TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

HCM

X L S TN HIU
Digital Signal Processing

Ging vin: Ths. o Th Thu Thy

CNDT_O TH THU THY 1

Chng 6:

MCH LC S

Ti Liu: Chaper 9 &10: Digital Signal Processing, John

G. Proakis, DimitrisG.Manolakis, Prentice
CNDT_O TH THU THY 2
Chng 6: MCH LC S

6.1 Khi nim.

6.2 Thit k lc FIR
6.3 Thit k lc IIR
6.4 Thc hin mch lc

CNDT_O TH THU THY 3

6.1. Khi nim

Thit k b lc: xy dng hm truyn tha p ng tn s

cho trc.
Thit k b lc FIR: u ra l vector p ng xung
h=[h0, h1, h2, . ,hN]

Thit k b lc IIR: u ra l cc vector h s t s v

mu s ca hm truyn
b = [b0, b1, , bN] v a = [1, a1, a2 ,, aN]

CNDT_O TH THU THY 4

Thit k b lc:

p ng tn s Gii thut thit k Hm truyn

mong mun H(z)
H()
|H()|2 B lc FIR
1 B lc IIR

p ng xung h = [h0, h1, h2, , hM]

1/2

0 0 /2
Vector h s t: b = [b0, b1, b2, , bN]
Vector h s mu: a = [a0, a1, a2, , aN]
CNDT_O TH THU THY 5
 B lc FIR v B lc IIR
B lc FIR: Lc phi qui
Tn hiu ra ch ph thuc tn hiu vo
p ng xung hu hn

B lc IIR: Lc qui
Lc c hi tip, tn hiu ra ph thuc tn hiu
vo v c tn hiu ra mt hay nhiu thi im
trong qu kh
p ng xung v hn

CNDT_O TH THU THY 6

6.2. Thit k b lc FIR

C nhiu phng php thit k:

Fourier
Ca s (window)
Ly mu tn s (frequency sampling)
ng dn sng (equiripple)

CNDT_O TH THU THY 7

6.2.1 Cc lc l tng

p ng tn s l tng ca 4 lc c bn:
Lc thng thp; lc thng cao; thng di; chn di

Thng thp Thng cao

(Lowpass filter LPF) (High pass filter HPF)
D()
D()

- -c 0 c - -c 0 c

CNDT_O TH THU THY 8

 6.2.1 Cc lc l tng

p ng tn s l tng ca 4 lc c bn:
Lc thng thp; lc thng cao; thng di; chn di

Chn di
Thng di (Band stop filter BSF)
(Bandpass filter BPF) (Band rejection filter BRF)
D() D()

0 0
-b -a a b a b
-
- -b -a
CNDT_O TH THU THY 9
6.2.1 Cc lc l tng

Vi phn l tng v bin i Hilbert

Sai phn D()/j Hilbert D()/j

1

- 0 - 0

-1

CNDT_O TH THU THY 10

 6.2.2. Lc phi qui v FIR
Lc phi qui: Tn hiu ra ch ph thuc tn hiu vo

y ( n) b x(n k )
k
k

Cc h s ca lc chnh l p ng xung ca lc
h(k)=bk
y (n) h(k )x(n k )
k

Trong thc t cc h s xa gc khng ng k nn

lc phi qui l lc FIR
N N
y ( n) bk x(n k ) h(k )x(n k )
k N k N

CNDT_O TH THU THY 11

 6.2.2. Lc phi qui v FIR

Thng lc l nhn qu:

N N
y (n) bk x(n k ) h(k )x(n k )
k 0 k 0

p ng tn s ca lc FIR phi nhn qu v i xng:

N
H ( ) h(k )e jk
k N

Nh vy thit k lc phi qui l tm p ng xung,

hay cc h s, ca lc sao cho p ng tn s thit k
c cng st vi p ng tn s yu cu cng tt.
CNDT_O TH THU THY 12
 6.2.3 Phng php ca s
Cc bc thc hin:
p ng tn s l DTFT ngc p ng xung l (2 pha,
tng D() tng d(n) di v hn)

Chiu di Hm ca s d(k)
b lc w(n) k = -M, , M
N = 2M + 1
Lm tr M mu

(nhn qu,
h(k) = d(k - M)
chiu di N)

CNDT_O TH THU THY 13

 6.2.3 Phng php ca s
Cc bc thc hin:
p ng tn s l tng

D()

p ng xung l tng
-
-c c
0

CNDT_O TH THU THY 14

 6.2.3 Phng php ca s
Cc bc thc hin:

p ng xung l tng

Ca s ch nht chiu di 41
CNDT_O TH THU THY 15
6.2.3 Phng php ca s
Bin i DTFT ngc:


d
D d k e jk
d k D e jk

k
2
V d: B lc thng thp, tn s ct c

1, -c c
D
0, - c c

CNDT_O TH THU THY 16

6.2.3 Phng php ca s
Bin i DTFT ngc ca D():
C
d jk d
d k D e jk
1.e

2 C 2
jk C jC k jC k
e e
d k
e

2jk C 2jk

sin C k c
d k d (0)
k
CNDT_O TH THU THY 17
6.2.3 Phng php ca s
Mch lc thng cao:
sin C k
d k k
k
Mch lc thng di:
sin b k sin a k
d k
k
Mch lc chn di:
sin b k sin a k
d k k
k
Nhn xt: vi cc mch lc trn:
p ng xung l hm chn theo k, thc (i xng)
p ng tn s thc v chn theo
CNDT_O TH THU THY 18
6.2.3 Phng php ca s
Mch lc sai phn l tng
cosk sin k
d k
k k 2
Mch lc Hilbert:
1 cosk
d k
k

Nhn xt: vi cc mch lc trn:

p ng xung l hm l theo k v thc (phn i xng)
p ng tn s o v l theo

CNDT_O TH THU THY 19

 a. Ca s ch nht
Chn chiu di N = 2M + 1 M = (N 1)/2
Tnh N h s d(k)
Lm tr to nhn qu
V d: Xc nh p ng xung ca s ch nht, chiu di 11, xp
x b lc thng thp l tng tn s ct C = /4
Gii
N = 11 M = 5
sin( k )
sin(C k ) 4
B lc thng thp: d (k ) , -5 k 5
k k
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
d , 0, , , , , , , , 0,
10 6 2 2 4 2 2 6 10

CNDT_O TH THU THY 20
 a. Ca s ch nht
Lm tr to nhn qu:
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
h(k) d(k 5) , 0, , , , , , , , 0,
10 6 2 2 4 2 2 6 10

CNDT_O TH THU THY 21

 p ng tn s
Hm truyn ca b lc va thit k:
Ta c: M
d (k ) d M , ... , d 0 , ... , d M

Z
D z d ( k ) z k

k M

M: h(k ) d k M
M
H z z M D z z M d ( k ) z k

k M

p ng tn s ca b lc c thit k:

M
H H z z e j e jM d ( k ) e jk

k M
CNDT_O TH THU THY 22
 c tnh pha tuyn tnh
Trng hp d(k) thc & i xng:

=> D l thc & chn theo

t :

D sign D D
1 sign( D )
0 , D 0

2
1 , D 0

Tht vy: D e
D
j

e j 0 D D , D 0

D

e j
D D , D 0
CNDT_O TH THU THY 23
 c tnh pha tuyn tnh
Trng hp d(k) thc & i xng:

p ng bin :
H e jM j
D

H D

p ng pha:

Pha tuyn tnh theo theo tng on

Khi D i du => pha thay i

H M
CNDT_O TH THU THY 24
 c tnh pha tuyn tnh
Trng hp d(k) thc & phn i xng:
D l thun o

t : D jA e j / 2 A
1 sign( A ) 0 , A 0

2 1 , A 0

A e j A

jM j /2 j
H e e e A
CNDT_O TH THU THY 25
 c tnh pha tuyn tnh
Trng hp d(k) thc & i xng:
p ng bin :

H e jM j / 2 j
A
p ng pha:
H A
Pha tuyn tnh theo theo tng on
Khi A i du pha thay i

H M
CNDT_O TH THU THY
2 26
 Cht lng ca b lc
Mong mun: D
D
Thc t:
N tng: D
D ti vng lin tc ca D()

Ti vng chuyn tip: Hin tng Gibbs: khng th gim
gn

CNDT_O TH THU THY 27

b. Ca s Hamming
gim gn do hin tng Gibbs
Ca s Hamming chiu di N:
2n
wn 0.54 0.46 cos , n 0,1,..., N 1
N 1

CNDT_O TH THU THY 28

b. Ca s Hamming

So snh vi ca s ch nht (N=81):

CNDT_O TH THU THY 29

 c. Ca s Kaiser
p ng tn s thc t:
B lc thit k B lc l tng
c |H(f)| mong mun |D(f)|
1+pass
Apass
1-pass
Astop

stop
fthng fChn
Di thng Di chn
(pass band) (Stop band)
fC
CNDT_O TH THU THY 30
fpass fstop
c. Ca s Kaiser

n2n M
I 0

M
wn , n 0,1,..., N 1
I 0

I0(x): hm Bessel sa i loi 1, bc 0.

: h s hnh dng
N = 2M + 1: chiu di ca s

CNDT_O TH THU THY 31

c. Ca s Kaiser
Cc bc thit k mch lc thng thp, bit {fstop,
fpass, Astop, Apass}
1. Tnh fc v f 1
fC f pass f stop
2
f f stop f pass
Tnh C:
fC
C 2
fs
CNDT_O TH THU THY 32
 Ca s Kaiser

2. Tnh pass v stop:

1
Apass / 20
10 Astop / 20
pass stop 10
1
Apass / 20
10
3. Tnh = min(pass , stop)
Suy ra:
A 20 log (dB)

CNDT_O TH THU THY 33

c. Ca s Kaiser
4. Tnh v N:
0.1102 A 8.7 , A 50

0.5842 A 210.4 0.07886 A 21 , 21 A 50
0 , A 21

vi
A 7.95
fS , A 21
N 1 D D 14.36
f 0.922 , A 21

Lm trn N ln s nguyn l gn nht

CNDT_O TH THU THY 34
c. Ca s Kaiser
5. M = (N 1)/2
Tnh hm ca s w(n), n = 0, 1, , N - 1

n2n M
I 0

M
wn , n 0,1,..., N 1
I 0

6. Tnh cc h s p ng xung:
h(n) = w(n)d(n M)

CNDT_O TH THU THY 35

 6.3. Thit k b lc qui v IIR
Lc qui: Tn hiu ra ph thuc tn hiu vo v c
tn hiu ra 1 hay nhiu thi im trong qu kh.
M N
y (n) ak y (n k ) b x(n k )
k
k 1 k N

Trong ak , bk l h s ca lc. M,N trn l thuyt

c th l v hn.

Lc qui thng l lc IIR

CNDT_O TH THU THY 36

 6.3. Thit k b lc IIR
6.3.1. Cc b lc bc nht
V d: Thit k b lc bc 1 c hm truyn dng
G(1 bz 1 )
H ( z)
1 az 1
vi 0< a,b <1
|H()
ej |

|H(0)|

-b a 1
|H()|

0
CNDT_O TH THU THY 37
 G(1 bz 1 )
H ( z)
1 az 1

G(1 b)
H 0 H z 1
1 a

G(1 b)
H H z 1
1 a

H ( ) (1 b)(1 a)

H (0) (1 a)(1 b)
Cn 2 phng trnh thit k xc nh a v b.

CNDT_O TH THU THY 38

V d : thit k b lc c H()/H(0) = 1/21 v neff = 20 mu
t = 1%

a (0.01) 0.8
1/ neff 1/20

(1 b)(1 0.8) 1
b 0.4
(1 b)(1 0.8) 21

1 0.4 z 1
H(z) G
1 0.8 z 1

CNDT_O TH THU THY 39

2. Cc b cng hng
Thit k mt b lc cng hng bc hai n gin, p
ng c mt nh n hp ti tn s 0

|H()|2
1

1/2

0 0 /2

CNDT_O TH THU THY 40

 j0
- to 1 nh ti = 0, t 1 cc p R.e ,0<R<1
j0
v cc lin hp p R.e
*

G
H ( z)
p
1 R.e j0 z 1 1 R.e j0 z 1
G
0

1 1 a1 z 1 a2 z 2
- 0

p*
a1 2R cos 0 , a2 R 2

CNDT_O TH THU THY 41

- p ng tn s:
H
G

1 R.e j0 e j 1 R.e j0 e j
- Chun ha b lc: H 0 1

H 0
G
1
j0 j0
1 R.e e
j0 j0
1 R.e e
G (1 R) 1 2 R cos(20 ) R 2

CNDT_O TH THU THY 42

- rng 3-dB fullwidth: rng ti cc i ca p
ng bin bnh phng
H H 0
2 1 2 1
2 2

H 1
Tnh theo dB: 20 log10 10 log10 3dB
H 0
-
2

- Gii ra 2 nghim 1 v 2 => = 2 - 1

CNDT_O TH THU THY 43
- Chng minh c: 21 R khi p nm gn
ng trn (xem sch)

dng xc nh gi tr R da trn bng thng cho

trc.

V d: thit k b lc cng hng 2 cc, nh f0 = 500Hz

v rng = 32kHz, tc ly mu fs = 10kHz

CNDT_O TH THU THY 44

- Phng php chung: t 1 cp zero gn cc cc theo
j0 j0
cng hng cc cc, ti a1 r.e v a1 r.e
*

vi 0 r 1
- Hm truyn:

H ( z)

1 r.e j0

z 1 1 r.e j0 z 1


1 b1 z 1 b2 z 2
1 R.e j0 1

z 1 R.e z j0 1

1 a1 z 1 a2 z 2
a1 2 R cos 0 , a2 R 2
vi
b1 2r cos 0 , b2 r 2
CNDT_O TH THU THY 45
 |H()|2

r<R (boost)

0 1
-0
r>R (cut)

0 0

CNDT_O TH THU THY 46

 B lc FIR v B lc IIR

FIR IIR
u im: u im:
Pha tuyn tnh Chi ph tnh ton thp
n nh (khng c cc Thc hin hiu qu theo
cc) kiu cascade
Nhc im:
Nhc im: C s bt n nh do qu
c p ng tn s tt trnh lng t ha cc h s
chiu di b lc N ln c th y cc cc ra ngoi
tng chi ph tnh ton vng trn n v
Khng th t pha tuyn
tnh trn ton khong
CNDT_O TH THU THY 47

Nyquist
6.4 Thc hin mch lc
6.4.1 Thc hin lc FIR
6.4.2 Thc hin lc IIR

CNDT_O TH THU THY 48

6.4.1 Thc hin lc FIR

CNDT_O TH THU THY 49

6.4.2 Thc hin lc IIR

a. Thc hin dng trc tip I (direct-form I)

b. Thc hin dng trc tip II (direct-form II)
c. Thc hin dng ni tip (cascade-form)
d. Thc hin dng song song (parallel-form)

CNDT_O TH THU THY 50

 a. Thc hin dng trc tip I (direct-form I)
Lc s c phng trnh sai phn m t tn hiu:
M N
y (n) br x (n r ) ak y (n k ) : a 0 1
r 0 k 1

y (n) a1 y (n 1) a2 y (n 2) ... aN y (n N ) b0 x(n) b1 x(n 1) ... bM x(n M )

Hm truyn ca lc l:
M

1 2
Y ( z ) b0 b1 z b2 z ... bM z M b x(n r )
r
H ( z) 1 2 N
r 0
X ( z ) 1 a1 z a2 z ... a N z N
1 ak y ( n k )
CNDT_O TH THU THY 51
k 1
 M M

Y ( z) b x(n r )
r H1 ( z ) br x ( n r )
H ( z) r 0
N
H1 ( z ) H 2 ( z ) r 0

1 ak y ( n k )
X ( z)
1
k 1 H 2 ( z) N
1 ak y ( n k )
k 1

Thc hin dng trc tip I:

b0
x(n) + + y(n)
Z-1 Z-1
b1 - a1
+ +
Z-1 Z-1
b2 - a2
+ +

Z-1 + + Z-1
bM CNDT_O TH THU THY
- aN 52