Bi ging Kin trc my tnh 18 March 2007

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Contact

Offices:
Room 322 - C1: DCE, FIT
KIN TRC MY TNH Room 201- e-Library Building: LINC

Computer Architecture Mobile: 091-358-5533

e-mail:
khanhnk@mail.hut.edu.vn
Nguyn Kim Khnh, PhD. in CE khanhnk@it-hut.edu.vn
B mn K thut my tnh - Khoa Cng ngh thng tin
Th vin & Mng thng tin
Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni

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Ti liu tham kho chnh Ti liu tham kho ...

1. William Stallings - Computer Organization and
Architecture Designing for Performance 2003 (6th
edition)
2. Behrooz Parhami - Computer Architecture: From
Microprocessors to Supercomputers - 2005
3. David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy -
Computer Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interface 2002 (third edition)
4. John L. Hennessy & David A. Patterson -
Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach
2003 (third edition)
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Bi ging Kin trc my tnh 18 March 2007

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Ti liu tham kho ... Ni dung gio trnh

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung

Chng 2. H thng my tnh
Chng 3. S hc my tnh
Chng 4. B x l trung tm
Chng 5. B nh my tnh
Chng 6. H thng vo-ra
Chng 7. Kin trc my tnh tin tin

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Kin trc my tnh Ni dung

1.1. My tnh v phn loi

Chng 1
1.2. Kin trc my tnh
GII THIU CHUNG 1.3. S tin ho ca my tnh

Nguyn Kim Khnh

Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni

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1.1. My tnh v phn loi My tnh ....

1. My tnh
My tnh (Computer) l thit b in t thc
hin cc cng vic sau:
Nhn thng tin vo,
X l thng tin theo dy cc lnh c nh sn bn
trong,
a thng tin ra.
Dy cc lnh nm trong b nh yu cu
my tnh thc hin cng vic c th gi l
chng trnh (program)
My tnh hot ng theo chng trnh.

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M hnh phn lp ca my tnh 2. Phn loi my tnh

Phn loi truyn thng:

My vi tnh (Microcomputers)
My tnh nh (Minicomputers)
My tnh ln (Mainframe Computers)
Siu my tnh (Supercomputers)

Phn cng (Hardware): h thng vt l ca my tnh.

Phn mm (Software): cc chng trnh v d liu.

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Phn loi my tnh hin i My tnh c nhn PC

L loi my tnh ph bin nht
My tnh c nhn (Personal Computers) Cc loi my tnh c nhn:
My ch (Server Computers) My tnh bn (Desktop)
My tnh nhng (Embedded Computers) My tnh xch tay (Laptop)
1981 IBM gii thiu my tnh IBM-PC s
dng b x l Intel 8088
1984 Apple a ra Macintosh s dng
b x l Motorola 68000
Gi thnh: hng trm n hng nghn USD

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My ch (Server) My tnh nhng (Embedded Computer)

Thc cht l my phc v c t trong thit b khc iu khin

thit b lm vic
Dng trong mng theo m hnh
Client/Server (Khch hng/Ngi phc v) c thit k chuyn dng
Tc v hiu nng tnh ton cao V d:
in thoi di ng
Dung lng b nh ln
My nh s
tin cy cao
B iu khin trong my git, iu ho nhit
Gi thnh: hng nghn n hng chc triu Router b nh tuyn trn mng
USD.
Gi thnh: vi USD n hng trm nghn
USD.
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1.2. Kin trc my tnh V d

Kin trc my tnh bao gm hai kha cnh: Cc my tnh PC dng cc b x l

Kin trc tp lnh (Instruction Set Architecture): Pentium III v Pentium 4:
nghin cu my tnh theo cch nhn ca cng chung kin trc tp lnh (IA-32)
ngi lp trnh c t chc khc nhau
T chc my tnh (Computer Organization):
nghin cu cu trc phn cng my tnh
Kin trc tp lnh thay i chm, t chc
my tnh thay i rt nhanh.

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Kin trc tp lnh Cu trc c bn ca my tnh

Kin trc tp lnh ca my tnh bao gm:

Tp lnh: tp hp cc chui s nh phn
m ho cho cc thao tc m my tnh
c th thc hin
Cc kiu d liu: cc kiu d liu m
my tnh c th x l

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Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh 1.3. S tin ho ca my tnh

B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit): Th h th nht: My tnh dng n
iu khin hot ng ca my tnh v x l in t chn khng (1950s)
d liu. Th h th hai: My tnh dng transistor
B nh chnh (Main Memory): Cha cc (1960s)
chng trnh v d liu ang c s dng. Th h th ba: My tnh dng vi mch
H thng vo ra (Input/Output System): Trao SSI, MSI v LSI (1970s)
i thng tin gia my tnh vi bn ngoi. Th h th t: My tnh dng vi mch
Lin kt h thng (System Interconnection): VLSI (1980s)
Kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia cc Th h th nm: My tnh dng vi mch
thnh phn vi nhau. ULSI, SoC (1990s)

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1. My tnh dng n in t ENIAC (tip)

Nng 30 tn
ENIAC- My tnh in t u tin 18000 n in t v 1500 rle
Electronic Numerical Intergator And Computer
5000 php cng/giy
D n ca B Quc phng M
X l theo s thp phn
Do John Mauchly v John Presper Eckert
B nh ch lu tr d liu
i hc Pennsylvania thit k.
Bt u t nm 1943, hon thnh nm Lp trnh bng cch thit lp v tr ca cc

1946 chuyn mch v cc cp ni.

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n in t
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My tnh von Neumann
l my tnh IAS:
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
c bt u t 1947, hon thnh1952
Do John von Neumann thit k
c xy dng theo tng chng
trnh c lu tr (stored-program
concept) ca von Neumann/Turing (1945)
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ENIAC (tip)
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c im chnh ca my tnh IAS
Bao gm cc thnh phn: n v iu khin, n
v s hc v logic (ALU), b nh chnh v cc
thit b vo-ra.
B nh chnh cha chng trnh v d liu
B nh chnh c nh a ch theo tng ngn
nh, khng ph thuc vo ni dung ca n.
ALU thc hin cc php ton vi s nh phn
n v iu khin nhn lnh t b nh, gii m
v thc hin lnh mt cch tun t.
n v iu khin iu khin hot ng ca cc
thit b vo-ra
Tr thnh m hnh
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c bn ca my tnh
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John von Neumann v my tnh IAS Alan Turing

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Cc my tnh thng mi ra i UNIVAC I

1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer

Corporation
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
1950s - UNIVAC II
Nhanh hn
B nh ln hn

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UNIVAC II Hng IBM

IBM - International Business Machine

1953 - IBM 701
My tnh lu tr chng trnh u tin ca
IBM
S dng cho tnh ton khoa hc
1955 IBM 702
Cc ng dng thng mi

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IBM 701 2. My tnh dng transistor

My tnh PDP-1 ca DEC (Digital Equipment

Corporation) my tnh mini u tin
IBM 7000
Hng trm nghn php cng trong mt giy.
Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao ra i.

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My tnh DEC PDP-1 (1960) IBM 7030 (1961)

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3. My tnh dng vi mch SSI, MSI v LSI Lut Moore

Vi mch (Integrated Circuit - IC): nhiu transistor
v cc phn t khc c tch hp trn mt
chip bn dn.
SSI (Small Scale Integration)
MSI (Medium Scale Integration)
LSI (Large Scale Integration)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) (th h th t)
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) (th h th nm)
SoC (System on Chip)
Siu my tnh xut hin: CRAY-1, VAX
B vi x l (microprocessor) ra i
B vi x l u tin Intel 4004 (1971).
Gordon Moore ngi ng sng lp Intel
S transistors trn chip s gp i sau 18 thng
Gi thnh ca chip hu nh khng thay i
Mt cao hn, do vy ng dn ngn hn
Kch thc nh hn dn ti phc tp tng ln
in nng tiu th t hn
H thng c t cc chip lin kt vi nhau, do
tng tin cy

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Tng trng s transistor trong chip CPU IBM 360 Family

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PDP-11 (1973) VAX-11 (1981)

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Micro VAX Siu my tnh CRAY-1

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4. My tnh dng vi mch VLSI/ULSI Intel 4004 - b vi x l 4-bit

Cc sn phm chnh ca cng ngh VLSI/ULSI:

B vi x l (Microprocessor): CPU c ch
to trn mt chip.
Vi mch iu khin tng hp (Chipset): mt
hoc mt vi vi mch thc hin c nhiu
chc nng iu khin v ni ghp.
B nh bn dn (Semiconductor Memory):
ROM, RAM
Cc b vi iu khin (Microcontroller): my
tnh chuyn dng c ch to trn 1 chip.

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Intel 8080 - b vi x l 8-bit Intel 80286 - b vi x l 16-bit

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80386 - b vi x l 32-bit u tin ca Intel Intel Pentium (32-bit)

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Pentium III v Pentium 4 (32-bit) Itanium (64-bit)

Pentium III Pentium 4

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Cc h thng my tnh hin i V d my ch HP

My tnh nhng
My tnh c nhn (PC)
My trm lm vic
My ch (Servers)
Mng my tnh
Internet - Mng my tnh ton cu

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V d my ch Sun Tc dng ca mn hc
S dng, khai thc, qun tr v bo tr
SunFire15K
cc my tnh c hiu qu
Lm ch cc h thng my tnh v pht
SunFire V40z trin cc phn mm h thng
nh gi hiu nng cc h thng my
tnh
Lp rp v sn xut my tnh
C kh nng thit k cc my tnh
nhng phc v cc mc ch chuyn
dng (HW/SW co-design)
SunFire V880
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Ht chng 1

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