Q 1; - What do u mean by alkanity of water?

Ans. It is defiend as the amount of standard acid in mg required to neutralizeone litre of given water
sample.
Q 2 :Which constituent are responsible for alkalinity in water?
Ans;- It is due to presence of hydroxide ion, carbonate ions and bicarbonate.
Q 3 ;- Why two indicators are used in determining alkalinity of water?
Ans;- It is because of different Ph of water due to different ions causing alkalinity. The two indicators
give end point at different PH i.e. phenolphthalein at PH at 8-3 and methyl orange 3 to 4.5.
Q 4; - How much alkalinity is permissible for drinking water?
Ans;- It should be less than 100 ppm.
Q 5 ;- On which factors the use of acid indicator in a titration depends ?
Ans;- It depends upon the PH of the solution.
Q1.What is hardness of water
Ans.Hardness is defined as the characteristics which prevents the lathering of soap.
Q2.How hardness is expressed?
Ans. Hardness is expressed in terms of CaCO3 equivalent.
Q3Why hardness is expressed in terms of CaCO3 equivalent?
Ans.It is due to two reasons: (i) Mol. wt. of CaCo3 being100 make calculation easier. (ii) It is the
most insoluble compound precipitated out in water treatment.
Q.4How water becomes hard?
Ans.Water becomes hard due to its action on rock and minerals. This may involve hydrolysis,
dissolution, disintegration, oxidation etc. of minerals by water.
Q5.What is various units of hardness?
Ans.Hardness of water can be expressed in following units:
(I) Parts per million(ppm)
(II) Milligram per litre(mg/lt)
(III) Degree Clarke(*C)
(IV) Degree French(*F)
Q.6. Name some methods for removing permanent hardness of water.
Ans .There is (i) limesoda (L-S) method (ii) zeolite method (iii) ion exchange resin method
Q7.which of the above methods is best for removing permament hardness?
Ans.Ion exchange resin method is best as it gives water for almost zero hardness.
Q8. Give few disadvantages of using hard water.
Ans.Some of the advantages of using hard water is:
(i) It takes more time and consumes more soap for washing clothes.
(ii) Useof hard water results into scale and sludge formation inside boilers
(iii) It takes more time for cooking with hard water.
O9.why does hard water not lather with soap
Ans.Ca+2 and mg+2 ions of hard water from insoluble soaps on treating hard water with soap
2RCOONa (soap) + M+2 (from hard water)- (RCOO)2 M +2Na +(metallic soap ,white ppt or scum)
Lather is only formed when all hardness causing metal ions are removed from water.
So more soap is consumed.
Q10. What is a chelating agent?
Ans. it is a poly dent ate legant which coordinates with metal ions to form a stable ring complex
The complex so formed is called a chelate .eg.
EDTA is a chelating hexadentatelegant.
Q1Define an ore ?
Ans .ore is combined form of a metal existing in earth s curst from which metal can be profitably
exctracted by metallurgical operation .
Q2.Give few important ores of iron:-
Ans .some important ores of iron are
1) magnetite or load stone (Fe3 O4)
2) haematite or red iron ore (Fe2O3).
3) Iron pyrtite(FeS2)
4) Siderite (FeCO3)
Q3 what is the difference between an ore and mineral ?
Ans .mineral is the combined form of metal in which it occurs in earths crust or rocks.A mineral
which metal can be obtained
Commercially is called an ore .So ,all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores .
Q4How is iron ore solution prepared ?
Ans. Iron ore is prepared by dissolving the ore in an acid like
HCL or H2 SO4.
Q5 . Define oxidation and reduction .
Ans .Process involving loss electron is called oxidation while that in which electrons are gained is
termed reduction .
Q6.what are redox titrations?
Ans .Areaction in which oxidation and reduction take place
Simultaneously is called redox reaction .Titrations involving redox reactions are called redox
tritations.
Q7. Define an oxidizing agent .
Ans. A substance which oxidises other substance by getting reduced itself is called an oxidsingagent .
Q8.What is reducing agent ?
Ans. A substance which reduces other substance a itself gets oxidized in doing so is termed as
reducing agent .
Q9. Mention some other reagents which can be used for reduction of iron ore solution.
Ans.1) Hydrogen sulphide
2)sulphurous acid and sulphur dioxide .
2. DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY OF WATER SAMPLE
1. Why is water alkaline?
It is due to the presence of hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions.
2. What is the colour of phenolphthalein in acid and alkaline medium?
Colourless in acid and pink in alkaline.
3. What are the ions determined by phenolphthalein?
Hydroxide ion and half of carbonate ion.
4. What is the role of methyl orange indicator in determining alkalinity?
Total alkalinity is determined by using methyl orange.
5. How hydroxyl ions are neutralized?
OH- + H+ H2O
6. Can OH- , CO32- & HCO3- can exist together?
No, because OH- & HCO3- combine together to form carbonate ions.

1. DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS OF WATER

1. What is temporary hardness?
Hardness of water due to presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of
Calcium and magnesium is called temporary hardness.
2. What is permanent hardness?
Hardness of water due to presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium
and magnesium is called permanent hardness.
3. What is the other name for temporary and permanent hardness?
Carbonate and non carbonate hardness.
4. What is the unit of hardness?
Ppm and mg/l
5. Give the structure of EDTA
HOOCH2C CH2COOH
N CH2 CH2 N
HOOCH2C CH2COOH
6. Why does the colour of the solution changes from wine red to blue?
Ca2+ /Mg2+ + EBT [EBT - Ca2+ /Mg2+ ]
In water [less stable wine red]
[EBT - Ca2+ /Mg2+ ] + EDTA [EDTA - Ca2+ /Mg2+ ] + EBT
[Less stable wine red] more stable - colourless blue
Colour
7. What is the role of buffer solution?
To maintain pH 9 10.
8. What is the name of the buffer used in EDTA titration?
Ammonium chloride - Ammonium hydroxide.
9. Why hardness is expressed in equivalents of calcium carbonate?
Calcium carbonate is most insoluble salt and its molecular weight and
equivalent weights are 100 and 50 respectively.
10. What is hard water and soft water?
Water which readily lathers with soap is called soft water and which
does not produce lather is known as hard water.