MIT - 16.

20
Fall, 2002

16.20 HANDOUT #5

Fall, 2002

Stability and Buckling

Bifurcation Buckling and Snap-Through Buckling

bifurcation point

BIFURCATION BUCKLING
Z

Perfect Column: X

EI = constant

d 4w d 2
w
Governing Equation: EI 4 + P 2
= 0

dx dx

P P
Solution: w = Asin x + B cos x + C + D x

EI EI

Paul A. Lagace 2002 Handout 5-1

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

n 2 2 EI n x
Simply supported: Pcr = mode shape: w = Asin
l2 l
2 EI
Euler buckling load: Pcr =
l2

General Case:
c 2 EI
Pcr = c = coefficient of edge fixity
l2
Various Boundary Conditions

Simply-supported (pinned)
w=0

d 2w
M = EI 2 = 0
dx
Fixed end (clamped)

w=0

dw
= 0
dx

Free end
d 2w
M = EI 2 = 0
dx

d d 2w
S = EI 2 = 0
dx dx
Sliding

d d 2w
S = EI 2 = 0
dx dx
dw
= 0
dx

Paul A. Lagace 2002 Handout 5-2

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

Free end with axial load

d 2w
M = EI 2 = 0
dx
d d 2w dw
S = E I 2 = P0
dx dx dx

Vertical spring

d 2w
M = EI 2 = 0
dx
d d 2w
S = EI 2 = kf w
dx dx

Torsional spring
w=0

d 2w dw
M = EI 2 = kT
dx dx

Various Configurations

torsional
spring kT

c=1 c= 4 c = 0.25 1<c<4

Paul A. Lagace 2002 Handout 5-3

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

Important Definitions
12
- radius of gyration = = (I A)
- slenderness ratio = L
- effective length = L =
L
c
Effects of Initial Imperfections

d 4w d 2w
Governing equation still: EI 4 + P 2 = 0
dx dx
--> Boundary Conditions Change: Primary Moment = -eP

P
1 cos EI l
P P
w = e sin x + cos x 1
P EI EI
sin l
EI

2 EI
Pcr =
l2

increasing eccentricity (e/ll)

P
1 cos l
d 2w EI P P
M = E I 2 = eP sin x + cos x
dx P EI EI

sin l
EI

Paul A. Lagace 2002 Handout 5-4

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

BEAM-COLUMN

Resultant Relations

dF d d w
= px S -px
dx dx dx
dS d dw
= pz + F
dx dx dx
dM
= S
dx

Governing Equation:

d2 d 2w d d w
EI F = pz
dx 2 dx 2 dx d x

Buckling of Beam-Column:

d 2w
EI 2 + P w = M primary
dx

Paul A. Lagace 2002 Handout 5-5

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

OTHER ISSUES

Fracture/Failure via squashing

Euler curve

compressive yield
actual behavior

P
= = cu for squashing
A
compressive ultimate

Progressive Yielding

use tangent modulus

Paul A. Lagace 2002 Handout 5-6

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

Nonuniform Beams

d2 d 2w d 2w
EI 2 + P 2 = 0
dx 2 dx dx

Plates

2 EI
Pcr = 2
Pin-sliding
l (1 2 )
simply-supported
isotropic plate

Free m x n y
w = wmn sin sin
a b

Cylinders

local crippling

cr(linear) = 0.606 E h (isotropic)

R
due to
imperfections: cr( actual ) (0.15 to 0.9) cr( linear )

Reinforced Plates
Consider buckling/crippling of elements of stiffness as well
as of panels

Paul A. Lagace 2002 Handout 5-7

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

Postbuckling
actual behavior w/post-
buckling capability

perfect linear behavior

behavior with imperfection

d 1 d 2w
large deformations curvature = = 2 2
ds dw ds
1
ds
Basic Equation:
2
1 dw d 2w P
1 + + H.O.T. + w = 0
2 ds ds 2
E I
Use Galerkin Method (minimize residuals)

Paul A. Lagace 2002 Handout 5-8