26 3. Generawe the IPR using Equation 2-38 for pay < Ps The IPR for pay py is linear and ean be calculated using 4, = (Pr Pad) Bvampl “The wall deseabed in Example 2-3 was retested and the folowing resus obtained ot = 1200 psig for gg = 532 STBIMay Generate an IPR using this test data afore] 2) 4000-20005 ™f.02 7 bot pe 2(3)°*(e)]| ste ae 2. ay "Sigal = 024000-2000)= a00sTalday geon: 222000), 024. 988 ta [* 2000” on pr elo 30 ae Sot ia ie ime nr EA 6 2. Application of Vogel Method-Non-Zero Skin Factor (Standing Modification) ‘The method for generating an IPR presented by Vogel id not consider an absolute permeability change in the reservoir. Standing* proposed procedure to modify ‘Vogel's method to account for either damage or stimula tion around the wellbore. The degree of permeability alteration can be expressed in terms of a Productivity Ratio PR or Flow Efficiency FE, where: ideal drawdown _ Pa Poy eldeal denice oe ae ‘etual drawdown By Puy gir “The relationship between poy and pi is shown in Figures 2-S and 2-6. The flow efficiency can also be expressed in terms of Apis, and S' Poodvetion Optimization Using Nodal dualysis Ba - Pog ~SPam In A724,/ 7) Pa Py In(ar2 +S Using the previous definition for flow effiscney, Vogel's equation becomes: FE en) oa] Be en Pr the maximam inflow which could be obtained forthe well if FE = I or $"= 0. A relationship among paps ply, and FE can be obtained by solving Equation 241 for Bay: Pig = Ba FELD a ~ Py) ew FESFE( Ay / Px) eas) ‘The following procedure was used by Standing to coa- steuetdimneasionless IPR curves for flow efficiencies not equal fo one: 1. Selet vole oc FE. 2 Assume eange of values fr Py Bp 3. For ech valu assumed in Step 2, alate the cor reapocding ave of py yng Equation 2a A. Cael for ech vale of py Bp assumed in'Sigy, 2 ang union 243, Pad yy vere 5. Select a new FR and goto Step 2 ‘The dimensionless IPR curves as prescated by Stand: ing are shown in Figure 2-28. ‘The fact that Standing Selected the maximum inflow based on flow efficieney of one as the normalizing flow sate liits the inflow rate that ean be calealated by this, method 10 ao afta. This ean be seen by consid- ering the value of pay Zy calculated by Equation 2-45. 1f FE js gresier than ove, negative values of py /Zy could be obtained of large drawdowns or small values of pay ‘Vogel's equation would no longer apply, since the square of the negative would become positive. The actual value Of gaan £0 flow efficiensies grester than one can bE estimated from an extrapolation of the IPR to pay= 0. ‘The ratio of Flow Efficiencies after and before stim ‘ion can be expressed in terms ofthe ratio of productivi ty indices oF Folds of Increase as Fe, J, Standing’s graph, Figure 2-28, can be pot ia equation form by eoinbining Equations 2-43 and 2-45, This givesReservoir Performance a Fig. 2-28. IPR for damaged or stimulated wells." >, (0a -resre 37 } -asficre o.4 a6 o8 10 % % rect” O° FET Koay me acre" ( Because af the restriction that py 2 0, Equation 2-46 is vai only if deta 2a( ‘This restriction will always be satisfied if FE S 1. For28 valves of FE> I, an approximate relationship between the aewal duay and gf) is Gio) = GEL 0.624 40.376 FE) ean For the ease of FE = 1 (pus = py), Equation 2-46is ‘ential tothe Vogel equation, Equation 2-43. One ofthe principal applications ofthe Standing graph ox equation is to predict the improverent in inflow per- formance that would be allained if a well were stimula ed. Once a value of gfgciis obtained using data from ‘one test, ether Figure 228 or Equation 2-46 can be used to caleulateinfow values for any value of FE. The pro- cedure is 1. Using test date (pyand g,) and the value of FE exist- ing when the test was conducted, caleulate git, using Equation 2-46, This value ean also be obtained front Figure 2-28, 2, Assume various values of pyr and calculate 4, for each pyy from Equation 2-48. Other values of FE may be used to determine the effect of incceasing FE by stimulation, Figure 2-28 may also be used if pre- ferred. Example 75A: Using te folowing data, construct an IPR for this welt for the present constions and for a valve of FE = 1.3 Ba = 2085 psig, py = 2100 psig, FE = 0.7. From ihe Wt, for gg = 202 STBMay, Py = 1765 psi Solution: ‘The IPR’s will bo caleulated by using Equation 2-46 ‘and also by using Figure 2:28. Using Equation 2-46: io mt ob, = ____ sae (-Bt hoor (- aa) ie Be | 202 ne 7) (15B)-0.867)? (SBP 1008 TBIdoy : Pat 2a ssoo[t 96 5) 2 Pa -O.8(FEY ( 25)| Producilon Optimization Using Neal Analysis Example 2-58 Results Using Equation 2-46 Pot Pe___‘FE®O7 FE=TS 20850 0 o woo 0.137 184 324 1765 0.153 202 360 4600 0.233 300 518 13000376 461 158 10000520 04 sar 700 0.664 730 1054 300.886 art = o - 1.000 955 1228 The minimum value of ye that may be used for FE = 1.3 is py, = 2085(1 -1/1.3) = 482. Thorelore, gg cannol be calculated for the last two values of py in the table However, an estimate of the actual’ ding) C20 be ‘blaine’ from Equation 2-47. That 1S man = 1100 [0.624 + 0.376(1.3))= 1228 STBIday. A plot ofthe IPR. forthe two fow eliciancies is shows ia Figure 2-29, Using Figure 226: 1. Using py/iq® 1768/2085 = 0.847, ne cor sponding vale a yafecy obtained trom Tig the ure for FE = 0.7 2. Various values are assumed for par, the rato of PssfBn i calculated, and the corresponding rio, = is obtained {rom Figure 2-28 from ‘te appioptiole FE curve: Fig. 2:29, Example 2-58 solutionReservoir Performance S Example 254 Rest Using F228 ae ate, Put Pa 7 Feat en {wo 0767 287 G42 200 500 {mo 0400 sso fost tro oo 0238 Osea aE Teo 80 mm Oita oe Di ou om essai There Is some clifeenoe between the values entoned using the equation ond hove obafod using the apn, Mt otis coved by te 22 STBay Siteronee obteined inthe value OF ae using thetostnich was contucis ta ow drawdown, The Cues ara read at ow values of rowdown Srhig values of py ye ofa auctions rs tare recommendea @. Undersatirated Reservoirs with FE #1.0. Standings modification of Vogel's method to be used when the flaw efficiency is not equal to one may also be applied to undersaturated reservoirs. Equation 2-38 may be modified for nonzero S" or FE ret equal to one to obiain Ba ~ py) +24 al 1 99 = HB ~ Pd eh (! ie ‘The following procedures may be used to generate an IPR for any value of FE, including the ease for FE = 1 290 Case I Procedure (Test Puy Ps) 1, Caleulate J using test data in Equation 2-22. 2. Generate the IPR for values of pyr < pp using the known value of FE in Equation 2:48. The IPR for Pay > pp is linear. For values of FE other than that which existed during. the lest, the value of Js modified by Jy = SFE) FE), where Jy = new value for use in Step 2. J, = value calculated from test data u (FE), = flow efficiency existing dui (FE), = any ether flow efficiency. 12 (FE), test, and Case 2 Procedure (Test Puy < Ps) 1. Calculate J using test data in equation 2-48 2 Generate the IPR for values of pur S Py using 2» Equation 2-48 3. For other values of FE, modify Jas discussed previ- ously. Example 7-5: Using the following data, calculate the ow rate which ill result If 29 1 1500 psig for this well forthe pres- Since py for te testis below py, use Case 2 Proc- dure, ome : 7000 4000 2000+ FFs 3.4-08 (7 6)] 378 2000+700 we 4, =0.44(¢000-2000)+ 942000) 2, ForFE=07 1500 For Py = 1500psig,1- 19° -o25 p, B30 280+ 156 1.81.25)-0.8(0.7\.25)") 9, = 280+156(0.415)= 045 STBMday ForFE=14 Ja =I PERNEE),=0.14(1.490.7 = 0.28 0.28(2000)| Pat :20(2000)+ 4. 4, =0.26(2000)+ 92800 [if <) : sro(-2e]| For pyr = 1500 psig . dp *'S60 + 314 [1.8(25) - 0.8(1.4)( 257 = 678 STBMay b, Determining FE from Wall Tests. A value forthe low efficiency can be calculated if the skin factor is known from a pressure transient test, using Equation 2-42. If val- ves ofr, and 7, are not known exactly, an approximation Jor FE €an be made by assuming that In(472 rr) = Then: 7 ene em)30 Iso covrect stabilized tests are available and Pr is accurately known, FE cay be calculated dicey Solving Equation 2-46 forglinty: fide eww * 1 seo Pe Jose The pametec ffl isa consent on eres ee ae p sae aaa i ea jose wef! ‘where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two tests. Singin a hig fo ow sy ives: eta Two stabilzed tests were conducted on a wel thal was producing from a reservoir in which the average pressure was 2085 psig. Calculate the flow efficiency for this wel. Pus BSI Go, STENay 1605 3000 2 1020 6000 1205 20.230 2005 { } 12.0514 Pe ) 2085 2.25{(0.230)(6000)-(0.511)(3000)] (0.230) (6000)-(0.5147 (3000) Equation 2-50 is extremely sensitive to small changes in pressures. It should be emphasized that the value for FE caleulated by this method is only approximate and requires aceurate test dala. Obtaining values of FE using. the skin factor from a transient test in Equation 2-42 is such more accure Proluction Optimization Using Nodal Aralysis . Sunmary of the Voget-Standing Equations. Equation 2-48 can be used forall of tho eases considered previa iy, that is, for both saturated and undersawurated ceser- voirs and for wells having formation damage or that have been stinmulaced.In this section it will be shown shat Equation 2-51 degenecates to all of the simpler eases, y) ees =ID_~ aye Pa ath For FE = 1 (S’= 0) 4 Sa ia Pe L B. Fetkovich Method Fetkovieh® proposed method for caleulaing the in flow performance for oil wells using the same type of equation thot has beea used for analyzing gas wells for many years, The procedure was verified by anslyzing isochional and flow-after-Mlow tests conducted in reser voirs with permeabilities ranging from 6 md to greater than [000 md. Pressure conditions in the reservoirs ranged from highly undersaturated to saturated at initial pressure and to a partially depleted field with a gas sat ration above the ertical In all cases, ol-well back-pressure curves were found to follow the same generat form as that used to express the inflow relationship for a gas well. That is: a =C@}- Py om where ga 7 prodocing me, Ba = average reservoir pressure, Pag = ‘Mowing wetlbore presue, flow coefficient, and exponent depending on well characters. ‘The value of m ranged from 0.568 to 1.000 for the 40 field tests analyzed by Fetkovich. The applicability of Equation 2-54 10 oil well analysis was justified by wri ing Darcy's equation as