Turning Flight

4.1 (Level Turning Flight)

(turn rate)

flight path T
D

R
L

(bank angle)
horizontal line
W

4.1

T D (4.1)
L cos W (4.2)
W
L sin V (4.3)
g
L 1
load factor n (4.4)
W cos

2 () ( )
( R )

g tan g n 2 1
(4.5)
V V
V V2
R (4.6)
2
g n 1
 (4.5) (4.6) ( fastest turn)
(tightest turn) load factor

4.2
stall speed
load factor
(4.4) L nW

nW
CL (4.7)
1
2
V 2 S

(4.7) C L max
(stall speed in turning flight)

1/ 2
2 n (W / S )
Vs , t n1 / 2 Vs , l (4.8)
C L max
Vs , l : stall speed in level flight

Vs , t n
(4.1) (4.4) load factor n (power available: Pa )

1 1 1
n ( e AR ) V S Pa V 3 S C D0 (4.9)
W 2 2

(4.8) (4.9) V Vs, t

Vs2,t C L max S 1 1 1
( e AR ) Vs , t S Pa Vs3, t S C D0
2W W 2 2

1/ 3
2 Pa
Vs , t (4.10)
S {C D0 C L2 max / ( e AR )}
4.3
(4.4)

L
1
2
V 2 S CL
n
W W

load factor ( nmax, V ) C L max (4.11)

4.2

1
V 2 S C L max
nmax, V 2
(4.11)
W

load factor nmax 4.2

C corner speed ( V * )

2 nmax W
corner speed V * (4.12)
C L max S

corner speed structural damage

positive limit load factor
nmax C E

stall area
load factor (n)

0 flight speed (V)

V*
D
B negative limit load factor

4.2 V n diagram

corner speed load factor (4.11)

nmax load factor
nmax
DE
(dynamic pressure)
(diving flight)


4.1
4.2
n
 4.1

(4.8)

1/ 2
2 n (W / S )
Vs , t n1 / 2 Vs , l
C L max

load factor ( n ) (4.4)

L 1
n
W cos

n 1 n1 2 1 Vs, t n1/ 2 Vs, l

Vs , t Vs , l
 4.2
n

(minimum turning radius)

1
(4.6) dynamic pressure q V 2
2
V2 2q
R
2
(a-1)
g n 1 g n 2 1
dR / dV 0
dR / dq 0 (a-1)
dR (2 g n 2 1) 2q( g (1 / 2)(n 2 1) 1 / 2 2n) (dn / dq)
0
dq g 2 2 (n 2 1)
n dn
2 g n 2 1 2 g q 0
n 1 dq
2

dn
n2 1 q n 0 (a-2)
dq
load factor (4.9)
q T C D0
n2
q (a-3)
K (W / S ) W W / S
K 1 /( e AR )

T Pa / V
(a-3)
dn T /W q C D0
n (a-4)
dq 2 K (W / S ) K (W / S ) 2
(a-3) (a-4) (a-2)
q T q 2 C D0 q(T / W ) q 2 C D0
1 0
K (W / S ) W K (W / S ) 2 2 K (W / S ) K (W / S ) 2
q(T / W )
1
2K (W / S )
( VR )
m in

4 K (W / S )
VRm in (a-5)
(T / W )
 (maximum turning rate)
(4.5)
g n 2 1

V
d / dV 0
d g (1 / 2)(n 2 1) 1 / 2 2n (dn / dV ) V g n 2 1
0
dV V2
g n V (dn / dV )
g n2 1 0
2
n 1
dn
n2 1 nV 0 (a-6)
dV
dn V dn
dV dq
dn
n 2 1 2q 0 (a-7)
dq
(a-3) (a-4) (a-7)
q T C D0 T /W q C D0
q 1 2q 0

K (W / S ) W
W /S 2
2 K (W / S ) K (W / S )

q 2 C D0
1
K (W / S ) 2
( V )
m ax

1/ 2 1/ 4
2(W / S ) K
V m ax (a-8)
CD
0