Dehumidifier Mechanieal/reftigerative dehumidifiers, the most common type, usually work by drawing mois ar over a refrigerated coil with a small fan, Since the saturation vapor pressure of water decreases with decreasing temperature, the water in the air condenses on the evaporator coils, and drips into a colleting bucket. The air is then reheated by the warmer side of the refrigeration coil, This process works most effectively with higher ambient temperatures with a high dew point temperature In cold climates, the proess is less effective. They are most effective at over 45 peroent relative humidity, higher ifthe airis cold ‘ir-condtioner inherently act as dehumidifiers when they chill the air, and thus there fs also a need to handle the accumulated dondensate Newer high-fficieney window units use the condensed water to help cool the condensing coil (warm side) by evaporating the ‘water into the outdoor air, while older units simply allowed the water to drip outside. Contra airconditioning units typically ned tobe connected to a dein A conventional ar conditioner i vey similar to a mechanical efigerative dehumidifier. At in a dehumidifier passes over a series of cooling coils (the evaporator) and then over 4 set of heating coils (the condenser) then goes hack into the room as drier ir with its temperature elevated. The water which condenses on the evaporator in a dehumidifier is disposed of in the drain pan or drain hose, However in an air conditioner, air passes aver the cooling coils (the evaporator) and then directly into the room, Spent reftigerant then is pumped by the compressor through a tube to ouside the space being cooled, to where the heating cil (the condense) are located. The waste hea is transferred to the outside ar, which passes over the condenser coils and remains outside. The water that condenses onthe evaporator in an air conditioner i usually routed thorough a drain channel tothe outside of the window, thus removing cnxtracted water fom the conditioned spaceFis ire Prevention and Fi ‘The Hotel Management is fully responsible for the safety and the well being of the guests as well as of the hotel staf, In ease of any harm to the customer due to accidents on account of negligence, the hotel management has 0 face legal proceedings and pay ‘compensation, as decided by the Court of Law. Such occurrences bring a bad name to the ‘organization and effect bu ‘So management must pay serious attention to the personal safety and security of the guests, customers, members of organization and the property ‘The common problems generally are: Fire ‘Accidents in the hotel, e.g, electrical shock, burning, slipping and swimming pool accidents. ‘© To some extent on natural calamities or disasters eg. earthquakes, floods and tomadoes. ‘© Criminal attacks on guests and theft of guests property and hotel property Terrorist attack: injury due to falling or ‘Terminology Combustion and burning are essetilly oxidation process in whi fuel, combines with oxygen with the release of energies (heat, and production of ts oxide, ‘a material, known as ight, pressure and sound) Explosion is the process in which @ material oxidizes at an extremely high rate to release ‘vast amount of heat, light, flames, pressure and sour. The vast amount of heat released in the very short period expands the released gases and the surrounding air, which in tum generate a loud sound. The high pressure damages the objects in the surrounding space. Fire is defined as the rapid rate of combustion with release of heat, light and flames. ‘Smoldering is a comparatively slow process of combustion with release of heat and light but no flames, Rusting or Decay is a very slow process of combustion or oxidation of organic and inorganic materials, accompanied with very slow evolution of heat, FIRE Fire is the most common damaging agent and a major disaster. About 80 percent of the property is rendered a total loss after a building is engulfed in fire; at the same time fire causes substantial number of bum and death cases. Provisions should be made for the safety of the customers and the property against fire.According tothe type of fuels, fie can be classified under the following categories: - : Buming of solid organic materials causes this type of fire, eg. ‘wood, plastic, paper, cloth and rubber etc. Type ‘A” fire is also known as General Fire, Type ‘B’ Fire: caused by buming of liquid organic materials, e.g. petro, diesel, kerosene oil, alcohol and other oils. Type ‘B' fire is also known as Oil Fire, # Type ‘C * Fire: burning of inorganic materials causes this fire, e.g. potassium, sodium, sulfur ete. This fires also known as Chemical Fire, + Type ‘D * Fire: Combustion of both organic and inorganic gases causes this type of fire, eg. methane, petroleum and hydrogen ete. This fre is known as Gaseous Fire. # Type ‘E’ Fire: Electrical sparks or short circuit initiates the fire and it is ined by the burning of combustible materials used as indicated above. This known as Eleetrieal Fire and requires different preventive techniques. fire The table shows the classification asin Portable inguishers Extinguishing [ABCall_| Carbon | Foam Water [B,C Principles | Purpose | Dioxide F | Powder il A Water cooling | Yes, No Yes Yes, | Yes ‘or combustion | excellent excellent inhibition B Flame Yes, Ves | Yes, No) Yes inhibiting | excellent cexeellent or surface blanket c Yes Ves_| Yes, No Yes it excellent Mh Fires Flame Yes_| Ves, No No | Yes involving | inhibiting excellent Electrical hazards‘© Presence of combustible material or fuel. ‘© Presence of oxygenated air: - Oxygen is a supporter of combustion and is essential for it, Normal air contains about 20% of oxygen of its volume. ‘© Ignition temperature:- Fuel materials have their own ignition temperature which is necessary to start combustion and maintain fire. Variation in any of the above conditions will affect and control the intensity of fi Jow a fire starts and sustains itself ‘© When an extemal heat source heat a fuel material in the presence of oxygen, the portion of the substanee, which first attains the ignition temperature, stars buming. ‘+ The heat liberated by the combustion process is divided in two portions:- * One part ofthe heat generated by burning is released tothe atmosphere. The other part is utilized in warming and raising the temperature of the fuel ‘material adjoining the burning zone, Under favourable conditions, ifthe adjoining materials, attains its proper ignition temperature, the fire proceeds further and sustains itself * Ifthe part of heat is not enough to raise the temperature ofthe fuel material 10 the ignition point, the fie will ot sustain and will ultimately extinguish, © Atthe same time, other fire sustaining conditions (oxygenated air and fuel material ) should be available. Conditions, which will retard or subdue Fire «Restriction or absence of combustible material. Restriction or absence of oxygenated air affects the intensity of fire and under severe reduction of oxygen the fire may nat be able to sustain itself, © Coolness or less heat of fire, ifthe heat of fire is not sufficient enough to raise the temperature of adjoining fuel material to the ignition point, the fire will not sustain. Methods to Extinguish Fi 1. Methods, which depend on the cutting off the fuel: =5+ # Removing the unburnt fuel material from the vicinity of the fire, This method is not suitable for closed spaces or heavy objects. The shifting is difficult due to smoke in the closed space or due to the weight of the objects. 2, Methods depending on the cut off of oxygen supply: ~ ¥# Covering the fire with a layer of un-combustible materials will restrict air from reaching the fire zone, The fire gets starved of oxygen and extinguishes. For example, putting sand or dust on burning material or covering it with woolen blankets. 3. Methods depending on the cooling ofthe fire: # tf a large amount of air is blown over a small fie, it absorbs the heat ofthe fie and the ‘adjoining material fils to reach ignition temperature. The fire is unable to sustain sel. # Small explosions over the fire remove the hot gases and cool the fire by expanding the hot flames. This method is vastly used in controlling the oil fires # Pouring water over general fires: - the pouring of water over the fire absorbs the ‘sensible heat (heat to raise its temperature tothe boiling point) and secondly absorbs vast amount of heat as latent heat of vaporization. Thus, the fire is cooled and quickly brought ‘under control Fire Prevention ‘Techniques General Fires: «If conditions favouring the fire can be contained in a limited space by the removal ‘of unburnt fuel materials from the fire area. ‘© Covering the fire with incombustible mat © Spra ial like sand, thick woolen blanket etc. ng or throwing water over general fires controls it Oil Fire + Sand or water should never be used to quench oil fires. = Foam type fire extinguisher should be used. The foam spreads on the top of the burning oil surface and cuts off the air in contact with it + Dry calcium bicarbonate powder extinguisher can also be used. The powder releases carbon dioxide gas on coming in contact with the burning layer. ‘The powder, oil and carbon dioxide gas forms foam with COs filled bubbles, which float on the surface and cuts the air supply. Gas Fires: * These fi require very special techniques to control them:# Use of oxygen absorbing gases: Some gases like ‘Halon’ are specially favoured for extinguishing gascous fires and electrical equipments because they leave no residue and do not cause electrical short cireuits or damage the equipment. These gases have a very high affinity for oxygen and absorb about 20 times of their own volume of oxygen. # Explosion method: This is only suitable for gas fires, especially in oil fields. A series of explosions are carried out in quick succession over the gas fire. Large amount of oxygen is absorbed by the explosive materials and due to creation of high pressure the fire spreads out whieh finally helps to coo! and control the fire. Electric Fire: ‘© Water or soda acid fire extinguisher should never be used in case of electricity caused fire ‘© Special carbon tetra chloride fire extinguishers are used. CCl, which is an insulating liquid, is stored in container and sprayed with the help of pressurized nitrogen gas. ‘© Nitrogen displaced foam type fire extinguisher may also be used in some eases of electrical fires. Fire Alarm Itis_a device used to warn the occupants of @ building, of the presence of a fire before it spreads and blocks escape routes, or attempts to extinguish it, (On sensing smoke the detectors emit a loud, high-pitched alarm tone, usually intermittent and sometimes accompanied by flashing lights. ‘There are two types of smoke detectors: I. Photoelectric smoke detectors: * Light beam obstruction detector: I utilizes @ small light source and a light-sensitive cell. The spot of light falls on the photocell which generates current that keeps an alarm circuit ‘open’. When particles of smoke imerrupt the ray of light, the photocell stops generating current and the alarm circuit is triggered ‘on’. The system is to be installed high enough so that the beam of light is not interfered by the general movement on the floor area * Light diffusion smoke detector: This is widely used; it employs a detection chamber in which smoke can enter. The light and the photocell are fixed in & chamber in such a way that light-sensitive element cannot ordinarily “see” the light source, LED. When particles of smoke enter the chamber that holds both the LED and the photocell, the smoke particles diffuse or seatter the light ray so it can be “seen” by the photocell and alatm is triggered. Photoelectric detectors respond faster and more effectively to the large smoke particles generated by smoldering, slow-burning fire.2. lonization detectors: It employs radioactive material in such tiny quantities that they pose no problem no significant health hazard. The radiation beam ionizes the air molecules between a pair of electrodes in the detection chamber. When smoke enters the chamber, the smoke particles attach themselves to ions and diminish the flow of current. The reduetion in current twiggers “on’ the alarm circuit, lonization detectors respond faster to the tiny smoke particles released by a rapidly buming fire, For this reason, some manufacturers produce combination versions of detectors. Fine regulation for Food and Beverage facilities All restaurants with seating capacity of 50 persons or more have to follow the fire satety measures, respective of the building height, Some ofthe requirements are: ‘+ An underground water tank of $0000 litres capacity + A terrace water tank of 5000 litres capacity for hose reel and 10000 sprinkler isnot provided ‘+ Ifthe covered area is more than 1500 sq. m o seating capacity is more than 1000 persons there should bea s ftv Arrangement should be made for the safety of the customers and staff, These should include following of electrical safety norms, taking precautions for avoidance of general accidents, providing obstruction-free passage and movement areas, fixing of hanging ‘machines and equipments in a proper manner, staircase side rails should be properly ed, swimming pool niles and safety procedures to be strictly followed, some beds in a well-established hospital should be kept hired for emergency admission of hotel patients, 4 well-equipped ambulance van with staff must be maintained by the hotel round the clock to transfer the patient to the hospital without delay Hotel management should be in touch with the local authorities for advance warnings, help and reseue fa n case of natural disasters Criminal cases are very common in hotels. The customers, guests and employees of the hospitality industry are vulnerable to robbery, assault, rape and lareeny. ‘The management should seriously consider the effectiveness of sccurity personnel, procedures and ‘equipments. Unrestricted entry and movement of visitors everywhere in the building may lead to various criminal activites in a hotel. However, incorporation of closed ision system (CCTV) may reduce these act“8 Parking area is another area, which needs constant watch and monitoring. Add to this, the items like exhaust pollution in the parking area, proper parking of vehicles, risk of hit and run accidents; vandalism, auto-theft and burglaries in the parking area etc are to be properly looked into and monitored, Doors locks and windows are to be properly fitted as per norms. The security manager ‘must maintain the key control arrangement, Fire-resistant safes should be there to protect the valuables of the guests and eustomers. -quipment Replacement Policy. Equipment, plant and machinery are very important for achieving guest satisfaction. Substantial part of the investment in hotel industry is in its physieal plant, It is more ‘economical to replace equipment before it completely breaks down. There are two types of equipments like: Which generally deteriorates, (e.g. A/C Plant, Washing machine ete) ii) Which suddenly fails, (e.g. bulbs, electrical eireuit breakers etc.) Equipment wh h gradually deteriorates is replaced in the following circumstan # Inadequacy- means existing one may be incapable of mecting the inereasing demand, So an alternative, which can meet demand, will be installed. ## Obsolescence refers to new equipment being continually developed. It will perform the same operations as the existing one, but substantial savings can be gained by replacement. # Excessive maintenance- means that machines and other complex equipments rarely incur uniform wear. Some elements or components are likely to deteriorate faster and fail before others. # Declining efficiency- stands for equipment which sometimes operates at an initial peak efficiency but declines with time and use. The reduction in efficiency may require increase power consumption and more time. # Replacement due to combination of above causes. ‘The need for replacement arises from the inevitable fact that no item in service can last indefinitely. By replacement of spare parts repeatedly, and taking up repairs continually,it may be theoretically possible to prolong a life of a mac! = 9 indefinitely, but this cannot be an economical policy. The problem is to determine the times at which such remedial ‘actions should be taken. Considerations ‘The replacement cycle for suddenly failing equipment is known as “Group Replacement If the manufacturer's data is not available then the users will have to experiment themselves to determine the group replacement frequency. ‘The group replacement procedure is economically feasible when the cost of labour is very high compared to the cost of the equipment replaced. ‘The cost of labour includes the man-hours for the preparation, actual removal, installation and clean-up jobs. If done on a routine basis for every individual lamp failure it will prove to be a very costly affair and at the same time it will be a ceause of discomfort and iritation to the guest twill be a better and cheaper proposition to change all the lamps in one operation at a proper time when the total cost is minimum. ‘An initial cyele of replacement is to be assumed for analysis. The procedure will provide an ideal cycle of replacement. The replacement eyele time can be expressed in days, weeks, months or even years. The failure data should be reasonable to assess the operating life of the equipment. Once the information is obtained regarding the proposed cycle of replacement and the rate of failure, the remaining data is based on the cost of labour and material for the replacement The cost of individual replacement is compared to the cost per unit for group replaceme ‘The cost of item is also considered, Ifa large number of the item is purchased at cone time, the quantity purchase discount is available, which may lower cost for ‘group replacement. In-group replacement all the items are changed at one time and a majority of these items are discarded or sold as scrap. Some are retained for future spot replacement Example ‘A machine costs RS. 32,000/-, The re-sale price of the machine at the end of each year and the operating cost for each year Same ie es eae ( Ses) Aaa ees Oe oe Re-sale | 20000 | 12000 | 8000 | 4000 | 3200} 2000) 2000 | 2000 Price Running | 4000 ) 6000 Cost oe 12000 | 14000 | 16000 | 18000 |- 10- How often should a machine with similar characteristics be replaced in order to minimize ‘average total cost per year? Answer: Year] Value atend | Depreciation | Running [ Total Cost | Cumulative )Average —] of year/Re sale | inthe year | Cost | inthe year | Total Cost. | Cost / Year Price from Rs.32000/-(Rs) | __(Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) i 20000 12000 |~4000_| 16000 | ~T6000_ | 16000. 2 12000 80006000] 14000 | ~30000| 15000 3 8000 4000 [800012000 | 42000 | 14000 4 4000 ‘4000 |-T0000—|~14000— | 56000] — 14000. 3 3200 —|-12000 | 12800 | 68800 | 13760 6 2000 14000 15200 84000 14000 7 200016000 | 16000 | “100000. 3 2000 = [18000 [18000118000 Thus the minimum average annual cost is Rs. 13760/- and is obtained by replacing machine every 5 years, So machine is due for replacement after 5 years Contract Maintenance Contract: A contract is an agreement in legal form between the two parties (the owner of the property and the maintenance contractor in this case) wherein the terms and conditions of the work are clearly writen, and binding to both the parties once it is signed. A contract is invariably follows a proposal from one party and its acceptance by the other, Circumstances for awarding contract maintenance: Contract maintenance may cover alll Possible types of maintenance including routine, preventive, and corrective, some specific areas are: - + Itmay handle special needs of property involving special equipment or when such needs are frequent in nature. Examples are maintenance of electronic control system, lifts fire alarm system etc. It may be applicable for janitorial services (building interior cleaning). Ground maintenance and special maintenance needs of pest control activities (with special license on the part of the contractor) are generally awarded under this,In many cases, operation and maintenance of water treatment, sewage treatment and swimming pool maintenance are left to this system owing to their special character. In small establishments, air-conditioning and refrigeration units are also ‘maintained through contract service. Special equipments are often needed for cleaning kitchen ducting, grease trap, ‘grease filters ete, and their maintenance is also often contracted out. Disa of Contract Mi Advantages: Reduction of total labour cost Cost reduction in inventory contro. se of latest techniques and methods. Saving in administrative time on the part of the maintenance engineers when they ‘ean concentrate more on planning ete Structural and infrastructural facilities need not to change due to introduction of new equipments and sophisticated technology. Flexibility to meet emergencies. Reduction of labour problem. Need to have trained employees eliminated, Disadvantages: Labour cost is not really saved unless the actual number of in-house maintenance staff is reduced, Revision of contract fees in subsequent years often leads to escalation of total cost if proper negotiation is not done. Specialized nature of maintenance may lead to high charges leading to a overall increase jenance enst. Lack of con the part of the engineering manager may lead to non- Competitive price quoted by group of contractors Reduction in the number of specialized in-house maintenance staff may result in their unavailability in case of emergency requirement for other facility Tis likely that the engineering manager may not get any information feedback regarding the status of the equipment under such contract, except breakdown of the same, In the absence of proper work culture loss of control aver contractor employees, particularly in respect of security etc. may affect the situation and sense of belongingness may suffer.“2- Types of contract |. Piecework or piece-rate contract: Here the contractor has to quote separately for each item of work, For example, if a contractor has to maintain a set kitchen ovens, replacemenUrepair of each items such as bumer, valves, and gas lines could have different rates for maintenance. Lump sum rate contract: In such case, the contractor has to quote for maintenance of the equipment as a whole. This type of contract is usually awarded for a specific one-time job on some specific equipment or in groups. 3. Rate contract: The contractor agrees to supply items or labour at a fixed rate for a certain period. 4. Service contract: ‘This type of tontract is usually made for a year-round routine, involving preventive and schedule maintenance of a planlsystem, and the contractor is needed to carry out these activities for a specific period of time. Maintenance contract of engines, air-conditioning plant, swimming pool, water treatment plants ete, are usually contracted out in this type of eontract Tendering Tender is generally- 1. A formal offer to supply specified goods or services at a stated cost or rate. 2. A written order to contract goods or services at a specified rate or cost; a bid. 3. Tendering of goods and/or services at the best possible total cost of ownership, in the right quantity, and quality, atthe right time, in the right place for the direct benefit or use of governments, corporations, or local authorities, generally via a contract ‘Types: - * Piecework contract * Fixed-rate contract. * Multistage contract * Lump-sum contract * Tukey contract, Steps __1. Framing of tender committee 2. Deciding on the type of contract 3. Preparation of tender document 4, Circulating notice for obtaining tenders . Submission of tenders by interested by party 6. Evaluation of tenders 7. Acceptance and finalization of tender Circulating notice for obtaining tenders:~ 1. By public advertisement: This is the usually method. ‘Open tender’ eomes under this, 2. By direct invitation to a limited number of firms/contractors. ‘These are called “Timited tenders’. 3. By invitation to one firm/contractor only. These are called ‘single tender’ 4, e-tendering: Tenderers may download the tender document from the website free of cost, generally for open tenders of value exceeding Rs. 10 lakh,