matrix (management) ()
maturing loan

Equivalent: loan maturing.
maturity
Equivalent: maturity date.
maturity date
maturity mismatch
Equivalent: term mismatch.
meals and incidentals (income statement)
means test
mediating variable
member-based organization
membership
merchant bank
Equivalent: investment bank.

52
merry-go-round
A type of rotating savings and credit
association (ROSCA), particularly in
Africa.
method of lending /
Equivalent: lending methodology.
MFI (microfinance institution)
micro and small enterprises (MSE)
micro-borrower
microcredit
microenterprise services
microentrepreneur
microfinance
microfinance fund
microfinance institution (MFI)
microfinance of housing
Equivalent: housing microfinance.
microfinance regulation and supervision
microfinance service company
microfinance wholesale institution
micro-insurance
micro-leasing
microloan
micro-saver
migrant-worker remittances
Millennium Development Goals
minimalist MFI
The term refers to an MFI that offers only
financial services.
minimum (savings) balance ()
minimum capital requirements
MIS (management information system)
miscellaneous expenses
miscellaneous income
missing middle
mission drift /
mission statement

53
mobile banking
mobile phone banking
mobile phone payment
mobile unit
monetary policy
money holder
Equivalent: money-guard.
A term used for someone who safeguards the
cash of another, often a relative or
friend.
money laundering
money order
money transfer
money transfer company
moneylender
Equivalent: private lender.
monitoring
monitoring and evaluation
monitoring system
monthly payment
months to maturity
Equivalent: term in months.

moral hazard

moratorium interest
Equivalents: interest on overdue payment,
penalty interest.
mortgage
mortgage bank
mortgage interest
mortgage loan
mortgagor
MSE (micro and small enterprises)
multilateral development bank
multilateral organization

54
multiple-choice question
A question for which several pre-defined
answers are suggested. A multiple-choice
question can be answered by a unique
response or by several responses.
multiple-response question
A closed question for which several
responses are possible.
multipurpose institution
multi-service MFI
Equivalent: integrated MFI.

This term refers to an MFI that offers
financial services in addition to other
services, such as enterprise development
services, social services, etc.
municipal savings bank
mutual assistance group

55
N

national identity number

NBFI (non bank financial institution)
near cash
Non interest-bearing accounts, the term of
which is equal or less than three months.
negative rate of interest
net book value
net cash flow
Equivalent: net increase or decrease in
cash.
net cash requirement
net cash revenue
net cash-debit balance
net earnings
Equivalents: excess of income over
expenses, net profit.
net financial margin (income statement)
Equivalent: net financial result.
net financial result (income statement)
net income from operations
net income or net loss
net income ratio
net increase or decrease in cash
net interest margin
net loans, outstanding balance of
net present value
Equivalent: net present worth.
net present worth
net profit
net worth
nominal interest rate

non agricultural activity

Equivalent: non farm activity.
non farm activity
Equivalent: non agricultural activity.

56
non farm income
nonbank financial institution
non-bank private retailer
non-bankable
nonbudgeted expenses
non-cash expense
non-interest income
non-operating income
non-operating income and expenses
non-performing asset
non-performing loan
nonprofit organization
note payable
note receivable
note to financial statements
number of borrowers

57
O

obligatory savings
Equivalents: forced savings, mandatory
savings, compulsory savings.
occupancy expenses (income statement)
office expenses (income statement)
office materials
Equivalent: office supplies.
office supplies
off-the-shelf software
on-costs
Equivalent: indirect costs.
one-time payment
ongoing savings
on-lend (verb)
online banking
Equivalents: electronic banking, internet
banking.
on-time collection rate
on-time repayment
on-time repayment rate

open-ended approach (survey)

open-ended question (survey)
opening balance
Equivalent: balance brought forward.
operating account
operating budget
operating cash flow
Equivalents: cash flow from operations,
funds provided from operating activities.
operating cost
Equivalents: operational cost, operating
expense.
operating deficit
operating department
operating environment
operating expense

58
operating income
Equivalent: operational income.
operating loss
operating margin (income statement)
Equivalent: operating profit before
depreciation and amortization.
operating profit
operating profit before depreciation and
amortization (income statement)
operating risk
Equivalent: business risk.
operating self-sufficiency
Equivalent: operational self-sufficiency.
operating subsidy (income statement)
Equivalent: grant income. /
operating surplus
operating-cost ratio
Equivalent: operating-expense ratio.
operating-expense ratio
operational cost
operational efficiency
operational income
operational review
operational self-sufficiency
operational sustainability
operations officer
opinion (audit)
opportunity cost
organization chart
organizational form
organizational structure
origination fee (loan)
outcome variable
outflow (accounting) ()
outgrower scheme
Most formalized version of contract
farming (see contract farming ).

59
outreach
See also depth of outreach and scale
of outreach.
outreach indicator
outreach of loan services
outsourcing
outstanding balance
outstanding balance of loan principal /
outstanding loan portfolio
Equivalents: outstanding portfolio, loans
outstanding, portfolio outstanding.
outstanding loans
outstanding portfolio
overdraft facilities

overdue
Equivalent: past due.

overdue loan
Equivalents: delinquent loan, loan in
arrears, past-due loan.
overdue payment
Equivalents: delinquent payment, late
payment, payment in arrears.
overhead (head office)
overhead budget
overhead costs (head office)
overindebted
owner equity, owners equity
Equivalents: equity, shareholder capital,
shareholder equity, shareholder funds,
stockholder equity.
ownership structure

60
P

paid-in capital
pair-wise ranking
A term used in partipatory rapid appraisal PRA
(PRA).
par value
Equivalent: face value.
parent company
participatory development
participatory rapid appraisal (PRA) PRA
Equivalent: participatory rapid
assessment.
participatory rapid assessment (PRA) PRA
passbook
passbook savings
past due
Equivalent: overdue.
past-due loan
Equivalents: delinquent loan, loan in
arrears, overdue loan.
past-due rate
Equivalents: arrears rate, delinquency
ratio, delinquency rate.
The past-due rate is calculated by
dividing the amount of arrears (or late
payments) by the average outstanding loan
balance.
pawn (verb)
Equivalent: pawn loan.
pawn loan
pawnbroker
pay off a loan (verb) ...
payable on demand
payables
payback period
payment
Equivalents: repayment, reimbursement.

61
payment date
payment in advance
Equivalents: advance repayment, repayment
in advance, prepayment.
payment in arrears
Equivalents: delinquent payment, late
payment, payment overdue, overdue payment.
payment in kind
Equivalent: in-kind reimbursement.
payment overdue
payment system
payment voucher
payments service
payroll
payroll deduction loan
payroll tax expense
PEARLS system PEARLS
A system of 39 financial ratios used by 39
the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU)
to evaluate MFIs.
peer group
peer pressure
peer review (solidarity group)
peer risk (solidarity group)
peer-lending guarantee
Equivalents: collective guarantee, group
guarantee.
peer-to-peer network
penalty
penalty income
penalty interest
Equivalents: interest on overdue payment,
moratorium interest.
pending client (for a loan)
pending loan
penetration rate ( )
performance chart
Equivalents: management chart, management
report.

62
performance incentive scheme
performance indicator
performance measurement
performance monitoring
performance review
performance standard
performing asset
Equivalents: earning asset, productive
asset.
performing loan
periodic payments
permanent asset
Equivalents: capital asset, fixed asset.
permission to lend
permit
personal digital assistant
personal guarantee
personal identification number, (PIN) PIN
personnel efficiency
personnel expenses
Equivalent: staff costs.
personnel-time ratio
PERT (program evaluation and review PERT
technique)
petty cash
phantom loan
Equivalent: ghost loan.
physical asset
piggy bank
Equivalent: home bank.
pilot test
pledge (verb)
pledge of loan portfolio
pledging
point of sale (POS)
point-of-sale device
Equivalents: point-of-sale terminal, POS

63
 terminal.
poorest (the)
Defined as either the bottom half of the
people classified as below their national 1
poverty line or people living on the
equivalent of less than US$1 per day.
portfolio
portfolio aging
Equivalents: aged portfolio, aging of the
portfolio, aging portfolio balance.
portfolio at risk (PAR) PAR
portfolio diversification
portfolio in arrears
portfolio income
portfolio outstanding
Equivalents: loans outstanding,
outstanding loan portfolio, outstanding
portfolio.
portfolio quality
portfolio re-discounting
portfolio report
portfolio review
portfolio risk
portfolio turnover
portfolio yield
Equivalent: yield on portfolio.
portfolio-at-risk rate (PAR rate)
POS (point of sale)
POS network
POS terminal
Equivalents: point-of-sale terminal,
point-of-sale device
position account
positive rate of interest
post an entry (verb)
post closing-trial balance
Equivalent: adjusted trial balance.
postal outlet
postal savings bank

64
poverty alleviation
poverty focused institution
poverty level
poverty line
PRA, participatory rapid appraisal PRA
Equivalent: participatory rapid
assessment.
practitioner
practitioner-led assessment
precautionary savings
Equivalent: contingency savings.
pre-coded response
pre-engagement stage (audit)
preliminary savings
Equivalent: prior savings.
prematured loan
prematuring
Equivalent: acceleration of maturity.
prepaid expenses (balance sheet, asset
account)
prepayment
Equivalents: advance repayment, payment in
advance, repayment in advance.
present value
Equivalents: current value, current worth.

present value of an annuity

present worth of a stream of future income
previous year
price-level accounting
Equivalent: general price-level
accounting.
pricing
pricing structure
primary research (market research) ()
prime lending rate
Equivalent: prime rate.

The lowest rate of interest that a
financial institution charges its best
low-risk business loan borrowers.

65
prime rate
Equivalents: prime interest rate, prime
lending rate.
principal
Equivalent: loan principal.
principal overdue
principal payment (loan)
prior savings
Equivalent: preliminary savings.
priority sector lending
private development bank
private fund
private lender
Equivalent: moneylender.
private sector
probing question (survey) ()
probing technique (survey)
Proceeds
product costing
product development
product diversification
product-attribute ranking
production credit
productive asset
Equivalents: earning asset, performing
asset.
productivity
productivity indicator
profit
Equivalent: earnings.
profit center
profit center accounting
profit margin
profit sharing
profitability
profitability ratio
profitable

66
profit-and-loss account
Equivalent: income statement.
proforma financial statements
program evaluation and review technique
(PERT)
promissory note
property and equipment (balance sheet, asset ()
account)
pro-poor services
proprietary network
provision (income statement) () (
)
provision expense ratio
provision of financial services
Equivalent: delivery of financial
services.
provision write-off
provisioning
provisioning policy
proximity bank
proxy
Equivalent: proxy indicator.
proxy indicator
prudential ratio
prudential regulation
prudential standard
prudential supervision
public development bank
put option (hedging instrument)
pyramid scheme

67
Q

qualified opinion (audit)

qualitative research
quantitative research
quantitative survey
quick asset
Equivalent: liquid asset.
quick ratio
Equivalent: acid-test ratio.
quote an interest rate (verb)
Equivalent: set an interest rate.
quoted interest rate
Equivalents: stated interest rate, nominal
rate.

68
R

raise funds (verb)

random linear method
random sampling
random-number table
random-sampling method
random-walk sampling
ranking
raw materials
rating
Equivalent: credit rating.
rating agency
ratio analysis
real effective interest rate
real interest rate

real time gross settlement system (RTGSS)

receipt book
receipt in advance
receivable
reciprocal lending
recognition (accounting)
recognize (verb) (accounting)
reconcile (verb) ()
reconciliation account
reconciliation item (accounting)
record an operation (verb)
recovery
recovery rate
Equivalent: repayment rate. :

recurrent costs
Equivalents: recurrent expenses.
recurrent expenses
redeemable in cash
refinance a loan (verb)

refinanced loan

69
refinancing
regulated financial institution
regulated MFI
regulators
regulatory and supervisory regime
regulatory arbitrage
regulatory window
reimbursement
Equivalents: repayment, payment.
related-party loan
Equivalent: insider loan. :

remaining life
remittance
Generally refers to transfers from migrant
workers to their home country.
remote area
remote clients
renewal of credit
rent seeking
Often used as an adjective, such as
rent-seeking behavior.
repayment
Equivalents: payment, reimbursement.
repayment ability
Equivalents: capacity to reimburse,
capacity to repay, repayment capacity.
repayment by installments
repayment capacity
repayment conditions
repayment frequency
repayment in advance
Equivalents: advance repayment, payment in
advance, prepayment.
repayment plan (loan)
Equivalents: repayment schedule,
amortization schedule.
repayment rate
Equivalent: recovery rate.

70
repayment schedule
repayment stream
repeat loan
replacement cost
Equivalent: current cost.
replacement value //
reporting
reporting requirements
reporting system
repossessed collateral
representation letter (audit)
Equivalent: management representation
letter.
re-price (verb) ()
To modify the interest rate on a loan.
reprice its liabilities (to) *
reschedule (verb)

rescheduled loan
rescheduling of a loan
rescheduling
reschedule of delinquent loans (to)
research objective
reserve calculation
Equivalent: calculation of reserve.

reserve rate
reserves (balance sheet)
Equivalent: accumulated reserves.
reserves for possible losses (income
statement)
reserves held in the central bank
residual value
respondent
restricted funds
restructure (verb)

restructured loan
retail financial service providers
retail institution

71
retail outlet
Equivalent : distribution outlet
retained earnings ()
Equivalent: retained net surplus :
(deficit).
retained earnings statement
retained loss
retained net surplus (deficit)
retention rate
Equivalent: client retention rate.
return on assets (ROA)
Equivalent: asset utilization.
return on equity (ROE)
return on investment (ROI)
Equivalents: investment return, investment
yield.
return on performing assets
Equivalent: yield on performing assets.
return-on-business ratio (ROB)

returns to scale
revenues
reversal of amortization and provisions
reversal policy
reversing entries
revolving credit
revolving loan fund
risk averse
risk aversion
risk management
risk mitigation strategy
risk weighted
risk-adjusted return
ROA (return on assets)
Equivalent: asset utilization. :
ROB (return on business ratio)

ROE (return on equity)

72
ROI (return on investment)
Equivalents: investment return, investment
yield.
ROSCA (rotating savings and credit
association)
ROSCA chain
ROSCA round
rotating savings and credit association
(ROSCA)
rounding mechanisms
RTGSS (real time gross settlement system)
running cost // /
rural bank
rural development bank
rural development project
rural finance

73
S

S&L (savings and loan association)

SACCO (savings and credit cooperative)
Equivalents: credit union, savings and
credit union.
safety net
sale of assets /
sale of equity investments
sale of investments
sample selection
sample size
sampling
sampling methodology
sampling risk
saver
saving at home
saving down
A concept coined by Stuart Rutherford to Stuart Rutherford
designate an advance against future
savings, i.e., a loan.
saving through
A concept coined by Stuart Rutherford. Stuart Rutherford

saving up
According to the a priori savings Stuart Rutherford
concept coined by Stuart Rutherford.

savings
savings account
savings agent
savings and credit cooperative (SACCO)
Equivalents: savings and credit union,
credit union.
savings and credit union
savings and loan association (S&L)
savings bank
savings club
savings collector
savings in cash

74
savings in hard assets

savings in kind
savings mobilization
savings outreach
savings outstanding
scale of outreach (of the services of an
MFI)
Refers to the number of clients served by
an MFI.
See also depth of outreach.
scale up (verb)
scaling up

scope of an audit
scoring
Equivalents: credit scoring, loan scoring.
Scoring is a statistical technique used by
financial institutions to decide whether
or not to extend credit.
screened mutual fund

SDI (subsidy dependence index)

seasonal bias
seasonal credit
Equivalent: crop credit.
seasonality analysis
secondary information
Second tier bank
second-tier institution
Equivalent (2): apex institution

secure a loan (verb)

secured debt
securitization
securitized debt
security
Equivalents: collateral, guarantee. /
seed funding //
self-employed
self-help group
self-managed scheme

75
self-regulation
self-selection bias
self-sufficiency
self-sufficiency indicator
semiformal institution
senior manager /
sensibility analysis
service charge
service company model

servicing cost
set an interest rate (verb)
Equivalent: quote an interest rate.
settlement service
setup costs /
setup options (software)
shadow interest rate

shadow price

shadow price of funds

share
shared return fund

shareholder
Equivalent: stockholder.
shareholder capital
Equivalents: shareholder equity,
shareholder funds, stockholder equity,
owner equity, owners equity, equity.
shareholder equity
shareholder funds
shareholder return
shortfall
short-term debt
Equivalents: current debt, current
liabilities, short-term liabilities.
short-term investment
short-term liabilities
short-term loan
short-term paper

76
sight deposit
Equivalent: demand deposit.
sight draft
simple interest
simulation modeling
single end-of-term payment
Equivalent: balloon payment.

single-answer question (survey)

single-entry accounting
smart card

smart subsidy
smooth income (verb)
social capital
social investment fund
social investors
social performance
social performance assessment
social performance indicator (SPI)
social performance indicators initiative
social responsibility
social safety net
social welfare
socially oriented investor
socially responsible investor
socially responsible mutual fund
social-welfare benefit
soft loan
Equivalent: concessional loan.
solidarity group
Equivalent: joint-liability group.
solidarity-group lending
solvency
Equivalent: creditworthiness.
sources and uses of cash
Equivalent: statement of sources and uses
of cash.
sovereign debt restructuring

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special window (regulation)
Equivalent: special regulatory window.
special-purpose audit
spread

spread interest payments (verb) ()

staff costs
Equivalent: personnel expenses.
staff count
staff development
staff incentive (human resources)
staff retraining
stakeholder
standard
standards for financial reporting

Equivalents: financial standards,
applicable financial reporting framework.
starting fiscal year
startup business
startup costs
stated interest rate
Equivalents: quoted interest rate, nominal
rate.
statement of account //
statement of change in financial position
Equivalent: cash flow statement.

statement of sources and uses of cash

Equivalent: sources and uses of cash.
state-owned agricultural bank
state-owned bank
stock item
stockholder
Equivalent: shareholder.
stockholder equity
Equivalents: shareholder equity,
shareholder capital, shareholder funds,
owner equity, owners equity, equity.
stop-lending order
stored-value card

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straight-line depreciation (asset)
strategic plan
strategic planning
structural adjustment policy
structured questionnaire (survey)
subledger (accounting)
subordinated note
subsidized credit
subsidy
Equivalent: grant.
subsidy adjustment
subsidy dependence index (SDI)
subsidy for cost of funds
Equivalent: cost-of-funds subsidy.

subsidy-adjusted profitability
subsidy-independent
substantive procedure (audit) ()
summarized financial statements
summary balance sheet
summary income statement
sum-of-the-years digit method (asset) ()
sum-of-years digit depreciation method ()
(asset)
Equivalents: sum-of-the years digit
depreciation method, sum-of-the-years
digit method.
supervision
supplier credit
supplier of financial intermediation
services
support services
surplus
survey interview
survival pricing
suspense account
sustainability
sustainable

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swap

80
T

take out a loan (verb)

tangible asset
target capital structure
target group
target market
targeted lending
tax
tax allowance
Equivalent: tax write-off.
tax audit
tax base
tax expenditures
tax incentive
tax liability
tax rate
tax system
tax write-off
taxable income
technical assistance
technical insolvency
technical reserve (insurance)
technical sustainability
teller
teller transaction
term deposit
Equivalents: fixed-term deposit, time
deposit.
term in months ,
Equivalent: months to maturity.
term loan
term mismatch
Equivalent: maturity mismatch.
terms of a loan
terms of reference

81
test of control (audit)

test of details (audit)

test of statistical significance
time deposit
time series
time-series analysis
title
Equivalent: legal title.
too much liquidity/cash

trade credit
transaction (accounting)

transaction cost
transaction entry
transaction fee
transaction ledger
transaction report
transfer price
transfer risk
transfer service
transformation

Equivalent: institutional transformation
transition country
transparency
travel advances
travel and transportation expenses
treasury bill
Equivalent: treasury note.
treasury note
treatment group
In an evaluation process, treatment
group is the group used to measure the
effects of a microfinance program on the
beneficiaries. It is opposed to the
control group.
trend analysis
trial balance

true and fair view of the financial position

(audit)

82
trust fund
trust law
truth-in-lending law
turned into cash

83
U

unaccounted for ,
unadjusted trial balance
unallocated
unbanked /
uncalled capital

uncollaterized loan
undepreciated book value
undercapitalized
underserved population
unearned revenue
unit cost
United Nations Millennium Declaration
unpaid interest
Equivalents: interest in arrears, interest
unpaid.
unqualified opinion (audit)
unqualified opinion with an emphasis of
matter (audit)
unrecovered loan
unrestricted funds /
unsecured debt
unsecured lending
unstructured questioning (survey) ()
up-front fee /
up-front interest payment
up-front savings
useful life
usury law
usury limit
utilities (expense account)

84
V

variable cost
variable operating cost
variable-cost ratio
variance analysis ()
vehicle operating costs
venture capital
village bank
village banking
virtual wallet
vision statement

voluntary deposit
voluntary savings
voucher ,

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W

wage bill

wage costs
WAN (wide area network)
warehouse receipt
Occasionally used as a synonym of
"warehouse receipt financing."
warehouse-receipt financing
Equivalent: inventory credit.
Inventory credit permits farmers to store
their crops in a warehouse and use them as
a guarantee against credit before they are
sold.
warehousing
warm-up question (survey) ()
warrant (finance)

wasting asset

wealth ranking
wear and tear (of building)
weekly payment
weighted average cost of capital
wholesale financial institution
wholesale lending
wide area network (WAN)
wire transfer
withdrawal
working capital
working capital requirement
Equivalent: change in working capital.
working-capital loan
working-capital ratio
Equivalents: current ratio, capital-
adequacy ratio.
work-in-process inventory
working table, management report, management
chart, performance chart

86
write off (verb)
write-off
Equivalent: loan write-off.
write-off ratio
Equivalent: loan write-off ratio.
written-off loan

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Y

year-end accounts
yield curve
yield gap
yield on performing assets
Equivalent: return on performing assets.
yield on portfolio
Equivalent: portfolio yield.
yield to maturity
yield-gap ratio

zero based budgeting (ZBB)

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