The Basic Elements and Phasors 146 COMPLEX NUMBERS + Inde cot mss we nnd ind the laa of vols an ans + Frac ici nals we eda oad the algae sum of voles and 5 Vasa +01) by Va Saat +8) pao, $m =a sine +) +H Sat +60) + Hot dohese uation when te volae ne varying sisi nine? ean be doe pity poi ass, This very og and not pacts lean e done by empayng system ofzomplex umber hat il be reno he snot waster Then we can fad ver easily an accurate Sum fo (or resin 14.7 RECTANGULAR FORM “The engl for is 1 ner ifce = secret and “A complex umber eps it ‘svoimetsion plane eed with ‘erence tao din ake “+ Tis pointca alo determine a as ‘ect den lo he rn othe poi 1% mesymbol/(orsometines 0s used den the nagar component 9 Twofomearewtedtorpeert | AG Mat ‘Simplex umber ectangalra polar #06 rend ini [srt compl pieM48 POLARFORM [Re rrormie = ane mens oan 7 (CCW tom the pote ss (tai | mala eas - | 149 CONVERSION BETWEEN FORMS | = | Resonate — | Gar] Hf \ =e | Polar to Recangur | | Ciszene] | pelaer a ae 14.10 MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS WITH COMPLEX. NUMBERS VT] a] vt cunt TOE) F- Complex Conga “The conjugate of compen eonjaat of cmp ub oun by sinay aging te ig of he rginuy prin he tng om ory we he, phe of np ofthe pot me Theconhicot cme aap ue eee tec sirenReciprocal ‘eres a Sie oeSubtraction atin hse nes as a pt cased Poe seme ns Ga egey me Go enern Souter aT aun EXAMPLE 1421 a. 24S? +3 LAS = 8 248? [esas eGo B- siese-9e8— Note Fig, 1456. Or b 22042180 = 620 Note Fig 457 Adttion or subtraction cannot be performed in poar form unles the ‘complex numisers hae the seme angle 8 or unless they difer only by mutter of 180" : Ta ET -‘Muttiplication “To sully two complex sur in rectangular frm, mi th sea and gina prs of one in tr bythe el and imseinay pais ofthe other For exp if 7 and at caer Eee $yGh eT Re + TAD Ms od Ci Ge oh hip aya sD nif. mg nip ad glee G=224 wl GHZ cn = 12x9) ~an+1649 + 2x00 ts Smursecce eres Division 1 dle wo comes sy mgr aig ‘sc Se ea of be en ‘Smaps Ta tg no - ES[beter mato sth rotting easyer (sd get these wae) This aia veto > aes constant magi > ene end feb atte olin Is the phasor wien pli cleticesit b= Vo sinlat £0,) > Vane 8 igrsnGut £8.) + Vqae 4B, eye Masinat 0) + Mane EO ey 2M snot $8) Manet Weca fad he sa sing ei pasos Yc a “The phasors aad ing the cole er let olan th phaser form state sem ose vey ely an ten son Hk sisi Poston fhe ris pasar cll pasr dag, tis actually a “snapshot” of the rotating vector at t= 0 ie agitBecause thems vale are more sins nl ft ‘The phasor wed wl ave magatade equal tthe effective (ms) vale of ‘helen weet opesens v= ve9 and 12108 ‘Where Van Jace thems vasa @ the pe age Phasor algebra for sinusoidal quantities is applicable ony for naveforms having the same frequency. Tie dma nat o eee | a | sot ee mi ie | EXADLE 1420 Coe loving a a pe Tee weit top SXANPLE 1438 cme oe wre oF Solan: Ayre Ks stn tin ocr om he a thSeries and Parallel ac Circuits 152 IMPEDANCE AND THE PHASOR DIAGRAM Resistive Elements 181 INTRODUCTION ee eres ee ee en i ele thermos developed forthe de alas cae Sonne vitganat =v ar on +The fron nung complemen gi race aoe hey S07 eI E Aoi bs wing sd par sei: od aa da ie Inn ds _ oY arog) - 7 Wesinet) oped = Waplbcs ” 2 (Laine ar ean because and rein pase = e ee (0 = 6) = 0" 0, = 0" var | Rar Rt a aeons, Phasordingram very pl ia work aml 1 Shows maze Sonaion: Noe 15 Shows pe ets 4-30) = ma a = 2806 0 Vetyeu fi | ante ‘Pw Sern bi ncn B12.Inductive Reactance [IBS aig 0° Koo! 7 / ve tqsnat Va veo “sping chi’ sng nd par lea | “het a = 90" is us defi te npn onde ene! 2, =%,290° 7; is not a phasor ERAN 64 geet one tnse | "EET | Sater See 1611 Sr = 30) = pact = 22388 Capctne nance [The curent eas the voltage vby 90° and] Meme : venom cevarar | seo webee= rama sti ins ‘ var, : ho. s808 Inne oni tes(E) anor +909 ‘he fi ha Bc = 90" ised die he pence of te apace ace: Ze = Xce~ 90" Zc'is not a phasorTRAMPLE 1 Ging cope eta St eaige ec |" ‘tee te Shei mt ane | Sotto: Sve Fa 1 = ear ej pinartint = 420 ce | SEM E-W = 208 LWA RL 9) a = VED) sar ~ 10") = 30 daar = 180) so Bas Impedance Diagram Rei = y= Ra Inducer = 2, = Kye" copeioe Ze Kee 9 ach an ep in complex pane digas ese apes postive ais + Catv ractne appet negaive mina “The stn impedance Diagram to be ‘ed ton al impedace weaEXAMPLE 15.8 Detomine the input inmpadance to the series etwork ‘of Fig. 1528. Draw the impedance diary. Solution: B=Ltht+h, = RO" + & LOO" + Xe L—90" Re iM HK R740) 2, 63280.2~1843" “The impedance dingrm appears in Fig, 1524 Nove that in this xatupl. series indotive and capacitive eacances are in dec oppo- Sion For the ckcuit of Fig. 1523, ifthe indbetve reactance tere equa othe capaci resctnee, he fp peace would be paely resistive. We wll have moe to say abou thin puter condition in ae chap. + j000 2M) =60- 20 |e i e a avaksavgo ingens 1 Thecarets sae Ria | |atibe vaibles ia hes ations copes ‘umber (esr) ait a ——> [a] | tu yt | 1s me, Teassine) = B= 100 20° att = Thi sane = aaeine arin aston ose | JRe [Prarwncars sais) r=sacsase| p—Py Fo r= FR ATED) = 250) sete eee | earee | gg mn cane con) Se(p= Elon t= CO HI0A) cn S819 = (06 = 380 cea FReaaris)= 000) = 2008 VS 989) = Made 8.09 Fenty tet te Frans seme + reronte Sone" efi caor «cos ovr y= sty cosh ect ‘Wine Ea 1591 mec Front B= 30 esmeone EXAMPLE 15.10 Using the voliage divider rule, find the unkown ih solages Vp, Var Ve and; fir the cet of Fig. 15 BE _pacaneov 29) _ssovein Sotuton: 1M 2-9 2 Wath Dear AL (60 crnsov 2309 Seem ae We AgParallel ac Circuits 18:7 ADMITTANCE AND SUSCEPTANCE, Indeciouit we wed he conductance, Incite dance Ys dei ashe repeal fhe impedance Z vet (sinew ote inpalaces inp ae ee AiG. 15.54 For wo inpodanees in para Tama fail Te Resistor: ZL, 20" Gast dele Tak RRR RR re wen po igor Repeal frente (1) scaled sence sya Bix (siemens, 5)Capacitor 158 PARALLBLae NETWORKS ES Denne 159 CURRENT DIVIDER RULE [sini sear] ten fash 00809882309 [Mee sieemisacioy — nn acis1812. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS erie pull ac ise: 1 Metal npn fone cee can apie dongle GMELIN SOLE Zsh” S02-F + 10020 ~ S297 a ° Fe. 1887 ash eivoene Barve ner spi gress y= Ede _ ANID £0 Whe 10290 +3020 12.29 40923687" 9200+ 14000 ‘the erm equivalent refers ony tothe fet that forthe same apis tential the sme impedance and inp current will result.Series-Parallel ac Networks o - ay a 7 = + | Fc, 164 eewnver @) | Fo. 162 Neworkof Fi. 163 fer asiing ‘ Bop 12. he bok inpadce ewok ig I oe aie ‘hc pee 5 os ts * no. 105 % romp 1.‘Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (ae) BANE TE Cooerte ine soneat Re 17a eos 42-949" ie PA) 173 SOURCE CONVERSIONS ara > peasEXAMPLE 1710 Wie the mes equation 1718. Do nt solve. = foe the natwork of Fig " f ‘ Mi, = Ry 1@ Q : Coes et Example 710 net oul Cy ody ee Se ce BeR thy Bekah wart ua Be CE gon ThaFEANPLE Te ge ow ict nh ma Bak (vnngsnomee tf er Fe 0, Seton Coto aan est eked Leyes he Waray ta Lcosbontamecoen a were vax +19 — v9 Woy TERE met z an AO Siyss Ya +x‘Seog 1 ha ae" pecs ee re ag ‘esas pecs tn tes mai Ss Satan ponerse ts wa Wan r¥9 = Ysa = 1 wae yerd eg vina ob wants vin’ SV peso. viva ‘EXAMPLE 1218 We Ow putin ee Seiten Coo anki 37) Ban Beihy BARHy Pe ooh 4Network Theorems (ac) a Sati: oi 135 181 INTRODUCTION ‘Thetiorm ste eater Soperpsion theorem, Thevei's Thee, Nonc's Thora Manin Poe Tratstr hoe ve ae) sie cctpeeteeianenysomnejored | ress topasas ad ipedanes. 182 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM ‘Thenly vation in apying is here oa networks with independent sources {state wl ow Be making wit spaces and pass stead sss te ambos note Sentient iecrmet ferme Pe 8 come etc eg cE 151 wee roe epee ame mot Sams. sacar183 THEVENIN'S THEOREM aw ny ime aE ayia aa ear con Bipot ate mae) wth en agutet Ciro contigo vale “si, Source (Phaser) and en npetance eri 8 4 Betousoe 0 ‘on i 1622 5 | , ata ssreol cm Taser opal a etfs nemo Since the eae facet fqn dependent the Tivein cl and eae aes fora pica networ appaloosa Rasen te 2 ep 4.16255 aonb A120 Le ET : DYAMPLE 88 Foie Tae oni cr ee) | Saute mie est SABO 12 ay age ea “ip 5 Ta Tae gar ica 1 Snort ethene mt 3kp26 on tare 184 NoRTON'S THEOREM [ima arc eek an Sion emecvcrcs mayer “ec hector pe pra Siesta “ FG. 1859 The Novo eee router acne ‘Sine he reac ofa sca foueney dependent the Nero's fora priclarnemor is aplcblcaly mon ene. sp ose Sn cp y= a a =Son 2 i 84 Bama nineteen senoh 86 -nacjimon ayea tena c- waco Ser: Th os gt i em Fi 1670, 736 8885 on Ht Breen Beneth jiaia=s8-j4nesn2-s15 185. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM. When appli oa: cnt maxima power rma here ses ht maximum poe wil be tered aad when the oad npedence the ‘onjagete fhe Thvnin impedance ars sera. “The conditions ust mention wll make the total mpedance of he cit uit appear pc este, a ndested in Fig, 18.80Pare) sic thesis prey restive: The omer fc onde ‘sim power tse 2a, _ won e-sivyen zoey _ sna mt ke BSN Hs Meth jath “ot snp emit it fa Ey i 1) a= Za cutest) face ze enveasjen toe BR AE 1 ae fae Ge” Manas” Bt RP 9 nga Sonn: Dewi Ze 209) Rosen eyes 1oO2-s15 so sn s00)Power (ae) 19.1 INTRODUCTION 1+ Teds about power inh pevous chaps yaa he average + Wess examine theo pomer oon ad intact ado! pee power appren power an reac power ‘Thepoweratany insu is abs defied as: [We va ae a ove sinGat +6) i=Tasin(at) Loadpuryeitbe = 0 ‘eal pure idocive = 90° {oul pc cucitve 8 = 90" Low rarity indie: @> 0° (vlads | san se a oad Load rary capacive: @< 0 (leas) | 192 a v7 Istheavergetem | ie. 182 oqrney of vlan pio oFnput quaites = period of power eve py Fr The power crv aoa pit ‘heal power dled to a esr wl be spade form of ea ‘+ "The owe rate the sources represented Be prion fe cane ‘slow ea wih asain he. P= uly Saat +6) taut) Using te winnie: cosa ) = a) com() Fa) sin) B= coe W ~ cos 3a) + Vin Gin 20) Where: Vand Jae themms values, VY /E and 1 = VE 1 Equation (19.1) s expand to he form = eon 8 ~ Veo 0 cos 2ar + FT sin Osa 2ar Testes: 1 Average powers laden fine 2 Me ater vo rm va) at gue of (2) Prk ales ving st oot (eae and Visine) 4+ The power sited he esto atin ca Be ony spy tang thee is the eaton oe poe, sted 19.3 +The average (ret pawer is (vats, W) ‘The enya y the esr otra pod atin Wan ee= vie oul.) Forone sei owe.193 APPARENT POWER [From wat ve tod Racams appara ae | — We un he oer ar BB ofthe ahaa Sania eon he pve site. Fig. 184 “The pode I ot te poe devrait sect powering mea facie | fing hapa esis: Yotempore VA) andthe power fstr ofa system Fis = Foe % | cniess Fora purely resistive cea Fmt ‘voltamperes, VA) on sie ew md 1 ow zi, “The average porter tothe lad of Fig. 19-46 Poles However, sa — “ 19.4 INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT AND REACTIVE POWER is iby 90:8 = 90°, > oe pea Men = ets raed | 0+ hind Fic. 18 ea Tiedt Dating overt rs| + kia snowave wih Regen vce that fe ogo cnet nd ek sale ega 7 There ne verge ve 1, = pavod of either iput quantity 1, = petod of px curve ver one ce ae above he orn ait ~ The ae sow te a wer vere onde" poner ene yr The net flow of por the pare ea) intr eo oer ful cl and no ergs te onsaton The ok vale ofthe powe cre (HI) i dete sth rence ponerIngen rect power factor ppg he gener fara oth power: eos cs 20 + Sin 2a) ‘The symbol free powe i Quit Val-dmpere Resin (VAR) Da Tisae |] woltampere recive, VAR) Indus, = 90" = Q=7] «an 195 CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT since = 2%; or! = Vin Appacrepower: tense power, A Freon [Flay 9059 = 62 air) Tea enna | 1s aepaivesnsave wi eqns ic tat oft okag or caret tdnpedvabe culo 4+ Theres no merge val T, = pesos of either input quanity T= period ofp, curve ‘Overone ple: area above the hizo as The ae othe ais wer dled infor = poner eae net ‘he metflow of per the pure (dea) expat zr ovr a flee en ne negli anaon ‘Therectve power asi with the cpr again he pak aie of Peeve since 1 = We and Qe= Pe PK] wan on | aw Ge Powertanaesiilr tthe case of ide load [imomumny ond eer engine 2.G¢30, Powrtimfesniar ne cas tea a sent pnei ee aaa p= Qe Qe= Mul ~ Vel = YL = MQ = nts — 16) poser eis tilly intereing tate equation Le elena Ae ee | Tis the complex conjugate ofthe phasor FIG. 19.12 | acs Remaretmatpdag secre ening wi he erence power he difrnc eee ha Peyronie a Sere asheor 197 THETOTAL?.0,ANDS age ‘Te tal numberof wats, votampees reat and vl amps, athe power |Scmeneienocnneene eo ‘heat ay mon cane and wing te llowing proce Seareiivcoeactsin =A | meen tle Ei Find ro power and reactive power foreach Branch ofthe ret ‘Theol el power ofthe sem (PI hen the sm ofthe average omer Poitcot P= Soot Sareea ree | The ral recive power (Qs the ference beween he race power of a soa ‘he induce load end ha of he capi lous 4 Phetoal apparent power 5 5. Me powers Pr/Sp EXAMPLE 19.1 Find he ol mamber of wats, voltampere este. =a and voltamperes, a the poms fctorF, of he ati in Fig 19.17 Draw te power uanale and nd the cuter phasor fom nstmcitomscpnewete tine oom2 Find he fal saber of ath, alkanpees eae a vole Spee lhe oer nor Fy the ec Fie 191 . a thy 59. — Eig Stet te poner ne es dad bythe est oer ne ee of he | Betti nye ne tn i He ‘er ne tele fhe over cone exci he eens) of 12_H_asve_oow eg sa Ta as ttnet© ry cpa Hit VHA «gy aoe fe, se20 np e fit _ covn0ay |, wir ae 92 Fer usowaoay 05 » TE 1020 tov 20 22, > Gass70-j180 ~ AZ Toa e538 Ven (OA 232 1360.20) = GOV £5315" En UDA 283 397 290m = 70V cd" NES UDA 25815 K05 02-90") = IDV 23687" Py = Hes 8 = (Q0V WO A) 06 33.13" = 600 W = FR (warn) = 6mow 1a go 2-8 I= (10410) = 100VA 12," 0A) U0) = N00 VA Easy Z7 108 Or = Hsin 8 ~ (10O\)10 sa $3.15" ~ S00 VAR ono. =F, = = U0ayas a= 7.0) = soovaR, G 1000 V8 EXAMPLE 19.3 For the system of Fig. 1921, Fic. 1921 sample 123, Find the erage power apparent power, reactive power, and F for cach beach Find the foal number of wats, voleamperes reactive, an vot tmpees and the power fictor ofthe system. Skech the power ane Find the source eure“ea dn of pipe Q-0R Te apa ad one .cevan DARKER SD TOW + 6400W + 4548.78 W + 1TSL9W 1340037 W "2.202020, D+ 0+ 4384.71 VAR) ~ 25080 VAR EC) ama. VAR) Se= VPE* = ViCSa001T WHF BOVE VARY = 13550060 *”S.” Tassaosva™ cor" ashe = 849" SS ee Power anh fr Bmp 5 BON geo a FW = Sie (Irv. 898) ie peasy 20-2 = (478) 308 Sim VPC Gh = VORISOW eS 13559.89 VA BESAOVA 519 Se = O59 ‘Lagsine poner factor: E leads by 8 9°, and © 5 Se Hae 165194 2-889" ti CCCi((#é(CCL eee