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Ordinary Differential Equations PDF
Ordinary Differential Equations PDF
UNIT-I
(i) Formation of differential equation from the given physical situation, called
modeling.
(ii) Solutions of this differential equation, evaluating the arbitrary constants
from the given conditions, and
(iii) Physical interpretation of the solution.
General form of a linear differential equation of the nth order with constant
coefficients is
dny d n 1 y d n2 y
+ K + K + .............. + K n y = X .. (1)
dx n 1 dx n 2
1 2
dx n
Where K 1 , K 2,........................ K n are constants.
dx dx dx
The equation (1) above can be written in the symbolic form
Note
1
1. X = Xdx
D
1
2. X = e ax Xe ax dx
Da
1
3. X = e ax Xe ax dx
D+a
d2y dy
2
+ P + Qy = R (1)
dx dx
(ii)Differential operators:
dy d2y
(i.e.,) Dy = , D2 y = 2
dx dx
1
Stands for the operation of integration
D
1
Stands for the operation of integration twice.
D2
PROBLEMS
1. Solve (D 2 5 D + 6) y = 0
Solution: Given (D 2 5 D + 6) y = 0
The auxiliary equation is m 2 5m + 6 = 0`
i.e., m = 2,3
C.F = Ae 2 x + Be 3 x
The general solution is given by
y = Ae 2 x + Be 3 x
d2y dy
2. Solve 2
6 + 3y = 0
dx dx
Solution: Given (D 6 D + 3 y ) = 0
2
3. Solve ( D 2 4 D + 13) y = e 2 x
Solution: Given ( D 2 4 D + 13) y = e 2 x
The auxiliary equation is m 2 4m + 13 = 0
4 16 52 4 36
m= = = 2 3i
2 2
C.F = e 2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3x )
1
P.I. = 2 e2x
D 4 D + 13
1
= e2x
4 8 + 13
1
= e2x
9
y = C.F +P.I.
y = e 2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3 x ) + e 2 x
1
9
Solution: Given y- 3y + 2y = e x e 2 x
( D 2 3D + 2) y = e x e 2 x
1
P.I 1 = 2 ex
D 3D + 2
1
= ex
1 3 + 4
1
= ex
0
1
=x ex
2D 3
1 x
=x e
23
= xe x
4
P.I 2 =
1
(
e2x )
D 3D + 2
2
1
=- e2x
46+2
1
=-x e2x
2D 3
1 2x
=-x e
43
= - xe 2 x
= -x( e x + e 2 x )
d2y dy
6. Solve 2
4 + 5 y = 2 cosh x
dx dx
d2y dy
Solution: Given 2 4 + 5 y = 2 cosh x
dx dx
The A.E is m 4m + 5 = 0
2
4 16 20
m= = 2 i
2
C.F = e 2 x ( A cos x + B sin x )
e x + ex
P.I =
1
( 2 cosh x ) = 2
1
D 2 + 4D + 5 D 2 + 4D + 5 2
1 1
= 2 ex + 2 e x
D + 4D + 5 D + 4D + 5
e x
e x
=
1+ 4 + 5 1 4 + 5
e x ex
=
10 2
y = C.F + P.I
e x ex
= e 2 x ( A cos x + B sin x ) -
10 2
sin ax(or )
1 1
Problems based on P.I = cos ax
f ( D) f ( D)
Replace D 2 by a 2
d2y dy
7. Solve 2
+ 3 + 2 y = sin 3x
dx dx
5
d2y dy
Solution: Given 2
+ 3 + 2 y = sin 3x
dx dx
The A.E is m +3m + 2 = 0
2
(m+1)(m+2) = 0
M = -1, m = -2
C.F = Ae x + Be 2 x
1
P.I = 2 sin 3 x
D + 3D + 2
1
= sin 3 x (Replace D 2 by a 2 )
3 + 3D + 2
2
1 1 (3D + 7)
= sin 3x = sin 3x
3D 7 3D 7 (3D + 7)
3D + 7
= sin 3x
(3D) 2 (7) 2
3D + 7
= sin 3x
9 D 2 49
3D + 7
= sin 3x
9(3 2 ) 49
3D + 7
= sin 3x
130
=
1
(3D(sin 3x) + 7 sin 3x )
130
=
1
(9 cos 3x + 7 sin 3x )
130
y = C.F + P.I
Y = Ae x + Be 2 x
1
(9 cos 3x + 7 sin 3x )
130
1 1
P.I 2 = cos x
D +1 2
2
1 1
= cos x
2 1+1
1 1
= x cos x
2 2D
x
= cos xdx
4
x
= sin x
4
1 x
P.I = cos 3x + sin x
16 4
Problems based on R.H.S = e ax + cos ax(or )e ax + cos ax
1
= x 2 e2x
2
1
cos 2 x
P.I 2 = D 4 D + 4
2
1
= cos 2 x
2 4D + 4
2
1
= cos 2 x
4D
1 1
= cos 2 x
4 D
1 sin 2 x sin 2 x
= =
4 2 8
y = C.F + P.I
sin 2 x
y = (Ax +B)e 2 x
8
(
12. Solve: D 4 2 D 3 + D 2 y = x 3 )
8
(
Solution: Given D 4 2 D 3 + D 2 y = x 3)
The A.E is m 2m + m 2 = 0
4 3
m 2 (m 2 2m + 1) = 0
m 2 (m 1) 2 = 0
m = 0,0 , m = 1,1
C.F = (A + Bx)e 0 x +(C + Dx)e x
1
P.I = x3
D 2D + D
4 3 2
1
[
D 1 + (D 2 2 D )
= 2 x3
]
1
D
[
= 2 1 + (D 2 2 D ) x 3
1
]
1
[ ( ) ( 2
) (
3
)
= 2 1 D 2 2 D + D 2 2 D D 2 2 D + ...............
D
]
1
[
= 2 1 + 2 D + 3D 2 + 4 D 3 + D 4 x 3
D
]
1
[
= 2 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 18 x + 24
D
]
1 x 4 6 x 3 18 x 3
= + + + 24 x
D 4 3 2
x 5 6 x 4 18 x 3 24 x 2
= + + +
20 12 6 2
5 4
x x
= + + 3x 3 + 12 x 2
20 2
y = C.F + P.I
x5 x4
y = (A + Bx)e 0 x +(C + Dx)e x + + + 3x 3 + 12 x 2
20 2
1
P.I = e x cos 2 x
D 2D + 5
2
cos 2 x(Re placeDbyD = 1)
1
= ex
(D + 1) 2(D + 1) + 5
2
9
1
= ex 2 cos 2 x
D + 2 D + 1 2 D 2 + 5
1
= ex 2 cos 2 x
D + 4
1
= ex cos 2 x
4+4
1
= ex x cos 2 x
2D
xe x
2
= cos 2 xdx
xe x sin 2 x
P.I =
4
1
= e 2 x sin x
(
D 2+2 )2
1
= e 2 x 2 sin x
D
1
= e 2 x sin x
1
2 x
= -e sin x
y = C.F + P.I
y = (Ax + B)e 2 x - e 2 x sin x
P.I 1 =
1
(
e x sin x )
( D + 4 D + 3)
2
1
=
[(D 1) + 4(D 1) + 3
2
]
sin x
1
= e x 2
(
D + 2D )
sin x
= e x
(1 + 2 D ) sin x
1 + 4D 2
ex
= [2 cos x + sin x]
5
1
P.I 2 = e 3 x
(
D + 3) + 4( D + 3) + 3
2
x
)
1
= e 3x 2
(
D + 10 D + 24
x
)
1
D 2 + 10 D
e3x
= 1 + x
24
24
e 5D
3x
= 1 x
24 12
e3x 5
= x
24 12
General solution is y = C.F + P.I
ex
[2 cos x + sin x] + e x 5
3x
y = A e x + Be 3 x
5 24 12
d2y dy
16 Solve 2
+ 2 + y = x cos x
dx dx
Solution: A.E : m 2 +2m + 1 = 0
m = -1,-1
C.F = ( A + Bx)e x
1
P.I = ( x cos x)
( D + 1) 2
2( D + 1)
= x 2
1
(cos x )
( D + 1) ( D + 1) 2
11
2
= x
1
(cos x )
(
(D + 1) D + 2 D + 1
2
)
2
= x
1
(cos x )
D + 1 ( 1 + 2 D + 1)
2 sin x
= x
D + 1 2
x sin x
=
2
x sin x sin x
=
2 D +1
x sin x (D 1)sin x
=
2 D2 1
x sin x cos x sin x
= +
2 2
( )
17. Solve D 2 + 1 y = sin 2 x
Solution: A.E : m 2 +1 = 0
m = i
C.F =A cosx +B sinx
1
P.I = 2 sin 2 x
D +1
1 1 cos 2 x
= 2
D +1 2
1 1 1
= 2 e0x 2 cos 2 x
2 D +1 D +1
1 1
= 1 + cos 2 x
2 3
1 1
= + cos 2 x
2 6
1 1
y = A cosx +B sinx + + cos 2 x
2 6
d2y
18. Solve y = x sin x + (1 + x )e x
dx 2
Solution: A.E : m 2 1 = 0
m = 1
C.F = A e x + Be x
P.I 1 =
1
(xV ) = x f ' ( D) 1 (V )
f ( D) f ( D) f ( D)
12
2D
= x 2 2
1
(sin x )
D 1 (D 1)
2 D sin x
= x 2
D 1 2
x sin x 2 cos x
= +
2(D 2 1)
2
x sin x cos x
=
2 2
P.I 2 = 2
1
(
1+ x2 ex )
D 1
1
(1 + x 2 )
= ex
[
(D + 1) 1
2
]
1
= ex 2 (1 + x 2 )
( D + 2D )
e (2 x
x 3
3x 2 + 9 x )
=
12
e x (2 x 3 3x 2 + 9 x )
y = A e x + Be x +
12
d2y
19. Solve y = xe x sin x
dx 2
Solution: A.E : m 2 1 = 0
m = 1
C.F = A e x + Be x
1
xe x sin x
P.I =
D 1
2
( )
1
(x sin x )
= ex
[
(D + 1)2 1 ]
= ex 2
1
(x sin x )
D + 2D ( )
1 2D + 2
= e x x 2 sin x
(D + 2 D )
sin x
(2 D 1) 2
sin x = sin x, = 1, putD = = 1
2 2
= e x x
1
sin x
(2 D + 2) sin x
2D 1 (2 D 1)2
= e x x
(1 + 2 D ) sin x (2 D + 2)sin x
(1 4 D ) (4 D 2 4 D + 1)
2
Put D 2 = 1
(1 + 2 D ) (2 D + 2)(3 4 D )
= e x x sin x + sin x
5 9 16 D 2
13
x
[sin x + 2 cos x] + 8D 2 D2 + 6 sin x
2
= ex
5 9 16 D
= ex
x
(sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 2 D ) sin x
5 25
x
P.I = e x (sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 sin x 2 cos x )
5 25
Complete Solution is
y = A e x + Be x +
x
ex (sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 sin x 2 cos x )
5 25
d2y dy
2
+ a1 + a 2 y = X [Where X is a function of x] .(1)
dx dx
The complementary function of (1)
C.F = c 1 f 1 + c 2 f 2
Where c 1 , c 2 are constants and f 1 andf 2 are functions of x
Then P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
f2 X
P= dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
2
1
f1 X
Q= f1 f 2 f1' f 2
'
dx
y = c1 f 1 + c 2 f 2 + P.I
( )
1. Solve D 2 + 4 y = sec 2 x
Solution: The A.E is m 2 +4 = 0
m = 2i
C.F = C 1 cos 2 x + C 2 sin 2 x
f 1 = cos 2 x f 2 = sin 2 x
f 1' = 2 sin 2 x f '2 = 2 cos 2 x
f 1 f 2' f 1' f 2 = 2 cos 2 2 x + 2 sin 2 2 x
[
= 2 cos 2 2 x + sin 2 2 x]
= 2 [1]
=2
f2 X
P= dx
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
1
14
sin 2 x sec 2 x
= dx
2
1 1
= sin 2 x dx
2 cos 2 x
1 2 sin 2 x
= dx
4 cos 2 x
1
= log(cos 2 x)
4
f1 X
Q= dx
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
'
cos 2 x sec 2 x
= 2
dx
1 1
= cos 2 x dx
2 cos 2 x
1
= dx
2
1
= x
2
P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
1 1
= log(cos 2 x) (cos2x) + x sin2x
4 2
d2y
2. Solve by the method of variation of parameters + y = x sin x
dx 2
Solution: The A.E is m 2 +1 = 0
m = i
C.F = C 1 cos x + C 2 sin x
Here f1 = cos x f 2 = sin x
f1 = sin x
'
f 2 = cos x
'
f1 f 2 f 1 f 2 = cos x + sin 2 x = 1
' ' 2
f2 X
P= dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
2
1
sin x( x sin x)
= dx
1
= x sin 2 xdx
= x
(1 cos 2 x ) dx
2
1
(x x cos 2 x )dx
2
=
1 1
= xdx + x cos 2 xdx
2 2
15
1 x 2 1 sin x cos 2 x
= + x (1)
2 2 2 2 4
x2 x 1
= + sin 2 x + cos 2 x
4 4 8
f1 X
Q = f1 f 2' f1' f 2
dx
(cos x) x(sin x)
= 1
dx
1 cos 2 x sin 2 x
= x (1)
2 2 4
x 1
= cos 2 x + sin 2 x
4 8
P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
x2 x 1 x 1
= + sin 2 x + cos 2 x cos x + cos 2 x + sin 2 x sin x
4 4 8 4 8
= 2x (e 2 x ) 2 x(e 2 x ) (e 2 x )
2 2 2
= (e 2 x ) [2 x 2 x 1]
2
= (e 2 x )
2
= e4x
f X
P= 2
dx
f f f f2
1 2
1
1
'
2x 2x
e e
= dx
e 4 x
16
= dx = x
f1 X
Q= f 1 f f1 f 2
2
' '
dx
xe 2 x e 2 x
= e 4 x dx
= xdx
x2
=
2
x 2 2x x 2 2x
P.I = x 2 e 2 x e = e
2 2
y = C.F + P.I
x 2 2x
2x
= (Ax +B) e + e
2
5. Use the method of variation of parameters to solve (D 2 + 1)y = sec x
Solution: Given (D 2 + 1)y = sec x
The A.E is m 2 + 1 = 0
m = i
C.F = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x
= c1 f1 + c 2 f 2
f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
f1' = sin x, f 2' cos x
f1 f 2' f 1' f 2 = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
f2 X
P= dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
2
1
sin x sec x
= dx
1
sin x
= dx
cos x
= tan xdx
= log (cos x)
f1 X
Q= dx
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
'
cos x sec x
=
1
dx
= dx
=x
P.I = Pf 1 + Qf 2
= log(cos x) cos x + x sin x
y = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x + log(cos x) cos x + x sin x
17
f2 X
P= dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
2
1
sin ax tan ax
= dx
a
1 sin 2 ax
= dx
a cos ax
1 1 cos 2 ax
a cos ax
= dx
1
(sec ax cos ax )dx
a
=
1 1 sin ax
= log (sec ax + tan ax )
a a a
1
= 2 [log(sec ax + tan ax ) sin ax ]
a
= 2 [sin ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
1
a
f1 X
Q= f 1 f f1 f 2
2
' '
dx
cos ax tan ax
= a
dx
1
a
= sin axdx
1
= 2 cos ax
a
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
=
1
[cos ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
a2
y = C.F + P.I
= c1 cos ax + c 2 sin ax 2 [cos ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
1
a
d2y
7. Solve + y = tan x by the method of variation of parameters.
dx 2
Solution: The A.E is m 2 + 1 = 0
m = i
C.F = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x
Here f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
f1' = sin x, f 2' = cos x
f1 f 2' f 2 f1' = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
f2 X
P= dx
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
1
sin x tan x
= dx
1
sin 2 x
= dx
cos x
1 cos 2 x
= dx
cos x
= (sec x cos x )dx
= log(sec x + tan x) + sin x
f1 X
Q= dx
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
'
cos x tan x
= 1 dx
= sin dx
= cos x
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
= cos x log(sec x + tan x)
y = C.F + P.I
= c1 cos x + c 2 sin x cos x log(sec x + tan x)
4 ' 4
8. Solve by method of variation of parameters y '' y + 2 y = x2 +1
x x
4 ' 4
Solution: Given y '' y + 2 y = x2 +1
x x
i.e., x y 4 xy ' + 4 y = x 4 + x 2
2 ''
[ ]
i.e., x 2 D 2 4 xD + 4 y = x 4 + x 2 .(1)
Put x = e z
19
Logx = log e z
=z
So that XD = D '
x 2 D = D ' (D ' 1)
[ ]
(1) D ' (D ' 1) 4 D ' + 4 y = (e z ) + (e z )
4 2
[D '2
]
5D ' + 4 y = e 4 z + e
2z
A.E is m 2 5m + 4 = 0
(m 4)(m 1) = 0
m = 1,4
C.F = c1e 4 z + c 2 e z
Here f1 = e 4 z , f 2 = e z
f1' = e 4 z , f 2' = e z
f1 f 2' f 2 f1' = e 5 z 4e 5 z = 3e 5 z
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
f2 X
P= dx
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
1
=
[
e z e4z + e2z
dx
]
3e 5 z
e5z + e3z
= dx
3e 5 z
1
[
= 1 + e 2 z dz
3
]
1 e 2 z
= z +
3 2
1 1
= z e 2 z
3 6
f1 Z
Q= f1 f 2' f 1' f 2
dz
e 4 z (e 4 z + e 3 z )
= 3e 5 z dz
1 e8z + e 6 z
= dz
3 e5z
1
(
= e 3 z + e z dz
3
)
1 e3z
= + ez
3 3
1 1
= e3z e z
9 3
1 1 1 1
P.I = z e 2 z e 4 z + e 3 z e z e z
3 6 9 3
20
1 1 1 1
= ze 4 z e 2 z e 4 z e 2 z
3 6 9 3
y = C.F + P.I
1 1 1 1
= c1e 4 z + c 2 e z + ze 4 z e 2 z e 4 z e 2 z
3 6 9 3
3
4 1
6
( )
= c1 (e z ) 4 + c 2 e z + z (e z ) (e z ) e z (e z )
1 2 1
9
4 1
3
2
= c1 (e z ) + c 2 (e z ) +
4 4 2
4 x x x
log x
3 9 2
n 1
dny n 1 d y
an n
+ a 1 x x 1
+ ........ + a n y = X ....................(1)
dx dx
(Here as are constants and X be a function of X) is called Cauchys
homogeneous linear equation.
dny d n 1 y dy
a n x n n + a n 1 n 1 + .............. + a1 x + a 0 y = f ( x)
dx dx dx
is the homogeneous linear equation with variable coefficients. It is also known
as Eulers equation.
Equation (1) can be transformed into a linear equation of constant Coefficients
by the transformation.
x = e z , (or ) z = log x
Then
dy dy dz 1 dy
Dy = = =
dx dz dx x dz
d d
D = dx , = dz
d d
x = xD = =
dx dz
Similarly
d 2 y d dy d 1 dy
= =
dx 2 dx dx dx x dz
1 dy 1 d dy 1 dy 1 d dy dz
= 2 + = 2 +
x dz x dx dz x dz x dz dz dx
d2y 1 dy 1 d 2 y
= +
dx 2 x 2 dz x 2 dz 2
d 2 y d 2 y dy
x2 2 = 2
dx dz dz
21
( )
x 2 D 2 = 2 = ( 1)
Similarly,
x 3 D 3 = ( 1)( 2)
x 4 D 4 = ( 1)( 2)( 3)
and soon.
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
x 3 D 3 = ( 1)( 2)
and so on.
d2y dy
1. Solve x 2 2
+ x + y = 4 sin(log x)
dx dx
Solution: Consider the transformation
x = e z , (or ) z = log x
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
(x 2 D 2 + xD + 1)y = 4 sin(log x)
( 2 + 1)y = 4 sin(z )
R.H.S = 0 : ( 2 + 1)y = 0
A.E : m 2 + 1 = 0, m = i
C.F = A cosz + B sinz
C.F = A cos (log x) +B sin (log x)
4(sin z )
1
P.I = 2
+1
z cos z
= 4 = 2 z cos z
2
P.I = 2 log x cos(log x)
Complete solution is:
y = A cos (log x) +B sin (log x) 2 log x cos(log x)
y = ( A 2 log x ) cos(log x) 2 log x cos(log x)
d2y dy
2. Solve x 2 2
+ 4 x + 2 y = x log x
dx dx
Solution: Given (x 2 D 2 + 4 xD + 2)y = x log x (1)
Consider: x = e z , (or ) z = log x
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
(1) : ( ( 1) + 4 + 2) y = e z z
22
(
+ 3 + 2 y = ze z
2
)
A.E : m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0
M = - 2, -1
2 1
C.F = Ae 2 z + Be z = Ae log x + Be log x
A B
C.F = 2 +
x x
)( )
1
ez z
P.I = 2
(
+ 3 + 2
1
=e z z
( + 1) + 3( + 1) + 2
2
1
= ez 2
(
+ 5 + 6
z
)
1
ez 2 + 5
1 +
=
6 6 z
ez 5 ez 5
= 1 z = z
6 6 6 6
log x
e 5
= log x
6 6
x 5
= log x
6 6
Complete solution is y = C.F +P.I
A B x 5
= 2 + + log x
x x 6 6
x 2 (log x )
2
= (2)
2
x 2 (log x )
2
Complete solution is : y = ( A + B log x )x 2 +
2
Apply conditions: y(1) =1,y(1) = 0 in (2)
A = 1, B = -2
x 2 (log x )
2
Complete solution is y = (1 2 log x )x + 2
It is of the form:
n
d n 1 y
(a + bx )n d y
+ A1 (a + bx )
n 1
+ ........... + An y = f ( x) ..(
dx n dx n 1
1)
A1 , A2,......................., An are some constants
It can be reduced to linear differential equation with constant
Coefficients,
by taking: a + bx = e z (or ) z = log(a + bx)
d d
Consider = D, = , gives
dx dz
(a + bx ) = b (a + bx )Dy = b ( y )
dy dy
dx dz
Similarly (a + bx ) D 2 y = b 2 ( 1) y (2)
2
(a + bx )3 D 3 y = b 3 ( 1)( 2) and so on
Substitute (2) in (1) gives: the linear differential equation of
constant Coefficients.
3e z
= (2 x + 3)
3
P.I 1 =
4 6 12
2
14
z
9e
P.I 2 =
4 6 12
2
9 3
= =
12 4
Solution is
(3+ )
y = A(2 x + 3) + B(2 x + 3) (2 x + 3) 3
3 57 3
4
57 / 4
14 4
dx dy
1. Solve the simultaneous equations, + 2 x + 3 y = 2e 2t , + 3x + 2 y = 0
dt dt
dx dy
Solution: Given + 2 x + 3 y = 2e 2t , + 3x + 2 y = 0
dt dt
d
Using the operator D =
dt
(D + 2)x + 3 y = 2e (1)
2t
3 x + (D + 2 ) y = 0 .(2)
Solving (1) and (2) eliminate (x) :
3 (1) (2) ( D + 2) (D 2 + 4 D 5)y = 6e 2t ..............(3)
A.E : m 2 + 4m 5 = 0
m = 1,-5
C.F = Ae t + Be 5t
6e 2t 6
P.I = 2 = e 2t
D + 4D 5 7
6
y = Ae t + Be 5t e 2t
7
put in (1) : x = [(D + 2) y ]
1
3
8
x = Ae t + Be 5t + e 2t
7
solution is :
8
x = Ae t + Be 5t + e 2t
7
6
y = Ae t + Be 5t e 2t
7
dx dy
2. Solve + y = sin t , + x = cos t , giventhat t=0, x = 1, y =0
dt dt
Solution: Dx + y = sin t ..(1)
x + Dy = cost (2)
Eliminate x : (1) (2)D y D 2 y = sin t + sin t
25
(D )
1 y = 2 sin t...............(3)
2
m 1 = 0, m = 1
2
C.F = Ae t + Be t
sin t sin t
P.I = 2 2 = (2) = sin t
D 1 11
y = Ae t + Be t + sint
(2) : x = cost D(y)
x = cost -
d
dt
(
Ae t + Be t + sin t )
x = cos t Ae t + Be t cos t
x = Ae t + Be t
Now using the conditions given, we can find A and B
t = 0, x = 1 1 = A + B
t = 0, y = 0 0 = A + B
1 1
B= ,A=
2 2
Solution is
1 1
x = e t + e t = cosh t
2 2
1 1
y = e t + e t + sin t = sin t sinh t
2 2
dx dy
3. Solve + 2 y = sin t , 2 x = cos t
dt dt
Solution: Dx + 2y = -sin t ..(1)
- 2x +Dy = cos t ...(2)
(1) 2 + (2) D 4 y + D 2 y = 2 sin t + D(cos t )
(D 2 + 4) = 3 sin t
m 2 + 4 = 0, m = i 2
C.F = A cos 2t + B sin 2t
3 sin t 3 sin t
P.I = 2 = = sin t
D + 4 1+ 4
y = A cos 2t + B sin 2t - sin t
(2) : x = [Dy cos t ]
1
2
1d
x = ( A cos 2t + B sin 2t sin t ) cos t
2 dt
x = A cos2t +Bsin2t cost
Solution is :
dx dy dx dy
4. Solve + 2 y = cos 2t , + 2 x = sin 2t
dt dt dt dt
Solution: Dx + (-D +2)y = cos 2t ..(1)
(D 2)x +Dy = sin 2t (2)
Eliminating y from (1) and (2)
(D 2 2D + 2)x = 2 sin 2t + cos 2t
R.H.S = 0 m 2 2m + 2 = 0
m = 1 i
C.F = e ( A cos t + B sin t )
t
P.I 1 = 2
( 2 sin 2t ) = sin 2t
D 2D + 2 1 + D
=
(1 D ) sin 2t = sin 2t D(sin 2t )
1 D2 1+ 4
sin 2t 2 cos 2t
=
5
P.I 2 = 2
1
(cos 2t )
D 2D + 2
=
(cos 2t + 2 sin 2t )
10