Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By:-
Vinay Gautam
Suraj
Praveen
Narayana
Abhijeet
Bhupal
Kaushlendra
BITUMEN
It is black or
brown in colour
& possesses
waterproofing
and adhesive
properties.
PRODUCTION OF BITUMEN
Bitumen is manufactured from crude oil.
Bitumen is obtained as the last residue in fractional distillation of crude
petroleum.
The heaviest material obtained from the fractional distillation process is further
treated and blended to make different grades of paving grade bitumen
Types of Bituminous
Materials
Types of Bitumen
Advantages
Easy to handle
No heating is required
Good bonding to damp or
wet surfaces
BITUMINOUS TEST
PENETRATION TEST
DUCTLITY TEST
VISCOSITY TEST
SOFTNING POINT TEST
FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
SOLUBILITY TEST
FLOAT TEST
BINDER CONTENT TEST
PENETRATION TEST
AIM OF THE PENETRATION TEST:
To find out the hardness or softness of bitumen.
To determine the consistency of bituminous material
Grade of bitumen.
Apparatus required are
a) penetrometer
b) water bath
c) thermometer
The test carried out with a standard penetrometer with a needle
loaded with 100 gms,
PENETRATION TEST
PENETRATION TEST contd
Procedure:
Soften the bitumen by heating (between 75 and 100oC). Stir it
thoroughly to remove air bubbles and water.
Pour it into a mould completely and level it.
Cool it at an atmospheric temperature of 15 to 30oC for 11/2 hours.
Maintain test temperature as 25 degree Celsius
Keep the container on the stand of the penetration apparatus
Clean the needle with benzene, &dry it
Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the sample
Adjust the dial reading to zero and note the initial reading
PENETRATION TEST
The needle is then released and allowed to penetrate into the sample
under the full action of the load.
The penetration at the end of time 5 seconds is measured .i.e final
reading
Difference of final &initial reading gives penetration value
at 25C,
DUCTILITY TEST
Aim:
To measure the ductility of a given sample of bitumen
To determine the suitability of bitumen for its use in road construction
The apparatus required for this test:
i) Standard mould (briquette mould)
ii) Water bath
iii) Testing machine
iv) Thermometer Range 0 to 44oC, Graduation 0.2oC
PROCEDURE:
(i) Melt the bituminous test material completely at a temperature of 75C
to 100 C above the approximate softening point until it becomes
thoroughly fluid.
DUCTILITY TEST
ii) Assemble the mould on a brass plate and in order to prevent
the material under test from sticking, thoroughly coat the
surface of the plate and the interior surfaces of the sides of the
mould with a mixture of equal parts of glycerin and dextrin.
iii) pour the sample of bitumen into the mould and level it using
straight hot knife
iv) After about 30-40 minutes, keep the plate assembly along with
the sample in a water bath. Maintain the temperature of the
water bath at 27 C for half an hour.
(v) Remove the sample and mould assembly from the water bath
and trim the specimen by leveling the surface using a hot
knife.
DUCTLITY TEST
DUCTILITY TEST
DUCTILITY TEST contd
Ductility at 75 50 40 25
25C, cm
SOFTNING POINT TEST
Aim:
To determine the softening point of bitumen.
The apparatus required for this test :-
i)Steel balls-two numbers each of 9.5 mm diameter weighing 3.5
0.05 g.
ii) Brass rings-two numbers each having depth of 6.4 mm. The
inside diameter at bottom and top is 15.9mm and 17.5 mm
respectively.
iii) Bath-heat resistant glass beaker not less than 85 mm in
diameter &1220mm deep.
iii) Thermometer Low Range : -2 to 80oC, Graduation 0.2oC
SOFTNING POINT TEST contd..
Procedure
The sample should be just sufficient to fill the ring. The
excess sample should be cut off by a knife.
Heat the material to a temperature between 75o 100oC
above its softening point, stir until, it is completely fluid
and free from air bubbles and water
SOFTNING POINT TEST contd..
If necessary filter it through IS sieve 30.
Heat the rings and apply glycerin. Fill the material in
it and cool it for 30 minutes
Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer
and ball guides in position.
After cooling for 30 minutes in air, level the material
in the ring by removing the excess with a warmed,
sharp knife.
SOFTNING POINT TEST contd..
Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that the
temperature rises at a uniform rate of 50.5oC per minute
Record the temperature at which the ball touches the
bottom, which is nothing but the softening point of that
material.
Significance of softening point test
Softening 40 45 47 50
point
(degree
Celsius)
VISCOCITY TEST
Test 25 40 40
Temperatures(C)
Apparatus required:
Impact testing machine,
cylinder, tamping rod,
IS Sieve 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm,
Weight balance.
IMPACT TEST
Procedure
2 Strong 10% to 20 %
2. Loss of volatiles
4. Exudative hardening
. Time, Heat, Oxygen,
Sunlight
OXIDATION: The degree of oxidation is highly dependent on
the temperature, time and the thickness of bitumen film. Ageing
produces polar species that can form singles or multiple
structures
LOSS OF VOLATILES :The evaporation of volatile
component depends mainly upon temperature and exposure
conditions.
PHYSICAL HARDENING: It is strongly influenced by
aggregate-bitumen interactions. Directly after cooling, asphalt
sometimes appears to be soft as if it was still warm and a few
days later, the asphalt seems to have matured. This phenomenon
is called setting and is caused by slow physical hardening.
EXUDATIVE HARDENING :Exudative hardening results
from the movement of oily components that exude from the
bitumen into the mineral aggregate
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGING ON BITUMEN
PERFORMANCE
Synthetic Polymers
Plastomeric Thermoplastics
Low Density Polyethylene(LDPE)
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
Elastomeric Thermoplastics
Styrene Isoprene Styrene (SIS)
Styrene Butadiene Styrene Block Copolymer
Natural Rubber
Latex Powder
Rubber Powder
Crumb Rubber
Crumb Rubber without additives
Crumb Rubber with additives
Cost Benefit Analysis:
Conclusion:-
The fatigue life of the mix for a given level of tensile strain is
higher if the stiffness modulus E of the mix is low. Thus ,
bituminous mixes with softer grade of bitumen, are expected to
have better fatigue life.
Laboratory fatigue curve on bituminous mix
References:
Influence of Bitumen Ageing on Asphalt Quality, Comparison Between
Bitumen and
asphalt aging ;research paper by Tahirou Moustapha
Aging of bitumen Tan yi-qiu, Wang Jia-Ni1, Feng Zhong-Liang2 and Zhou
Xing , (2005). Influence and mechanism of ultraviolet aging on bitumen
performance.