Exercise 2.

5 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 2.2.6

Some Important Derivative Formulas

d d n
c=0 where c is constant x = nx n 1
dx dx
d d d
dx sin x = cos x tan x = sec2 x csc x = csc x cot x
dx dx

d cos x = sin x
d
cot x = csc2 x
d
sec x = sec x tan x
dx dx dx
d 1 1 d 1 d 1
dx Sin x = Tan 1 x = Sec 1 x =
1 x 2
dx 1 + x2 dx x x2 1

d Cos 1 x = 1 d 1 1 d
Csc 1 x =
1
Cot x =
dx 1 x2 dx 1 + x2 dx x x2 1

Question # 1

Solution 1(i)
Suppose y = sin 2x
y + y = sin 2( x + x)
y = sin 2( x + x) y = sin 2( x + x) sin 2x
Dividing both sides by x
y sin(2 x + 2 x) sin 2 x
=
x x
2 x + 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 2 x 2 x
2cos sin
2 2
=
x
2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )
=
x
Taking limit as x 0
y 2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )
lim = lim
x 0 x x 0 x
dy sin ( x )
= 2 lim cos ( 2 x + x )
dx x 0 x
sin ( x )
= 2 lim cos ( 2 x + x ) lim
x 0 x 0 x
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 2

sin
= 2 cos ( 2 x + 0 ) (1) lim =1
0
dy
= 2cos 2 x
dx
Solution 1(ii) Let y = tan3x
y + y = tan 3 ( x + x )
y = tan ( 3x + 3 x ) tan 3x
sin ( 3 x + 3 x ) sin 3 x sin ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) sin 3 x
= =
cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x
sin ( 3x + 3 x 3x ) sin ( 3 x )
= =
cos ( 3x + 3 x ) cos3 x cos ( 3x + 3 x ) cos3 x
Dividing by x
y 1 sin ( 3 x )
=
x x cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x
Taking limit as x 0
y sin ( 3 x )
lim = lim
x 0 x x0 x cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x

dy sin ( 3 x ) 1 3
= lim ing and ing 3 on R.H.S
dx x 0 x cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x 3
sin ( 3 x ) 1
= 3 lim lim
x 0 3 x x 0 cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x

1
= 3(1)
cos ( 3 x + 3(0) ) cos3 x
3 3 dy
= = = 3sec2 3 x
cos3 x cos3 x cos2 3x dx
Solution 1(iii)
Let y = sin 2 x + cos2 x
y + y = sin 2 ( x + x ) + cos 2 ( x + x )
y = sin 2 ( x + x ) + cos 2 ( x + x ) y
= sin 2 ( x + x ) + cos 2 ( x + x ) sin 2 x cos 2 x
= sin ( 2 x + 2 x ) sin 2 x + cos ( 2 x + 2 x ) cos 2 x
2 x + 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 2 x 2 x
= 2cos sin
2 2
2 x + 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 2 x 2 x
+ 2sin sin
2 2
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 3

= 2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x ) 2sin ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )

Dividing by x
y 1
= 2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x ) 2sin ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )
x x
Taking limit as x 0
y 1
lim = lim 2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x ) 2sin ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )
x 0 x x 0 x

dy sin ( x ) sin ( x )
= 2 lim cos ( 2 x + x ) lim 2 lim sin ( 2 x + x ) lim
dx x 0 x 0 x x 0 x 0 x
sin
= 2cos ( 2 x + 0 ) (1) 2sin ( 2 x + 0 ) (1) Since lim =1
0
dy
= 2cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
dx

Solution 1(iv)
Let y = cos x 2
y + y = cos( x + x)2
y = cos( x + y ) 2 cos x 2
( x + x) 2 + x 2 ( x + x)2 x 2
= 2sin sin
2 2
x 2 + 2 x x + x 2 + x 2 x 2 + 2 x x + x 2 x 2
= 2sin sin
2 2
2 x + 2 x x + x
2 2
2 x x + x
2
= 2sin sin
2 2
2 x2 x
= 2sin x + x x + sin x + x
2 2
Dividing by x
y 1 2 x2 x
= 2sin x + x x + sin x + x
x x 2 2
x
ing and ing x + on R.H.S
2
x
x+
y 2 x x
2
2
= sin x 2 + x x + sin x +
x
x x 2 2 x
x+
2
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 4

x
sin x + x
2 x 2
2
x
= 2sin x + x x + x +
2 x 2
x+ x
2
Taking limit as x 0
x
sin x + x
2 x 2
2
y x
lim = lim 2sin x + x x + x +
x 0 x x 0
2 x 2
x + x
2
x
2 x 2 sin x + x
dy 2 x
= 2 lim sin x + x x + lim lim x +
dx x 0
2 x 0 x x 0 2
x + x
2
( )
= 2sin x 2 + (0) + (0) (1) ( x + (0) )
dy
= 2 x sin x 2
dx
Solution 1(v)
Let y = tan 2 x
y + y = tan 2 ( x + x )
y = tan 2 ( x + x ) tan 2 x
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x ) ( tan ( x + x ) tan x )
sin ( x + x ) sin x
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )
cos ( x + x ) cos x
sin ( x + x ) cos x sin x cos ( x + x )
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )
cos ( x + x ) cos x
sin ( x + x x )
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )
cos ( x + x ) cos x
sin x
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )
cos ( x + x ) cos x
Dividing by x
y 1 sin x
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )
x x cos ( x + x ) cos x
Taking limit when x 0
y 1 sin x
lim = lim ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )
cos ( x + x ) cos x
x 0 x x0 x
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 5

dy tan ( x + x ) + tan x sin x

= lim lim
cos ( x + x ) cos x
dx x 0 x 0 x

tan ( x + 0 ) + tan x tan x + tan x 2 tan x

= (1) = =
cos ( x + 0 ) cos x cos x cos x cos 2 x
dy
= 2 tan x sec 2 x
dx

Solution 1(vi)
Let y = tan x
y + y = tan ( x + x )
y = tan ( x + x ) tan x
tan ( x + x ) + tan x
= ( )
tan ( x + x ) tan x
tan ( x + x ) + tan x

tan ( x + x ) tan x
=
tan ( x + x ) + tan x
1 sin ( x + x ) sin x
=
tan ( x + x ) + tan x cos ( x + x ) cos x
Now do yourself as above.
Solution 1(vii)
Let y = cos x
y + y = cos x + x
y = cos x + x cos x
x +x + x x +x x
= 2sin sin
2 2
Dividing by x
x + x + x x +x x
2sin sin
y 2 2
=
x x
Taking limit as x 0
x +x + x x +x x
sin sin
y 2 2
lim = 2 lim
x 0 x x 0 x
As x = ( x + x + x )( x + x x ) , putting in above
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 6

x + x + x x +x x
sin sin
dy 2 2
= 2 lim
dx x 0 ( x + x + x )( x + x x )
x + x + x x + x x
sin sin
2 lim 2
= lim
x 0 ( x+x + x) x 0 x + x x

2
x+0 + x
sin
= 2 (1)
dy
=
sin x ( )
( x +0 + x) dx 2 x

Question # 2

Solution # 2(i)
Assume y = x 2 sec 4 x
Differentiating w.r.t x
dy d 2
= x sec 4 x
dx dx
d d
= x 2 sec 4 x + sec 4 x x 2
dx dx
d
= x 2 sec 4 x tan 4 x (4 x) + sec 4 x (2 x)
dx
= x sec 4 x tan 4 x(4) + 2 x sec 4 x = 2 x sec 4 x ( 2 x tan 4 x + 1)
2

Solution # 2(ii)
Let y = tan 3 sec2
Diff. w.r.t
dy d
= tan 3 sec 2
d d
d d
= tan 3 sec 2 + sec 2 tan 3
d d
d d
= tan 3 2sec sec + sec 2 3tan 2 tan
d d
3 2
(
= tan ( 2sec sec tan ) + sec 3tan sec
2 2
)
(
= sec 2 tan 2 2 tan 2 + 3sec 2 )
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 7

Solution # 2(iii)
2
Let y = ( sin 2 cos3 )
Diff. w.r.t
dy d 2
= ( sin 2 cos3 )
d d
d
= 2 ( sin 2 cos3 ) ( sin 2 cos3 )
d
d d
= 2 ( sin 2 cos 3 ) cos 2 (2 ) + sin 3 (3 )
d d
= 2 ( sin 2 cos3 )( cos 2 (2) + sin 3 (3) )
= 2 ( sin 2 cos3 )( 2cos 2 + 3sin 3 )
Solution # 2(iv)
Let y = cos x + sin x
1 1
= cos( x ) 2 + ( sin x ) 2
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d 2 + sin x 2
1 1
= cos( x ) ( )
dx dx
1 d 1 1 1 d
= sin( x) 2 x 2 + ( sin x ) 2 ( sin x )
dx 2 dx

1 1 1
1 1
= sin( x ) 2 x 2 + ( sin x ) 2 ( cos x )
2 2
1 cos x sin x
=
2 sin x x

Question # 3
dy
Find if (i) y = x cos y (ii) x = y sin y
dx
Solution 3(i)
Since y = x cos y
dy d
= x cos y
dx dx
d dx
= x cos y + cos y
dx dx
dy
= x ( sin y ) + cos y (1)
dx
dy dy dy
+ x sin y = cos y ( 1 + x sin y ) = cos y
dx dx dx
dy cos y
=
dx 1 + x sin y
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 8

Solution 3 (ii)
Since x = y sin y
dx d
= ( y sin y )
dx dx
d dy
1 = y sin y + sin y
dx dx
dy dy dy
= y cos y + sin y = ( y cos y + sin y )
dx dx dx
dy 1
=
dx y cos y + sin y

Question # 4
Find the derivative w.r.t. x
1+ x 1 + 2x
(i) cos (ii) sin
1 + 2x 1+ x
Solution 4(i)
1+ x
Since y = cos
1 + 2x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d 1+ x
= cos
dx dx 1 + 2x
1
1+ x d 1+ x 1+ x d 1 + x 2
= sin = sin
1 + 2 x dx 1 + 2 x 1 + 2 x dx 1 + 2 x
1
1+ x 1 1+ x d 1+ x
2
= sin
1 + 2x 2 1 + 2x dx 1 + 2 x
1 1 + 2x d 1 + x 1 + x d 1 + 2x
1 + x 1 1 + 2x 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) (
dx dx
)
= sin 2
1 + 2x 2 1 + x (1 + 2 x )

1
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 (1 + 2 x )(1) (1 + x )( 2 )
= sin
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )
2

1
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 1 + 2 x 2 2 x
= sin
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )2
1
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 1
= sin
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )2
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 9

1
1
= sin
1+ x

(1 + 2 x ) 2
2 1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x ) 2 12

dy 1 1+ x
= 3 sin
dx 2 1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 1 + 2x

Solution 4(ii)
Do yourself as above.

Question # 5
Differential (i) sin x w.r.t cot x (ii) sin 2 x w.r.t cos 4 x .
Solution 5(i)
Let y = sin x and u = cot x
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy d
= sin x
dx dx
= cos x
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du d
= cot x = csc2 x
dx dx
dx 1
=
du csc2 x
= sin 2 x
Now by chain rule
dy dy dx
=
du dx du
( )
= ( cos x ) sin 2 x = sin 2 x cos x
Solution 5(ii)
Let y = sin 2 x and u = cos 4 x
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy d
= sin 2 x
dx dx
d
= 2sin x ( sin x ) = 2sin x cos x
dx
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du d
= cos 4 x
dx dx
d
= 4cos3 x ( cos x ) = 4cos3 x ( sin x ) = 4sin x cos3 x
dx
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 10

dx 1
=
du 4sin x cos3 x
Now by chain rule
dy dy dx
=
du dx du
1
= ( 2sin x cos x ) 3
4sin x cos x
1
= sec 2 x
2

Question # 6
dy
If tan y (1 + tan x ) = 1 tan x , show that = 1.
dx
Solution
Since tan y (1 + tan x ) = 1 tan x
1 tan x
tan y =
1 + tan x
1 tan x tan 4 tan x
= =
1 + 1 tan x 1 + tan 4 tan x

= tan x
4

y = x
4
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d
= x
dx dx 4
dy
= 0 1 = 1
dx
Question # 7
dy
If y = tan x + tan x + tan x + ... , prove that ( 2 y 1) = sec 2 x .
dx
Solution
Since y = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...
Taking square on both sides
y 2 = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...
= tan x + tan x + tan x + tan x + ...
y = tan x + y
2

Diff. w.r.t x
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 11

d 2 d
y = ( tan x + y )
dx dx
dy dy dy dy
2y = sec2 x + 2y = sec 2 x
dx dx dx dx
dy
( 2 y 1) = sec2 x
dx
Question # 8
dy
If x = a cos3 , y = b sin 3 , show that a + b tan = 0 .
dx
Solution
x = a cos3 , y = b sin 3
Diff. x w.r.t
dx d
d
=
d
(
a cos3 )
d
= a 3cos 2 ( cos )
d
= 3a cos 2 ( sin )
dx d 1
= 3a sin cos 2 =
d dx 3a sin cos 2
Now diff. y w.r.t
dy d
d
=
d
(
b sin 3 )
d
= b 3sin 2 ( sin ) = 3b sin 2 cos
d
Now by chain rule
dy dy d
=
dx d dx
1
= 3b sin 2 cos
3a sin cos 2
b
= tan
a
dy dy
a = b tan a + b tan = 0
dx dx
Question # 9

Do yourself
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 12

Derivative of inverse trigonometric formulas

d 1
(i) Sin 1 x =
dx 1 x2
See proof on book page 76
d 1
(ii) Cos 1 x =
dx 1 x2
Proof
Let y = cos 1 x where x [ 0, ]
cos y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
d dx dy
cos y = sin y = 1
dx dx dx
dy 1
=
dx sin y
1
= Since sin y is positive for x [ 0, ]
2
1 cos y
1
=
1 x2
d 1
(iii) Tan1x =
dx 1+ x2
See proof on book at page 77
d 1
(iv) Cot 1x =
dx 1+ x2
Proof
Let y = cot 1 x cot y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
d d dy
cot y = x csc2 y = 1
dx dx dx
dy 1
=
dx csc 2 y
1
= 2
1 + cot 2 y = csc 2 y
1 + cot y
dy 1
=
dx 1 + x2
d 1
(v) Sec 1 x =
dx x x2 1
Proof
Let y = sec 1 x sec y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 13

d d dy
sec y = x sec y tan y = 1
dx dx dx
dy 1
=
dx sec y tan y
1
= 1 + tan 2 y = sec 2 y
sec y sec2 y 1
d 1
Sec 1 x = sec y = x
dx x x2 1
d 1
(vi) Csc 1 x =
dx x x2 1
See on book at page 77

Question # 10

Solution 10(i)
x
Let y = Cos 1
a
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d x
= Cos 1
dx dx a
1 d x 1 1 d
= = x
2 dx a
x x 2 a dx
1 1 2
a a
1 1 a 1 1
= (1) = = Ans
a2 x2 a a2 x2 a a2 x2
a2
Solution 10(ii)
x
Let y = cot 1
a
Diff w.r.t x
dy d x
= cot 1
dx dx a
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 14

1 d x 1 1 d
= 2
= ( x)
x dx a a 2 + x 2 a dx
1+
a a2
a 2 1 a
= 2 2
(1) = 2 .
a +x a a + x2
Solution 10(iii)
1 a
Let y = Sin 1
a x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy 1 d a
= Sin1
dx a dx x
1 1 d a 1 1 d 1
=
a 2 dx x



=
a 2 2
a
dx
x ( )
a x a
1
x x2
x x 1 1
=
2 2
x 2 = ( 2 2
)

2 =
x 2 2
Ans
x a x a x x a
Solution 10(iv)
Let y = Sin 1 1 x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d
= Sin 1 1 x 2
dx dx
1 d 1 1 1 d
=
2 dx
1 x2 =
2
(1 x2 ) 2
dx
(1 x2 )
1 1 + x2
(
1 1 x2 )
1 1 1 1 x 1
= 1 ( 2 x ) = =
x2 2 1 x2 x 1 x2 1 x2
( ) 2

Solution 10(v)
x2 + 1
1
Let y = Sec 2
x 1
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d x2 + 1
= Sec 1 2
dx dx x 1
1 d x2 + 1
= 2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
2 dx x 1
2 2 1
x 1 x 1
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 15

2
1 ( d 2
) ( 2 d 2
x 1 dx x + 1 x + 1 dx x 1 ) ( ) ( )
= 2
x +1
2
(x 2 2
) (
+1 x 1 2
)
2
x2 1 ( )
2
x 1 ( x 2 1) 2
x2 1 ( 2x ) x2 + 1 ( 2x )
( ) ( )
1
=
x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1
2
x2 + 1 ( ) ( )
x2 1 ( )
2 2
x 1 ( x 1)

(x 2
1 2x x2 1 x2 1
)
2
( )
=
x + 1 x + 2x + 1 x + 2x 1
2
2
( 4
) 2 4 2
x 2
1 ( )
1 4x 2
= ( 2 x ( 2 ) ) = = Ans
(
x2 + 1 4x2 ) x2 + 1 2x x2 + 1 ( ) ( )
Solution 10(vi)
Do yourself as above.
Solution 10(vii)
Do yourself as above.

Question # 11
dy y y x
Show that = if = Tan 1 .
dx x x y
Solution
y x x
Since = Tan 1 y = x Tan 1
x y y
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d x
= x Tan 1
dx dx y


d x d x
= x Tan1 + Tan1 ( x ) = x
x d 1 x
+ Tan 1 (1)
dx y y dx dx y
2
y
1+ x

y
dy
1 y (1) x x dy y
=x 2 dx + Tan 1 x = yx +
2 2 2
y +x
2
y y y +x dx x
y2

 FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 16

dy xy x2 dy y
= 2 2
2 2
+
dx y +x y + x dx x
2
dy x dy xy y
+ 2 2
= 2 2
+
dx y + x dx y +x x
x 2
dy y x 2

1 + 2 2
= 2 2
+ 1
y + x dx x y +x
dy y
= Proved
dx x
Question # 12
( ) ( )
If y = tan pTan 1 x , show that 1 + x 2 y1 p 1 + y 2 = 0. ( )
Solution
(
Since y = tan pTan 1 x ) Tan 1 y = pTan 1 x
Differentiating w.r.t x
d d
Tan1 y = p Tan1 x
dx dx
1 dy 1 dy
2
1 + y dx
= p
1 + x2
(1 + x ) dx
2
(
= p 1 + y2 )
dy
(1 + x ) y p (1 + y ) = 0
2
1
2
Since
dx
= y1

Error Analyst
Muzammil Ahsan 2009-11 Govt. Post Graduate Collage Jauharabad Distt. Khushab
Nain Malik 2012-14
Muhammad Usman Saleem (2013-15) DPS & IC Jauharabad Distt. Khushab
Abeer Butt (2013-15) FCC

Book: Exercise 2.5

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: May 2013.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (Atiq@MathCity.org)
Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in PDF Format (Picture format to
view online).
Page Setup used: A4.
Printed: September 25, 2014.