Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet
T BI 5: GIAO THC TCP/IP V INTERNET
Hng dn hc
Nghe ging v c ti liu nm bt
cc ni dung chnh.
Lm bi tp v luyn thi trc nghim
theo yu cu ca tng bi.
Lin h v ly cc v d trong thc t
minh ha cho ni dung bi hc.
Thi lng hc
12 tit.
IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214
Ni dung
Cc khi nim v h giao thc TCP/IP.
Mng Internet.
Cc ng dng trn TCP/IP.
Dch v tn min (DNS).
Electronic mail (SMTP, MINE, POP3, IMAP).
World Wide Web (WWW).
Truyn tp tin (FTP).
Ti nguyn trn Internet.
Mc tiu
Sau khi hc bi ny, cc bn c th:
Trnh by c khi nim v h giao thc
TCP/IP.
Trnh by c mt s ng dng ca TCP/IP
v ti nguyn trn Internet.
117
 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

TNH HUNG KHI NG BI

Tnh hung dn nhp

Thc hin cc chc nng tng 3 (Network) v 4 (Transport)
trong m hnh OSI, mi h thng mng s c nhng giao
thc ring:
UNIX: tng 3 dng giao thc IP, tng 4 dng giao thc
TCP/UDP.
Netware: tng 3 dng giao thc IPX, tng 4 dng giao
thc SPX.
Microsoft nh ngha NETBEUI thc hin chc nng
ca c tng 3 v tng 4.
Nu ch dng li y th cc my tnh UNIX, Netware,
NTs khng trao i thng tin c vi nhau. Vi s ln mnh ca mng Internet, cc my
tnh ci t h iu hnh khc nhau i hi phi giao tip c vi nhau.

Cu hi

1. Nhng giao thc no c s dng cc my tnh khc nhau vn giao tip c vi nhau?
2. Kin trc ca b giao thc ra sao?
3. Nhng ng dng trn giao thc l g?

118 IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

5.1. Cc khi nim v h giao thc TCP/IP

5.1.1. Khi nim

Cc tng giao thc TCP/IP c chia lm bn tng chc nng c bit n nh l
m hnh DARPA, c t tn sau khi chnh ph M bt u pht trin TCP/IP. Bn
tng ca m hnh DARPA l: ng dng (Application), Giao vn (Transport), Internet,
v Giao tip mng (Network Interface). Mi tng trong m hnh DARPA tng ng
vi mt hoc nhiu tng trong m hnh 7 tng ca m hnh OSI. Hnh 5.1 biu din
kin trc giao thc TCP/IP.

Hnh 5.1: Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP

5.1.1.1. Tng giao tip mng (Network Interface Layer)

Tng giao tip mng (cn c gi l tng truy cp mng) chu trch nhim t cc
gi tin TCP/IP trn mi trng mng v nhn cc gi tin TCP/IP t mi trng mng.
TCP/IP c thit k c lp vi phng php truy cp mng, nh dng khung d
liu v mi trng mng. Bng cch ny, TCP/IP c th c s dng kt ni cc
loi mng khc nhau. Bao gm cc k thut mng LAN nh Ethernet hoc Token
Ring v cc k thut mng WAN nh X.25 hay Frame Relay. S c lp vi bt k k
thut mng no cho php TCP/IP c kh nng tng thch vi cc k thut mi nh
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).
Tng giao tip mng bao gm tng lin kt d liu (Data Link) v tng vt l
(Physical) ca m hnh OSI. Ch rng tng Internet khng c c cc u im ca
cc dch v sp xp gi tin v thng bo c tng Data Link. Mt tng giao tip mng
c gi thit v vic truyn thng tin cy qua cc phin thit lp, sp xp v thng
bo cc gi tin thuc v trch nhim ca tng giao vn.

5.1.1.2. Tng Internet

Tng Internet chu trch nhim a ch ho, ng gi v dn ng. Li cc giao thc
ca tng Internet l IP, ARP, ICMP v IGMP:
Giao thc IP - Internet Protocol l mt giao thc c kh nng dn ng cho cc
a ch IP, phn chia v tp hp li cc gi tin.

IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214 119

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

Giao thc ARP - Address Resolution Protocol (giao thc phn gii a ch) chu
trch nhim phn gii a ch tng Internet chuyn thnh a ch tng giao tip
mng, nh a ch phn cng.
Giao thc ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol chu trch nhim a ra cc chc
nng chun on v thng bo li hay theo di cc iu kin lu chuyn cc gi tin IP.
Giao thc IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol chu trch nhim qun l
cc nhm IP truyn multicast.
Tng Internet tng t nh tng Network ca m hnh OSI.

5.1.1.3. Tng giao vn

Tng giao vn cn c gi l tng truyn Trm ti Trm (Host to Host Transport
Layer) chu trch nhim cung cp cho tng ng dng cc dch v to lp phin v truyn
d liu. Cc giao thc li ca tng giao vn l TCP v UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
TCP cung cp cc dch v truyn thng tin cy mt-mt (One-to-One), hng lin kt
(Connection-Oriented). TCP chu trch nhim thit lp cc kt ni TCP, gi cc gi
tin c sp xp, thng bo v cc gi tin phc hi d liu b mt trong qu trnh truyn.
UDP cung cp cc dch v truyn tin mt-mt, mt-nhiu, khng lin kt v khng
tin cy. UDP c s dng khi lng d liu cn truyn nh (v d d liu khng
in ht mt gi tin), khi vic thit lp lin kt TCP l khng cn thit, hoc khi cc
ng dng hoc cc giao thc tng trn cung cp dch v m bo trong khi truyn.
Tng giao vn chu trch nhim tng giao vn trong m hnh OSI v mt s nhim v
ca tng phin (Session) ca OSI.

5.1.1.4. Tng ng dng

Tng ng dng cung cp cc ng dng vi kh nng truy cp cc dch v ca cc tng
khc v nh ngha cc giao thc m cc ng dng s dng trao i d liu. C
nhiu giao thc tng ng dng v cc giao thc mi lun lun c pht trin.
Cc giao thc c ng dng rng ri nht ca tng ng dng c s dng trao
i thng tin ca ngi s dng l:
Giao thc truyn tin siu vn bn HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) c s
dng truyn cc tp to nn trang Web ca World Wide Web.
Giao thc FTP - File Transfer Protocol c s dng thc hin truyn tp.
Giao thc SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol c s dng truyn cc
thng ip th v cc tp nh km.
Telnet, mt giao thc m phng trm u cui, c s dng ng nhp t xa
vo cc my trm trn mng.
Hn na, cc giao thc ng dng sau s gip d dng s dng v qun l mng TCP/IP.
Domain Name System (DNS) c s dng chuyn t tn trm thnh a ch IP.
Giao thc RIP - Routing Information Protocol l giao thc dn ng m cc
router s dng trao i cc thng tin dn ng gi tin IP trong mng.

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Giao thc SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol c s dng gia giao
din qun l mng v cc thit b mng (Router, Bridges v Hub thng minh)
thu thp v trao i thng tin qun l mng.
V d ca tng ng dng giao tip vi cc ng dng TCP/IP l Windows Sockets v
NetBIOS. Windows Sockets cung cp mt chun giao din lp trnh ng dng API
(Application Programming Interface) trn nn h iu hnh Windows. NetBIOS l
mt chun cng nghip giao tip truy cp cc dch v nh dch v phin, truyn d
liu v phn gii tn. Thng tin chi tit v NetBIOS c cung cp cui bi ny.

5.1.2. Giao thc li TCP/IP

Thnh phn giao thc TCP/IP c ci trong h iu hnh mng ca bn l mt chui
cc giao thc lin h vi nhau c gi l cc giao thc li TCP/IP. Tt c cc ng
dng khc v cc giao thc khc trong b giao thc TCP/IP da trn cc dch v c s
cung cp bi cc giao thc sau: IP, ARP, ICMP, IGMP, TCP v UDP.

5.1.2.1. IP
Tng qut
Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh
lin kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong
m hnh OSI. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (Connectionlees) c
ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu.
S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (Host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP
32 bits (32 bit IP Address). Mi giao din trong mt my c h tr giao thc IP u
phi c gn mt a ch IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th
c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP gm hai phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my
(hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte),
c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hay nh phn. Cch vit
ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm (Dotted Decimal Notation)
tch cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt my tnh bt
k trn lin mng.
Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (Subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau,
ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C
cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E
c dnh nhng ng dng trong tng lai.
Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng tng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt
phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho mi mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u
tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp
D v 11110 - lp E).
y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C
Cu trc ca cc a ch IP nh sau:
Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte.
Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte.
Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte.

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Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp

ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln.
Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng.
Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp
ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm.

Hnh 5.2: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Mt s a ch c tnh cht c bit: Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti

mng nh danh bi vng netid. Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1
c dng hng ti tt c cc host ni vo mng netid v nu vng netid cng
gm ton s 1 th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng.

Hnh 5.3: V d cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng

ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc
trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.).
Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet),
lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid
c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau:

Hnh 5.4: V d a ch khi b sung vng subnetid

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (Datagram), c khun dng.

Hnh 5.5: Dng thc ca gi tin IP

ngha ca thng s nh sau:
VER (4 bits): ch phin bn hin hnh ca giao thc IP hin c ci t, vic c
ch s phin bn cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s dng phin bn c
v h thng s dng phin bn mi.
IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) ca gi tin, tnh theo n
v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny bt but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i
ty . di ti thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes.
Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v dch v nhm thng bo cho mng
bit dch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm
tr, nng sut truyn v tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny.

Hnh 5.6: ngha cc bit trong Type Of Service

Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi gi tin, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin

bnh thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng).
D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong :
o D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh thng.
o D = 1 gi tin tr thp.

T (Throughput) (1bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi

la chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay ng thng sut cao:
o T = 0 thng lng bnh thng.
o T = 1 thng lng cao.

R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu:

o R = 0 tin cy bnh thng.
o R = 1 tin cy cao.

Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v

byte vi chiu di ti a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nhng
trong tng lai vi nhng mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit.
Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination
Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt gi tin trong khong thi
gian n vn cn trn lin mng.

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Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn on (Fragment) cc gi tin. Cc gi tin khi

i trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn
on th trng Flags c dng iu khin phn on v ti lp ghp b d liu.
Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s c ngha l gi tin s khng phn on, c th phn
on hay l gi tin phn on cui cng. Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d
liu thuc phn on tng ng vi on bt u ca gi d liu gc.
ngha c th ca trng Flags l:
0 1 2
O DF MF

Hnh 5.7: ngha cc bit ca Flags

o Bit 0: reserved - cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0.

o Bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment)
o Bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments)
Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr ca on (Fragment) trong gi tin tnh theo
n v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi
cha mt vng d liu c di l bi s ca 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi
nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi 8 tnh ra lch byte.
Time to Live (8 bits): quy nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi tin trong
mng trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho
bi trm gi v c gim i (thng quy c l 1 n v) khi gi tin i qua mi
router ca lin mng. Thi lng ny gim xung ti mi router vi mc ch gii
hn thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin v kt thc nhng ln lp li v hn trn mng.
Sau y l mt s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live:
o Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi mt gi tin m trng ny c gi tr
bng 0.
o Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn
trn mng trong phm vi m rng.
o Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng hot ng tt.

Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch
(hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr
trng Protocol l 6, UDP c gi tr trng Protocol l 17.
Header Checksum (16 bits): m kim sot li ca header gi tin IP.
Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngun.
Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch.
Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo
tng chng trnh).
Padding ( di thay i): vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun
kt thc mt mc 32 bits.
Data ( di thay i): trn mt mng cc b nh vy, hai trm ch c th lin lc
vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc
hin nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm.

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Cc giao thc trong mng IP

mng vi giao thc IP hot ng c tt ngi ta cn mt s giao thc b sung,
cc giao thc ny u khng phi l b phn ca giao thc IP v giao thc IP s dng
n chng khi cn.
Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): y cn lu rng cc a ch IP
c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI. Chng
khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng
cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring). Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc
vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi tm
c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l ca mt trm. Giao thc
ARP c xy dng tm a ch vt l t a ch IP khi cn thit.
Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): l giao thc ngc vi
giao thc ARP. Giao thc RARP c dng tm a ch IP t a ch vt l.
Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): giao thc ny thc hin
truyn cc thng bo iu khin (bo co cc tnh trng cc li trn mng) gia cc
gateway hoc mt nt ca lin mng. Tnh trng li c th l: mt gi tin IP khng
th ti ch hoc mt router khng b nh m lu v chuyn mt gi tin IP.
Mt thng bo ICMP c to chuyn cho IP. IP s "bc" (Encapsulate) thng bo
vi mt IP header v truyn n cho router hoc trm ch.
Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP
Khi giao thc IP c khi ng n tr thnh mt thc th tn ti trong my tnh v
bt u thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh, lc thc th IP l cu thnh ca tng
mng, nhn yu cu t cc tng trn n v gi yu cu xung cc tng di n.
i vi thc th IP my ngun, khi nhn c mt yu cu gi t tng trn, n thc
hin cc bc sau y:
To mt gi tin IP da trn tham s nhn c.
Tnh checksum v ghp vo header ca gi tin.
Ra quyt nh chn ng: hoc l trm ch nm trn cng mng hoc mt
gateway s c chn cho chng tip theo.
Chuyn gi tin xung tng di truyn qua mng.
i vi router, khi nhn c mt gi tin i qua, n thc hin cc ng tc sau:
o Tnh chesksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin.
o Gim gi tr tham s Time - to Live, nu thi gian ht th loi b gi tin.
o Ra quyt nh chn ng.
o Phn on gi tin, nu cn.
o Kin to li IP header, bao gm gi tr mi ca cc vng Time - to -Live,
Fragmentation v Checksum.
o Chuyn gi tin xung tng di chuyn qua mng.
Cui cng khi mt gi tin nhn bi mt thc th IP trm ch, n s thc hin bi
cc cng vic sau:
o Tnh checksum. Nu sai th loi b gi tin.
o Tp hp cc on ca gi tin (nu c phn on).
o Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn.

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5.1.2.2. ARP
Khi cc gi tin IP c gi trn mi trng chia s truy cp, cc cng ngh mng da
trn cng ngh truyn qung b nh Ethernet hoc Token Ring, Media Access Control
(MAC) a ch tng ng vi a ch cc gi tin IP phi c chuyn ho. ARP s
dng MAC mc truyn qung b phn gii mt a ch IP gi i thnh mt a ch
MAC. ARP c nh ngha trong RFC 826.
c thm thng tin v ARP, xem phn Phn gii a ch vt l trong on cui
ca bi ny.

5.1.2.3. ICMP
Giao thc iu khin thng ip Internet ICMP cung cp tin ch sa cha s c v
thng bo li cho cc gi tin khng truyn i c. V d, nu mt gi tin IP khng
truyn ti trm ch c, ICMP s gi thng ip thng bo khng tip cn ch
c Destination Unreachable ti trm ngun. Bng sau biu din cc thng ip
ICMP thng thng nht.
Bng cc thng ip ICMP thng thng

Thng ip ICMP Chc nng

Echo Request (yu cu phn hi). Thng ip bo s c n gin c s dng

kim tra kt ni IP ti trm mong mun.

Echo Reply (tr li phn hi). Dng tr li cho Echo Request.

Redirect (nh hng li). c gi t mt router khng nh mt trm

gi tin dn ng tt hn ti mt a ch IP ch.

Source Quench (tt ngun). c gi t mt router khng nh trm gi

tin m d liu IP b loi v nghn ti router. Trm
gi tin s h thp t l truyn. Source Quench l
mt thng ip ICMP khng bt buc v thng
khng c ci t.

Destination Unreachable (khng th tip cn ch). c gi bi mt router hoc trm ch thng

bo cho trm gi tin rng gi tin khng th
truyn c.

gi mt gi tin phn hi yu cu ICMP v hin th thng k trn cc thng ip tr

li trn my s dng Windows NT chng ta s dng tin ch ping trong du nhc lnh.
ICMP khng lm cho giao thc IP tr nn tin cy. ICMP c gng thng bo cc li v
a ra phn hi trong cc iu kin c th. Cc thng ip ICMP c truyn i nh
mt gi tin IP khng thng bo v bn thn chng l khng chc chn c ti c
ch khng. ICMP c nh ngha trong RFC 792.

5.1.2.4. IGMP
Giao thc qun l nhm Internet IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) l mt
giao thc qun l cc trm thnh vin trong nhm truyn IP multicast. Mt nhm IP
multicast, c bit n nh mt nhm trm. Gi tin IP multicast c truyn ti mt
a ch MAC n nhng c x l bi nhiu trm s dng giao thc IP. Mt trm c
th s nghe mt a ch gi tin IP multicast c th v nhn tt c cc gi tin t a ch .

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5.1.2.5. TCP
TCP l mt giao thc "c lin kt" (Connection - Oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp
lin kt gia hai thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. Mt tin
trnh ng dng trong mt my tnh truy nhp vo cc dch v ca giao thc TCP thng
qua mt cng (port) ca TCP. S hiu cng TCP c th hin bi 2 bytes.

Hnh 5.8: Cng truy nhp dch v TCP

Mt cng TCP kt hp vi a ch IP to thnh mt u ni TCP/IP (socket) duy nht

trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt lgic gia mt cp u ni
TCP/IP. Mt u ni TCP/IP c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc u ni TCP/IP xa
khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia hai trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia
chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng.
Cc thc th ca tng trn s dng giao thc TCP thng qua cc hm gi (function
calls), trong c cc hm yu cu, tr li. Trong mi hm cn c cc tham s
dnh cho vic trao i d liu.
Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: Thit lp mt lin kt mi c th
c m theo mt trong hai phng thc: ch ng (Active) hoc b ng (Passive).
Phng thc b ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP ch i mt yu cu lin kt gi
n t xa thng qua mt u ni TCP/IP (ti ch). Ngi s dng dng hm passive
Open c khai bo cng TCP v cc thng s khc (mc u tin, mc an ton)
Vi phng thc ch ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP m mt lin kt vi mt mt
u ni TCP/IP xa. Lin kt s c xc lp nu c mt hm Passive Open tng
ng c thc hin ti u ni TCP/IP .
Bng lit k mt vi cng TCP ph bin

S hiu cng M t S hiu cng M t

0 Reserved 23 Telnet
5 Remote job entry 25 SMTP
7 Echo 37 Time
9 Discard 53 Name Server
11 Systat 102 ISO - TSAP
13 Daytime 103 X.400
15 Nestat 104 X.400 Sending
17 Quotd (Quote Odd Day) 111 Sun RPC
20 ftp-data 139 Net BIOS Session source
21 ftp (Control) 160 - 223 Reserved

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

Khi ngi s dng gi i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t TCP.

Thng s Open ID c TCP tr li ngay lp tc gn cho mt lin kt cc b
(Local Connection Name) cho lin kt c yu cu. Thng s ny v sau c
dng tham chiu ti lin kt . (Trong trng hp nu TCP khng th thit lp
c lin kt yu cu th n phi gi tham s Open Failure thng bo).
Khi TCP thit lp c lin kt yu cu n gi tham s Open Sucsess c dng
thng bo lin kt c thit lp thnh cng. Thng bo ny c chuyn
n trong c hai trng hp b ng v ch ng. Sau khi mt lin kt c m,
vic truyn d liu trn lin kt c th c thc hin.
Cc bc thc hin khi truyn v nhn d liu: Sau khi xc lp c lin kt ngi s
dng gi v nhn d liu. Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua cc hm Send v Receive.
Hm Send: D liu c gi xung TCP theo cc khi (Block). Khi nhn c
mt khi d liu, TCP s lu tr trong b m (Buffer). Nu c PUSH c nh
du th ton b d liu trong b m c gi, k c khi d liu mi n s c
gi i. Ngc li c PUSH khng c nh du th d liu c gi li trong b
m v s gi i khi c c hi thch hp (chng hn ch thm d liu na gi i
s hiu qu hn).
Hm reveive: trm ch d liu s c TCP lu trong b m gn vi mi lin
kt. Nu d liu c nh du vi mt c PUSH th ton b d liu trong b m
(k c cc d liu c lu t trc) s c chuyn ln cho ngi s dng. Cn
nu d liu n khng c nh du vi c PUSH th TCP ch ti khi thch hp
mi chuyn d liu vi mc tiu tng hiu qu h thng.
Ni chung vic nhn v giao d liu cho ngi s dng ch ca TCP ph thuc vo
vic ci t c th. Trng hp cn chuyn gp d liu cho ngi s dng th c th
dng c URGENT v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo cho ngi s dng cn
phi x l khn cp d liu .
Cc bc thc hin khi ng mt lin kt: Vic ng mt lin kt khi khng cn
thit c thc hin theo mt trong hai cch: dng hm Close hoc dng hm Abort.
o Hm Close: yu cu ng lin kt mt cch bnh thng. C ngha l vic
truyn d liu trn lin kt hon tt. Khi nhn c mt hm Close TCP
s truyn i tt c d liu cn trong b m thng bo rng n ng lin kt.
Lu : Khi mt ngi s dng gi i mt hm Close th n vn phi tip tc
nhn d liu n trn lin kt cho n khi TCP bo cho pha bn kia bit v
vic ng lin kt v chuyn giao ht tt c d liu cho ngi s dng ca mnh.
o Hm Abort: ngi s dng c th ng mt lin kt bt k v s khng chp
nhn d liu qua lin kt na. Do vy d liu c th b mt i khi ang c
truyn i. TCP bo cho TCP xa bit rng lin kt c hy b v TCP
xa s thng bo cho ngi s dng ca mnh.
Mt s hm khc ca TCP:
o Hm Status: cho php ngi s dng yu cu cho bit trng thi ca mt lin
kt c th, khi TCP cung cp thng tin cho ngi s dng.
o Hm Error: thng bo cho ngi s dng TCP cc yu cu dch v bt hp l lin
quan n mt lin kt c tn cho trc hoc v cc li lin quan n mi trng.

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

n v d liu s dng trong TCP c gi l segment (on d liu), c cc tham

s vi ngha nh sau:
Bit 0 15 16 31
Source Port Destination Port
Sequence Number
Acknowledgment Number
U A P R S F
Data Offset Reserved G C S S I I Window
R K H T N N
Checksum Urgent Poiter
Options Padding
TCP data

Hnh 5.9: Dng thc ca TCP Segment

Source Por (16 bits): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ngun.

o
o Destination Port (16 bit): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ch.
o Sequence Number (32 bit): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit
SYN c thit lp. Nu bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s
hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1.
o Acknowledgment Number (32 bit): s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm
ngun ang ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt (cc) segment m trm ch
gi cho trm ngun.
o Data offset (4 bit): s lng bi ca 32 bit (32 bit words) trong TCP header
(tham s ny ch ra v tr bt u ca ngun d liu).
o Reserved (6 bit): dnh dng trong tng lai.

Control bit (cc bit iu khin):

o URG: Vng con tr khn (Ucgent Poiter) c hiu lc.
o ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc.
o PSH: Chc nng PUSH.
o RST: Khi ng li (Reset) lin kt.
o SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (Sequence Number).
o FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun.

Window (16 bit): cp pht Credit kim sot ngun d liu (c ch ca s).
y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng
ACK number, m trm ngun sn sng nhn.
Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot li cho ton b segment (header + data).
Urgemt Poiter (16 bit): con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d
liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp.
Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc ty chn ca TCP, trong c di ti a
ca vng TCP data trong mt segment.
Paddinh ( di thay i): phn chn thm vo header m bo phn header
lun kt thc mt mc 32 bit. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0.
TCP data ( di thay i): cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh
l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options.

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

5.1.2.6. Giao thc UDP(User Datagram Protocol)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc theo phng thc khng lin kt, c s
dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca tng ng dng. Khc vi TCP,
UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng
khng cung cp c ch bo nhn (Acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi
tin n v c th dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng c c ch thng
bo li cho ngi gi. Qua ta thy UDP cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn khng
tin cy nh trong TCP.
Khun dng UDP datagram c m t vi cc vng tham s n gin hn nhiu so
vi TCP segment.

Bit 0 15 16 31

Source Port Destination Port

Message Length Checksum

DATA

Hnh 5.10: Dng thc ca gi tin UDP

UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (Port Number) nh

danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc
tp nn UDP thng c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c
dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong tng giao vn.

Hnh 5.11: M hnh quan h h giao thc TCP/IP

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5.2. Mng Internet

Cng vi s pht trin ca NFSNET v ARPANET nht l khi giao thc TCP/IP
tr thnh giao thc chnh thc duy nht trn cc mng trn th s lng cc mng, nt
mun tham gia kt ni vo hai mng trn tng ln rt nhanh. Rt nhiu cc mng
vng c kt ni vi nhau v cn lin kt vi cc mng Canada, chu u.
Vo khong gia nhng nm 1980 ngi ta bt u thy c s hnh thnh ca mt
h thng lin mng ln m sau ny c gi l Internet. S pht trin ca Internet
c tnh theo cp s nhn, nu nh nm 1990 c khong 200.000 my tnh vi 3.000
mng con th nm 1992 c khong 1.000.000 my tnh c kt ni, n nm 1995
c hng trm mng cp vng, chc ngn mng con v nhiu triu my tnh. Rt
nhiu mng ln ang hot ng cng c kt ni vo Internet nh cc mng
SPAN, NASA, HEPNET, BITNET, IBM, EARN. Vic lin kt cc mng c thc
hin thng qua rt nhiu ng ni c tc rt cao.
Hin nay mt my tnh c gi l thnh vin ca Internet nu my tnh c giao
thc truyn d liu TCP/IP, c mt a ch IP trn mng v n c th gi cc gi tin IP
n tt c cc my tnh khc trn mng Internet.
Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp thng qua mt nh cung cp dch v Internet ngi
s dng kt ni my tnh ca mnh vi my ch ca nh cung cp dch v v c
cung cp mt a ch tm thi trc khi khai thc cc ti nguyn ca Internet. My
tnh ca ngi c th gi cc gi tin cho cc my khc bng a ch tm thi v
a ch s tr li cho nh cung cp khi kt thc lin lc. V my tnh ca ngi
s dng trong thi gian lin kt vi Internet cng c mt a ch IP nn ngi ta vn
coi my tnh l thnh vin ca Internet.
Vo nm 1992 cng ng Internet ra i nhm thc y s pht trin ca Internet
v iu hnh n. Hin nay Internet c 5 dch v chnh:
Th in t (Th in t): y l dch v c t khi mng ARPANET mi c
thit lp, n cho php gi v nhn th in t cho mi thnh vin khc trong mng.
Thng tin mi (News): cc vn thi s c chuyn thnh cc din n cho
php mi ngi quan tm c th trao i cc thng tin cho nhau, hin nay c hng
nghn din n v mi mt trn Internet.
ng nhp t xa (Remote Login): bng cc chng trnh nh Telnet, Rlogin
ngi s dng c th t mt trm ca Internet ng nhp (Logon) vo mt trm
khc nu nh ngi c ng k trn my tnh kia.
Chuyn tp (File transfer): bng chng trnh FTP ngi s dng c th chp
cc tp t mt my tnh trn mng Internet ti mt my tnh khc. Ngi ta c th
chp nhiu phn mm, c s d liu, bi bo bng cch trn.
Dch v WWW (World Wide Web): WWW l mt dch v c bit cung cp
thng tin t xa trn mng Internet. Cc tp tin siu vn bn c lu tr trn my
ch s cung cp cc thng tin v dn ng trn mng cho php ngi s dng d
dng truy cp cc tp tin vn bn, ha, m thanh.

IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214 131

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

Hnh 5.12: V d mt trang Web cho php d dng khai thc cc trang Web khc

Ngi s dng nhn c thng tin di dng cc trang vn bn, mt trang l mt

n th nm trong my ch. y l dch v ang mang li sc thu ht to ln cho mng
Internet, chng ta c th xy dng cc trang Web bng ngn ng HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language) vi nhiu dng phong ph nh vn bn, hnh v, video, m thanh
v c th c cc lin kt vi cc trang Web khc. Khi cc trang c t trn cc
my ch Web th thng qua Internet ngi ta c th xem c s th hin ca cc
trang Web v c th xem cc trang Web khc m n ch n.
Cc phn mm thng dng c s dng hin nay xy dng v duyt cc trang Web l
Mosaic, Navigator ca Netscape, Internet Explorer ca Microsoft, Web Access ca Novell.

5.3. Cc ng dng trn TCP/IP

Phn ny s tm hiu mt s ng dng mng ph bin hin nay, ch yu tp trung vo
giao thc hot ng ca chng.
V d u tin c xem xt l dch v tn min phn tn, dch v u tin c ci
t trong mt mng my tnh. V thc cht dch v tn min l ci m cc ng dng
khc phi ph thuc vo. Mt my ch phc v tn min thng c s dng bi cc
ng dng khc hn l bi con ngi.
Sau , cc ng dng mng truyn thng v ph bin s c gii thiu, bao gm cc
dch v MAIL, WEB v FTP.
Cng cn ni trc rng, nhng dch v mng va ni s da trn hai giao thc vn
chuyn c cp trong chng 6 l TCP v UDP.

5.3.1. Dch v tn min (DNS)

Cho n by gi, chng ta vn dng a ch nh danh cc host. Trong khi rt thun
tin cho vic x l ca cc router, cc a ch s khng thn thin vi ngi dng lm.
V l do ny, cc host thng c gn cho mt ci tn thn thin v dch v tn c

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

s dng nh x t ci tn thn thin vi ngi dng ny sang a ch s vn rt

thn thin vi cc router. Dch v nh vy thng l ng dng u tin c ci t
trong mt mng my tnh do n cho php cc ng dng khc t do nh danh cc host
bng tn thay v bng a ch. Dch v tn thng c gi l phn trung gian
(middleware) v n lp y khong cch gia cc ng dng khc v lp mng pha
di. Tn host v a ch host khc nhau hai im quan trng. Th nht, tn host
thng c di thay i v d gi nh, v th n gip ngi dng d nh hn. Th
hai, tn thng khng cha thng tin g gip mng nh v (chuyn cc gi tin n)
host. Ngc li a ch hm cha thng tin vch ng trong .
Trc khi i vo chi tit cch thc t tn cho cc host trong mng nh th no, chng
ta i nh ngha mt s thut ng trc:
Khng gian tn (Name Space) nh ngha tp cc tn c th c. Mt khng gian tn c
th l phng (Flat) mt tn khng th c chia thnh cc thnh phn nh hn, hoc
phn cp.
H thng tn duy tr mt tp cc nh x (Collection of Bindings) t tn sang gi tr.
Gi tr c th l bt c th g chng ta mun h thng tn tr v khi ta cp cho n
mt tn nh x, trong nhiu trng hp gi tr chnh l a ch host.
Mt c ch phn gii (Resolution Mechanism) l mt th tc m khi c gi vi
tham s l mt tn, s tr v mt gi tr tng ng.
Mt my ch tn (Name Server) l mt kt qu ci t ca c ch phn gii lun
sn dng trn mng v c th c truy vn bng cch gi n n mt thng ip.
Mng Internet c sn mt h thng t tn c pht trin tt, gi l h thng
tn min (Domain Name System DNS). V th chng ta s dng DNS lm c s
tho lun v vn t tn cho cc host. Khi ngui dng a mt tn host n
mt ng dng (c th tn host l mt phn ca mt tn hn hp nh a ch th
in t chng hn), ng dng ny s lin h vi h thng tn dch tn host sang
a ch host. Sau ng dng lin to mt ni kt n host thng qua giao thc
TCP chng hn. Hin trng c m t trong hnh 5.13.

Hnh 5.13: Tn my c dch sang a ch, cc s t 1-5 th hin trnh t cc bc x l

5.3.1.1. Min phn cp

DNS ci t khng gian tn phn cp dng cho cc i tng trn Internet. Cc tn
DNS c x l t phi sang tri, s dng cc du chm (.) lm k t ngn cch.
(Mc d cc tn DNS c x l t phi qua tri, ngi dng thng c chng t
tri sang phi). V d tn min ca mt host l mail.hut.edu.vn. Ch rng cc tn

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

min c s dng t tn cc i tng trn Internet, khng phi ch c dng

t tn my. Ta c th mng tng cu trc phn cp ca DNS ging nh hnh
dng cy. Hnh 5.14 l mt v d.

Hnh 5.14: Cy phn cp tn min

C th thy rng, cy phn cp khng qu rng mc u tin. Mi quc gia c mt
tn min, ngoi ra cn c 6 min ln khc gm: edu, com, gov, mil, org v net. Su
min ln ny nm M. Nhng tn min khng ch ra tn nc mt cch tng minh
th mc nhin l nm M.

5.3.1.2. Cc my ch phc v tn
Mt cu trc tn min phn cp hon chnh ch tn ti trong nim. Vy th trong
thc t cu trc phn cp ny c ci t nh th no? Bc u tin l chia cu trc
ny thnh cc cy con gi l cc vng (Zone). Mi mt vng c th c xem l n
v qun l mt b phn ca ton h thng phn cp. V d, vng cao nht ca h thng
phn cp c qun l bi NIC (Network Information Center), vng HUT c qun
l bi trng i hc .
Mt vng lun c mi lin h n cc n v ci t c bn trong DNS - cc my ch
tn. Thng tin cha trong mt vng c thit lp ti hai hoc nhiu my ch tn. Mi
my ch tn c th truy xut c qua mng Internet. My trm gi yu cu n my
ch tn, my ch tn s tr li cho yu cu . Cu tr li i khi cha thng tin cui
cng m my trm cn, i khi li cha ch im n mt my ch tn khc m my
trm nn gi cu hi n . V th, theo cch nhn thin v ci t, ngi ta c th ngh
v DNS c ci t bng cu trc phn cp cc my ch tn hn l bng cu trc phn
cp tn min. rng mi vng c ci t trong hai hoc nhiu my ch tn vi l
do d phng; ngha l nu mt my ch b cht s cn cc my ch khc thay th. Mt
khc, mt my ch tn cng c th c dng ci t nhiu hn mt vng.
Mi my ch tn qun l thng tin v mt vng di dng mt tp cc mu tin ti
nguyn (Resource Record). Mi mu tin ti nguyn l mt nh x t tn sang gi tr
(Name to Value Binding), c th hn l mt mu tin gm 5 trng: (Tn, Gi tr,
Kiu, Lp, TTL)
Cc trng Tn v Gi tr l nhng g chng ta mun c, ngoi tra trng Kiu ch ra cch
thc m Gi tr c thng dch. Chng hn, trng Kiu = A ch ra rng Gi tr l mt a
ch IP. V th cc mu tin kiu A s ci t kiu nh x t tn min sang a ch IP:
NS: Trng Gi tr ch ra tn min ca my tnh ang chy dch v tn v dch v
c kh nng thng dch cc tn trong mt min c th.

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

CNAME: Trng Gi tr ch ra mt ci tn gi ca mt host no . Kiu ny

c dng t thm b danh cho cc host trong min.
MX: Trng Gi tr ch ra tn min ca host ang chy chng trnh Mail Server
m my ch c kh nng tip nhn nhng thng ip thuc mt min c th.
Trng Lp c s dng nhm cho php thm vo nhng thc th mng khng
do NIC qun l. Ngy nay, lp c s dng rng ri nht l loi c Internet s
dng, n c k hiu l IN.
Cui cng trng TTL ch ra mu tin ti nguyn ny s hp l trong bao lu. Trng
ny c s dng bi nhng my ch ang tr tm cc mu tin ca my ch khc; khi
trng TTL ht hn, cc mu tin cha trng TTL ht hn s b cc my ch xa
khi Cache ca mnh.
Ch rng trn l thuyt cc mu tin c th c dng nh ngha bt k kiu i
tng no, DNS li thng c s dng nh danh cc host v site. DNS khng
c dng nh danh c nhn con ngi hoc cc i tng khc nh tp tin hay
th mc, vic nh danh ny c thc hin trong cc h thng phc v tn khc. V
d X.500 l h thng nh danh ca ISO c dng nh danh con ngi bng cch
cung cp thng tin v tn, chc v, s in thoi, a ch,... X.500 chng t l qu
phc tp nn khng c h tr bi cc my tm kim ni ting hin nay. Tuy nhin
n li l ngun gc pht sinh ra chun LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol). LDAP vn l thnh phn con ca X.500 c thit k lm phn u cui
cho X.500. Ngy nay LDAP ang tr nn ph bin nht l cp cng ty, t chc
ln, ng vai tr l h thng hc v qun l thng tin v ngi dng ca n.

5.3.1.3. Phng php phn tch tn

Vi mt h thng phn cp cc my ch tn trnh by, by gi chng ta i tm hiu
cch thc mt khch hng giao tip vi cc my ch ny phn tch cho c mt
tn min thnh a ch. Gi s mt khch hng mun phn tch tn min
www.hut.edu.vn, u tin khch hng ny s gi yu cu cha tn ny n my ch
tn gc. My ch gc khng th so khp tn theo yu cu vi cc tn m n cha, lin
tr li cho khch hng mt mu tin kiu NS cha edu.vn. My ch gc cng tr v tt
c cc mu tin c lin quan n mu tin NS trn, trong c mu tin kiu A cha a
ch ca dns1.vnnic.vnn.vn. Khch hng cha c thng tin cui cng m n mun, tip
tc gi yu cu n my ch tn ti a ch 192.168.17.203. My ch tn th hai ny
li khng th so khp tn theo yu cu vi cc tn m n cha, tip tc tr li cho
khch hng mt mu tin loi NS cha tn hut.edu.vn cng vi mu tin kiu A tng
ng vi tn my ch l ns.hut.edu.vn. Khch hng li tip tc gi yu cu n my
ch tn ti a ch 192.168.17.203 v ln ny nhn c cu tr li cui cng c kiu
A cho tn www.hut.edu.vn.
V d trn chc chn s li nhiu cu hi v qu trnh phn gii tn. Cu hi thng
c t ra l: Lc khi u, lm sao khch hng c th nh v c my ch gc?
y l bi ton c bn t ra cho mi h thng phc v tn v cu tr li l: h thng
phi t thn vn ng c c thng tin v cc my ch gc! Trong tnh hung ca
h thng DNS, nh x t tn sang a ch ca mt hay nhiu my ch gc c ph

IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214 135

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

bin cho mi ngi, ngha l nh x c loan bo thng qua cc phng tin

truyn thng khc nm ngoi h thng tn.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t khng phi tt c khch hng u bit v cc my ch gc.
Thay vo , chng trnh khch hng chy trn mi host trong Internet c khi
ng vi cc a ch ly t my ch tn cc b. T , vic phn gii mt tn min bt
u t cu truy vn ca khch hng n my ch cc b. Nu my ch cc b khng
c sn cu tr li, n s gi cu hi n my ch t xa gip cho khch hng. Chui
hnh ng trn c th c m t trong hnh sau:

Hnh 5.15: Qu trnh phn gii tn trong thc t, cc s 1 n 8 ch ra trnh t thc hin

5.3.2. Electronic Mail (SMTP, MIME, POP3, IMAP)

Th in t l mt trong nhng ng dng mng lu i nht v ph dng nht. Th
ngh khi bn mun gi thng ip n mt ngi bn u kia ca th gii, bn
mun mang th chy b qua hay ch n gin ln my tnh g t hng v nhn nt
Send? Tht ra, nhng bc tin bi ca mng ARPANET khng tin on c th
in t s l ng dng then cht chy trn mng ny, mc tiu chnh ca h l thit k
h thng cho php truy cp ti nguyn t xa. H thng th in t ra i khng my
ni bt, by gi li c s dng hng ngy bi hng triu ngi trn th gii.
Mc tiu ca phn ny l ch ra nhng thnh phn hot ng trong h thng th in
t, vai tr ca n, giao thc m h s dng v khun dng thng ip m cch thc
trao i vi nhau.

5.3.2.1. Cc thnh phn ca h thng th in t

Mt h thng th in t thng c 3 thnh phn chnh: B phn tr gip ngi dng
(User Agent), Mail Server v cc giao thc m cc thnh phn ny dng giao tip
vi nhau.
Ngi ta phn loi cc giao thc nh sau:
Giao thc gia cc Mail Server bao gm:
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): c cc my ch dng chuyn th
qua li vi nhau. Hnh dung n ging nh cch thc m cc trm bu in dng
chuyn cc thng th ca khch hng cho nhau. Thng tin chi tit v giao thc ny
c m t trong ti liu RFC 822.

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

Giao thc gia Mail Server v User Agent bao gm:

o POP3 (Post Offic Protocol version 3 [RFC 1939]): c user agent s dng
ly th v t hp th ca n trn my ch.
o SMTP: c user agent s dng gi th ra my ch.
o IMAP: (Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]): c nhiu tnh nng vt
tri hn POP3. Ngoi ra IMAP cn cho php gi th in t.

Hnh 5.16: Cc thnh phn ca h thng th in t

5.3.2.2. Khun dng ca mt th in t

RFC 822 nh ngha mt th in t gm c hai phn: phn tiu (header) v phn
thn (body).
Tiu

Thn

Hnh 5.17: Khun dng ca th in t

C hai phn u c th hin di dng k t ASCII. Lc u, phn thn c quy

nh c khun dng vn bn n gin. Sau ny ngi ta ngh mt chun mi gi l
MIME, c th cho php phn thn ca th in t cha bt k loi d liu no.
Phn tiu bao gm nhiu dng thng tin, mi dng kt thc bng hai k t
<CRLF>. Phn tiu c chia khi phn thn bi mt hng rng. Mi mt hng
tiu cha mt cp tn v gi tr, cch nhau bi du hai chm (:). Ngi dng
c th rt quen vi nhiu hng tiu v h thng phi in thng tin vo y. V d
Tn Gi tr
From: a ch ngi gi
To: a ch ngi nhn
Subject: Ch th
Date: Ngy gi

IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214 137

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

RFC 822 c m rng nm 1993 (v c cp nht li nm 1996) cho php th

in t mang c nhiu loi d liu: m thanh, video, hnh nh, ti liu Word,
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) v c bn c ba phn. Phn u tin
l tp cc dng header dng b tc cho phn header c ca RFC 822. Theo nhiu
cch, nhng dng header ny m t d liu cha trong phn thn. C th nh sau:
Tn Gi tr
MIME Version: Phin bn MIME ang s dng.

Content Description: M t trong th ang c d liu g.

Content Type: M t kiu d liu ang nm trong th.

Content Transfer Encoding: M t cch thc m ha d liu trong th.

Phn th hai l cc nh ngha cho mt tp cc kiu ni dung (v kiu con nu c). V

d mt s kiu m MIME nh ngha:

Kiu ngha
Image/gif nh dng gif.

Image/jpeg nh dng jpeg.

Text/plain Vn bn n gin.

Text/richtext Vn bn m rng (c t font ch, c nh dng m, nghing hoc gch di ).

D liu trong th c xut ra t mt ng dng no . Chng hn:

Application Application/postscript: Ti liu Postscript (.ps).
Application/msword: Ti liu Microsoft Word (.doc).

MIME cng nh ngha kiu multipart ch ra cch m phn thn ca th mang

nhiu loi d liu khc nhau nh th no. Ch c mt kiu con ca multipart l hn
hp (mixed) vi ni rng trong phn thn ca th c nhiu mnh d liu khc nhau,
c lp vi nhau v c sp xp theo mt trnh t c th. Mi mnh d liu s c
phn tiu ring m t kiu d liu ca mnh .
Phn th ba m t cch thc m ha cc kiu d liu ni trn c th truyn chng
di dng ASCII. L do mi bc th phi cha cc k t ASCII l v i c
n ch, bc th c th phi trung chuyn qua nhiu gateway, m cc gateway ny
u coi mi bc th di dng ASCII. Nu trong th cha bt k k t no khc
ASCII th th s b t gy ni dung. MIME s dng phng php m ha trc tip
d liu nh phn thnh cc k t nh phn, gi l base64. tng ca base64 l nh x
3 bytes d liu nh phn nguyn thy thnh 4 k t ASCII. Gii thut n gin nh
sau: tp hp 3 bytes d liu nh phn li thnh 24 bits, sau chia 24 bits ny thnh 4
cm, mi cm 6 bits. Mt cm 6 bits c nh x vo mt trong 64 k t ASCII hp
l, v d 0 nh x thnh A, 1 nh x thnh B Nu nhn vo bc th c m ha
dng base64, ngi dng s thy ch c 52 ch ci c hoa ln thng, 10 ch s t 0
n 9 v cc k t c bit + v /.
i vi nhng ngi dng ch s dng trnh c th h tr duy nht kiu k t th
vic c nhng bc th c kiu base64 s rt l phc tp. V l do nhn o, MIME
cn h tr kiu m ha k t thng c gi l 7-bit. 7-bit s gi nguyn dng k t
m ngi ta nhp vo.

138 IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

5.3.2.3. Chuyn th
K n, chng ta s xem xt giao thc SMTP giao thc c dng chuyn th t
my ny n my kia. t SMTP vo ng ng cnh, chng ta nn nhc li cc
nhn vt then cht trong h thng th in t. u tin, ngi dng tng tc vi
trnh c th (hay cn gi l user agent) son, lu, tm kim v c th ca h.
Hin trn th trng c nhiu phn mm c th, cng ging nh hin cng ang c
nhiu loi trnh duyt Web vy. Th hai, c trnh x l th (hay cn gi l Mail
Server) chy trn mt my no trong mng ni b ca ngi dng. C th xem
Mail Server nh mt bu in: Ngi dng trao cho Mail Server cc bc th m h
mun gi cho ngi dng khc, Mail Server s dng giao thc SMTP trn TCP
chuyn bc cc th ny n Mail Server bn ch. Mail Server bn ch nhn cc th
n v t chng vo hp th ca ngi dng bn ch. Do SMTP l giao thc m rt
nhiu ngi c th t ci t, v th s c rt nhiu sn phm Mail Server hin c trn
th trng. Sn phm Mail Server thng c s dng nht l sendmail, ban u
c ci t trong h iu hnh Berkeley Unix.
Tt nhin Mail Server bn my gi c th kt ni SMTP/TCP trc tip ti Mail Server
bn my nhn, nhng trong thc t, mt bc th c th i ngang qua vi mail
gateways trc khi n ch. Cng ging nh my ch, mi mail gateway cng chy
mt Mail Server. Khng phi ngu nhin m cc nt chuyn th trung gian c gi
l mail gateway. Cng vic ca chng cng ging nh cc IP gateway l lu tm v
chuyn pht tip cc bc th ca ngi dng. im khc nhau duy nht gia chng l,
mail gateway tr tm cc bc th trong a, trong khi cc IP gateway tr tm cc gi
tin IP trong b nh.
Bn c th t cu hi: ti sao li cn n cc mail gateways? Ti sao khng dng
phng php ni kt SMTP/TCP trc tip t bn gi sang bn nhn? L do th nht,
ngi gi khng mun km trong th a ch ca my ch. V d, ring vic nhp
vo trong th a ch ch dhbk@mail.hut.edu.vn rt mt cng, khng ai thy thoi
mi khi phi nhp thm a ch my ch l machine-of-dhbk.hut.edu.vn. Th hai,
khng chc lc bn gi thit lp ni kt n bn nhn, ngi dng bn nhn bt sn
my! Thnh th ch cn a ch th bn nhn l . Khi bc th n c mail
gateway ca i hc Bch khoa H Ni, nu ngi dng dhbk ang m my, mail
gateway s chuyn th cho anh ta ngay, nu khng mail gateway s tr tm th trn
a ca n n khi dhbk bt my ln v kim tra th.
D c bao nhiu mail gateways trung gian trn ng n ch vn khng ng lo lng,
bi v mi mail gateway trung gian s n lc s dng mt kt ni SMTP c lp n
gateway k tip trn ng i nhm chuyn th cng ngy cng n gn ngi nhn.
SMTP l mt giao thc n gin dng cc k t ASCII. Sau khi thit lp ni kt TCP
n cng 25 ca my ch (c coi l my ch), my ngun (c coi l my trm)
ch nhn kt qu tr v t my ch. My ch khi u cuc i thoi bng cch gi
mt dng vn bn n my trm thng bo danh tnh ca n v kh nng tip nhn
th. Nu my ch khng c kh nng nhn th ti thi im hin ti, my trm s hy
b ni kt v th thit lp li ni kt sau.
Nu my ch sn sng nhn th, my trm s thng bo l th t u n v ai s
l ngi nhn. Nu ngi nhn tn ti, my ch s thng bo cho my trm tip tc

IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214 139

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

gi th. Sau my trm gi th v my ch bo nhn cho th . Sau khi c hai bn

hon tt phin truyn nhn, kt ni s c ng li.
LNH CA MY TRM
Lnh ngha
HELLO Cu cho v xng danh ca my trm.

MAIL FROM a ch th in t ca ngi gi.

RCPT TO a ch th in t ca ngi nhn.

DATA Bt u truyn ni dung ca th.

QUIT Hy ni kt.
TR LI CA MY CH
Lnh ngha
250 Yu cu hp l.

550 Yu cu khng hp l, khng tn ti hp th nh my trm ch ra.

354 Cho php bt u nhp th vo. Kt thc bng <CRLF>.<CRLF>.

221 My ch ang ng kt ni TCP.

Vn cn nhiu lnh v m tr li cha c trnh by, xin tham kho ti liu RFC 822
c c y thng tin.

5.3.2.4. Phn pht th

Nh trnh by, khi ng v gc ngi dng th, h s dng user agent gi v
nhn th cho h. User agent dng giao thc SMTP gi th i, dng giao thc
POP3 hoc IMAP nhn th v.
POP3
Mt phin lm vic theo giao thc POP3 bt u ti user agent. User agent khi ng
mt ni kt TCP n cng 110 ca Mail Server. Khi kt ni thc hin xong, phin lm
vic POP3 s tri qua theo th t ba k:
1. Chng thc.
2. Giao dch d liu.
3. Cp nht.
K chng thc buc ngi dng thc hin th tc ng nhp bng cch nhp vo hai
lnh sau:

Lnh ngha
USER <tn ngi dng> Khai bo ca ngi dng l ng.

PASS <mt khu> Khai bo ca ngi dng l sai v li gii thch.

Bo tr ca Mail Server s l mt trong hai cu sau:

Lnh ngha
+ OK <ch thch> Khai bo ca ngi dng l ng.

+ ERR <ch thch> Khai bo ca ngi dng l sai v li gii thch.

140 IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

Trong k giao dch, ngi dng c th xem danh sch th cha nhn v, nhn th v
v xa th trong hp th ca mnh khi cn thit. Cc lnh m ngi dng thng s
dng giao dch vi my ch l:
Lnh ngha
Nu dng LIST khng tham s, server s tr v ton b danh sch cc
LIST [<s th t th>] th cha nhn. Nu c tham s l s th t th c th, server s tr
v thng tin ca ch bc th thi.

RETR <s th t th> Ti l th c s th t <s th t th> v.

DELE <s th t th> Xa l th s <s th t nh> khi hp th.

QUIT Hon tt giai on giao dch v hy kt ni TCP.

Cc tr li ca my ch c th l cc s liu m my trm yu cu hoc cc thng bo

+OK, -ERR nh trong phn ng nhp.
IMAP
Vi nhng ngi dng c mt ti khon th in t trn mt ISP v ngi dng ny
thng truy cp th in t trn mt PC th giao thc POP3 hot ng tt. Tuy nhin,
mt s tht trong ngnh cng ngh my tnh, khi mt th g hot ng tt, ngi
ta lp tc i hi thm nhiu tnh nng mi (v t chuc ly nhiu phin nhiu). iu
cng xy ra i vi h thng th in t. V d, ngi ta ch c mt ti khon th
in t, nhng h li mun ngi u cng truy cp c n. POP3 cng lm c
chuyn ny bng cch n gin ti ht cc th in t xung my PC m ngi dng
ny ang ngi lm vic, v d nhin l th t ca ngi dng ny nm ri rc khp ni.
S bt tin ny khi mo cho s ra i ca giao thc phn phi th mi, IMAP
(Internet Message Access Protocol), c nh ngha trong RFC 2060. Khng ging
nh POP2, IMAP coi cc thng ip mc nhin nm trn my ch v hn v trn
nhiu hp th. IMAP cn a ra c ch cho php c cc thng ip hoc mt phn
ca thng ip, mt tnh nng hu ch khi ngi dng kt ni n my ch bng
ng truyn tc chm nh in thoi nhng li c cc th in t c m thanh,
hnh nh Vi quan nim cho rng ngi dng khng cn ti th v lu trn PC,
IMAP cung cp cc c ch cho php to, xa v sa i nhiu hp th trn my ch.
Cung cch lm vic ca IMAP cng ging nh POP3, ngoi tr trong IMAP c rt
nhiu lnh. IMAP my ch s lng nghe trn cng 143. Cng nn ch rng, khng
phi mi ISP u h tr c hai giao thc POP3 v IMAP.
Bng sau so snh cc tnh nng ca POP3 v IMAP

Tnh nng POP3 IMAP

Giao thc c nh ngha u? RFC 1939 RFC 2060

Cng TCP c dng 110 143

Th in t c lu u? PC ca ngi dng Server

Th in t c c u? Off line On line

Thi gian kt ni t Nhiu

S dng ti nguyn ca my ch Ti thiu Nhiu hn

Nhiu hp th Khng ng

IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214 141

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

Tnh nng POP3 IMAP

Ai lu phng h cc hp th Ngi dng ISP

Tt cho ngi dng di ng Khng C

Kim sot ca ngi dng i vi vic ti th v t Tt

Ti mt phn th Khng C

Quota a c l vn khng? Khng Thnh thong

D ci t C Khng

c h tr rng ri C ang pht trin

5.3.3. World Wide Web (HTTP)

ng dng Web rt thnh cng, gip cho nhiu ngi c th truy cp Internet n
ni Web c hiu ng ngha vi Internet! C th hiu Web nh l mt tp cc my
trm v my ch hp tc vi nhau v cng ni chung mt ngn ng: HTTP (Hyper
Text Transfer Protocol). a phn ngi dng tip xc vi Web thng qua chng
trnh my trm c giao din ha, hay cn gi l trnh duyt Web (Web Browser).
Cc trnh duyt Web thng c s dng nht l Netscape Navigator (ca Netscape)
v Internet Explorer (ca Microsoft).
Bt k trnh duyt Web no cng c chc nng cho php ngi dng m mt URL.
Cc URL (Uniform Resource Locators) cung cp thng tin v v tr ca cc i tng
trn Internet, chng thng trng ging nh sau: http://www.hut.edu.vn/index.html.
Nu ngi dng m URL trn, trnh duyt Web s thit lp mt kt ni TCP n Web
My ch ti a ch www.hut.edu.vn v ti tp tin index.html v v th hin n. Hu
ht cc tp tin trn Web cha vn bn v hnh nh, mt s cn cha m thanh v
video. Chng cn c th cha cc lin kt n cc tp tin khc c gi l cc lin
kt siu vn bn (Hypertext Links). Khi ngi dng yu cu trnh duyt Web m ra
mt lin kt siu vn bn (bng cch tr chut v nhy chut ln lin kt ), trnh
duyt s m mt ni kt mi, ti v v hin th mt tp tin mi. V th, rt d duyt
t my ch ny n my ch khc trn khp th gii c c ht nhng thng tin
m ngi dng cn.
Khi ngi dng chn xem mt trang Web, trnh duyt Web s np trang Web t
Web my ch v s dng giao thc HTTP chy trn TCP. Ging nh SMTP, HTTP l
giao thc hng k t. V ct li, mt thng ip HTTP c khun dng tng qut sau:
START_LINE <CRLF>
MESSAGE_HEADER <CRLF>
<CRLF>
MESSAGE_BODY <CRLF>
Hng u tin ch ra y l thng ip yu cu hay tr li. N s ch ra th tc cn
c thc hin t xa (trong tnh hung l thng ip yu cu) hoc l trng thi tr
v (trong tnh hung l thng ip tr li). Tp hp cc hng k tip ch ra cc ty
chn hoc tham s nhm xc nh c th tnh cht ca yu cu hoc tr li. Phn
MESSAGE_HEADER c th khng c hoc c mt vi hng tham s v c kt
thc bng hng trng.

142 IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

HTTP nh ngha nhiu kiu header, mt s lin quan n cc thng ip yu cu, mt

s lin quan n cc thng ip tr li v mt s li lin quan n phn d liu trong
thng ip. y ch gii thiu mt s kiu thng dng. Cui cng, sau hng trng
l phn ni dung ca thng ip tr li (MESSAGE_BODY), phn ny thng l rng
trong thng ip yu cu.

5.3.3.1. Cc thng ip yu cu
Hng u tin ca mt thng ip yu cu HTTP s ch ra ba th: thao tc cn c
thc thi, trang Web m thao tc s p ln v phin bn HTTP c s dng. Bng
sau s gii thiu mt s thao tc ph bin.

Hnh ng M t

OPTIONS Yu cu thng tin v cc ty chn hin c.

GET Ly v ti liu c xc nh trong ng dn.

HEAD Ly v thng tin th v ti liu c xc nh trong ng dn.

POST Cung cp thng tin cho my ch.

PUT Ti ti liu ln server v t v tr c xc nh trong ng dn.

DELETE Xa ti liu nm v tr ng dn trn my ch.

TRACE Phn hi li thng ip yu cu.

CONNECT c s dng bi cc proxy.

Hai thao tc thng c s dng nhiu nht l GET (ly mt trang Web v) v
HEAD (ly v thng tin ca mt trang Web). GET thng c s dng khi trnh
duyt mun ti mt trang Web v v hin th n cho ngi dng. HEAD thng c
s dng kim tra tnh hp l ca mt lin kt siu vn bn hoc xem mt trang
no c b thay i g khng k t ln ti v trc .
V d: dng START_LINE
GET http:// www.hut.edu.vn /index.html HTTP/1.1
ni rng ngi dng mun ti v trn my ch www.hut.edu.vn trang Web c tn
index.html v hin th n. V d trn dng ng dn tuyt i. Ta cng c th s
dng tng i nh sau:
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.hut.edu.vn /index.html
y, Host l mt trong cc trng trong MESSAGE_HEADER

5.3.3.2. Cc thng ip tr li
Ging nh cc thng ip yu cu, cc thng ip tr li bt u bng mt hng
START_LINE. Trong trng hp ny, dng START_LINE s ch ra phin bn HTTP
ang c s dng, mt m ba k s xc nh yu cu l thnh cng hay tht bi v
mt chui k t ch ra l do ca cu tr li ny.
V d: dng START_LINE

IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214 143

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted ch ra my ch c th tha mn yu cu ca ngi dng.

Cn dng HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found ch ra rng my ch khng th tm thy ti liu
nh c yu cu.
C nm loi m tr li tng qut vi k s u tin xc nh loi m.
Cng ging nh cc thng ip yu cu, cc thng ip tr li c th cha mt hoc nhiu
dng trong phn MESSAGE_HEADER. Nhng dng ny cung cp thm thng tin cho
my trm. V d, dng header Location ch ra rng ng dn c yu cu ang c v
tr khc. V th, nu trang Web ca i hc Bch Khoa H Ni c di chuyn t a ch
http://www.hut.edu.vn/index.html sang a ch http:// www.hut.edu.vn/index.html /FAMI
/index.html m ngi dng li truy cp vo ng dn c, th Web my ch s tr li nh
sau: HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Location:
http://www.hut.edu.vn/index.html /FAMI/index.html
Trong tnh hung chung nht, thng ip tr li cng s mang theo ni dung trang
Web c yu cu. Trang ny l mt ti liu HTML, nhng v n c th cha d liu
khng phi dng vn bn (v d nh nh GIF), d liu ny c th c m ha theo
dng MIME. Mt s hng trong phn MESSAGE_HEADER cung cp thm thng tin
v ni dung ca trang Web, bao gm Content-Length (s bytes trong phn ni dung),
Expires (thi im m ni dung trang Web c xem nh li thi) v Last-Modified
(thi im c sa i ln cui cng).

5.3.3.3. Cc kt ni TCP
Nguyn tc chung ca giao thc HTTP l my trm ni kt n cng TCP s 80 ti
my ch, my ch lun lng nghe trn cng ny sn sng phc v my trm. Phin
bn u tin (HTTP/1.0) s thit lp mt ni kt ring cho mi hng mc d liu cn
ti v t my ch. Khng kh thy rng y l c ch khng my hiu qu: Cc
thng ip dng thit lp v gii phng ni kt s phi c trao i qua li gia
my trm v my ch v khi m tt c my trm mun ly thng tin mi nht ca mt
trang Web, my ch s b qu ti.
Ci tin quan trng nht trong phin bn HTTP/1.1 l n cho php cc kt ni lu di
my trm v my ch s trao i nhiu thng ip yu cu/tr li trn cng mt kt ni
TCP. Kt ni lu di c hai ci li: th nht, n lm gim thiu chi ph cho vic thit
lp/gii phng ni kt. Th hai, do my trm gi nhiu thng ip yu cu qua mt kt
ni TCP, c ch iu khin tc nghn ca TCP s hot ng hiu qu hn.
Tuy nhin, kt ni lu di cng c ci gi phi tr. Vn pht sinh ch: khng ai
trong my trm v my ch bit c kt ni s ko di bao lu. iu ny thc s
gy kh khn cho pha my ch bi v ti mi thi im, n phi m bo duy tr kt
ni n c ngn my trm. Gii php cho vn ny l: my ch s mn k v ct ni
kt nu n khng nhn c mt yu cu c th no t pha my trm trong mt khong
thi gian nh trc. Ngoi ra, c my trm v my ch phi theo di xem pha bn kia
c ch ng ct ni kt hay khng v ly lm c s t ct ni kt ca mnh (nhc
li rng, c hai bn phi ct ni kt th ni kt TCP mi thc s kt thc).

144 IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

5.3.3.4. Tr m
Mt trong nhng lnh vc nghin cu tch cc nht hin nay v Internet l lm sao tr
tm cc trang Web mt cch hiu qu. Vic tr tm mang li nhiu li ch. T pha my
trm, vic np v hin th mt trang Web t b m gn y l nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi
t mt my ch no na vng tri t. i vi my ch, c thm mt b m can
thip vo v phc v gip yu cu ca ngi dng s gim bt ti trn my ch.
Vic tr m c th c ci t ti nhiu ni khc khau. V d, trnh duyt Web c
th tr tm nhng trang Web mi c np v gn y, khi ngi dng duyt li
nhng trang Web , trnh duyt s khng phi ni kt ra Internet ly chng v m
dng bn tr sn. V d khc, mt khu vc lm vic (khu vc lm vic) c th c
mt my lm nhim v tr tm cc trang Web, nhng ngi dng sau c th s
dng cc bn tr sn ca nhng ngi dng trc. Yu cu ca h thng ny l mi
ngi dng trong khu vc lm vic phi bit a ch ca my tnh lm nhim v b tr
tm, v h ch n gin l lin h vi my tnh ny ti cc trang Web v theo yu
cu. Ngi ta thng gi my tnh lm nhim v tr tm cc trang Web cho mt khu
vc lm vic l proxy. V tr tr m c th di chuyn gn hn n phn li ca
Internet l cc ISP. Trong tnh hung ny, cc khu vc lm vic ni kt ti ISP thng
khng hay bit g v vic tr tm y. Khi cc yu cu HTTP t cc khu vc lm
vic c chuyn pht n router ca ISP, router lin kim tra xem ng dn c
yu cu c ging vi cc ng dn c tr sn hay khng. Nu c, router s tr li
ngay. Nu khng, router s chuyn yu cu n my ch tht s v cng khng qun
lu vo b m ca mnh thng ip tr li t pha my ch . Vic tr tm l n
gin. Tuy nhin b m phi m bo nhng thng tin tr m trong khng qu c.
lm c vic ny, cc Web my ch phi gn ngy ht hn (tc l trng
Expires trong header) cho mi trang Web m n phc v cho my trm. Nhn , cc
b m cng lu li thng tin ny. V t , cc b m s khng cn phi kim tra
tnh cp nht ca trang Web cho n khi ngy ht hn n. Ti thi im mt trang
Web ht hn, b m s dng lnh HEAD hoc lnh GET c iu kin (GET vi
trng If-Modified-Since trong phn header c t) kim tra rng n c mt
phin bn mi nht ca trang Web kia. Tng qut hn, cn phi c cc ch th hng
dn cho vic tr m v cc ch th ny phi c tun th ti mi b m. Cc ch
th s ch ra c nn tr m mt ti liu hay khng, tr n bao lu, mt ti liu phi
ti nh th no

5.3.4. Truyn tp tin (FTP)

Thng qua dch v FTP, ngi dng ti mt my tnh c th ng nhp v thao tc ln
h thng tp tin c chia s ca mt my tnh t xa.
Mc tiu ca dch v FTP l:
1) m bo vic chia s tp tin (chng trnh my tnh hoc d liu) trn mng.
2) Khuyn khch vic s dng khng trc tip (thng qua chng trnh) ti nguyn
trn cc my tnh khc.
3) Ngi dng khng cn phi quan tm n s khc nhau ca cc h thng tp tin
trn mng.
4) Truyn d liu mt cch tin cy v hiu qu.

IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214 145

 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

5.3.4.1. M hnh dch v FTP

Hnh sau m t m hnh ca dch v FTP.

Hnh 5.18: M hnh dch v FTP

Trong h thng ny, ngi dng s ra lnh cho FTP user agent. User agent s ni kt
ti FTP my ch dn xp th tc lm vic, thc thi cc tc v theo yu cu v tr
kt qu v cho ngi dng.

5.3.4.2. Giao thc FTP

u tin, user agent thit lp mt kt ni iu khin trn cng 21 ti FTP my ch.
Sau khi tha thun cc tham s truyn nhn, hai bn s thit lp mt knh d liu
chy trn cng 20. D liu ca cc tp tin c trao i qua li gia user agent v my
ch s chy trn knh d liu ny. Knh d liu l knh hot ng theo phng thc
hai chiu v khng nht thit phi lun tn ti.

Hnh 5.19: Giao tip gia my trm v my ch trong giao thc FTP

5.3.4.3. Cc lnh c bn
Sau y l cc lnh c bn m ngi dng c th s dng thao tc ln h thng FTP.

Lnh Tham s ngha

FPT Host name Ni kt n FTP server c a ch Host name.

User name Cung cp tn ngi dng cho FTP server thc hin qu trnh
USER
chng thc.
ASCII Ch nh kiu d liu truyn nhn l k t.
BINARY Ch nh kiu d liu truyn nhn l nh phn.
LS Xem ni dung th mc t xa.
CD Rmote dir Chuyn n th mc khc trong h thng tp tin t xa.
Remote file, Local file Ti tp tin Remote file trn FTP server v h thng tp tin cc b
GET
v t tn l Local file.
PUT Local file, Remote file Np tp tin cc b Local File ln server v t tn l Remote file.
MKDIR Dir name To mt th mc c tn Dir name trn h thng tp tin t xa.
RMDIR Dir name Xa th mc c tn Dir name trn h thng tp tin t xa.
QUIT ng ni kt FTP v thot khi chng trnh FTP

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5.4. Ti nguyn trn Internet

Ni n Internet l ni n mt kho ti nguyn v cng rng ln. Tuy nhin trong
khun kh gio trnh ny chng ta ch lit k nhng ti nguyn c bn:
Dch v Finger (Finger Service)
Hu ht cc my tnh trn Internet u cung cp cc cng c cho php bn hi
thng tin v c nhn mt ngi dng no . Dch v ny c bit ti vi tn m
t l Finger. Nh bn s thy, mi ngi trn Internet thng c bit ti bng
userid ca h. V d, bn c th tm ra rng userid hardley c ng k cho
Hardley Hahn.
Chng ti dng t "Finger" khng ch nh mt danh t, m cn nh mt ng t.
V d, bn c th nghe ai hi: "Ai l userid TLN ?", mt ngi th hai tr li :
"Ti khng bit. Sao chng ta khng finger anh ta v tm ra?".
Ph thuc vo dch v finger c ci t nh th no trn my tnh bn lin h,
bn c th tm ra nhng thng tin khc v mt c nhn : s in thoi, a ch vn
phng...Thm vo , mt vi h thng finger cho bn bit mt ngi vo mng
ln cui khi no, v anh ta c th cha c khng. iu ny tht thun tin, nu
bn cn kim tra xem ai nhn mt thng ip quan trng hay cha.
Cng c mt cch bn quy nh theo mnh mt phn nhng g ngi ta s
nhn thy khi h finger ti userid ca bn. Bn c th ch ra nhng thng tin nht
nh no bn mun hin ln. V d, mt ng gio s c th ch ra nhng gi lm
vic ca ng ta. Mt ai t chc mt bui d hi c th a ra cc hng ti nh
c ta. Bn c th lm hin ra cc thng tin ny bt c lc no bn mun bng cch
finger vo userid ca ngi .
Bn cng c th finger mt my tnh, thay v mt userid. Trong trng hp ny,
my tnh s p li bng cch cho bn thy tm tt ca tt c cc userid hin thi
ang thm nhp vo (login).
Cui cng, mt vi h thng finger phc v cho nhng cu hi chung v nhng thng
tin nht nh. V d, c mt userid ring v mt my tnh ti i hc Washington
Seatle m bn c th finger hin ra thng tin v nhng v ng t gn y.
Usenet
Usenet - Tn ny vit tt ca "User's Network" (Mng ca ngi s dng) - l mt
trong nhng l do chnh ngi ta s dng Internet. Usenet bn thn n khng phi
l mt mng thc s. N l mt h thng ca nhng nhm tho lun trong
nhng bi ring c phn phi trn ton th gii.
Usenet c hng ngn nhm tho lun theo ngha en.
Ti mi v tr trn Internet (Internet site), ngi qun tr h thng quyt nh cho
truyn ti hoc khng truyn ti cc nhm tho lun Usenet. V vy, Usenet khng
phi l dng c khp mi ni. Hn na, thm ch nhng v tr cung cp
phng php ny s khng truyn ti mi nhm tho lun c th thy c.
Anonymous FTP
Nh chng ti cp trong phn trc, dch v FTP cho php bn sao chp file
t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc. Anonymous FTP l mt h thng, trong

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

mt t chc lm cho nhng tp no tr thnh s dng cng cng c. Bn c

th truy cp mt my tnh nh vy bng cch s dng userid l anonymous. Khng
mt m c bit no c.
Anonymous FTP l mt trong nhng dch v Internet quan trng nht. Thc s,
mi kiu d liu c th c lu tr mt vi ni trn mt vi my tnh, bn u
c th s dng min ph c. V d, rt nhiu chng trnh c s dng trn
Internet c to ra v bo tr do nhng ngi khc nhau, phn phi nhng
chng trnh trn khp th gii thng qua Anonymous FTP. Bn cng c th tm
thy tp ch in t, vn bn ca cc nhm tho lun Usenet, ti liu k thut v
nhiu hn na. Nh mt ngi s dng Internet cn non nt, bn s ph thuc rt
nhiu vo Anonymous FTP.
Cc Archie My ch (Archie My ch)
C hng ngn cc Anonymous FTP my ch trn ton th gii, cung cp mt s
lng khng l cc tp. Vai tr ca cc Archie my ch l lm cho ton b h
thng tr nn qun l c, bng cch gip bn tm kim nhng g bn mun.
Gi s rng bn mun mt tp xc nh no , chng hn nh mt chng trnh
m bn nghe ni ti. Bn c th dng mt Archie my ch ni cho bn bit
v tr Anonymous FTP no lu tr tp . Khi bn bit tn ca v tr ny, tht l
n gin s dng FTP v np tp xung (download).
Nu bn coi th gii ca Anonymous FTP nh mt th vin ton cu khng l,
c thay i lin tc, th bn c th ngh v cc Archie my ch nh l mt danh
mc. Thc t, khng c cc Archie my ch, a s cc ti nguyn Anonymous
FTP l khng th vi ti.
Ci tn "Archie" c t ra t tng v mt "archie my ch". Trong s knh
trng vi mt khuynh hng ni ting ca my tnh, ngi ta vng bn trong
nhng du hiu c nhn k quc, chng ti thng cp ti "Archie" nh l mt
ngi. V d, bn c th hi ai : "Bn c bit v tr Anonymous FTP no truyn
ti tp ch in t Unplastic News khng ?". "Khng, ti khng bit", bn ca bn
p, "Sao anh khng hi Archie"?"
Cng c Talk (Talk Facility)
Cng c Talk thit lp mt kt ni gia my tnh ca bn vi mt my khc. Bn
c th dng mi kt ni ny g thng ip n v i (ti khi bn chn th thi).
iu v i ca Internet Talk l n gi cuc i thoi vi nhng ngi no , bt
k h xa ti u. Ngi khc thy nhng g bn g khi bn g n v cc bn c
th cng g ng thi, m khng trn ln cc thng ip ca cc bn vi nhau.
Internet Relay Chat (Cuc tr chuyn tip sc Internet).
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) ging nh mt cng c Talk dnh cho nhiu ngi ng
thi. Nh bn c th hnh dung, IRC c s dng thng xuyn v cung cp
nhiu th hn l mt cuc m thoi n thun.
Bn c th chim mt phn trong nhng cuc m thoi cng cng vi mt s ln
ngi. Nhng cuc m thoi ny c t chc ri rc vi rt nhiu ch hay
tng. Mt cch lun phin, bn c th s dng IRC sp xp cc cuc m
thoi ring vi nhng ngi bn chn, ging nh mt hi ngh qua in thoi.

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Gopher
Gopher cung cp mt lot nhng bng chn, t bn c th truy cp thc s vo
mi loi thng tin vn bn, k c n c cung cp bi ti nguyn Internet khc.
C rt nhiu h thng Gopher trn Internet, mi ci c qun tr mt cch cc b.
Mi Gopher cha bt k thng tin no m nhng ngi dng Gopher cc b quyt
nh chia s.
Ch c mt vi Gopher l nhng h thng n c, a s Gopher c ci t
kt ni ti nhng Gopher khc. V d, bn ang s dng mt Gopher California.
Vi mt s chn la n gin trn bng chn, bn c th kt ni vi mt Gopher
khc Chu Phi hay Nam M. iu lm cho nhng Gopher mnh m nh vy l
bt k bn ang s dng Gopher no v loi thng tin g, giao din lun l mt
bng chn n gin ging nhau.
Veronica v Jughead
Khng ai thc s bit c bao nhiu Gopher trn th gii. Ni y l c rt
nhiu, tt c u c mt lot mc bng chn cung cp thng tin v dch v.
Veronica l mt cng c theo di rt nhiu bng chn Gopher trn khp th gii.
Bn c th s dng Veronica thc hin vic tm kim v quan st tt c cc mc
bng chn c cha nhng t kha nht nh (nhng g bn ch ra). Jughead lm
cng mt vic vi mt nhm c bit ca bng chn Gopher.
Kt qu tm kim ca Veronica hay Gopher l mt bng chn custom, cha nhng
mc c tm thy. Vic la chn bt k mc no t bng chn ny s t
ng kt ni bn vi Gopher thch hp, ni m c th n . Thc ra tr khi bn
hi mt cch c bit, bn thm ch khng bit bn ang s dng my tnh no v
n nc no. Tht l ngc nhin.
Cc Wais Servers (Wais Servers)
Nhng Wais server cung cp mt phng php khc tm kim thng tin c
tri ra trn khp Internet. Wais c kh nng truy cp mt s ln cc c s d liu
(data base). khi u, bn ni cho Wais bit bn mun tm c s d liu no.
Tip theo, bn ch ra mt hay nhiu t kha tm. Wais s tm tt c cc t trong
mi mc trong tt c cc c s d liu m bn ch ra.
Kt qu tm kim ca Wais l mt danh sch cc mc, c la chn t nhiu c
s d liu, c v ging ci m bn thch. Wais trnh by chng nh mt bng chn,
vi nhng mc thch hp trc. T danh sch ny, bn c th yu cu Wais
hin th bt k mc no hp dn bn.
Tn "Wais" l do "Wide Area Information Service" (Dch v thng tin din rng),
v c pht m l "Wayz".
World Wide Web
Ngun gc ca World Wide Web:
World Wide Web ra i t mt d n nghin cu pht trin ti Trung tm nghin
cu ht nhn chu u vo nm 1989. Nhm nghin cu nghin cu v pht
trin mt giao thc truyn v nhn cc tp tin siu vn bn theo m hnh khch ch
c gi tt l HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). Sau nhm pht trin
cng b rng ri th vin chng trnh ngun ca giao thc ny cho cc nh pht

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trin v cc t chc pht trin trn Internet h pht trin cc trnh duyt Web
(Web Browser). Cc t chc v tp on thnh lp W3 Consortium tip tc
chun ho v pht trin b giao thc. W3 Consortium pht trin thm cc tnh
nng mi ca HTML v cc mc cng nh cc chun thc hin cc phn mm
i km. T thut ng World Wide Web ra i.
C ch hot ng
o World Wide Web v c bn rt ging vi nhng h thng vn bn tr gip cho
nhng chng trnh ng dng nh cc help online trong h iu hnh
Windows. tng c bn ca h thng ny l thay th vic t chc vn bn
theo kiu cu trc cng nhc, ln lt vn bn s c t chc theo kiu lin
kt phc tp cho php nhy t mc ny sang mc khc bng cch thao
tc trn vn bn v tu theo s la chn ca ngi c.
o Cc lin kt cho php ngi c iu khin vic chuyn i t vn bn ny
sang vn bn khc trong siu vn bn. Nh vy mi mt lin kt chnh l mt
mc xch cho php lin kt hai vn bn li vi nhau v cc lin kt ny rt phc
tp v trong mi mt vn bn c rt nhiu cc im lin kt.
o Cng ging nh cc dch v khc trn Internet, World Wide Web c th hot
ng trn mi h iu hnh v gia cc h iu hnh khc nhau. S d nh vy
l do World Wide Web s dng mt ngn ng giao tip chung HTTP.
Ngoi ra World Wide Web cng c th hiu c mt s giao thc khc ca
Internet nh FTP, TELNET...
o WWW hot ng theo m hnh khch ch. D liu Web c lu tr trn cc
Web My ch. Web Browser (trnh duyt Web) l chng trnh xem cc ti
liu Web, c t trn my trm.
o C hai chng trnh Web Browser hay c s dng nht l Internet Explorer
ca Microsoft v Nescape Navigator ca Nescape. Ngi dng s dng cc
cng c ny yu cu hin th cc trang Web. Nhng nh cung cp dch v
Web c mt Web My ch (chng trnh qun l h thng d liu Web), nhn
cc yu cu t khch hng (Web Browser) thng qua h thng mng, sau
gi cc vn bn tng ng n ng ni yu cu. Khi giao tip vi Web My
ch, Web Browser s dng giao thc HTTP. Ngoi ra Web cng s dng mt
s giao thc khc ca Internet nh: FTP, TELNET, GOPHER.
a ch ca mt vn bn c gi l ng dn (Universal Resource Locator), c
c php nh sau: Protocol://Internet Address/path
Trong :
o Protocol: giao thc truy nhp v ly thng tin, c th l http, ftp, gopher.
o Internet Address: a ch Internet ca trm (site) cha vn bn.
o Path: ng dn ti ni cha thng tin.
o V d: http://www.microsoft.com/sitebuilder/intro.htm

Mi trang Web c mt ng dn duy nht. Hyperlink l cc siu lin kt gip di

chuyn gia cc trang Web, mi hyperlink tr ti ng dn ca mt trang Web.
Trang Web c lu tr di dng tp c phn m rng l .htm, .html... HTML
(HyperText Markup Language) l ngn ng to nn cc trang Web.

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Cc khi nim c bn v trang Web

C nhiu phn mm h tr thit k trang Web theo mt mu c sn nh FontPage
Express , PageMill, Web Hotdog, Netscape Composer, ...Bn c th s dng cc phn
mm ny to ra trang Web ca bn mt cch nhanh chng. Bn ch cn la chn ci
bn mun a vo trang Web ca bn m khng cn bit ng trnh l g . Nh cc
phn mm ny m trang Web ca bn c th rt p, rt sinh ng ...Nhng trang Web
vn cha phi thc s l tc phm ca bn v nh vic bn xp hnh ny hnh
kia a vo b su tp sao cho p mt ch u phi bn l ngi to ra cc
hnh y. Bn s c cm gic t nht khi lm ra mt trang Web m khng cn n mt tr
lc g ng k. Nu nh bn cha tng t nu ly mn n cho mnh th mi bn hy tip
tc s dng n sn. Cn nu nh bn mun t mnh lm nn tt c th xin mi bn
hy tm hiu HTML. Khi bn c HTML bn c th t thit k trang Web m khng
cn mt h tr no ht, min sao bn phi c cng c son tho trang Web v th
nghim trang Web, l mt h son tho vn bn dng vn bn bt k (NotePad chng
hn) v trnh duyt Web (Web Browser) cha cn ni mng (Internet Explore).
Vy HTML l g?
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) khng phi l ngn ng lp trnh nh Pascal,
C, Java... N khng th to ra cc chng trnh ng dng dng trc tip ngn ng
my. HTML l ngn ng nh du siu vn bn to ra cc lin kt gia cc trang
vn bn a dng vi nhau v lin kt vi cc Multimedia nh phim, nh s, m
thanh... Thuc tnh ngn ng ca HTML l ch nh c cc k hiu quy c nh
du trn vn bn m trnh duyt Web bit phi lm g vi cc k hiu .
Giao thc (Protocol): Giao thc l mt phng thc truy cp cc trang Web ca
trnh duyt. Mi giao thc c mt tn gi xc nh v tn c dng
TnGiaoThc://
http:// l mt giao thc hay dng nht m cc ti liu HTML trong trnh duyt.
l t vit tt ca HyperLink Text Transfer Protocol ngha l giao thc truyn
cc vn bn siu lin kt trn mng.
Web Site: Trang WEB l mt ti liu HTML dng vn bn trong cha cc lnh
ca ngn ng HTML. Web Site l mt s trang Web lin kt vi nhau. Mi trang
Web c lu ct thnh mt tp tin trn a vi tn ui phi l .HTM.
Th (Tag) nh dng: Cc lnh ca HTML n gin ch l cc m nh du nh
dng. Mi m nh du nh dng gi l mt Tag nm gia hai du ngoc nhn
trong c tn tag v cc thuc tnh km theo ca tag nu c. Mi Tag ch dn
cho trnh duyt bit nh dng ca cc i tng nm sau m theo mt quy cch
nh. Tag khng c du gch cho gi l tag m, Tag c du gch cho gi l tag
ng. Tag bng ch in v ch thng c tc dng nh nhau. Cc tag nhp sai th
trnh duyt b qua m khng bo li v trnh duyt s coi l mt phn ca vn
bn m khng coi l m nh dng. Cc tag c th nhp lin nhau, cch nhau
hoc xung dng.
V d 1: <BODY background="Hoa.GIF">
trong v d ny BODY l tn ca Tag, thuc tnh tag ny l Background="Hoa.GIF".

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V d 2:
<b>on vn bn ny c nh dng ch bo </b>
<u>on vn bn ny c nh dng gch chn </u>
<i>on vn bn ny c nh dng ch nghing</i>
Trong v d ny th tag <b> m u nh dng ch bo, tag </b> kt thc nh
dng ch bo. Tag <u> m u nh dng gch chn, tag </u> kt thc gch
chn. Tag <i> m u nh dng in nghing, tag </i> kt thc nh dng in nghing.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): URL l a ch ca ngun ti nguyn thng
nht ca WEB. Bn c th to trang Web v khai thc ti nguyn ngay trn my
ca bn. Khi URL n gin ch l tn a v ng dn ti th mc m bn
cn khai thc. Chng hn URL ca tp index.htm trong th mc HTML ca a
C s l "C:\HTML\INDEX.HTM"
T chc ca mt trang Web HTML
Mt trang Web HTML gm 2 phn nm gia Tag <HTML> v </HTML>:
Phn m u nm gia tag m <head> v tag ng </head>, l phn khai bo cc
nh dng chung cho ton b trang Web nh khai bo dng tiu ca thanh tiu
ca s trnh duyt, nh dng phng ch, nhc nn...Phn ny c th khng c.
Phn sau l phn thn ca trang nm gia tag m <BODY> v tag ng
</BODY>. Phn ny cha cc tag nh dng v cc vn bn km theo ca trang.
y l phn cha cc ni dung m trnh duyt cn a ln mn hnh.
Son tho trang Web
Bn c th dng mt trnh son tho NotePad (hoc WordPad) nhp ti liu
HTML theo cu trc trn sau bn lu vo tp vi tn ui l .HTM vi kiu tp
l Text document. Cn nh rng ti liu HTML ch c php nh dng Text
Document m thi, do nu bn son tho trn cc h son tho khc (nh
MicroSoft Word chng hn) th bn phi chn kiu nh dng Text Document
ct vo tp. Trang ch ca bn nn ct vo tp c tn l INDEX.HTM v l tn
mc nh ca trang c trnh duyt np vo u tin khi kho ti nguyn ca bn
c ng ti.
Khi nhp vn bn html bn khng nn dng bt k mt nh dng no cho vn bn
ny m hy son tho bnh thng nh son tho trong DOS. Trnh duyt s b
qua mi khong trng v mi kiu trnh by ngay trong ti liu html.
Th nghim trang Web
m bo chc chn l trang Web ca bn c lu (save) vo th mc ca bn
trn a ca my c nhn vi tp kiu .HTM. th nghim, bn hy m Windows
explore ri vo th mc cha trang Web ca bn , nhy chut vo tn tp chy
th. Bn cng c th li tp HTM ca bn ra Desktop thnh mt biu tng ri kch
hot biu tng th nghim trang Web ca bn. Nu bn thy trang Web ca
bn cha tht n th hy tr v h son tho m tp v sa i.
Bn hy nhp ti liu HTML sau v chy th xem iu g s xy ra:

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<HTML>
<head>
<title> Trang Web ca ti </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1><marquee>Hello! Ti ang lm trang Web</marquee><h1>
</body>
</HTML>

a trang Web ln mng

Nu bn mun tung trang Web ca bn ln mng ton cu giao lu vi thin h th
bn phi mt tin cho nh cung cp dch v internet (ISP=Internet My ch Provider)
mua quyn truy cp v mua khng gian a trn my ch t ti nguyn ca bn
vo . Khi lm vic vi ISP th bn s c cp mt khng gian a v mt a
ch URL truy cp n. a ch ny thng bt u bng tn mt giao thc v tn
my ch ca ISP tip theo l ng dn n trang HTML ca bn trn my ch. My
ch ca ISP (cn c gi l Web My ch) s cung cp cho bn dch v quay s v
cc dch v khc. Bn cng s c cung cp mt ti khon ring v mt khu, cch
thc truy cp v cch thc np b sung cc trang Web vo kho ti nguyn ca mnh
trn Web My ch bng chng trnh FTP hoc Shell.
Cc th mc White Pages
Trong phm vi trn ngp khp th gii ca Internet, khng c g quan trng hn
cc a ch in t c nhn. Ch khi bn bit a ch ca ai , bn mi c th gi
th, m thoi bng Talk, hoc thm ch tm hiu thm v ngi bng cch
dng Finger.
Bn s lm g, khi m bn mun lin h vi mt ngi, m bn khng bit a ch
ca h? Bn s dng mt trong s cc th mc White Pages. D nhin tn ny
nhc chng ta nh v danh b in thoi.
Tuy nhin, bn sao in t ny li khc xa, ch yu v khng c mt th mc
Internet n l.. Khng c mt t chc hay c nhn no chu trch nhim, nn
cng khng ngc nhin khi khng c mt ngun trung tm cc tn v a ch.
Thay vo , c mt s th mc White Pages khc nhau - nhng my ch c mc
ch c bit - m bn c th tm mt tn. Khi bn nh mt t ghi a ch ca ai
trong k ngh mi y ca bn. C c hi l White Pages c th gip bn theo
di a ch in t ca nhng ngi quen ca bn, trong khi anh ta hay c ta l mt
ngi s dng Internet (ti sao bn li s giao thip vi mt ngi khng phi l
ngi dng Internet?).
Cc tp ch in t (Electronic Magazines)
Internet c lm ch bi rt nhiu tp ch xut bn in t. l nhng bi c
lu tr nh cc tp vn bn, c th truy cp t mt bi n tt c. Mt vi tp ch
in t l nhng t bo uyn bc, ch yu hp dn nhng nh chuyn mn. Nhng
tp ch khc lm tt c mi ngi thch th.
C hai cch phn phi cc tp ch in t. Mt vi tp ch cha mt danh sch a
ch th in t (Mailing List - danh sch a ch th in t ca ngi dng mng).
Khi mt s pht sinh mi ti, n c gi ti bn nh mt thng ip mail. Cc
tp ch khc c lu tr ti cc v tr anonymous FTP ni ting. Bn c th chp
xung, k c nhng g pht sinh trc , bt k lc no bn mun.

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Cc danh sch a ch th in t (Mailing lists)

Mt Mailing list l mt h thng c t chc, trong mt nhm nhng ngi c
gi cc thng ip thuc v nhng ch ring bit. Nhng thng ip ny c th
l cc bi bo, li gii thch, hoc bt k ci g thch hp vi ch ny.
Tt c cc Mailing list - c hng ngn ci nh vy - c mt ngi no chu
trch nhim. Bn c th t trc hoc thi t trong danh sch ny bng cch gi
mt thng ip ti a ch thch hp. Rt nhiu mailing list c "iu tit", ngha
l c ai quyt nh nhng ti liu no c nhn. Nhng danh sch khc s
chp nhn v gi i nhng thng ip t bt k ai.
Nu bn cm thy c n v b b ri, vic t mua mt nm cc mailing list s
bo m gi cho hp th in t ca bn lun lun y ti mc gii hn.
Cc BBSs ca Internet
Mt BBS, hay Bulletin Board System, l mt kho cha cc thng ip v cc tp,
thng cng hin cho cc ch ring bit. s dng BBS, bn kt ni ti n,
v la chn nhng mc t mt lot cc bng chn.
Mt cch tiu biu, mt BBS s c bo tr bi mt c nhn hoc mt t chc.
C v s cc h thng BBS trn th gii, a s chng c kt ni bng dy in
thoi. Internet c nhiu BBS bn c th kt ni bng cch dng Telnet.
Cc tr chi
Ni no c my tnh m li khng c tr chi? Tt nhin, c rt nhiu tr chi trn
my tnh bn c th chp xung thng qua Anonymous FTP v chy n trn my
tnh ca bn. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu tr chi c bit trn mng, s dng nhng
li im ca cc cng c Internet.
V d bn c th chi cc tr Chess (C Vua) v Go (i) vi nhng ngi khc
trn Internet. Hoc bn c th chi tr Thut ngoi giao (Diplomacy) bng th
in t. C th bn s thch mt cuc khng chin gi lp gia cc tu v tr, da
trn cuc du hnh Ngi sao. C l bn cng s thch s dng k nng ca bn nh
mt lp trnh vin chi tr Core War, mt tr chi trong nhng ngi chi
s dng nhng chng trnh vit bng hp ng (Assembly Language Program)
(cho mt my tnh o) thng tr v iu khin b nh ca my tnh ny.
Bt k khuynh hng no ca bn, bn u c th tm thy trn Internet. Nhng
ng ni vi ng ch ca bn v nhng nh cm quyn iu . V bn tiu tn
thi gian v tin bc vo cc tr chi khng mng li li ch cho h.
MUD
MUD, hay Multiple User Dimension, l mt chng trnh my tnh cung cp thc
t o (Virtual Reality). tham d vo MUD, bn dng Telnet kt ni ti mt
MUD my ch, gi mt vai tr v kho st. Khi bn lm th, bn tng tc vi
nhng ngi khc ang din vai tr ca h. Ni cch khc, MUD cho php bn
luyn tp tr tng tng v kh nng gi v ca bn, ging nh chi tr
Dungeons and Dragons (Ngc ti v nhng con rng) hoc thm mt qun ru
ca ngi c thn.
iu bo m cn li l MUD phc tp, m hoc v gy nghin ngay lp tc. Khi
bn i quanh cc thc t o ca mt MUD ring bit, bn c th ni chuyn vi
mi ngi, gii tr xp hnh, khm ph nhng ni xa l (nh cc hang ng), v
thm ch to ra mt vi thc t ca chnh bn thn mnh.

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

TM LC CUI BI

Cc khi nim v h giao thc TCP/IP, cc tng giao thc TCP/IP:

o Tng giao tip mng (Network Interface Layer).
o Tng Internet (Internet Layer).
o Tng giao vn (Transport Layer).
o Tng ng dng (Application Layer).

Mng Internet.
Cc ng dng trn TCP/IP nh:
o Dch v tn min (DNS).
o Electronic Mail (SMTP, MIME, POP3, IMAP).
o World Wide Web (WWW).
o Truyn tp tin (FTP).
o Ti nguyn trn Internet.

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

CU HI T LUN
Cu 1. Tn v chc nng chnh ca cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP ?
Cu 2. So snh cc im ging nhau v khc nhau gia hai m hnh OSI v TCP/IP ?
Cu 3. Trnh by nhim v v cc giao thc li ca tng Internet trong m hnh TCP/IP
Cu 4. Trnh by nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP v cc c im ca n .
Cu 5. Trnh by cu trc ca mt a ch IP
Cu 6. Trnh by cu trc cc lp a ch IP c th gn c ?
Cu 7. Ly ba v d a ch IP thuc cc lp A, B, C
Cu 8. Xc nh khong a ch, s mng v s host ca cc lp A, B, C.
Cu 9. n v d liu dng trong IP l g ? V khun dng d liu ca n.
Cu 10. Cho bit ngha ca thng s Type of service v cu to ca thng s ny .
Cu 11. Lit k cc thng ip ICMP thng thng nht .
Cu 12. Nu mt s hm c bn trong TCP v chc nng ca chng ?
Cu 13. Cc dch v chnh ca Internet
Cu 14. Trnh by cc giao thc ca h thng th in t ?
Cu 15. Nu mc tiu ca dch v truyn tp tin FTP ?

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

BI TP TRC NGHIM

1. Giao thc no sau y khng phi giao thc ca tng Internet:

a. Giao thc ARP. b. Giao thc UDP c. Giao thc ICMP d. Giao thc IGMP
2. Nhim v ca giao thc IP:
a. nh a ch IP.
b. Cho php trao i tp tin qua mng Internet.
c. Cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu.
d. C ba p n trn u sai.
3. di ca mt a ch IP
a. 4 bytes. b. 16 bits. c. 3 bytes. d. 8 bits.
4. Mi a ch IP c tch thnh my vng :
a. 5 vng. b. 4 vng. c. 3 vng. d. 2 vng.
5. Pht biu no sau y l sai :
a. Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte
b. a ch IP c thnh 5 lp A, B, C, D, E
c. Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte
d. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin ca mng lp D c dng: 110-
6. a ch IP sau thuc lp no?
10000000 00000101 00000010 00010001

a. Lp A. b. Lp B c. Lp C d. Lp D
7. Mt a ch IP c biu din di dng nh phn nh sau:
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010110

Biu din dng thp phn ca a ch ny l:

a. 192.160.1.36 c. 192.168.1.38
b. 192.168.1.36 d. 128.168.1.38
8. ngha ca thng s IHL trong khun dng ca datagram l:
a. Ch di phn u ca gi tin. b. Xc nh version hin ti ca giao thc IP.
c. Ch th v quyn u tin ca gi tin. d. C ba p n trn u sai.
9. ngha ca thng s khi R = 1:
a. Gi tin c quyn u tin khi gi thp. b. thng lng yu cu truyn gi tin cao.
c. Gi tin c tin cy cao. d. Gi tin c tr bnh thp.
10. Giao thc no sau y l giao thc trong mng IP?
a. MINE. b. WAP. c. UDP. d. ICMP.
11. n v d liu s dng trong IP:
a. Bit. b. Datagram. c. Byte. d. Frame.

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 Bi 5: Giao thc TCP/IP v Internet

12. Chc nng ca giao thc ARP:

a. Phn gii a ch tng Internet, chuyn thnh a ch tng giao tip mng.
b. Qun l cc nhm IP truyn multicast.
c. Tm a ch IP t a ch vt l.
d. C ba p n trn u sai.
13. Khi ngi s dng gi i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t TCP, l:
a. MassageID v OpenSuccess. c. OpenID v MassageID.
b. OpenID v OpenSuccess. d. C 3 p n trn u sai.
14. Mt my tnh c gi l thnh vin ca Internet khi:
a. My tnh c giao thc truyn d liu TCP/IP.
b. C mt a ch IP trn mng.
c. C th gi cc gi tin IP n tt c cc my tnh khc trn mng Internet.
d. C ba p n trn u ng.
15. Cc dch v chnh ca Internet:
a. WWW (Worrld Wide Web), News, Th in t, File Receiver, HTTP
b. WWW (Worrld Wide Web), File Transfer, File Receiver, Remote Login, HTTP
c. News, File Transfer, Remote Login, WWW, Th in t
d. Remote Login, WWW, Th in t, HTTP.

158 IT102_Bai 5_v1.0013103214