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    Structure as Architecture

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    32 views64 pages

    Structure As Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Ayush Kamboj
    Structure as Architecture

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    HASHIM K ABDUL AZEEZ SD 0412 Center for Environmental Planning & Technology School of Building Science & Technology Outline _ ae between Architecture and Structure Treatment of form in Structural Engineering Relationship between Structural Form and Architectural form Structures and Architecture in tall buildings Designing Bridges — Structural and Architectural concept The concepts of the Architects and Structural Engineers to the present challenges — Sustainability and Earthquake Resistant Structures. Multidisciplinary Design Conclusion Introduction Be ee ee The Master-Builder was an architect, engineer and constructor, all in one Mate essgte| route) Complex constructions and demand increased,. Material and instruments developed with the (echnical development. This made it harder for one person to know everything. The work divided between the architect, the many different engineers, and the builder. With the distribution of work came other problems. The greatest - the communication between the different professions. For the technical development of new architecture in the future and for the technical development in the construction - necessary for architects and engineers to work together much closer, both in the school and out on the field The Ever Changing Relationship Be' Architecture and Structure e Be ane and structural engineers as it has i of the twentieth century until the present day was a period in which very major changes occurred in the world of architecture as architects sought to find modes of visual expression which were appropriate to the Modern age ® Significant change during the period - the development of the technologies of steel and reinforced concrete. ® Readily adopted by Architect — incorporated into the new architecture bringing about changes in the methodologies needed for the design and frie teem elt] * nls] © The evolution of a new profession, that of the consulting structural engineer — a practitioner who is responsible for the design of the structural aspects of Lee Co liare R OR e ee cB Leale kee one mee) eel) relationship with architects in order to bring this about. The Ever Changing Relationship Be' Architecture and Structure ie ae produced architecture in their own right, working as architects rather than with architects At the other end, who have sought to form ciose collaborations with Fee ree WR OMe Relea BUR UR Understanding of aesthetic concept - a long debate between architect and structural engineer, because of differen! assignments and education backgrounds. The participation of the public — deepen the gap ARMS U Remi Me)0 ema e mae le eRe eu tls Rem architects while structural engineers has been regard as the one who Pee ee tiatUle Rise of the modern bridge engineering -Aesihetic value of structure has rie RM mele Et} The Ever Changing Relationship Betw Architecture and Structure Tr ition (1760-1890) i ic §6structures- no scientific basis of their resistant performance e Up until the19th century, many bridges and other structures -work of Ee cie ® The separation was determined by a change: industrial revolution the period een emt ROT ACRE Ue Renu Ce © Iron Bridge in 1779 by Abraham Danby Ill - the skeletal iron offended most architects and their classical values. © The leading civil engineer, such as Telford, Stephenson, Brunel, etc, moved increasingly further - away from architecture and took a strong starid for the independence of engineering. dition (1760-1890) (STRUCTURES AND Figure |, Selected eminent bridge and building during 1760-1890 a See Ame ie} ene ia Architecture and Structure | Piel MEL vy elma s]etelar- elie Tl meme aro gy and crystallization of modern bridge and architecture. © Impact of industrialization and the advent of steel and reinforced concrete- the value of architects and engineers was much closer ® Increasing promotion of steel and reinforced concrete- the contradiction between farm and technology is acute. e A number of structures were built under new theory of structure -{rying to solve the appearance from a technical view © Engineers were not restrained to theoretical analysis-developed {he theory to suit the form, not the form to suit the theory. © There was no imposition of aesthetic rules in their works- bul a strong desire for aesthetic results and great simplicity. te OMe PN Pee abt en kb) sient] 1920 1930 > (1940, 1945, 9 Pa ad of SSE ol, 40h? sve e) AIP oP Pe WO 195” ag oO eGR aR ee UE RIO 9 ym Or Es? gO gn aeRO cea a aor" Ber ve shor sehete ein a Sse a Pree ote Sas we v io # Figure 2. Selected eminent bridge and building during 1890-1945. Siew CUCU nema ce ois Architecture and Structure Transformation and detachment (1945-1980) Cy Malo Peace 1 Mace OR eis R coli fol C lestroyed social and economic order -ideas in modern architecture still alive and not so easily defeated. ® After World War || - mirrored the willingness to rebuild cultural building and escape from the Modernism ® Many architects stimulated new thinking about technology - cid |i from the eee mee Tei e met mune elem © In Structural side - a number of ideas so arranged that each succeeding one makes a stronger statement than its predecessor. For eg - cable-stayed bridge is the summation of the process. The clear force flows and new spatial relationship of cable-stayed bridge pushed SA to a new level with series of construction in this type. © Streamlined box girder in suspension bridge not only had superior performance under the wind load, but also brought the girder in cable-stayed and suspension bridge into a more slender era. The Ever Changing Relationship Between Si and Structure Transfo and detachment (1945-1980) (STRUCTURES AND ARCHITECTURE, Paulo J.S. Cruz) Siew CUCU nema ce ois Architecture and Structure The undergoing combination (1980-2013) e rowed the distance between AA and the SA. Teme ae eee mel ® The architecture of past thirty years demonstrated that architectural design should concern the culture and history © The use of local materials and expression on local culture - evoked the ree ns OM a libre eae Melee lel cs Ae bee MSR SIL ella) ® Dissolving the intellectual boundaries between AA and SA is key to the success, ie. not only from the architectural view for context and culture but lind reasonable load path fram a structural view. © Structural engineering in general have had a decisive influence on architecture and structural engineering inventiveness requires the support of rigorous analytical method. ® Instead of complex analysis theory, fully embodied the idea of SA and clear aesthetic value in the conceptual design. TO (1980-2010) (sTRUCTURES AND ARCHITECTURE, Paulo J.S. Cruz) 3.4 The undergoing combination (1980-2010) 205 Figure 4, Selected eminent bridge and building during 1980-2010, ima Sieh aaa iliailiiidieim Architecture and Structure CY Sul aero pubic it Caen Gem UM cme t-s3 The space and image created by these structures - a direct impact on human behavior and feeling of life From Industrial Revolution, the division between architecture and engineering has existed for nearly two centuries. Never been two parallels - an ever-changing line From separate to combine and then separate again, both AA and SA underwent constantly changing Every architect has a structural view while every engineer has an architectural concept Great architects and structural artist is very few ,while “archilect-engineer PMC eR eR a Architectural Art sr go ag 0 - ay # oe ‘os ‘0° o, off ~~ gee a tate oe “ 5 en Hig Or ‘e 3) ge rn i eee wet e ? 3¢ Oa ~~ ’ , enw 1 iH sa — a | Theage of ron760-1900) __ ~~~ Theage of concrete and steei'1860-Present) 9 3 _ ; * Structural Art Figure 5, The trend line of aesthetic value between AA and SA. SECT LT Structural Engineering ® Stn | engineering applied to the sphere of the great architecture - most ie CRC eure e. tuctural Engineering — going through a situation of “over- proficiency”. where technicians, who operate via computer programs and spreadsheets with huge capacities and possibilities, are working with litle retined knowledge and understanding of the structural behaviour. ® The structural engineers are now faced to the challenges of the architectural form —need a refined and thorough structural processing for their caneretion ® The three possibilities for the structural engineer's approach to the load for Ula le mle MMR: Cole MLL ae (OC OLR COL MANTA OL BO MMe (xe -lo mu Rie Odum ares VU eolaci RUM Le okt 1)2 unsuitable resistant systems — forces elements to comply with the free configurations to transfer the tensional How of internal stresses but over sizing them in enormous amount SECT LT Structural Engineering e ee ae solution into the existing formal space, as t Oritative as possible and with a great load earing and resistant capacity- Forcibly taking some areas of thal space which had been designed for fulfilling building's functionality from the ELfel iced 3) To force or slightly modify, as presice as possible, the proposed free form in order to try to approximate the system — quile casual and without real consistent schemes — towards an active-resistant arrangement on behalf of the material of the said system, and this by iniegrating precisely tuned structural arrangements into the architecture. © The third possibility can lead the process creatively a /avorable fulfillment of ARTE leel uit meres 6 Cre ile mele Bit 1-2 eree8 SECT LT Structural Engineering compositional, analytical and constructive. ss himself with a maximum freedom i gn ne tater will have to accept to interchange the aspects of structural aie ge mem melee) ele Great architectural structures must be set up with a tensible thought vision of constructivity from the very initial moment of their design process. Tensiblity is “the capacity to use optimally the maximum dimensions of the outline of the building in order to arrange in this space a structural system able to solve the load bearing and construction problems without altering the proposed architectonical spirit by using chiefly canonical arrangements which are auspiciously conditioned and which optimize the internal energy of the bearing system, hereby achieving the optimum efficiency and the least Seles ere eRe aml Ualel* MUL ela intent (et oes \o- oa (STRUCTURES AND ARCHITECTURE, Paulo J.S. Cruz) SECT LT Structural Engineering ructivity “the evolutive capacity of the substructures which are oe and which could be obtained by cutting or y . (STRUCTURES AND ARCHITECTURE, Paulo J.S. Cruz) Successive or staged active areas so to enable the sysiem’s growing progress up to its final state without requiring temporary structures or arrangements except the ones needed for the mobility of these subsystems. If in the conception of the architectural-structural design of the whole building the self-construction processes are taken into account, ihe said construction Pee SUV Mee RMIT Re oo ¢ 1a the constructive process also defines part of the building’s geometry or image. The Relationship Between Architectura Structural Form ® Archi ral form - A building’s external outline or shape, and to a lesser nization and unifying principles. . a shape or three dimensional massing, but also encompasses additional architectural aspects including structural configuration and form, in so far as they may organize and unify an architectural design ® Structural form is a building's primary or most visually dominant structural system responsible for maintaining the shape of the building under the influence of the forces, loads and other environmental factors to which it is IV oJ ere siem Ce RA Mia a] e leet ie a POM el cr Vee) PRN ie eeM mele y.\ Ome) aU) ® Structure defines architectural form and often functions, at least partially, as the building envelope. Reese lc * Achieve the most pure synthesis of architectural and structural forms. eS Ue U meee LU] ee Com at ROTO MUL Meet moe alee ee me meet e mei Cle and placement of supports for their adequate structural performance. PUM EMC Matai Peer Melia bares tel eda ® Greenhouses of te’Eden Project. Cornwall ® Building blocks - Hexagons ® Outer primary hexagonal steel structure - supplemented by CNT meme ula) Eta] ® Increase in structural depths of the biomes etme) main hexagon tubes reduced and Tilelee\ uma} sparency SM m (oan elated degree of synthesis of possible with shell st fee Ue The Relationship Between Architectura Structural Form ie ee Structures ca * Tensioned fabric initially resists self weight and other loads. * Rely upon their three-dimensional curvatures for structural adequacy. Thickness and strength must match the expected loads. Surfaces must be stretched taut to prevent the fabric flapping during high TT eRe ee oUt a CrCl Require additional and separate compression members to create high points PMR R Ci oeer- tes B eit | © Stellingen Ice Skating Rink and Velodrome, Hamburg - four masts (a tall upright post) that project through the fabric and connect to |! by tension fel eee Rw eM ae eunlls somes e Lib) struts provide additional high points. From interior cables tensioned between the four outermost masts they thrust upward into the fabric to increase its curvature and improve its structural performance. a7 CMa Metis re Min chia Meets eet mtr Cie rueeieun cele nr tcmel ee Nei (em ts and inte The Relationship Between Architectural Sel erode) formed by a chain hanging freely from two points on ® Transfer loads to their supports through tension. ® Catenaries that support roofs are usually designed so that the roof self Pea Soe Umm lol nel mY [Reece Mu MTN eRe Ia) cause excessive vertical movement. ® einioreed concrete is chosen as a catenary material for this reason. ® The concrete encases the tension steel protectively and provides the aide eR elm arco) e Lighter catenary systems are possible provided that wind upliit is overcome with ballast or a separate tie-down system © Catenary tension members are usually distinct from the cladding and exposed within or outside the building envelope. The Relationship Between Architectural eu! Structural Form Ofthe Portuguese [Eye Wise elie 2s] 58 m wide is sheltered by a 200 mm thick reinforced concrete catenary slab. ® Two porticoes (a roof supported by columns at regular intervals), one at each end, act as massive end-blocks to resist Seer SV Sold CMe Si ere Um Se eM eames lel Pertti ad large inwards pull from the hanging slab. Ce aera sisi) NOM (oC LaSMM cero LAr-laVE-LaLe| the porticoes. Sie Te) PSI oda 91 ASL OSL of architectural and structural form. The Relationship Between Architectura Structural Form Ce jonymous with enclosure where they generaie and define architectural form ® Their skeletal character often necessitates a separate enveloping system. Catal me hee m el eel Reese). eRaC Ue id bases. CR RRR er ema eR emu uh ee propped by other ribs to achieve equilibrium, as in the case of a ribbed dome. ® Ribbed structures generally enclose single volumes rather than multi-storey construction e By restricting the height of these structures effectively to a single storey, designers avoid potentially compromising a pure architectural language of ribs with additional interior load-bearing structure. PUM EMC met ume iCH ie mei Saree telat Pe Wes ie-iie ss) | seine ioSs Fare CIS Te cee ieee ealiee ie nem Mat -leuitit-(e] Cupola, Berlin . ® Ribs lean against each other via a crowning compression ring. ® An intemal double helical ramp structure supported off the ribs provides them with additional horizontal stiffness through its in plan ring-beam action ® . Acircumferential moment-resisting irame lies within the dome surface to resist lateral loads. The Relationship Between Architectural mec ae Structural Form e Arches also offer a potential synthesis of architecttraPand’structural form. ® Great Glasshouse, Carmarthenshire, arches form a toroidal dome . ® The dome's two constant orthogonal radii of curvature require that the arches distant Sr R Mle ee me Mt Mle a Del ROR Rule Re UL eit eae Povey © Clarity of the arched structural form is undiminished by the small diameter tubes that run longitudinally to tie the arches fo Ce ore MCI OME Bel LCL] beam. Apart from supporting the roof glazing they also prevent the arches from buckling laterally and deflecting from their elise td PUM EMC met ume iCH ie mei atest elm telat 6). Framed Structures © Synthesis of architectural and structural form extends beyond curved forms. ® Most orthogonal beam-column Dla eM Me prismatic architectural forms. ® La Grande Arche, Paris, itself a huge open frame when viewed in frontal elevation, comprises a hierarchy of frames ® Along each leg of the frame four equally spaced five-storey internal Meee a Bont eset Rielem be =Car lan ol subdivided into seven intermediate ele The Relationship Between Architectural Leh | oder Par Tin Tice Eee ULE Le oie ORE Le) SUM ROCM Cem eleNRe (C18) vierendeel trusses. © Vierendee! truss elements are Cot sletre RRM corel mh el] ea Ee The Relationship Between Architectura Structural Form Ce able of participating in the integration of architectural and structural forms. PM Mae aro No LINCO cele U tener tn ole Slee oe but also define interior spaces ® Insome areas of the building horizontal slots force the walls to span Lateliraeluie AUR Tee ure Ocal owe ue ® Inside and out, walls dominate the architectural experience. Mr aalya 90311 *) (em et Wale tects M COLUM SELLOUT SMUNILe 1 clem el Cem ae ele Reale tia (eee Cea CTO Cet) textures, and the lightening of the concrete colour Meee ae mene URE # EU LTeR | ETT] +) sles bel eke 0 Love hel PUM EMC malate iced eM elie TEC eee OL The Relationship Between Architectural Stel Ue reda tt} Cy a aa where the architectural and structural ® Rather, a comfortable and usually unremarkable relationship exists between sat ® Often several different structural systems co-exist within the same architectural form. For example, frames and cross-bracing might resist gravity and lateral loads respectively. © CONSONANT FORM ® Although their forms cannot be considered synthesized, they are nonetheless highly integrated PUM EMC malate iced eM elie Structural Form © Froméhe.perspective of its architectural form, the European Institute of Health and Medical Sciences building, Guildford, represents MAT hC Memee sch ay e Inplan the building approximates a triangle with a rounded apex, in elevation the area above the main entry rises like a blunted ship's prow ® The roundedness of the prow in plan also appears in section Veco) Penh Aa Je Bore area softens the architect m. The Relationship Between Architectural Fo Sales telat Ce . 2 SIGH © Vertical reinforced concrete walls concentrate in the front and rear plan areas and provide lateral stabilily and columns elsewhere in plan support the weight of up to five flat-slab suspended floors. ® Inclined columns follow the building envelope profile to prop the cantilevering prow. ® Curved glue-laminated portal frames in the top floor achieve the Prd Cemreliciics Menu RIC Clin and inside they strengthen the maritime metaphor implied by the architectural form The Relationship Between Architectural Stelle reda tt} J ee architectural qualities such as geometry, materiality, scale and texture are observed. ® Geometric dissimilarity between forms is the most common quality forearm CIR) ou nee ome More Meee OMe)! Lol nve Mme UC Esse] im ®@ Ifthe actual form is considerably different from what is anticipated then it is likely that architectural and structural forms contrast. ® Well-designed contrasting forms provide many opportunities for innovative and interesting architecture: ® Most examples of contrasting forms can be attributed io designers attempting to enliven their work, but occasionally reasons arise from practical rather than theoretical considerations. URE m= Panadol a Structural Form e CONTRASTING FORM ® The architectural form itself transforms along the building's length = froma t ST [oer Ua conventional rectil ere ® Southem end - Moment-resisting frames and relate closely to the reasonably rectilinear form of that area. CN olaak-tire sell mee lets] elela ta is 1ern end toa ls E Bia laet 18 he mezzanine The Relationship Between Architectural Fo Structural Form a! to cS n theatre and maintain the proscenium (an arch framing the opening between the stage and the auditorium) through lis rear wall into the building behind e Central area which accommodates vertical circulation and bathrooms - sie! tubes on an axis angled to the DEM ED Ca] eli fe Uae Rae Pe Te ra Ce which light-weight eaves and Ler ete meet es MSE UCL The Relationship Between Architectura Structural Form Le CLUS RES oR LET Rela ire] sre ar] lines and the sloping planar surfaces of the building enclosure. © Floor plate geometry does not follow the lines of structural support but rather ignores the generally rational structural layout to satisfy the goal of completing the global geometrical transformation. ® Structure and construction clash, but both systems maintain their integrity and independence © The reality of most architectural design practice is thal structure rarely generates architectural form, but rather responds to it in a way that meets the programme and ideally is consistent with design concepts. © No one category or attitude to the relationship between forms is inherently Pe Bon ues Structures and Architecture in Tall Buildings _ ae the most advanced building technologies p ti Tee ie The role of structures is more important in tall buildings than any other building type due to the “premium for height. Breakthrough technologies allowed the emergence of a new building type, tall buildings, and eventually led to a new architectural style through the aesthetic aspiration of architects who wanted to transform technological products into their aesthetic ideology. While this new style at its culminating phase is still a mainstream design direction, many branch-out trends have been prevalent in tall building design. These design approaches of architects accompany the technolagical evolutions enabled by the efforts of engineers. Structures and Architecture in Tall Buildings _ e Se in tall buildings due to their extreme heights. ® Technology tends to govern the design of tall buildings more than that of other building types. This may conflict with architectural aspects of tall buildings. Good design involves resolving this possible conflict. © \tdepends on the capability of architects and engineers to transform any present challenges like earthquake resistance into the potentiality of enhanced synergistic design integration toward higher quality built environments Designing Bridges- Structural and Architectural Concept i ev Rei me mele te. gS in space, and in that sense could be said to ye Meret tg But due to th practical implications-a bridge cannot be regarded, let alone designed, the way sculptures are. Most fundamental requirement for structural design-Knowledge of actions to be considered, of structural materials proprieties and their structural behaviour, and of how forces and their values are generated in the various ES Oo eS a ale The inherent responsibility of design and the vital and dominant task of the structure- imply the person detaining that knowledge plays a central role in the design of a bridge Whatever the structure and regardless of equipment or decorative elements to be.added, the definition of the structure signifies an architectonic form is felts] Designing Bridges- Structural and Architectural Concept vern the structure, but the resulting structure ncept. BUR Ul Rem Tec Ue Meta OR ie teen en OT BRIDGE DESIGN - STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS Although equilibrium and resistance guide the design of a bridge, construction and maintenance costs are major constraints. Talent in the design of a bridge is displayed in the weight given to each factor and in the definition of the multi-objective optimization oriterion, but art comes in the subjective synthesis of so many factors and objectives. Structural Engineers are best at weighing ihe design factors and at balancing the optimization multi-objectives but feel uncomfortable at the irrational and subjective parts of the synthesis PERC RCNA Soe LOC Meee Ole) cle oe ROU EL} and understand better dimensions and proportions in space. Designing Bridges- ST and Architectural Concept i f the structural designing factors, they feel free ) approach. But because they do not master the fundamental and safety design factors, Architects should not take the leading role in bridge design. Only Structural Engineers are expected to be equipped for the design of a structure to guarantee equilibrium and resistance. 12) al BC] =Wal=to ln) aN Lets) Aesthetics can be neither a design factor nor an explicit component in the bridge design multi-purpose objective. Biel -iesmelge- Wee ¢( MUS O° eee een ened all factors affecting the subjectivity of beauty, where decorative elements may take a significant role. The “Pedro e Inés” foolbridge embodies the fusion of all the various issues, PU eee eae eS MEU Ct Leelee harmony between the beauty of the architectural concept and the demand for an innate meeting point in the social life of Coimbra. Designing Bridges- Structural and Architectural Concept © Multiple arched structural solution. The decision to convert it into two half DGS ey oluiionary process arising out of extensive es cumuaenuicmirtsiali Me UC ee eli lel CU Nome eo mee gest existed about its inherent potential lack of balance and about an apparent lass of structural efficiency. Conclusion was reached that the adopted geometry exhibits various advantages in its structural response, especially with regard to transversal motion. An original architectural concept converges with an unchangeable structural objective. Designing Bridges- Clem Neila te Mere) arectel e lItreveals the very special solution designed for this bridge. Both deck and Ble) CMTC Tm TU) the two'decks tnited along 12 m in the centre of the bridge. This bridge is ee eee Ree R ee eer LUMO Te ua ec 1ce 0-1 half-bridge, together with the deck, defining two triangular frames supporting fee Tee MAC Pee UCO CeCe aS em mene ed resistance system depends upon the relationship between the rigidity of the two large triangular cells and the rigidity of the arch/foundation set Concept of Architects and Sa CTT Metre (tc) c J n feJe ym egrem oy cots(-1aleagr-\\ -1ele (“em ke) 0 (0 Ronen Lal) ingineers , it would be Earihquake Resistant structures. © Inpresent scenario, Architect is abide to look after the seismic criteria and the Structural Engineer the Sustainable criteria of the structure. © Sustainable design- implies many factors such as environmental friendliness, energy competence, functionality, adaptability and efficient use fe Belek eel ecm ® Sustainable design is not only the realization of an architect’s vision, but also the nation of the structural engineering regulation. ® As aresult of close cooperation between architects and structural engineers, many brilliant and elegant structures have been built all over the else MER (r-eom ® On the other hand, with the increasing concern over the environment the architects and structural engineers find themselves once again faced with new challenges. Concept of Architects and Sa CTV Metre (ec) i Hemme] CHT designed to survive extremely devastating : Ree UO Me RTM gale Beko Bie Renae ® Considering the new material which will be consumed for these operations, the environmental effects will be high from the view point of sustainable construction. ® With this respect, earthquake disaster reduction and sustainable development have equally supportive goals. ® Technological developments to support earthquake resistant design such as seismic isolations, dampers, durable and flexible structural systems are practical solutions to mitigate the risks against earthquake hazards. ® lf properly designed they may lead to structures that are more efficient in materials and also potentially earthquake resistant without the need for either straightening or demolishing for rebuilding Concept of Architects and rece) | Present challenges Leslee | engineers have the opportunity to play an even larger role for the { ‘in building developments - adopling a life-cycle 9, design, construction, destruction, and operation of the buildings especially in the earthquake prone areas. © The choice of materials design and construction method - major bearing on the constructability, consumption and maintenance requirements which structural engineers should carefully consider from sustainability point of Sen ® The structural system recognized as one of the |undamental parameters in controlling the response to strong seismic activities. © The structural system is the parameter having a crucial influence on the Per nen awed ® Architects are primarily responsible for structural system selection. They determine the overall form of a building and, with inpui from structural engineers, determine the structural design to suit building function and planning requirements as well as to express their architectural concepts . Multi Disciplinary Designs a aii) Lelie of architecture and structural design in a symbiotic fashion n of unprecedented built form. ind impact on the project and are mainly oedema CMe neue The conventional practices - a prescriptive approach that serves to realize the architect's image of the project but does not address the underlying ideas of how one structures a project. Architect is charged with the conceptualization and idealization of the project which closely followed by the generation of images that capture the “Character and Quality’ of the built form. Role of the structural engineer - to develop a structural system that serves Re RUE el cM Riel Regus [ed From the start this process disjointed and does not allow the architect and ae ene ae Bee cise CRU BSt~Jef-Ue- Us Bla

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