Introduction to Analog And Digital

Communications

Second Edition

Simon Haykin, Michael Moher

 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Applications
1.3 Primary Resources and Operational Requirements
1.4 Underpinning Theories of Communication Systems
1.5 Concluding Remarks

To understand a science it is necessary to know its history

-Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
 1.1 Historical Background
Telegraph
1844, Samuel Morse,
What hath God wrought transmitted by Morses electric telegraph
Washington D.C ~ Baltimore, Maryland
Morse code : variable-length code (a dot, a dash, a letter space, a word
space)

Radio
1864, James Clerk Maxwell
Formulated the electromagnetic theory of light
Predicted the existence of radio waves
1887, Heinrich Hertz
The existence of radio waves was confirmed experimentally
1894, Oliver Lodge
Demo : wireless communication over a relatively short distance (150 yards)

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 1901, Guglielmo Marconi
Demo : wireless communication over a long distance (1700 miles)
1906, Reginald Fessenden
Conducting the first radio broascast
1918, Edwin H. Armstrong
Invented the superheterodyne radio receiver
1933, Edwin H. Armstrong
Demonstrated another modulation scheme ( Frequency nodulation)

Telephone
1875, Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone
1897, A. B. Strowger
Devised the autiomatic step-by-step switch

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 Electronics
1904, John Abbrose Eleming
Invented the vacuum-tube diode
1906, Lee de Forest
Invented the vacuum-tube triode
1948, Walter H. Brattain, William Shockley (Bell Lab.)
Invented the transistor
1958, Robert Noyce
The first silicon integrated circuit (IC) produce

Television
1928, Philo T. Farnsworth
First all-electronic television system
1929, Vladimir K. Zworykin
all-electronic television system
1939, BBC
Broadcasting television service on a commercial basis

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 Digital Communications
1928, Harry Nyquist
The theory of signal transmission in telegraphy
1937, Alex Reeves
Invent pulse-code modulation
1958, (Bell Lab.)
First call through a stored-program system
1960, (Morris, Illinois)
The first commercial telephone service with digital switching begin.
1962, (Bell Lab.)
The first T-1 carrier system transmission was installed
1943, D. O. North
Matched filter for the optimum detection of a unknown signal in a additive
white noise
1948, Claude Shannon
The theoretical foundation of digital communications were laid

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 Computer Networks
1943~1946, (Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the Univ. of
Pennsylvania)
ENIAC : first electronic digital computer
1950s
Computers and terminals started communicating with each other
1965, Robert Lucky
Idea of adaptive equalization
1982, G. Ungerboeck
Efficient modulation techniques
1950~1970
Various studies were made on computer networks
1971
Advanced Research Project Agency Network(APRANET) first put into service
1985,
APRANET was renamed the Internet
1990, Tim Berners-Lee
Proposed a hypermedia software interface to internet (World Wide Web)

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 Satellite Communications
1945, C. Clark
Studied the use of satellite for communications
1955, John R. Pierce
Proposed the use of satellite for communications
1957, (Soviet Union)
Launched Sputnik I
1958, (United States)
Launched Explorer I
1962, (Bell Lab.)
Launched Telstar I

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 Optical Communications
1966, K.C. Kao, G. A. Hockham
Proposed the use of a clad glass fiber as a dielectric waveguide
1959~1960
The laser had been invented and developed

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 1.2 Applications
Broadcasting
Which involves the use of a single powerful transmitter and numerous
receivers that are relatively inexpensive to build
point-to-point communications
In which the communication process takes place over a link between a
single transmitter and a single receiver.

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 Radio
Broadcasting
AM and FM radio
The voices are transmitted from broadcasting stations that operate in our
neighborhood
Television
Transmits visual images and voice
Point-to-point communication
Satellite communication
Built around a satellite in geostationary orbit, relies on line-of-sight radio
propagation for the operation of an uplink and a downlink

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 Communication Networks
Consists of the interconnection of a number of routers that are made up
of intelligent processors
Circuit switching
Is usually controlled by a centralized hierarchical control mechanism with
knowledge of the networks entire organization
Packet switching
Store and forward
Any message longer than a specified size is subdivided prior to transmission into
segments
The original message is reassembled at the destination on a packet-by-packet
basis
Advantage
When a link has traffic to sent, the link tends to be more fully utilized.

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 Data Networks
Layer
A process or device inside a computer system that is designed to perform a
specific function
Open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model
The communications and related-connection functions are organized as a
series of layers with well-defined interfaces.
Composed of seven layers

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 Internet
The applications are carried out independently of the technology employed to
construct the network
By the same token, the network technology is capable of evolving without
affecting the applications.
Internal operation of a subnet is organized in two different ways
Connected manner : where the connections are called virtual circuits, in analogy with
physical circuits set up in a telephone system.
Connectionless manner : where the independent packets are called datagrams, in
analogy with telegrams.

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 Integration of Telephone and Internet
VOIPs Quality of service
Packet loss ratio :
the number of packets lost in transport across the network to the total number of
packets pumped into the network
Connection delay :
The time taken for a packet of a particular host-to-host connection to transmit
across the network
IN future
VOIP will replace private branch exchanges (PBXs)
If the loading is always low and response time is fast, VOIP telephony may
become mainstream and widespread

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 Data Storage
The digital domain is preferred over the analog domain for the storage
of audio and video signals for the the following compelling reasons
1) The quality of a digitized audio/video signal, measured in terms of
frequency response, linearity, and noise, is determined by the digital-to-
analog conversion (DAC) process, the parameterization of which is under
the designers control.
2) Once the audio/video signal is digitized, we can make use of well-
developed and powerful encoding techniques for data compression to
reduce bandwidth, and error-control coding to provide protection against
the possibility of making errors in the course of storage.
3) For most practical applications, the digital storage of audio and video
signals does not degrade with time.
4) Continued improvements in the fabrication of integrated circuits used to
build CDs and DVDs ensure the ever-increasing cost-effectiveness of these
digital storage devices.

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 1.3 Primary Resources and Operational Requirements
The systems are designed to provide for the efficient utilization of
the two primary communication resources
Transmitted power
The average power of the transmitted signal
Channel bandwidth
The width of the passband of the channel

Classify communication channel

Power-limited channel
Wireless channels
Satellite channels
Deep-space links
Band-limited channel
Telephone channels
Television channels

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 The design of a communication system boils down to a tradeoff
between signal-to-noise ratio and channel bandwidth
Improve system performance method
Signal-to-noise ratio is increased to accommodate a limitation imposed on
channel bandwidth
Channel bandwidth is increased to accommodate a limitation imposed on
signal-to-noise ratio.

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 1.4 Understanding Theories of Communication Systems
Modulation Theory
Sinusoidal carrier wave
Whose amplitude, phase, or frequency is the parameter chosen for
modification by the information-bearing signal
Periodic sequence of pulses
Whose amplitude, width, or position is the parameter chosen for
modification by the information-bearing signal

The issues in modulation theory

Time-domain description of the modulation signal.
Frequency-domain description of the modulated signal
Detection of the original information-bearing signal and evaluation of the
effect of noise on the receiver.

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 Fourier Analysis
Fourier analysis provides the mathematical basis for evaluating the
following issues
Frequency-domain description of a modulated signal, including its
transmission bandwidth
Transmission of a signal through a linear system exemplified by a
communication channel or filter
Correlation between a pair of signals

Detection Theory
Signal-detection problem
The presence of noise
Factors such as the unknown phase-shift introduced into the carrier wave
due to transmission of the sinusoidally modulated signal over the channel

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 In digital communications, we look at
The average probability of symbol error at the receiver output
The issue of dealing with uncontrollable factors
Comparison of one digital modulation scheme against another.

Probability Theory and Random Processes

Probability theory for describing the behavior of randomly occurring
events in mathematical terms
Statistical characterization of random signals and noise.

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 1.5 Concluding Remarks
Communication systems encompass many and highly diverse applications
Radios, television, wireless communications, satellite communications, deep-
space communications, telephony, data networks, Internet, and quite a few
others
Digital communication has established itself as the dominant form of
communication. Much of the progress that we have witnessed in the
advancement of digital communication systems can be traced to certain
enabling theories and technologies.

The study of communication systems is a dynamic discipline, continually

evolving by exploiting new technological innovations in other disciplines
and responding to new societal needs.

Last but by no means least, communication systems touch out daily lives
both at home and in the workplace, and our lives would be much poorer
without the wide availability of communication devices that we take for
granted.

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