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Chapter 21 Transformers: N V N V
Chapter 21 Transformers: N V N V
1. A transformer has 600 primary turns connected to a 1.5 kV supply. Determine the number of
N1 V1
For a transformer,
N 2 V2
V 240
from which, secondary turns, N 2 N1 2 (600) = 96 turns
V1 1500
2. An ideal transformer with a turns ratio 2:9 is fed from a 220 V supply. Determine its output
voltage.
N1 2
and V1 220 V
N2 9
N1 V1 N 9
from which, output voltage, V2 V1 2 220 = 990 V
N 2 V2 N1 2
3. A transformer has 800 primary turns and 2000 secondary turns. If the primary voltage is 160 V,
N1 800
and V1 160 V
N 2 2000
N1 V1 N 2000
from which, output voltage, V2 V1 2 160 = 400 V
N 2 V2 1
N 800
4. An ideal transformer with a turns ratio 3:8 has an output voltage of 640 V. Determine its input
voltage.
N1 V1 N 3
from which, input voltage, V1 V2 1 640 = 240 V
N 2 V2 N2 8
5. An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 12:1 and is supplied at 192 V. Calculate the secondary
voltage.
N1 12
and V1 192 V
N2 1
N1 V1 N 1
from which, output voltage, V2 V1 2 192 = 16 V
N 2 V2 N1 12
6. A transformer primary winding connected across a 415 V supply has 750 turns. Determine how
many turns must be wound on the secondary side if an output of 1.66 kV is required.
N1 V1 V 1660
from which, secondary turns, N2 N1 2 750 = 3000 turns
N 2 V2 V1 415
7. An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 15:1 and is supplied at 180 V when the primary current
N1 12
, V1 220 V and I1 4 A
N2 1
N1 V1 N 1
from which, output voltage, V2 V1 2 180 = 12 V
N 2 V2 N1 15
N1 I 2 N 15
from which, secondary current, I2 I1 1 4 = 60 A
N 2 I1 N2 1
8. A step-down transformer having a turns ratio of 20:1 has a primary voltage of 4 kV and a load of
N1 V1 N 1
from which, output voltage, V2 V1 2 4000 = 200 V
N 2 V2 N1 20
Secondary power = V2 I 2 = 10000 i.e. 200 I 2 = 10000
10000
from which, secondary current, I 2 = 50 A
200
9. A transformer has a primary to secondary turns ratio of 1:15. Calculate the primary voltage
necessary to supply a 240 V load. If the load current is 3 A determine the primary current.
N1 V1 I 2 1 V 3
i.e. 1
N 2 V2 I1 15 240 I1
1 V 1
If 1 then primary voltage, V1 240 = 16 V
15 240 15
1 3 15
If then primary current, I1 3 = 45 A
15 I1 1
10. A 10 kVA, single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 12:1 and is supplied from a 2.4 kV
supply. Neglecting losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current, (b) the minimum value
of load resistance which can be connected across the secondary winding without the kVA rating
N1 12
10000 = V1 I1 V2 I2 , and V1 2400 V
N2 1
N1 V1 N 1
(a) from which, output voltage, V2 V1 2 2400 = 200 V
N 2 V2 N1 12
10000
10000 VA = V2 I 2 = 200 I 2 from which, secondary current, I 2 = 50 A
200
N1 I 2 N 1
(c) from which, primary current, I1 I2 2 50 = 4.17 A
N 2 I1 N1 12
transformer whose secondary voltage is 150 V. Calculate the primary voltage and the turns ratio
V2 150
Secondary current, I 2 = 7.5 A , I1 5A and V2 = 150 V
R 2 20
N1 V1 N I 7.5
from which, primary voltage, V1 V2 1 V2 2 150 = 225 V
N 2 V2 N2 I1 5
N1 I 2 7.5 3
Turns ratio, = 1.5 or or 3:2
N 2 I1 5 2
1. A 500 V/100 V, single-phase transformer takes a full load primary current of 4 A. Neglecting
losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current, and (b) the rating of the transformer.
V1 I 2 V 500
(a) from which, full load secondary current, I2 I1 1 (4) = 20 A
V2 I1 V2 100
2. A 3300 V/440 V, single-phase transformer takes a no-load current of 0.8 A and the iron loss is
500 W. Draw the no-load phasor diagram and determine the values of the magnetizing and core
Core or iron loss = 500 = V1 IO cos O i.e. 500 = 3300 0.8 cosO
500
from which, cos O = 0.1894 and O cos 1 0.1894 79.08
3300 0.8
The no-load phasor diagram is shown below.
secondary being on open-circuit. If the power absorbed is 120 watts, calculate (a) the iron loss
current, (b) the power factor on no-load, and (c) the magnetizing current.
IO 1A and V1 300 V
120
and iron loss current, IC IO cos O = = 0.40 A
300
IC 0.4
(b) Power factor on no-load, cos O = 0.40
IO 1
Calculate (a) the primary and secondary current, (b) the number of primary turns and (c) the
60000 60000
hence, primary current, I1 = 37.5 A
V1 1600
60000 60000
and secondary current, I 2 = 600 A
V2 100
V1 N1 V 1600
(b) from which, primary turns, N1 1 N 2 50 = 800 turns
V2 N 2 V2 100
E2 100
maximum flux, M = 9.0 mWb
4.44f N2 4.44 50 50
2. A single-phase, 50 Hz transformer has 40 primary turns and 520 secondary turns. The cross-
sectional area of the core is 270 cm2. When the primary winding is connected to a 300 volt supply,
determine (a) the maximum value of flux density in the core, and (b) the voltage induced in the
secondary winding
300
from which, maximum flux density, m = Wb = 0.033784 Wb
(4.44)(50)(40)
0.033784
from which, maximum flux density, Bm = = 1.25 T
270 10 4
V1 N N
(b) = 1 from which, V2 = V1 2
V2 N2 N1
520
i.e. voltage induced in the secondary winding, V2 = (300) = 3900 V or 3.90 kV
40
3. A single-phase 800 V/100 V, 50 Hz transformer has a maximum core flux density of 1.294 T
and an effective cross-sectional area of 60 cm 2 . Calculate the number of turns on the primary and
secondary windings.
Since B then M BM A 1.294 60 104 = 7.764 mWb
A
E1 800
E1 4.44f M N1 from which, primary turns, N1
4.44 f M 4.44 50 7.764 103
= 464 turns
E2 100
E 2 4.44f M N2 from which, secondary turns, N 2
4.44 f M 4.44 50 7.764 103
= 58 turns
4. A 3.3 kV/110 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer is to have an approximate e.m.f. per turn of 22 V
and operate with a maximum flux of 1.25 T. Calculate (a) the number of primary and secondary
E1 E
(a) E.m.f. per turn = = 2 = 22
N1 N2
E 3300
Hence primary turns, N1 = 1 = = 150
22 22
E 2 110
and secondary turns, N2 = = =5
22 22
E1 3300
from which, m = = = 0.0991 Wb
4.44 f N1 (4.44)(50)(150)
m 0.0991
hence area, A = = = 0.07928 m 2 or 792.8 cm 2
Bm 1.25
1. A single-phase transformer has 2400 turns on the primary and 600 turns on the secondary. Its no-
load current is 4 A at a power factor of 0.25 lagging. Assuming the volt drop in the windings is
negligible, calculate the primary current and power factor when the secondary current is 80 A at a
Let I1 ' be the component of the primary current which provides the restoring m.m.f.
Then I1 ' N1 I2 N 2
In the phasor diagram shown below, I 2 = 80 A at an angle 2 36.87 to V2 and I1 ' 20 A and is
shown anti-phase to I 2
= (4)(0.25) + (20)(0.8) = 1 + 16 = 17 A
15.87 1 15.87
and tan 1 and 1 tan 43.03
17 17
1. A transformer has 1200 primary turns and 200 secondary turns. The primary and secondary
resistances are 0.2 and 0.02 respectively and the corresponding leakage reactances are 1.2
and 0.05 respectively. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance
referred to the primary winding, and (b) the phase angle of the impedance.
2
V
2
1200
(a) Equivalent resistance, R e R1 R 2 1 0.2 0.02 = 0.92
V2 200
2
V
2
1200
Equivalent reactance, X e X1 X 2 1 1.2 0.05 = 3.0
V2 200
Re 0.92 0.92
(b) cos e and phase angle of impedance, e cos 1 = 72.95
Ze 3.138 3.138
1. A 6 kVA, 100 V/500 V, single-phase transformer has a secondary terminal voltage of 487.5 V
2. A transformer has an open circuit voltage of 110 volts. A tap-changing device operates when the
regulation falls below 3%. Calculate the load voltage at which the tap-changer operates.
110 V2
Hence, 3= 100%
110
3(110)
from which, 110 V2
100
3(110)
and V2 110 = 106.7 V = voltage at which the tap-changer operates.
100
1. A single-phase transformer has a voltage ratio of 6:1 and the h.v. winding is supplied at 540 V.
The secondary winding provides a full load current of 30 A at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Neglecting losses, find (a) the rating of the transformer, (b) the power supplied to the load, (c) the
primary current.
V1 6 540
and V1 540 V hence, V2 = 90 V and I 2 = 30 A
V2 1 6
(b) Power supplied to load = V I cos = (2700)(0.8) since power factor = cos = 0.8
= 2.16 kW
V1 I 2 V 1
(c) from which, primary current, I1 I2 2 30 = 5 A
V2 I1 V1 6
2. A single-phase transformer is rated at 40 kVA. The transformer has full-load copper losses of
800 W and iron losses of 500 W. Determine the transformer efficiency at full load and 0.8 power
factor.
1.3
Hence, efficiency, 1 = 0.961 or 96.10%
33.3
3. Determine the efficiency of the transformer in problem 2 at half full-load and 0.8 power factor.
2
1
Hence, copper loss at half full load = 800 = 200 W
2
Input power at half full load = output power at half full load + losses = 16 + 0.7 = 16.7 kW
losses 0.7
Hence, efficiency, 1 1 = 0.9581 or 95.81%
input power 16.7
4. A 100 kVA, 2000 V/400 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has an iron loss of 600 W and a full-
load copper loss of 1600 W. Calculate its efficiency for a load of 60 kW at 0.8 power factor.
Load power = 60 kW
60 3
Hence the transformer is at full load
80 4
2
3
Hence, copper loss at 3/4 load = 1600 = 900 W
4
1.5
Hence, efficiency, 1 = 0.9756 or 97.56%
61.5
(i) full-load, unity power factor (ii) 0.8 full-load, unity power factor (iii) half full-load, 0.8
power factor. Assume that iron losses are 200 W and the full-load copper loss is 300 W
losses 0.5
Hence, efficiency, 1 1 = 0.9677 or 96.77%
input power 15.5
(ii) At 0.8 full load, unity power factor, output power = 0.8 15 = 12 kW
Input power at 0.8 full load = output power at 0.8 full load + losses
= 12 + 0.392 = 12.392 kW
0.392
Hence, efficiency, 1 = 0.9684 or 96.84%
12.392
(iii) At 0.5 full load and 0.8 power factor, output power = 0.5 15 0.8= 6 kW
Input power at 0.5 full load = output power at 0.5 full load + losses
= 6 + 0.275 = 6.275 kW
0.275
Hence, efficiency, 1 = 0.9562 or 95.62%
6.275
6. A 300 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.4 and a secondary winding
resistance of 0.0015 . The iron loss is 2 kW and the primary and secondary voltages are 4 kV and
200 V respectively. If the power factor of the load is 0.78, determine the efficiency of the
Total copper loss = I12 R1 + I22 R2, (where R1 = 0.4 and R2 = 0.0015 )
= (75)2(0.4) + (1500)2(0.0015)
= 5625 + 2000
= 7625 W = 7.625 kW
losses
Efficiency, = 1 100%
input power
7.625
= 1 100% = 96.84%
241.625
(b) Since the copper loss varies as the square of the current, then total
2
1
copper loss on half load = 5625 = 1406.25 W
2
= 3406.25 W or 3.40625 kW
1
Output power on half full load = (234) = 117 kW
2
3.40625
= 1 100% = 97.17%
120.40625
7. A 250 kVA transformer has a full load copper loss of 3 kW and an iron loss of 2 kW. Calculate
(a) the output kVA at which the efficiency of the transformer is a maximum, and (b) the
(a) Let x be the fraction of full load kVA at which the efficiency is a maximum.
2 2
Hence, 3x 2 2 from which, x2 and x= = 0.8165
3 3
Thus, the output kVA at maximum efficiency = 0.8165 250 = 204.1 kVA
4
Hence, maximum efficiency, 1 = 0.9761 or 97.61%
167.3
1. A transformer having a turns ratio of 8:1 supplies a load of resistance 50 . Determine the
2
N
2
8
The equivalent input resistance, R1 = 1 R L = (50) = 3200 = 3.2 k
N2 1
2. What ratio of transformer turns is required to make a load of resistance 30 appear to have a
resistance of 270
2 2
N N
R1 1 R L i.e. 270 = 1 30
N2 N2
2
N1 270 N1
from which, 9 and 9 3
N2 30 N2
3. Determine the optimum value of load resistance for maximum power transfer if the load is
connected to an amplifier of output resistance 147 through a transformer with a turns ratio of
7:2
The equivalent input resistance R1 of the transformer needs to be 147 for maximum power transfer.
2 2
N N2
2
2
R1 = 1 R L from which, RL = R1 = 147 = 12
N2 N1 7
4. A single-phase, 240 V/2880 V ideal transformer is supplied from a 240 V source through a cable
of resistance 3 . If the load across the secondary winding is 720 determine (a) the primary
current flowing and (b) the power dissipated in the load resistance.
2
N
2
1
Equivalent input resistance, R1 1 R L 720 = 5
N2 12
V1 240
Hence, primary current, I1 = 30 A
R IN 8
N1 I 2 N 1
(b) from which, I2 I1 1 30 = 2.5 A
N 2 I1 N2 12
2 2 2
N N 12 N1
R1 1 R L hence 12 = 1 768 and
N2 N2 768 N 2
N1 12 1
and
N2 768 8
transformer. Determine (a) the value of the load resistance and (b) the power dissipated in the
load.
2 2
N N
2
1
R 1 1 R L from which, load resistance, R L R1 2 (20000) = 78.13
N2 N1 16
(b) Total input resistance when source is connected to the matching transformer is R IN R1 ,
i.e. 20 k + 20 k = 40 k
V 20
Primary current, I1 = 0.5 mA
40000 40000
N 16
I2 I1 1 0.5 103 = 8 mA
N1 I 2
from which,
N 2 I1 N2 1
1. A single-phase auto transformer has a voltage ratio of 480 V:300V and supplies a load of
30 kVA at 300 V. Assuming an ideal transformer, calculate the current in each section of the
winding.
Rating = 30 kVA = V1 I1 V2 I2
30 103
Hence, primary current, I1 = 62.5 A
480
30 103
and secondary current, I 2 = 100 A
300
2. Calculate the saving in the volume of copper used in an auto transformer compared with a
double-wound transformer for (a) a 300 V:240 V transformer, and (b) a 400 V:100 V
transformer.
V2 240
(a) For a 300 V:240 V transformer, x = = 0.80
V1 300
V2 100
(b) For a 400 V:1000 V transformer, x = = 0.25
V1 400
1. A three-phase transformer has 600 primary turns and 150 secondary turns. If the supply voltage
is 1.5 kV determine the secondary line voltage on no-load when the windings are connected
N 150
Secondary phase voltage, VP2 = VP1 2 (1500) = 375 V
N1 600
VL
(b) For a star connection, VL 3 VP or VP
3
VL1 1500
Primary phase voltage, VP1 = 866.0 V
3 3
N1 V1 N 150
from which, secondary phase voltage, VP2 VP1 2 (866.0)
N 2 V2 N1 600
1. A current transformer has two turns on the primary winding and a secondary winding of 260
turns. The secondary winding is connected to an ammeter with a resistance of 0.2 , the
resistance of the secondary winding is 0.3 . If the current in the primary winding is 650 A,
determine (a) the reading on the ammeter, (b) the potential difference across the ammeter, and
N 2
(a) Reading on ammeter, I2 I1 1 (650) =5A
N2 260