Vi mch 555 - IC to xung thng dng

IC thi gian 555 c du nhp vo nhng nm 1971 bng cng ty Signetics Corporation bng 2 dng sn phm SE555/NE555
v c gi l my thi gian v cng l loi c u tin. N cung cp cho cc nh thit k mch in t vi chi ph tng i
r, n nh v nhng mch t hp cho nhng ng dng cho n n v khng n nh. T thit b ny c lm ra vi tnh
thng mi ha. 10 nm qua mt s nh sn sut ngng sn sut loi IC ny bi v s cnh tranh v nhng l do khc. Tuy
th nhng cng ty khc li sn sut ra nhng dng ny. IC 555 hin nay c s dng kh ph bin cc mch to xung,
ng ct hay l nhng mch dao ng khc.

1. Thng s
+ in p u vo : 2 - 18V ( Ty tng loi ca 555 : LM555, NE555, NE7555..)
+ Dng tiu th : 6mA - 15mA
+ in p logic mc cao : 0.5 - 15V
+ in p logic mc thp : 0.03 - 0.06V
+ Cng sut tiu th (max) 600mW
2. Chc nng ca 555
+ To xung
+ iu ch c rng xung (PWM)
+ iu ch v tr xung (PPM) (Hay dng trong thu pht hng ngoi)
...
3. B tr chn v s nguyn l

Hnh dng ca 555 trong hnh 1 v hnh 2. Loi 8 chn hnh trn v loi 8 chn hnh vung. Nhng th trng Vit Nam ch
yu l loi chn vung.

Nhn trn hnh 3 ta thy cu trc ca 555 n tng ng vi hn 20 transitor , 15 in tr v 2 diode v cn ph thuc vo
nh sn xut. Trong mch tng ng trn c : u vo kch thch , khi so snh, khi iu khin chc nng hay cng sut
u ra.Mt s c tnh na ca 555 l : in p cung cp nm gia trong khong t 3V n 18V, dng cung cp t 3 n 6
mA.
Dng in ngng xc nh bng gi tr ln nht ca R + R . in p 15V th in tr ca R + R .phi l 20M
Tt c cc IC thi gian u cn 1 t in ngoi to ra 1 thi gian ng ct ca xung u ra. N l mt chu k hu hn
cho t in (C) np in hay phng in thng qua mt in tr R. Thi gian ny c xc nh thng qua in tr R v t in
C

ng cong np ca t in
Mch np RC c bn nh trn hnh 4. Gi s t ban u phng in. Khi m ng cng tc th t in bt u np thng qua
in tr. in p qua t in t gi tr 0 ln n gi tr nh mc vo t. ng cong np c th hin qua hnh 4A.Thi gian
n cho t in np n 63.2% in p cung cp v hiu thi gian ny l 1 hng s. Gi tr thi gian c th tnh bng
cng thc n gin sau:
t = R.C
4. Chc nng ca tng chn IC 555:

IC NE555 N gm c 8 chn
+ Chn s 1(GND): cho ni GND ly dng cp cho IC hay chn cn gi l chn chung.
+ Chn s 2(TRIGGER): y l chn u vo thp hn in p so snh v c dng nh 1 chn cht hay ng vo ca 1 tn
so p.Mch so snh y dng cc transitor PNP vi mc in p chun l 2/3Vcc.
+ Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Chn ny l chn dng ly tn hiu ra logic. Trng thi ca tn hiu ra c xc nh theo mc 0 v
1. 1 y l mc cao n tng ng vi gn bng Vcc nu (PWM=100%) v mc 0 tng ng vi 0V nhng m trong thc t
mc 0 ny ko c 0V m n trong khong t (0.35 ->0.75V) .
+ Chn s 4(RESET): Dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni masse th ng ra mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo
mc p cao th trng thi ng ra ty theo mc p trn chn 2 v 6.Nhng m trong mch to c dao ng thng hay
ni chn ny ln VCC.
+ Chn s 5(CONTROL VOLTAGE): Dng lm thay i mc p chun trong IC 555 theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc
in tr ngoi cho ni GND. Chn ny c th khng ni cng c nhng m gim tr nhiu ngi ta thng ni chn s 5
xung GND thng qua t in t 0.01uF n 0.1uF cc t ny lc nhiu v gi cho in p chun c n nh.
+ Chn s 6(THRESHOLD) : l mt trong nhng chn u vo so snh in p khc v cng c dng nh 1 chn cht.
+ Chn s 7(DISCHAGER) : c th xem chn ny nh 1 kha in t v chu iu khin bi tng logic ca chn 3 .Khi chn 3
mc p thp th kha ny ng li.ngc li th n m ra. Chn 7 t np x in cho 1 mch R-C lc IC 555 dng nh 1 tng
dao ng .
+ Chn s 8 (Vcc): Khng cn ni cng bt l chn cung cp p v dng cho IC hot ng. Khng c chn ny coi nh IC
cht. N c cp in p t 2V -->18V (Ty tng loi 555 nh thp nht l con NE7555)
5. Nguyn l hot ng IC 555:

trn mch trn H: mc cao v gn bng Vcc; L l mc thp v bng 0V. S dng FF - RS
Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v = Q- = [ 0].
Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v =Q- = [0].
Khi R = [1] th = [1] v Q = [0].
Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v Q-= [1], transisitor m dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np
vo t C, in p chn 6 khng vt qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset.
Khi mi ng mch, t C np qua Ra, Rb, vi thi hng (Ra+Rb)C.
* T C np t in p 0V -> Vcc/3:
- Lc ny V+1(V+ ca Opamp1) > V-1. Do O1 (ng ra ca Opamp1) c mc logic 1(H).
- V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0(L).
- R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0.
- Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1.
- /Q = 0 --> Transistor hi tip khng dn.

* T C tip t np t in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3:

- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0.
- R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=1, /Q=0).
- Transistor vn ko dn !

* T C np qua ngng 2Vcc/3:

- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 > V-2. Do O2 = 1.
- R = 1, S = 0 --> Q=0, /Q = 1.
- Q = 0 --> Ng ra o trng thi = 0.
- /Q = 1 --> Transistor dn, in p trn chn 7 xung 0V !
- T C x qua Rb. Vi thi hng Rb.C
- in p trn t C gim xung do t C x, lm cho in p t C
nhy xung di 2Vcc/3.
* T C tip tc "X" t in p 2Vcc/3 --> Vcc/3:
- Lc ny, V+1 < V-1. Do O1 = 0.
- V+2 < V-2. Do O2 = 0.
- R = 0, S = 0 --> Q, /Q s gi trng thi trc (Q=0, /Q=1).
- Transistor vn dn !

* T C x qua ngng Vcc/3:

- Lc ny V+1 > V-1. Do O1 = 1.
- V+2 < V-2 (V-2 = 2Vcc/3) . Do O2 = 0.
- R = 0, S = 1 --> Q = 1, /Q (Q o) = 0.
- Q = 1 --> Ng ra = 1.
- /Q = 0 --> Transistor khng dn -> chn 7 khng = 0V na v t C li c np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3.
Tm li:
Trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng ca 555, in p trn t C ch dao ng quanh in p Vcc/3 -> 2Vcc/3. (Xem dng
c tnh t in phng np trn)
- Khi np in, t C np in vi in p ban u l Vcc/3, v kt thc np thi im in p trn C bng 2Vcc/3.Np in
vi thi hng l (Ra+Rb)C.
- Khi x in, t C x in vi in p ban u l 2Vcc/3, v kt thc x thi im in p trn C bng Vcc/3. X in vi
thi hng l Rb.C.
- Thi gian mc 1 ng ra chnh l thi gian np in, mc 0 l x in.
6. Tnh tn s, iu ch rng xung:

Nhn vo s mch trn ta c cng thc tnh tn s , rng xung.

+ Tn s ca tn hiu u ra l
f = 1/(ln2.C.(R1 + 2R2))
+ Chu k ca tn hiu u ra : t = 1/f
+ Thi gian xung mc H (1) trong mt chu k
 t1 = ln2 .(R1 + R2).C
+ Thi gian xung mc L (0) trong 1 chu k
t2 = ln2.R2.C
Nh vy trn l cng thc tng qut ca 555. Ti ly 1 v d nh l : to c xung dao ng l f = 1.5Hz . u tin ti c
chn hai gi tr c trng l R1 v C2 sau ta tnh c R1. Theo cch tnh ton trn th ta chn : C = 10nF, R1 =33k --> R2
= 33k (Tnh ton theo cng thc)
7/ Mt s mch ng dng IC 555:

a ) Mch bo ng dng SCR

b) Trigger

c) m thanh dng 2 IC 555