Subjects in last week

The origins of food production

&
The dawn of civilizations

Todays subject
The civilization of Mesopotamia

Presentation 1: (By , , , ,
, ( ))

What is left? The variety of the evidence

 Subjects in last week

1. The Origins of Food Production ( )

2. The Earliest Farmers ( )

3. Chiefs and Chiefdoms ( )

4. State-Organized Societies ( )
 1. The Origins of Food Production
( )

1.1 The Holocene (, ): after 10,000 B.C.

Postglacial times (the retreat of ice sheets) the sudden rise of world sea levels world
geographical change
( ( ) )
Climatic warming The Old Continent (Zagros mountains in Iran): wild cereal grasses
(wild wheat and barley)
The New Continent (Mexico): maguey, squash, bean, teosinte
(the ancestor of wild maize)
( ( - ): (, )
(ex: ): , , , ( ))

1.2 Changes in Hunter-Gatherer Societies ( )

The common problems of the world hunter-gatherers in the early Holocene:
( )

- More restricted territories ( )

- Less mobility ( )
- Rising population densities ( )
- Unpredictable environmental variations ( )
- Seasonal food fluctuations ( )
 1. The Origins of Food Production
( )

1.3 Social Complexity among Hunter-Gatherers ( )

The certain general conditions of complex hunter-gatherer societies:
( )

Population movements had to be limited by either geography or the presence of

neighbors ( ).
Resources had to be abundant and predictable in their seasonal appearance.
( , )
Population growth an imbalance between people and their food supply
( )
A solution: To intensify the food quest
The emergence of more complex society (Ex) The Chumash Indians)
or
Food production

(: ( ex:
or )

 1. The Origins of Food Production
( )

1.4 Theories of Farming Origins ( )

The term: Fertile Crescent ( ): 1920s, University of Chicago, Henry Breasted

Early Theories ( )

Gordon Childe ( ) : Oasis theory ( )

- Drought conditions His speculation: The close symbiosis among animals, humans, and plants
hunter-gatherers experimented with cereal grasses and with herding wild goats and sheep.
( (symbiosis) , )
- The theory was simple but unproven.
( , )

Robert Braidwood ( ): Hilly Flanks Theory ( )

- He recovered the first climatic data for Holocene times. He found evidence of increased forest
cover and high rainfall after the Ice Age.
( )
- He excavated early farming settlements high above the fertile lowlands and they radiocarbon dated
to about 6000 B.C.
( ( 6,000 ) )
- Braidwood rejected Childes oasis theory and argued that agriculture began on the flanks,
not in the center.
( , , )
 1. The Origins of Food Production
( )

1.5 The Recovery Revolution ( )

Since the 1950s, a dramatic refinement of field and laboratory methods The production of
more fine-grained data
(1950 , )

The combination of pollen samples from lakes and marshes (, ) with deep-sea and tree-ring
data The production of a chronicle of large-and small-scale climatic change since 10,000 B.C.
( 10000 )

The systematic use of flotation methods The recovery of large samples of wild and domesticated
seeds
( )

The advancement in zooarchaeology The acquisition of new information on the domestication of

cattle, goats, pigs, sheep and other animals.
( , , , , )

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating The dating of individual seeds, root
fragments, or maize cobs
( (AMS radiocarbon dating) ,
)
 2. The Earliest Farmers
( )

2.1 Domesticating Wheat and Barley ( , )

Wild grain: It is attached to the stem by a brittle joint and it can be harvested by tapping the stem
with the hands
arrow shaped spikelet ( ) adapted for penetrating surface litter and cracks on
the ground
(: ,
)

Domestic grain: It has semitough-rachis and it can be harvested by the use of sickles or
uprooting of individual plants
Its plumper spikelets have lost some key features necessary for semi-implantation.
(:

)
 2. The Earliest Farmers
( )
2.2 Domesticating Animals ( , )
Domestication: a genetic selection emphasizing special features of continuing use to the domesticator.
Changes could be achieved by isolating wild populations for selective breeding under
human care.
(:
)
The advantage of domesticated animals: A regular meat supply
To provide byproducts such as milk, cheese and butter, as
well as skins
For specialized tasks such as plowing and transportation
( :
, , .
, , )
Goats and sheep: The first species to be domesticated in southwestern Asia by about 9500 B.C.
They are small animals that live in herds and yield much meat for their size.
They can readily be penned and isolated to develop a symbiotic relationship with
people.
( : 9500

)
Cattle: They are much more formidable () to domesticate, for their prototype was Bos primigenius
(the wild ox)
( , Bos primigenius )
 2. The Earliest Farmers
( )
2.3 The Consequences of Food Production ( )
Once successful, food production spread rapidly.
( )

Food production spread to all corners of the world and it was the economic base for urbanization
and literate civilization.
( , )

Changes in Human Life ( ):

Food production Permanent villages population growth ownership and inheritance of land
ex) property lines
( )
()
The technological consequences of food production

A more settled way of life and more substantial housing:

People built their permanent homes with raw materials most abundant in their environment.
( : )
A new technology of storage: Grain bins, jars, or clay-lined pits etc.
( : , , )
Transport problems: Early farmers began to use gourds as water carriers and later they began to
make clay vessels.
(: , )
 2. The Earliest Farmers
( )

2.3 The Consequences of Food Production ( )

Changes in Human Life ( ):
The technological consequences of food production
New tools ( ):
- To use the digging stick to plant crops, To use wooden or stone-bladed hoes to break up the
soft soil, To use the ox-drawn plow in Europe and Southwest Asia.
( ( ), , : )
- The farmers used ground and polished stone and suitable rocks were traded from quarry sites
over enormous distances.
( , )
- In Southwest Asia and Mexico, obsidian was a valuable toolmaking material for knives and sickles
( : (Obsidian) )
- Early obsidian trade routes: the beginnings of widespread long-distance trading networks
( : )

Food production led to changed attitudes toward the environment. The hunter-gatherers exploited
game, fish, and vegetable foods, but the farmers altered their environment.
( . , ,
)
 The civilization of Mesopotamia

28 Sept. 2017
Sunwoo Kim

http://factsanddetails.com/media/2/20120207-Ancient_ziggurat_.jpg
 Study questions
Where is Mesopotamia?

What is the meaning of Mesopotamia?

Where is Sumer?

Why did people invent the writing systems?

What kind of the writing system did Sumerian invent and use?

What were the advantages of using metals?

Who were the first invader to Sumer?

What kind of reasons were the decline of Sumerian civilization?

Whose empires were flourish in the Mesopotamian region after the Sumerian
civilization?
 Todays subject and contents
1. Southwest Asian Farmer: c. 10,000 to 5000 B.C.

2. The origins of Mesopotamian civilization: 5500 to 3000 B.C.

3. Sumerian Civilization: c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.

4. Akkadians: 2334 to 2112 B.C.

5. Revival of Sumer: 2112 to 2004 B.C.

6. Babylonians: 1990 to 1650 B.C.

7. Neo-Assyrians: 911 to 627 B.C.

8. Neo-Babylonians: 627 to 539 B.C.

9. Persia (Achaemenid Empire): 559 to 480 B.C.

10. The Significance of Mesopotamian civilization

 Chronological timetable on and after
the Sumerian civilization in the Mesopotamian regions
Years Empires Characteristics
ca. 3100 B.C. - 2334 B.C. Sumerian civilization
2334 B.C. Sumer was conquered by Akkad. The First Empire of Mesopotamia
2334 B.C. 2112 B.C. Empire of Sargon of Akkad
2112 B.C. Rivival of Sumer: King Ur-Nammu Code of Ur-Nammu ( )
2060 B.C. Third Dynasty of Ur
2004 B.C. Sumer was destroyed by the Elamites.
( ( ))
1990 B.C. 1595 B.C. Babylonian Empire King Hammurabi: Code of Hammurabi
(1792 B.C. 1750 B.C.)
911 B.C. 627 B.C. Neo-Assyrian Empire King Assurnasirpal ( ):
He completed his palace at Nimrud.
( )
627 B.C. 539 B.C. Neo-Babylonian Empire King Nebuchadnezzar II (
2): Hanging gardens ( ),
Babylonian captivity ( )
550 B.C. 331 B.C. Achaemenid Empire
(First Persian Empire)
539 B.C. Conquest of Neo-Babylonia By Cyrus II (the Great)
525 B.C. Conquest of Egypt By Cambyses II
490 B.C. Battle of Marathon Darius I, Xerxes I: Greco-Persian Wars
480 B.C. Battle of Salamis
331 B.C. 323 B.C. Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Hellenistic period (323 B.C. 146 B.C.
Great of Macedon or 30 B.C.)
312 B.C. 60 B.C. Seleucid Empire


3100 - 2334
2334- 2112 150

2112 : -
2060 3
2004 ( )
1990 1595 :
( 1792 - 1750)
911 627 :

627 539 2:
,
550 331 ( ) :
( 539 ) 2:
1, 1:
-

331 323 ( )

312- 60

 1. Southwest Asian Farmer
(c. 10,000 to 5000 B.C.)

At the end of Ice Age, no more than a few thousand ( ) foragers lived along the
eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jorden and Euphrates Valleys.
Within 2,000 years, as a result of village life and farming, the human population of the
region numbered in the tens of thousands().

About 10,000 B.C., most human settlements lay

in the Levant and in the Zagros mountains of Iran
and their foothills ( ).

These people exploited the landscape intensively,

foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and
nuts while hunting gazelle and other game on
grassy lowlands and in river valleys. www.utexas.edu

Their settlements contain exotic objects such as

seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made by obsidian (volcanic glass),
all traded from afar.

geoserver
The Levant
http://freeradiopeace.com/levant.html

The Levant and the Zagros Mountain

http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/melndcn.htm
 1. Southwest Asian Farmer
(c. 10,000 to 5000 B.C.)
The Zagros highlands of Iran
- The herding of goats and sheep probably began somewhat earlier than
in the lowlands.
- At the village of Ganj Dareh ( ), foragers occupied a seasonal
hunting camp in about 10,500 B.C.
- About 1,500 years later, a small farming village of rectangular mud-brick
houses stood on the same spot, a settlement based on goat and sheep
herding and cereal horticulture ( ).
- One of the best-known prehistoric farming villages in the Zagros is Jarmo en.wikipedia.org

() in northern Iraq, little more than a cluster of twenty-five mud houses forming an irregular
huddle () separated by small alleyways () and courtyards.
- Jarmo was in its heyday () in about 6,000 B.C., by which time more than 80 % of the villagers
food came from their fields and herds.
The Zagros lowlands
- The village of Ali Kosh ( ) started off as a small settlement of rectangular mud-brick houses
as early as 9000 B.C.
- Ali Kosh documents more than 2,000 years of farming and herding on the lowlands, a period that saw
the development of irrigation as a means of intensifying agricultural production.

Only 5,000 years after food production first appeared, people in the Levant
and Mesopotamia were living in cities with thousands of inhabitants.
 1. Southwest Asian Farmer
(c. 10,000 to 5000 B.C.)

The pre-cultures in Mesopotamia

- Hassuna () culture (6000 5250 B.C.)

Northern Mesopotamia ( )
Emmer (, ) and eincorn wheat (, ),
barley () growing.
sheep, goats, pigs and cattle breeding (, , , )
They smelted copper and lead ( ).
They produce painted pottery ( ) and fire it in purpose-built kilns ().

- Halafian () culture (5500 4700 B.C.)

It replaced Hassuna culture.
It centered on Mesopotamias north ( )
Halafian chieftains grew very wealthy through control of their communitys trade.
( , - )

- Samarran () culture (5500 B.C.)

They developed large-scale irrigation systems, boosting crop yields on the dry
lands of central Mesopotamia.
( , )
aratta.wordpress.com
 Chronological timetable of
the previous periods of Sumerian civilization
Period () Site name Site location Special features () Settlement
( ) ( ) form ( )
10,500 B.C.- 9000 B.C. Ganji Dareh The Zagros Goat and sheep herding Village ()
( ) highlands of Cereal horticulture
Iran
? 6000B.C. Jarmo () Mud-brick houses
Small alleyways and courtyards
9000 B.C.- 7000 B.C. Ali Kosh ( ) The Zagros Farming and herding
lowlands Development of irrigation
BC. 6000 ~ BC. 5250 Hassuna () Northern The appearance of metal
Mesopotamia
BC. 5500 ~ BC. 4700 Halaf () Mesopotamias It replaced Hassuna culture.
north regions
BC. 5500 Samara () Central large-scale irrigation systems
Mesopotamia ( )
BC. 4500 ~ BC. 3500 Ubaid period Southern 113 km2 Town ()
() Mesopotamia 2,500 and 4,000 people
Eridu temple
BC. 3500 ~ BC. 3100 Uruk period Southern City and Satellite villages City ()
() Mesopotamia Uruk: 2500 km2
Ziggurat (, )
First cuneiform tablets
( () )
Cylindar seals ( )
BC. 3100 ~ BC. 2900 Jamdat Nasr Southern Sumerian civilization: City-states
period Mesopotamia A dozen independent city- (
( ) states-Uruk, Kish, Ur, Nippur, )
Lagash and etc.
2. Mesopotamian civilization

Mesopotamia: Greek for land between the rivers

Mesopotamia is approx. 965 km long and 400 km wide,
pgapworld.wikispaces.com
extending from the uplands of Iran to the east to the
Arabian and Syrian deserts in the west.
The plains are subject to long, intensely hot summers and harsh, cold winters and would
be desert.
There are few permanent water supplies () away from the Euphrates and Tigris rivers
and their tributaries.
Rainfall is slight and not dependable and is insufficient for growing crops.
However, with irrigation, the alluvial soils () of the lower plain can be farmed and
their natural fertility unlocked ( ).
Farmers can achieve high crop yields from relatively limited area of land, sufficient to feed
relatively dense populations.
By 6,000 B.C. and perhaps earlier, village farmers were diverting the waters of the rivers.
( 6,000 )
Within 3,000 years the urban civilization of the Sumerians was flourishing in Mesopotamia.
Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia
cuwhist.wordpress.com
Irrigation in Ancient Mesopotamia (1:34)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RP2KfewiJA
NHK 4 -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

The inundation (flooding) of Tigris and Euphrates and the usage of bitumen
(, , 40:17-43:30)

Black materials is bitumen ().

It is the evidences how Sumerians confronted the flooding of Euphrates river.
Bitumen is natural asphalt ( ).
Bitumen is floating on the water ( ).
Bitumen has superior adhesive strength ( ).
Bitumen widely used even today ( ).
Bitumen is outstanding in waterproofing ( ).
Therefore, it is used on the bottom of boats and on the roofs.
( , )

The record of deluge ( , 43:31-44:49)

NHK Mesopotamia (34:05-37:14)

http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html
2. Mesopotamian civilization
Origins (5,500 to 3,000 B.C.)
- No one knows when hunter-gatherers first settled on the shores
of the Persian Gulf, which, during the late Ice Age, was a large
river estuary ().
- Whatever their origins, the earliest farmers developed methods
en.wikipedia.org
of cultivation using canals and natural waterways, which allowed higher crop yields.
- The first known farming communities date to around 5,800 B.C., small communities located in
clusters along the Euphrates river channels ( ).
- As early as 5,500 B.C., a few farming communities were diverting flood waters from the Euphrates
and Tigris onto their fields, then draining them away to prevent salt buildup in the soil.
( 5,000
, )
- The largest of these clusters consisted of small rural communities located around a larger town that
covered about 113 km2 and housed between 2,500 and 4,000 people.
- Some of the small irrigation canals extended out about 5 kilometers from the river.
- From the very beginning some of these Ubaid culture (Ubaid period: 4500 -3500 B.C.) settlements
(named after a village near ancient Ur) boasted substantial building, alleyways, and courtyards.
( , , )
- Each cluster was a group of villages linked by kin ties ( ), with a clan leader ( )
living in one larger settlement overseeing village affairs and, probably, the irrigation scheme that
connected them.
Textbook, p.228.
 Suwon City, Gyeonggi Province Gyeonggi Province
( ) ()

Area: 121.01 km Area: 10,171 km

http://kiking.tistory.com/51

http://www.etorrent.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=torrent_qna2&wr_id=265095
2. Mesopotamian civilization
Origins (5,500 to 3,000 B.C.)
- Distinctive social changes came from the more efficient systems
for producing food that were essential in the delta (). people.wku.edu

- As food surpluses grew and the specialized agricultural economies of these Ubaid villages became
successful, the trend toward sedentary settlement and higher population densities increased.
- Expanded trade networks and the redistribution of surpluses and trade goods also affected society,
with dominant groups of Ubaid people becoming more active producing surpluses, which eventually
supported more and more people who were not farmers.

- As Mesopotamian societies grew rapidly in complexity in the centuries that followed, so did the need
for social, political, and religious institutions that would provide some form of centralized authority.
- Eridu, a rapidly growing town, consisted of a mud-brick temple with fairly substantial mud-brick
houses around it, often with a rectangular floor plan ().
- The craftsworkers lived a short distance from the elite clustered around the temple, and still farther
away were the dwellings of the farmers who grew the crops that supported everyone.
- By 4,500 B.C., the Eridu temple had grown large, containing altars (), offering places (),
and a central room bounded by rows of smaller compartments (
).
- The population of Eridu was as high as 5,000 at this time, but exact computations are impossible.
- Places like Eridu assumed great importance after 4,500 B.C., among them Uruk, the worlds first city.
cuwhist.wordpress.com
2. Mesopotamian civilization
The First Cities: Uruk (Uruk period: 3500 3100 B.C.)
- It began life as a small town and soon became a growing city,
quickly absorbing the populations of nearby villages.
- During 4,000 B.C., Uruk grew to cover an estimated 2500 km2.
- Satellite villages extended out at least 10 km, each with their www.gardenvisit.com

own irrigation systems.

- All provided grain, fish, or meat for the growing urban population.
- The city itself was a densely packed agglomeration of houses,
narrow alleyways, and courtyards, probably divided into distinct
quarters () where different kin groups or artisans such as
potters (), sculptors (), and painters () lived.
www.cyberspaceorbit.com
- Everything was overshadowded (~ ) by
the stepped temple pyramid, the ziggurat(,)
that towered over the lowlands for miles around.
( ,
)
- The ziggurat complex and its satellite temples were the
center of Uruk life.
- Not only were these temple complexes places of worship,
but also storehouses, workshops, and centers of
government.
The reconstructed facade of the Neo-Sumerian Great Ziggurat of
Ur, near Nasiriyah, Iraq en.wikipedia.org
 Suwon City, Gyeonggi Province Gyeonggi Province
( ) ()

Area: 121.01 km Area: 10,171 km

http://kiking.tistory.com/51

http://www.etorrent.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=torrent_qna2&wr_id=265095
Mesopotamian Ziggurat (0:01- 1:21)

http://study.com/academy/lesson/mesopotamian-ziggurat-definition-
images-quiz.html

Mesopotamian gods (1:16-2:03)

http://study.com/academy/lesson/mesopotamian-kings-history-politics-
religion.html
2. Mesopotamian civilization
The First Cities: Uruk

- The ruler of Uruk and the keeper of the temple was both a secular and spiritual ruler.
( )

- His wishes were carried out by his priests and by a hierarchy of minor officials, wealthy
landowners, and merchants.
( , , )

- Tradespeople and artisans were a more lowly segment of society.

( )

- Under them were thousands of fisherfolk (), farmers (), sailors (), and slaves
() who formed the bulk of Uruk, and other cities burgeoning population (
).

- By 3,500 B.C., the Mesopotamian city had developed an elaborate system of

management.
( 3,500 )

- This system organized and regulated society, meted out rewards and punishment (
), and made policy decisions for the thousands of people who lived under it.
The role of priest (4:11-4:47)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhYS-nSZgMU

Levee:

1. , : a low wall built at the side of a river to prevent it from flooding

2. , : A place on a river where boats can let passengers on or off
 Lunar calendar ()
- The ancient Sumerian calendar divided a year into 12 lunar months of 29
or 30 days.

MAN MADE VS MOON CALENDAR

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zvp-lzXHH1s
Teach Astronomy - Solar and Lunar Calendars (2:02)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plkAvc1vhGc
https://www.shutterstock.com/ko/ima
ge-vector/arab-league-member-
countries-vector-flags-230575921
 2. Mesopotamian civilization
Writing
- Two innovations appeared as Uruk and other cities grew rapidly.
- The first was writing, the second metallurgy.
- The origins of written records go back thousands of years before the Sumerians,
to a time soon after the adoption of food production when the volume of intervillage
trade demanded some means of tracking shipments ( ).
- Its beginnings are still little understood. One popular theory has villagers using
carefully shaped clay tokens as records, which they carried around on strings
as early as 8,000 B.C. ( )
- By 5,000 B.C., commercial transactions () of all kinds were so complex that
there were endless possibilities for thievery () and accounting errors ( ).
- Some clever officials made small clay tablets and scratched them with incised
signs that depicted familiar objects such as pots and animals.(
) http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/
writing/home_set.html ()
- From there it was a short step to simplified, more conventionalized, cuneiform
signs ( ).
- At first specially trained scribes dealt almost entirely with administrative matters,
compiling lists and inventories ( ).
Eventually, the more creative among them explored the limitless
opportunities afforded by the ability to express themselves in writing.
Ex) Kings- to trumpet their victories ( ) , Fathers chided () their sons,
Lawyers recorded complicated transactions ( )
- Cylinder seals were invented around 3500 BC at the contemporary sites of
Candy Dawson Boyd et al., 2008. The World.
Uruk in southern Mesopotamia and Susa in south-western Iran.
Candy Dawson Boyd et al., 2008. The World. Scott Foresman. P.43.
 Development of Writing in Mesopotamia (2:10)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCjtPRHRZs8

EBS - 1

Token: small clay ( ) (14:23-17-30)

Writing ( ) (17:33-18:07, 19:46-20:32)
The development of Cuneiform ( ) (26:33-30:27)

Written Word - Birth of Writing (2:51)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7JsfwAcCo0

Rebus principle ( ):

- In linguistics, the rebus principle means using existing symbols, such as pictograms,
purely for their sounds regardless of their meaning, to represent new words.
- Many ancient writing systems used the rebus principle to represent abstract words,
which otherwise would be hard to be represented by pictograms.
 EBS - 2

Behistun Inscription ( , 2:15-4:56, 5:02-5:45)

The decipherment of Behistun Inscription ( )

(13:11-13:49, 16:18-16:54-18:31,
33:17-33:43, 37:28-38:16,
38:17-39:04-39:33)
 The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bistun or
Bisutun ; Persian: ,Old Persian: Bagastana,
meaning "the place of god")

- It is a multilingual inscription and large rock relief on a

cliff at Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of
Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran.

- It was crucial to the decipherment of cuneiform script.

- Authored by Darius the Great sometime between his

coronation as king of the Persian Empire in the summer
of 522 BC and his death in autumn of 486 BC, the
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%B
inscription begins with a brief autobiography of Darius, 0_%EB%B9%84%EB%AC%B8#/media/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg

including his ancestry and lineage.

- The inscription states in detail that the rebellions, which

had resulted from the deaths of Cyrus the Great and his
son Cambyses II, were orchestrated by several impostors
and their co-conspirators in various cities throughout
the empire, each of whom falsely proclaimed kinghood
during the upheaval following Cyrus's death.

- The inscription includes three versions of the same text,

written in three different cuneiform script languages:
Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian (a variety of
Akkadian). The inscription is to cuneiform what the
Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document
most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost
script.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription
 ( , : ; : " ")

- .

- , ,
.

- 1835 1843 . 1838

. 1843
. , .
.
.

- 15 100m .
.
. 5 414 .
8 593 , 112.
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%B0_%EB%B9%84%EB%AC%B8

1 (DB I 1-15), (1881)

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%B0_%EB%B9%84%EB%AC%B8#/media/File:Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg
http://wikimapia.org/16373190/
Behistun-Inscription

http://www.iranicaonline.org
/articles/bisotun-iii
 MEDIA

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cuneiform
e_sites.svg
http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/satrap/satrap.htm
 2. Mesopotamian civilization
Writing
- Two innovations appeared as Uruk and other cities grew rapidly.
- The first was writing, the second metallurgy.
- The origins of written records go back thousands of years before the Sumerians,
to a time soon after the adoption of food production when the volume of intervillage
trade demanded some means of tracking shipments ( ).
- Its beginnings are still little understood. One popular theory has villagers using
carefully shaped clay tokens as records, which they carried around on strings
as early as 8,000 B.C. ( )
- By 5,000 B.C., commercial transactions () of all kinds were so complex that
there were endless possibilities for thievery () and accounting errors ( ).
- Some clever officials made small clay tablets and scratched them with incised
signs that depicted familiar objects such as pots and animals.(
) http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/
writing/home_set.html ()
- From there it was a short step to simplified, more conventionalized, cuneiform
signs ( ).
- At first specially trained scribes dealt almost entirely with administrative matters,
compiling lists and inventories ( ).
Eventually, the more creative among them explored the limitless
opportunities afforded by the ability to express themselves in writing.
Ex) Kings- to trumpet their victories ( ) , Fathers chided () their sons,
Lawyers recorded complicated transactions ( )
- Cylinder seals were invented around 3500 BC at the contemporary sites of
Candy Dawson Boyd et al., 2008. The World.
Uruk in southern Mesopotamia and Susa in south-western Iran.
 NHK 4 -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

Cylinder seal ( ): (37:31-38:06)

Active trade ( ) The concept of contract occurred ( )

Cylinder seal: Signing on a contract ( ) or
sealing on the trade goods ( )
They regarded contracts as important () to make(enact) a law ( )

NHK Mesopotamia (29:50-30:30)

http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html
2. Mesopotamian civilization
Metallurgy
- The second innovation was metallurgy.
- The Sumerians homeland had no metals, so they imported copper,
A cylinder-seal impression of two Gods,
gold, and other ores from the Iranian highlands and elsewhere one with a left hand in the shape of a
scorpion and the other plowing behind a
as early as 3,500 B.C. dragon and a lion. The impression was
made by a seal found at Tell Asmar in
Iraq.
- At first these shiny metals had high prestige value, but the advent http://www.mitchellteachers.net/WorldHis
tory/MrMEarlyHumansProject/MrMSumer
of lead and tin alloying after 2,000 B.C. led to widespread use of ianCivilizationAchievements.html

bronze artifacts for farming tools and weapons of war.

- Bronze technology produced tougher-edged, more durable artifacts that could be
used for more arduous () day-to-day tasks.
- One resulting innovation was the metal-and wood-tipped plow (
), an implement dragged by oxen that was
capable of digging a far deeper furrow () than
the simple hoes and digging sticks of earlier times.
- The plow, which was never developed in the
Americas, was developed as irrigation agriculture
assumed greater importance in Sumer, and
the combined innovations increased agricultural
yields dramatically.
Sumerian farmers with plow, www.pinterest.com
Making History - Malachite & Copper (3:52)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OrBw4L490Y

Mining: to dig holes in the ground in order to find and obtain ore (),
coal, etc. ()
Smelt: to heat and melt ore (rock that contains metal) in order to obtain
the metal it contains ( )
Candy Dawson Boyd et al., 2008. The World. Scott Foresman. P.48.
 Malachite (, )
- a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral Cu2CO3(OH)2
( (II)(Cu2CO3(OH)2) )
- 1

Copper (Cu, ) (from Latin: cuprum)

- atomic number 29 Malachite from the Democratic
- A melting point (henceforth, MP): 1084.6 C Republic of the Congo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite
Macro of native copper about 1 inches
(4 cm) in size
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
When two metals are alloyed, the unique melting point of
one metal which have higher melting point becomes low
relatively.
www.kififire.kr/_board/board/board_filedown.asp?b_f_Idx=209

Bronze ()= Copper + tin (Sn, )

- Tin MP: 232.06 C
- Bronze MP: approx. 875~994 Bronze nugget
http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-
Tin
http://www.empresa-minera.ch/en/metalle-
( ) photography-bronze-nugget-image18990132 minerale/metalle/tin.html

Brass (, )= Copper + zinc (Zn, )

- Zinc MP: 419.73 C
- Yellow brass (67:33) MP: 930 C
However, bronze and brass may also include small
proportions of a range of other elements including Brass die, along with zinc and copper samples
arsenic (), phosphorus (), aluminium (), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass Zinc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc
manganese (), and silicon ().
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass

Iron (Fe, )
- atomic number 26
- MP: 1535 C
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/466966349566967808
 Malachite (, )
- a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral Cu2CO3(OH)2
( (II)(Cu2CO3(OH)2) )
- 1

Copper (Cu, ) (from Latin: cuprum)

- atomic number 29 Malachite from the Democratic
- A melting point (henceforth, MP): 1084.6 C Republic of the Congo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite
Macro of native copper about 1 inches
(4 cm) in size
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper

. ,
,
.
www.kififire.kr/_board/board/board_filedown.asp?b_f_Idx=209

Bronze ()= Copper + tin (Sn, )

- Tin MP: 232.06 C Bronze nugget Tin
http://www.dreamstime.com/stock- http://www.empresa-minera.ch/en/metalle-
- Bronze MP: approx. 875~994 photography-bronze-nugget-image18990132 minerale/metalle/tin.html

( )
Brass (, )= Copper + zinc (Zn, )
- Zinc MP: 419.73 C
- Yellow brass (67:33) MP: 930 C
However, bronze and brass may also include small Brass die, along with zinc and copper samples
proportions of a range of other elements including https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass Zinc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc
arsenic (), phosphorus (), aluminium (),
manganese (), and silicon ().
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass

Iron (Fe, )
- atomic number 26
- MP: 1535 C https://www.thinglink.com/scene/466966349566967808
2. Mesopotamian civilization
Metallurgy
Sumerian Bronze or Copper Dagger ca 3000 BC
www.antiques.com

- The adoption of bronze-edged weapons had momentous consequences for Sumerian

life, for their appearance in local armies and be linked directly to a rising penchant
() for using war as a means of attaining political ends.
- Cities like Eridu and Uruk were not isolated from other centers.
For example, the city-states of Lagash (Lagasz) and Umma were uneasy neighbors
and engaged in a tendentious () border dispute ( ) that dragged on
for three or four centuries.
- Cities soon had walls, a sure sign that
they needed protection against
marauders ().
- Sumerian seals bear scenes with
prisoners of war.
- By this time, there were southern
Mesopotamian colonies in what is now
northern Iraq, at Susa across the Tigris,
in the Zagros, and elsewhere on the
northern and northeastern peripheries
of the lowlands.
en.wikipedia.org
http://lawsonator.weebly.com/middle-east-and-north-africa1.html
gracethrufaith.com

http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4
 2. Mesopotamian civilization

This nascent () economic system developed as a result of insatiable (

) demands for nonlocal raw materials in different ecological regions
where societies were developing along very similar general evolutionary tracks
toward greater complexity.

In each area, these developments and many technological innovations were

triggered not only by basic economic needs but also by the competitive instincts of
newly urbanized elites, who used lavish display ( ) and exotic
luxuries ( ) to reaffirm their social prestige
and authority (
).

Sumerian civilization is a mirror () of this developing

regional interdependence ( ).

The term "Sumerian" is the common name given to the

ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer,
by the Semitic Akkadians.

Cities_of_Sumer,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cities_of_Sumer_(en).svg
 The Semitic languages are a language family
originating in the Near East whose living
representatives are spoken by more than 470
million people across much of Western Asia,
North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. They
constitute a branch of the Afro-asiatic language
family. The most widely spoken Semitic
languages today are (numbers given are for
native speakers only) Arabic (300 million),
Amharic (21.8 million), and Hebrew (7 million),
Tigrinya (6.7 million), and Armaic (550,000).

Today, the word "Semite" may be used to refer

to any member of any of a number of peoples of
ancient Southwestern Asia descent including the
Akkadians, Phoenicians, Hebrews (Jews), Arabs,
and their descendants.[2]

Approximate historical distribution of Semitic languages.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages
 An isolating language is a type of language with a very low morpheme per
word ratio. In the extreme case, each word contains a single morpheme.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language

() ()
.
,
.
.
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%BD%EC%96%B4_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EC%9C%A0%ED%98%95%ED%95
%99)

Fusional languages () : I, Me, My, .

Agglutinative languages () : , , , , + = +
Isolating languages () : , , .

Fusional languages () : Go, went, .

Agglutinative languages () : , , +
Isolating languages () : , , .
http://atlantis.haktanir.org/sum_map.gif
 3. Sumerian Civilization
(c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.)

Sumerian civilization came into being as a result of a combination of environmental and

social factors.
- The Sumerian lived in a treeless lowland environment with fertile soils but no metal, little timber, and
no semiprecious stones ().
- They obtained these commodities by trading with areas where such items were in abundance.
- Sumerian rulers controlled not only large grain surpluses ( ) that could be moved in
river craft but also a flourishing industry in textiles and other luxuries ( ).
- The trade moved up and down the great rivers, especially the placid () Euphrates.
- Ancient overland trade routes linked the Tigris and Euphrates
with the distant Levant cities and ports.
- Even as early as Sumerian times, caravans (, ) of pack
animals ( ) joined Anatolia to the Euphrates,
the Levant to Mesopotamia, and Mesopotamia to isolated towns
on the distant Iranian highlands to the easts.
- They invented the wheel.

en.wikipedia.org
 Trade and Wheel ()

The Time Compass (Sol90audiovisual, by Spain)

! - (4:27-5:21-5:35)

Duodecimal system (12)

- The duodecimal system (also known as base-12 or dozenal) is a positional
notation numeral system (: ) using twelve
as its base.

Sexagesimal System (60)

- A system of numbers with a base of 60, a circle was divided into 360 degrees

The Time Compass (Sol90audiovisual, by Spain)

! -

Duodecimal system (12 ) (5:36-6:20)

 3. Sumerian Civilization
(c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.)

By 3,250 B.C. expanding trade networks liked dozens of cities and towns from
Mediterranean to the Persian gulf and from Turkey to the Nile valley.
- Each of them depended on the others for critical raw materials such as metal ores
or soapstone (, , )
vessels, for timber or even grain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:
( , , ) Mineraly.sk_-_mastenec.jpg

- Trade and important technical innovations resulted not only from basic economic needs, but also
from the competitive instincts of a new elite.
- However, all bitter their enmity (), depended on their neighbors and more distant trading
partners ( ).

An intricate and ever-changing system of political alliances and individual obligations of friendship
linked community with community and city-state with city-state.
( ,
)

- Specialized merchants began to handle such commodities as copper and lapis lazuli
(, ).
- There was wholesaling and contracting, loans were floated, and individual profit was thirdeyeactivation.com

a prime motivation ( , , ).
- By 3,000 B.C., reliable, long-term interdependency became a vital factor in the history
of Southwest Asian states.
 The trade of lapis lazuli ( )

NHK 4 - (34:54-37:30)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

NHK Mesopotamia
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html
(28:17-29:48)

Sculpture: Ram () in the thicket () ( )

A symbol of life ( )
The question of archaeologists: where did they get the blue material (lapis
lazuli) of rams horn and eyes?
The reason is that there is no lapis lazuli in Mesopotamian area.

They imported lapis lazuli from Badakhshan in the northern Pakistan.

It is possible to check the quality of lapis lazuli when water is sprayed.

A vivid blue means the top quality.
The trade of lapis lazuli was started from around 3500 BC.
The distance between Badakhshan and Mesopotamia is about 3000 km.
Lapis lazuli was traded with wheat, barley, and textiles.
Before 3000 years ago when the silk road was used, the lapis lazuli road went through
the Asian continent.
This map shows raw material distributions in the Indus Valley and adjacent regions during the Harappan Period (2600-1900 BCE).
http://a.harappa.com/sites/g/files/g65461/f/question/trade-networks-2.jpg
http://www.mapsofworld.com/afghanistan/provinces/badakhshan-map.html
 3. Sumerian Civilization
(c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.)

By 2,800 B.C., Mesopotamia was home to several important city-states, states that were
in contact with the Levant and the Iranian plateau and even, sporadically, with the
pharaohs of Egypt.

- As the volume of long-distance trade increased dramatically, so competition over

resources intensified.
- Both clay tablets and archaeological finds tell of warfare and constant bickering ()
between neighbors.
- Each state raised an army to defense its water rights, trade routes, and city walls.
- The onerous tasks of defense and military organization passed to despotic kings
supposedly appointed by the god.
( ).
- Such city-states as Uruk, Kish, and Ur had periods of political strength and prosperity
when they dominated their neighbors.
- Then, just as swiftly, the tide of their fortunes would change and they sink into obscurity
(, ).
 3. Sumerian Civilization
(c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.)

Gilgamesh

- He was the fifth king of Uruk, placing his reign ca. 2600 B.C.
- According to the Sumerian King list, he reigned for 126 years.
- Gilgamesh is the central character in the Epic of Gilgamesh,
the greatest surviving work of early Mesopotamian literature.
- In Mesopotamian mythology, Gilgamesh is a demigod
Gilgamesh strangling a lion,
(, ) of superhuman strength who built the city Assyrian relief, Muse du Louvre,
Paris www.flickriver.com

walls of Uruk to defend his people from external threats, and

travelled to meet the sage Utnapishtim, who had survived the
Great Deluge ().
- He is usually described as two-thirds god and one third man.

- Like this epic, Sumerian literature includes great epics, love

stories, hymn () to the gods, and tragic laments (, ).

Epic of Gilgamesh, en.wikipedia.org

 The Epic of Gilgamesh
- It is an epic poem () from Mesopotamia.
- It is amongst the earliest surviving works of literature.
- It is evaluated that the Epic of Gilgamesh was written approximately 1500 years earlier than the
ancient Greek epic poems, Iliad and Odyssey, by Homer.

- The first half of the story relates a friendship between Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and Enkidu.
Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods as Gilgamesh's peer to distract him from oppressing the
people of Uruk.
Together, they journey to the Cedar Mountain to defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian.
Later they kill the Bull of Heaven, which the goddess Ishtar sends to punish Gilgamesh for spurning
her advances ( ).
As a punishment for these actions, the gods sentence Enkidu to death.

- In the second half of the epic, Gilgamesh's distress () at Enkidu's death causes him to undertake
a long and perilous () journey to discover the secret of eternal life.
He eventually learns that "Life, which you look for, you will never find.
For when the gods created man, they let death be his share (), and life withheld in their own
hands".
However, because of his great building projects, his account of Siduris advice, and what the immortal
man Utnapishtim told him about the great flood, Gilgamesh's fame survived his death.

- His story has been translated into many languages, and in recent years has featured in works of
popular fiction.
NHK 4 -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

: (32:08-34:18, 44:50-46:42)

The Sumerian hero: Gilgamesh

A clay tablet: the oldest epic poem in the world
We can understand the Sumerian philosophy of life ().
Gilgamesh was the famous and well-respected king in Uruk.
He decided to leave for adventure in order to seek the immortal life ( ).
A goddess said to Gilgamesh that to eat delicious foods, to enjoy his life, to be
clean yourself, to be kind to his child and wife. Those are the happiness of human.
After that, he realized that immortal life is meaningless, so, he went back to Uruk
and he would fulfill his duty as a king until he died.
He accepted positively the limitedness of life and so tried to enjoy his current life.

NHK Mesopotamia
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html

Gilgamesh (42:27-43:50, 33:27-33:54)

The epic of Gilgamesh (0:01-5:22)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJoDbeREUBk

The Epic of Gilgamesh An Animation (10:45)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8scf80TnbU
http://m.blog.daum.net/kosyycjm/732
 Geography of Lebanon Geography of Iraq
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/syria-topographic-map.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq
 http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/l/lb_harir.gif

Cedar (, , )

http://www.bibleplaces.com/images12/Cedar-of-Lebanon,-
adr090510670-bibleplaces.jpg
 3. Sumerian Civilization
(c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.)

Some Sumerian cities nurtured () powerful and wealthy leaders.

www.ssplprints.com

- When British archaeologist Sir Leonard Wooley excavated a royal cemetery at Ur, he
found the remains of a series of kings and queens who had been buried in huge graves
with their entire retinue () of courtiers (, , ).
- One tomb contained the remains of fifty-nine people.
- Each wore his or her official dress and regalia () and had laid down to die in the
correct order of precedence ( ), after taking a fatal dose of poison.

Entrance to Royal Tombs

vicook.wikispaces.com Reconstruction of a royal funeral at Sumerian Ur, joseph_berrigan.tripod.com
jamesbrantley.net
Textbook, p.228.
EBS 1
(21:00-24:20)

Ur has been famous because it was the homeland of Abraham in the Bible.

NHK 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

Grave goods from the Ur Kings tombs (7:43-8:32, 34:34-35:12)

NHK
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html

Grave goods from the Ur Kings tombs (26:58-28:16)

 The Standard of Ur

- It is also known as the "Battle

Standard of Ur," or the "Royal
Standard of Ur.
- It is excavated from what had been
the Royal Cemetery in the ancient
city of Ur.
- It was constructed in the form of a
hollow wooden box with scenes of
war and peace represented on each
side through elaborately inlaid
mosaics. www.britishmuseum.org
- Although interpreted as a standard
by its discoverer, its original
purpose remains enigmatic.
- It was found in a royal tomb in Ur
in the 1920s next to the skeleton of
a ritually sacrificed man who may
have been its bearer ().
- It is now on display, in a
reconstructed form, in the British
Museum in London.

Royal Standard of Ur, www.historywiz.com

NHK 4 -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

The Standard of Ur ( , 46:44-48:00)

4600-
The lives in Ur
Various occupations ( )
Merchant ()
Potter ()
Soldiers wearing a cape ( )
Chariots ()- mules ()
The invent of wheels ( )
Royal families ( )
Chief priests ()
The upper class ()
Scribes ()
Musicians ()

NHK
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html

The Standard of Ur ( , 27:00-27:20)

 Tomb of Puabi ( Akkadian: "Word of my father, )

- It is also called Shubad due to a misinterpretation by Sir Charles Leonard

www.mesopotamia.co.uk
Woolley.
- She was an important person in the Sumerian city of Ur, during the First
Dynasty of Ur (ca. 2600 BCE).
- Commonly labeled as a queen, her status is somewhat in dispute.
- Several cylinder seals (Three cylinder seals made of lapis lazuli were found
near Pu-abi's shoulder) in her tomb identify her by the title nin or "eresh",
a Sumerian word which can denote a queen or a priestess.
- The fact that Puabi, herself a Semitic Akkadian, was an important figure
among Sumerians, indicates a high degree of cultural exchange and
influence between the ancient Sumerians and their Semitic neighbors.
Head-dress found in the tomb of Puabi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puabi

Queen Puabi's Headdress and Beaded Cape at

Queens Lyre () QUEEN PUABI'S BEADED CAPE AND JEWELRY Gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, and various the University of Pennsylvania Museum
ancientpeoples.tumblr.com stones, web.utk.edu women-make-history.jimdo.com
Candy Dawson Boyd et al., 2008. The World. Scott Foresman. p.45.
 Chronological timetable on and after
the Sumerian civilization in the Mesopotamian regions
Years Empires Characteristics
ca. 3100 B.C. - 2334 B.C. Sumerian civilization
2334 B.C. Sumer was conquered by Akkad. The First Empire of Mesopotamia
2334 B.C. 2112 B.C. Empire of Sargon of Akkad
2112 B.C. Rivival of Sumer: King Ur-Nammu Code of Ur-Nammu ( )
2060 B.C. Third Dynasty of Ur
2004 B.C. Sumer was destroyed by the Elamites.
( ( ))
1990 B.C. 1595 B.C. Babylonian Empire King Hammurabi: Code of Hammurabi
(1792 B.C. 1750 B.C.)
911 B.C. 627 B.C. Neo-Assyrian Empire King Assurnasirpal ( ):
He completed his palace at Nimrud.
( )
627 B.C. 539 B.C. Neo-Babylonian Empire King Nebuchadnezzar II (
2): Hanging gardens ( ),
Babylonian captivity ( )
550 B.C. 331 B.C. Achaemenid Empire
(First Persian Empire)
539 B.C. Conquest of Neo-Babylonia By Cyrus II (the Great)
525 B.C. Conquest of Egypt By Cambyses II
490 B.C. Battle of Marathon Darius I, Xerxes I: Greco-Persian Wars
480 B.C. Battle of Salamis
331 B.C. 323 B.C. Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Hellenistic period (323 B.C. 146 B.C.
Great of Macedon or 30 B.C.)
312 B.C. 60 B.C. Seleucid Empire
 4. Akkadians
(2334 to 2112 B.C.)

While Sumerian civilization prospered, urban centers waxed and waned

( ) in neighboring areas.

- By 2,500 B.C., Akkadian cities to the north of Sumer were competing

with lowland cities for trade and prestige (). embruns.net

- In approx. 2334 B.C., a Semitic-speaking leader, Sargon(),

founded a ruling dynasty at the town of Agade (or Akkad).
- By skillful commercial ventures () and judicious()
military campaigns ( ), his northern dynasty soon
established its rule over a much larger kingdom that
included both Sumer and northern Mesopotamia.
- After a short period of economic prosperity, northern
Mesopotamia went through a catastrophic drought (
) that lasted some 300 years.
- Starving farmers thronged () to the rich southern
cities.
- Violent clashes followed and the Akkadian kingdom
collapsed ( , ).
www2.sjs.org
http://atlantis.haktanir.org/sum_map.gif
 5. Revival of Sumer
(2112 to 2004 B.C.)

Fifty years of political instability ensued ()

before King Ur-Nammu of Ur took control of Sumer
and Akkad in 2112 B.C. and created an empire that
extended far to the north.
Ur-Nammu (seated) bestows governorship on aamer, ensi
of Ikun-Sin (cylinder seal impression, ca. 2100 BC).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu

- Sargon had forged () an empire by military conquest but had never followed up
his victories with proper administrative governance.
- Tablets ( ) from royal archives() tell us that Ur-Nammu and his successors of
Urs Third Dynasty were a new breed of ruler ( ), who placed great emphasis on
consolidating their new empire into a
powerful and well-organized bureaucracy
( ).
- The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest known
law code surviving today. It is written on
tablets, in the Sumerian language c. 2100
2050 BC.

From 2034 BC, the empire came under

attack from the Amorites and was finally
destroyed in 2004 BC when Ur was
sacked by the Elamites.
cdli.ucla.edu
 Code of Ur-Nammu

1. If a man commits a murder (), that man must be killed.

2. If a man commits a robbery (), he will be killed.
3. If a man commits a kidnapping, he is to be imprisoned and pay 15 shekels of silver.
4. If a slave marries a slave, and that slave is set free, he does not leave the household.
5. If a slave marries a native (i.e. free) person, he/she is to hand the firstbone son () over to his owner.
6. If a man violates the right of another and deflowers the virgin wife of a young man, they shall kill that male.
7. If the wife of a man followed after another man and he slept with her, they shall slay that woman, but that male shall be set free.
8. If a man proceeded by force, and deflowered the virgin female slave of another man, that man must pay five shekels of silver.
9. If a man divorces his first-time wife, he shall pay her one mina of silver.
10. If it is a (former) widow whom he divorces, he shall pay her half a mina of silver.
11. If the man had slept with the widow without there having been any marriage contract, he need not pay any silver.
13. If a man is accused of sorcery he must undergo ordeal by water; if he is proven innocent, his accuser must pay 3 shekels.
14. If a man accused the wife of a man of adultery (), and the river ordeal proved her innocent, then the man who had accused
her must pay one-third of a mina of silver.
15. If a prospective son-in-law enters the house of his prospective father-in-law, but his father-in-law later gives his daughter to
another man, the father-in-law shall return to the rejected son-in-law twofold the amount of bridal presents he had brought.
17. If a slave escapes from the city limits, and someone returns him, the owner shall pay two shekels to the one who returned him.
18. If a man knocks out the eye of another man, he shall weigh out a mina of silver.
19. If a man has cut off another mans foot, he is to pay ten shekels.
20. If a man, in the course of a scuffle, smashed the limb of another man with a club, he shall pay one mina of silver.
21. If someone severed the nose of another man with a copper knife, he must pay two-thirds of a mina of silver.
22. If a man knocks out a tooth of another man, he shall pay two shekels of silver.
24. [text destroyed...] If he does not have a slave, he is to pay 10 shekels of silver. If he does not have silver, he is to give another
thing that belongs to him.
25. If a mans slave-woman, comparing herself to her mistress, speaks insolently to her, her mouth shall be scoured with 1 quart of
salt.
28. If a man appeared as a witness, and was shown to be a perjurer (), he must pay fifteen shekels of silver.
29. If a man appears as a witness, but withdraws his oath(), he must make payment, to the extent of the value in litigation ()
of the case.
30. If a man stealthily cultivates the field of another man and he raises a complaint, this is however to be rejected, and this man will
lose his expenses.
31. If a man flooded the field of a man with water, he shall measure out three kur of barley per iku of field.
32. If a man had let an arable field to a(nother) man for cultivation, but he did not cultivate it, turning it into wasteland, he shall
measure out three kur of barley per iku of field.

1. .
2. .
3. 15 .
4. .
5. () / .
6. , .
7. , .
8. 5 .
9. 1 .
10. .
11. .
13. . 3 .
14. 1/3 .
15.
.
17. 2 .
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19. 10 .
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24. ... 10 . .
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32. 3
.
NHK 4 -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

(48:03-51:19)

Sumerians made beers firstly.

NHK

Ur-Ancient Native City of Abraham 2 (24:04-26:57)

Life in Ur ( )

http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html
 5. Revival of Sumer
(2112 to 2004 B.C.)
The decline of Sumerian civilization

1. Rising salinity ( )
- Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result
of rising salinity.
- Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem.
- Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup
of dissolved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely.
- During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more
salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is
estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths.
- This greatly weakened the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where
Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major
language.
- Henceforth Sumerian would remain only a literary and liturgical () language, similar to the
position occupied by Latin in medieval Europe.

2. The invasions of the neighboring peoples ( )

- Semitic-speaking peoples: The Akkadians
The Amorites
- The Elamites
NHK 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

The decline of Sumerian civilization ( , 51:22-53:46)

NHK
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html

The decline of Sumerian civilization (44:48-45:00, 46:26-48:25)

http://srechurch.org/maps/The%20Eighteen
th%20Dynasty%20(1550-1292%20BC).png
http://classzone.com/
cz/ot/political_maps/i
mages/u7_Map_07.gif
 5. Revival of Sumer
(2112 to 2004 B.C.)

The contributions of the Sumerian civilization

- Sumerian civilization declined but its contributions helped other

civilizations to advance.

- Cuneiform, ziggurats, and the wheel were borrowed or adapted by

other and later peoples.

- The Sumerians used writing, religion, and technology in their daily

lives, which helped them advance their civilization.


- (+)

- , , , ,

- , ,

- , , , ,
-
-

 Chronological timetable on and after
the Sumerian civilization in the Mesopotamian regions
Years Empires Characteristics
ca. 3100 B.C. - 2334 B.C. Sumerian civilization
2334 B.C. Sumer was conquered by Akkad. The First Empire of Mesopotamia
2334 B.C. 2112 B.C. Empire of Sargon of Akkad
2112 B.C. Rivival of Sumer: King Ur-Nammu Code of Ur-Nammu ( )
2060 B.C. Third Dynasty of Ur
2004 B.C. Sumer was destroyed by the Elamites.
( ( ))
1990 B.C. 1595 B.C. Babylonian Empire King Hammurabi: Code of Hammurabi
(1792 B.C. 1750 B.C.)
911 B.C. 627 B.C. Neo-Assyrian Empire King Assurnasirpal ( ):
He completed his palace at Nimrud.
( )
627 B.C. 539 B.C. Neo-Babylonian Empire King Nebuchadnezzar II (
2): Hanging gardens ( ),
Babylonian captivity ( )
550 B.C. 331 B.C. Achaemenid Empire
(First Persian Empire)
539 B.C. Conquest of Neo-Babylonia By Cyrus II (the Great)
525 B.C. Conquest of Egypt By Cambyses II
490 B.C. Battle of Marathon Darius I, Xerxes I: Greco-Persian Wars
480 B.C. Battle of Salamis
331 B.C. 323 B.C. Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Hellenistic period (323 B.C. 146 B.C.
Great of Macedon or 30 B.C.)
312 B.C. 60 B.C. Seleucid Empire
 6. Babylonians
(1990 to 1650 B.C.)
By 1990 B.C., Ur in tern gave way to Babylon and its Semitic rulers.
- Babylons early greatness culminated ( ) in the reign
of the great king Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) in 1792 B.C.,
famous for his law code ().
- He integrated the smaller kingdoms of Mesopotamia for a short
period, but his empire declined after his death as Babylonian trade
to the Persian Gulf collapsed and trade ties to Assur in the north
ancientpeoples.tumblr.com
and for Mediterranean copper in the west were
strengthened (
,
).

In 1650 B.C., the Hittites (1650-1200 B.C.) established a

powerful kingdom in Anatolia and they, under their king
Mursilis, invaded and sacked the city of Babylon in 1595 B.C.

- The Hittites of Anatolia first discovered how to smelt iron.

The Hurrians founded the kingdom of Mitanni (1550-1328

B.C.) in about 1550 B.C. They used horses and were among
the first people to use chariots in warfare.
Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in
1792 BC and upon his death in 1750 BC, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
 The Code of Hammurabi
- It is a well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about
1772 BC.
- The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code, and partial copies exist on a
human-sized stone stele () and various clay tablets.
- The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a
tooth for a tooth" as graded depending on social status, of slave versus free man.

An eye for an eye is the principle that a person who has injured another person is
penalized ( ) to a similar degree, or according to other interpretations, the
victim receives the value of the injury in compensation.
The English word talion means a retaliation () authorized by law, in which the
punishment corresponds in kind and degree to the injury, from the Latin talio (()
).
The phrase "an eye for an eye" is sometimes trivially referred to using the Latin term
lex talionis, the law of retaliation (() ).

- Nearly one-half of the Code deals with matters of contract (), establishing, for
example, the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon ( ). Other provisions
set the terms of a transaction, establishing the liability of a builder for a house that
collapses, for example, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another.
- A third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships such
as inheritance (), divorce, paternity () and sexual behavior.
- Only one provision appears to impose obligations on an official; this provision establishes
that a judge who reaches an incorrect decision is to be fined and removed from the
bench permanently.
- A handful of provisions ( ) address issues related to military service.
Hammurabi code ( )

NHK 4 (38:10-40:16)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey4VJV57g8w

NHK (30:37-31:57)

http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTAwMTYxNTky.html
Candy Dawson Boyd et al., 2008. The World. Scott Foresman. p.49.
http://www.cliolamuse.com/IMG/jpg/cart_hittites.jpg
 Old Assyrian Kingdom: 1813-1781 B.C.
7. Neo-Assyrians Middle Assyrian Empire: 1363-1000 B.C.
(911 to 627 B.C.) Neo-Assyrian Empire: 911-627 B.C.

The city of Assur (Ashur) on the Tigris River in northern Mesopotamia had been a major
force in the eastern Mediterranean world since Sumerian times.
- The merchants of Assur controlled strategic desert and river trade routes and commerce downstream
() to Babylon and beyond.
- The Assyrian empire expanded dramatically in the 9th century B.C., when a series of despotic,
grandiose kings expanded their domains with relentless annual campaigns (
) (with horses and chariots).
- These were absolute monarchs who boasted () of their conquests on their palace walls
and lived in magnificent splendor(
), well aware of the value of conspicuous display
( ).
- When King Assurnasirpal (883-859 B.C.)
completed () his palace at Nimrud on the Tigris,
he threw a party for the 16,000 inhabitants of the city,
1,500 royal officials, 47,074 men and women from the
length of my country ( ), and 5,000
foreign envoys ( ).
- The king fed this throng () of more than 69,000
people for ten days, during which time his guests are
14,000 sheep and consumed more than 10,000 skins
of wine (1 ).
www.heritageinstitute.com
 www.learningsites.com

Palace at Nimrud
www.biblearchaeology.org

Statue of Assurnasirpal A lamassu is an Assyrian

www.studyblue.com
protective deity (),
often depicted with a bull
or lion's body, eagle's
wings, and human's head commons.wikimedia.org
www.historicaltruthofchrist.com
Map of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its expansions.
 8. Neo-Babylonians
(627 to 539 B.C.)
The last of the great Assyrian kings was Assurbanipal, who died in approx.630 B.C.
Eventually, the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, fell to Babylonian and Persian warriors.

For 43 years, the mighty King Nebuchadnezzar II (ca. 605 562 BC) of Babylon An engraving on an eye stone of
onyx with an inscription of
ruled over Mesopotamia and turned his capital into one of the showplaces () Nebuchadnezzar II
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebu
of the ancient world. chadnezzar_II

- His double-walled city was adorned () by huge mud-brick palaces with elaborate hanging
gardens ( ), a great processional way ( ), and a huge ziggurat.
- It was to Babylon that a large contingent of Jews ( ) was taken as captives ()
after Nebuchadnezzars armies sacked
Jerusalem (
).
- This event is immortalized in Psalm137:1:
By the waters of Babylon we sat down
and wept.
( 137 1
, ()
.
)
Babylonian captivity ( ()):
587

, 538 http://i1096.photobucket.com/albums/g326/dok101/Faces/neo_babylonian_empire.jpg

2 50 .
 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

- They were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,

and the only one whose location has not been definitely
established.
- Traditionally they were said to have been built in the ancient
city of Babylon.
- According to one legend, Nebuchadnezzar II built the
Hanging Gardens for his Median wife, Queen Amytis,
because she missed the green hills and valleys of her
homeland.

Artist's representation of Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Credit: iStockphotos.com) http://www.history.com/news/hanging-gardens-existed-but-not-in-babylon

 http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-
18217273/stock-vector-near-east-
from-egypt-to-pakistan-physical-
vector-map-colored-according-to-
elevation-with-rivers.html

A map of the Median Empire; based on Herodotus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes#mediaviewer/File:Median_Empire.jpg
 MEDIA

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cuneiform
e_sites.svg
EBS - EBS Docuprime_ _3 _#501
(1:00-3:15)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sck5K3m2-
3M&list=PLvNzObWMMx6tVGLoZQ0U28gzeExdAOE91&index=13

EBS - EBS Docuprime_ _3 _#504

(0:01-3:28)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeLZwgbSFWQ&index=16&list=PLv
NzObWMMx6tVGLoZQ0U28gzeExdAOE91

(Nostalgia, homesickness)
(adobe, dried mud brick)
(board made by lead)
(bitumen, tar)
Mesopotamia (Sumerians, first civilization on earth) (6:00-8:36)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jm5jz4LicSM
 9. Persia (Achaemenid Empire)
(550 to 331 B.C.)
The Babylonian Empire did not long survive the death of
Nebuchadnezzar II (c. 605 (or 604) 562 BC).
The armies of Cyrus II (559 530 BC, 2, ) of Persia took
Babylon in 539 B.C. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_
the_Great

- The eastern Mediterranean

would came under the away
of empires much larger than
ever before.
- These were the centuries of
classical Greece (5th~4th B.C.),
when Rome began to emerge
as a major power, and when
the basic foundations of
Western civilization were laid.
- These foundations came from
a Mediterranean world that had
been evolving economically,
politically, and socially for
thousands of years. www.elgrancapitan.org
 Chronological timetable on and after
the Sumerian civilization in the Mesopotamian regions
Years Empires Characteristics
ca. 3100 B.C. - 2334 B.C. Sumerian civilization
2334 B.C. Sumer was conquered by Akkad. The First Empire of Mesopotamia
2334 B.C. 2112 B.C. Empire of Sargon of Akkad
2112 B.C. Rivival of Sumer: King Ur-Nammu Code of Ur-Nammu ( )
2060 B.C. Third Dynasty of Ur
2004 B.C. Sumer was destroyed by the Elamites.
( ( ))
1990 B.C. 1595 B.C. Babylonian Empire King Hammurabi: Code of Hammurabi
(1792 B.C. 1750 B.C.)
911 B.C. 627 B.C. Neo-Assyrian Empire King Assurnasirpal ( ):
He completed his palace at Nimrud.
( )
627 B.C. 539 B.C. Neo-Babylonian Empire King Nebuchadnezzar II (
2): Hanging gardens ( ),
Babylonian captivity ( )
550 B.C. 331 B.C. Achaemenid Empire
(First Persian Empire)
539 B.C. Conquest of Neo-Babylonia By Cyrus II (the Great)
525 B.C. Conquest of Egypt By Cambyses II
490 B.C. Battle of Marathon Darius I, Xerxes I: Greco-Persian Wars
480 B.C. Battle of Salamis
331 B.C. 323 B.C. Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Hellenistic period (323 B.C. 146 B.C.
Great of Macedon or 30 B.C.)
312 B.C. 60 B.C. Seleucid Empire


3100 - 2334
2334- 2112 150

2112 : -
2060 3
2004 ( )
1990 1595 :
( 1792 - 1750)
911 627 :

627 539 2:
,
550 331 ( ) :
( 539 ) 2:
1, 1:
-

331 323 ( )

312- 60

10. The Significance of Mesopotamian civilization

What had begun as an adaptation to the realities of living in arid but fertile
flood plain environments had developed into a web of economic and political
interdependency that was far larger than anything the world had seen before
the remote forerunner of the vast global economic system of today.

(
, ,
).
 Summary
The geography of Mesopotamia, the Tigris and Euphrates valley,
shaped Sumerian civilization.
The Sumerians were the first world civilization.
The Sumerians built a dozen different city-states ruled by kings.
The Sumerian temples were built and called ziggurats.
The Sumerians invented a kind of writing called cuneiform.
Semiatic peoples invaded Mesopotamia and adapted its civilization to their own needs.
Hammurabi, the Amorite king of Babylonia, published a law code.
The Amorites were an ancient Semitic-speaking people.
The Hittites of Anatolia first discovered how to smelt iron.
The Assyrians built in Mesopotamia a strong empire noted for its bureaucracy
and ruthless army.
The Neo-Babilonia succeeded the Assyrian Empire.
Cyrus II, king of Persia, took the Neo-Babylonia in 539 B.C.
 HOW DID SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION CONTRIBUTE TO
THE MODERN WORLD?
Many conceptual and technical innovations are attributed to the Sumerians.
Among these are:

Writing (the cuneiform script on clay tablets) and systematic record keeping
The concept of Powerful and immortal gods
Mesopotamian myths and legends appear in a long poem called the Epic of
Gilgamesh
Irrigation and Flood Control
Social and economic organization
City-states
Monumental Architecture: ziggurat
Mud bricks
The Plow
The Wheel
The Potters wheel for the need of the mass production of pottery
The Sail ()
Lunar calendar
Duodecimal (12) and Sexagesimal System (60, a system of numbers with a
base of 60, a circle was divided into 360 degrees)
 Subjects in last week
1. Southwest Asian Farmer: c. 10,000 to 5000 B.C.

2. The origins of Mesopotamian civilization: 5500 to 3000 B.C.

3. Sumerian Civilization: c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.

4. Akkadians: 2334 to 2112 B.C.

5. Revival of Sumer: 2112 to 2004 B.C.

6. Babylonians: 1990 to 1650 B.C.

7. Neo-Assyrians: 911 to 627 B.C.

8. Neo-Babylonians: 627 to 539 B.C.

9. Persia (Achaemenid Empire): 559 to 480 B.C.

10. The Significance of Mesopotamian civilization

 Presentation 1 (By , , , , , ( ))

What is left? The variety of the evidence

Study questions

- What is the difference between an artifact and an ecofact?

- Why is it important for archaeologists to distinguish between cultural
and natural formation processes?
- Why is the context of an artifacts so very important to archaeologists?
- Why do inorganic materials survive better than organic materials?
- Why are archaeologists particularly interested in wet or waterlogged
sites?
- What is experimental archaeology?
Q&A
 Subjects for next week

1. The civilization of Egypt

2. Presentation 2: (By , , , Adil,

, ())
Where? Survey and excavation of sites and features
Thank you very much indeed!