FE Exam Review for

Structural Analysis
Prof. V. Saouma
Oct. 2013

Structural Analysis is part of the afternoon exam.

In the afternoon, you are to answer 60 questions, and Structural Analysis is about 10%
of the test content (or about 6 questions).
Each question is worth 2 points.
You are expected to know:
1. Structural analysis of statically determinate beams, trusses and frames.
2. Deflection analysis of statically determinate beams, trusses and frames.
3. Stability analysis of beams, trusses and frames.
4. Column analysis (e.g. buckling, boundary conditions).
5. Loads and load paths (e.g. dead, live, moving).
6. Elementary statically indeterminate structures.
The only page in the Supplied-Reference Handbook related to Structural Analysis
(shown in the next page).
Make sure that you know how to make best use of it, as it contains:
1. Reminder of what do we mean by Moving Loads.
2. Beam-Stiffness and moment carryover: to use for the analysis of statically
indeterminate beams (unlikely that you get a SI frame).
3. Equations for the calculations of the deflections of trusses and beams using the
virtual work method. Careful it is the virtual force/moment time the actual
displacement (FL/AE for trusses, and M/EI for beams).
4. Member fixed end actions for uniform and concentrated load.
I strongly recommend that you also memorize: for the maximum deflection of
a uniformly loaded, simply supported beam.
Careful with the SI units, GPa is 109 Pa or 109 N/m2 Many problems use the SI system.
In most cases, you will be dealing with round numbers, which greatly simplify your
calculations.
Do not be tricked in believing that all triangles are 3-4-5.
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ase
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te
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Pr
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sunde
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ed.
Themagnitud
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ert
ica
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eari
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beamismostnea
rly =3000lbfjin2
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(
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n
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s= 3i
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[
th
re
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ar
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C)2
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(
D)3
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Solu
tion
Onewayod eter
minethea n
s w
ert othi
sp robl
emisto
con
struc
tas he
ard ia
gram
. Thec han
gei nshea
risthe
areaundertheappli
edloadin
g.A lthoughamomen
diagra
misnotrequi
redfo
rt h
isp r
ob l
emi
tfol
lowst
hat
thechangei
nmomen isthea re
au nderthesheardi
a-
gramsoamomentd iagramisusual
lyinclud
ed.
20in
23in

/ llF15kN LkN/mI
1c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

V
(
kN
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blm4
e 6
Inaccord
ancewithAmericanCo
ncr
eteI
nsti
tute(A
CI)
rengthdes
igntheallo
wabl
emomentcap
aciyo
fhe
beamismostn e
arly
(
A)1 60ft
-ki
ps
M
(
kN
'm
)0 (
B
(
C
)1
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8
0
0kips
0ft
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ps
(
D) 210ft
-ki
ps

-
62.
5
S
olu
tio
n

-
M

3
2i

n

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1i


{

m
qG

Asc
anbes
ee themaximumv
alu
eofv
ert
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lsh
eari
s

2
5kNa

tsu
ppo
rtC
.

Theansweri
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nan a
ctu
ald
esi
gn and a
nal
ysi
ssi
tua
tio
n c
hec
k
s
houl
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ays'bemadetoseet h
t
th
ea c
tualrei
nfo
rc-
i
ngst
eelra
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etweentheallo
wabl
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a
llo
wableminimumstee
lrati
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ischeck
i
snotrequ
iredtosol
vethi
ss p
eci
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lem.

P
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 Practice Exam I
4
6 C
i
vlD
i i
sci
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Sp
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6. Thede
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th
etr
ucktr
a cont
hisroa
df o
r5yri
smostn
earl
y
(
A) 45m
(
B)7 5m (
A)0
.33ESAL
(
0)1 00m (
B)1
30ESAL
(
D)1
20m (
0 8
)4 0
00ESAL
(
D)2
40
00
0ESAL

3
7.Ac re
stonas e
cti
onofhi
ghw
aycons
istso
favert
ica
l
c
urv
ew i
tha1 50
0m radi
usandapo
siiv
e1 %grad
efol
- P
roble
ms4
0and4
1 eb
ase
dont
hef
oll
owi
ngi
1
lus
ra
-
l
owedbyanega
tive3%grad
e.Thedesig
nr e
qui
rement
s t
ion
.
a
reasfol
low
s.

desig
ns p
eed=80kmjh
1Ni
5
k
51NK
;
;;

dri
vereyeheig
ht= 1
.2m

F
JT:
o
bje
ct( t
obeavoi
ded)heig
ht=0.2m
o
ppi
ngsigh
td i
stan
ce 3
00m

Theminimumr
equ
ire
dl en
gthofver
tic
alcurv
en e
eded
tosai
sf
ythed
esi
gns t
oppin
gs i
ghtdisa
nceismost
nea
rly
4
0.Thema
gnitudeo
fhemaximumb
end
ingmoment
(
A)6 80m
i
nth
ebeamismostn
ear
ly
(
B) 700m
(
0) 760m (
A)6
.3k
N-m
(
D)8 40m (
B)1
4 m
(
0)2
5kN.m
(
D)6
3kN-m
38.A sup
erpav
ed es
ignm ix
tur
efo
rah i
ghwaywi
th
ESALs<1 7
0 h an omin
almaximumaggre
gat
esiz
e
of19mm. Them ixt
ureh a
sbeente
ste
dandh asth
e 41.Ifthebeamismadee nt
irelyo
fstee
landt h
ewhole
fol
low
ingc
har
act
eri
sti
cs: beamh a
samomento finer
tiaabouttheaxiso fbend
ing
of2.0X 1 4 themagnitudeoftheverticaldef
08m m l
_ec
-
tio
na tpoin
tD ismostn earl
y
a
irvoids= 4.0%
VMA 1 3.2% (
A)0
.20m m
VFA= 70% (
B)2
.3m m
dust
-to
-as
pha
ltr a
tio= 0.97 (
0)2
3m m
atN = 8gy
rat
iosG
n mm 87.1% (
D)5
0m m
tN =1
a 74gy
rat
ios Gm m=9
n 7.5%

P
P
I w
.p
pi
2p
as
s.
co
m
 P
rl
ld
ieb
c :
lm1 4
l 7

Pro
blem
s42and4 3areb
ase
dont
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfo
rma
- 4
4.I nthex-d
irec
tio
na sshownt
hema.
ximumin
flu
-
t
ionandil
lus
tri
a o
n. e
ncelin
eord
inatef
orte
nsi
lefo
rcei
nmemberBFi
smost
n
earl
y
Atr
ucki
sfac
inginit
sin
ten
dedd
ire
cti
ono
ftr
ave
lal
ong
t
hebeamasshow
n . (
A)0
.18kN/kN
(
B)0
.36kN/kN
(
C)0
.53kN/kN
(
D)0
.71kN/kN

4
5.I nthex-di
rec
tionasshownt
hema.
ximuminf
lu-
e
ncelin
eordin
ateforco
mpre
ssivef
orc
einmemberBF
i
smostnear
ly
(
A)- 0.71 /kN
x (
B) -0.53kN/

l
f
m :
i
D
(
C
(
D
) -0 kN/kN
) -0.18kN/kN

Problems4
6and4 7areb
ase
dont
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfo
rma
-
tio
nandi l
lus
tri
a o
n.
42
.F oratru
ckt r
ave
lin
gi nthed
ire
cti
onshown
he Thecro
sss
ect
ion
softwosh
ortco
nce
ntr
ica
llyl
oad
ed
ma.
ximumv
eric
all
iveloa
ds h
eara
tsuppo Ci
r smost re
inf
orc
edc
onc
retec
olum
nsaresh
own.
ne
arly
(
A)2
7kN =4
000I
bf
/i
n2
(
B)7
6kN y= 6
f 00
00I
bf
/i
n2
(
C)1
00kN 18i
n 18in
(
D)1
10

43.Forat rucktra
vel
inginthedir
ect
ionshown t
he
ma.x
imuml iv
el o
adbendingmoment s u
pportC is
mostne l
y
(
A) 80kN-m lo
ngi
tun
din
al
(
B)9 0kN.m r
einf
orc
emen
t
(
C) 140kN.m
r
oundsp
ir
alcolumn s
qua
retie
dcolumn
(
D) 360kN.m (
cro
ssse
cti
on) (c
ros
ssect
ion
)
(Pr
ob4
6) (P
rob
.47
)
Problems4
4and4 5areb
ase
dDnt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfo
rma
-
tio
nandi l
lus
tra
tio
n.
46.Fortheshortroun
ds p
irlcolumn
a theapp
lieda.
xia
l
Ap l
anetrus
sspani ss hown
. Theroadwayb ehav
esa s deadloadi
s1 50kis
p andt heapp
lieda
.xia
lliv
el oa
dis
si
mplysupportedbeams pansbetweenth
es up
porting 350kip
s. Assumingt ha
tt helongi
tud
inalreinf
orcin
g
l
owerchordtru
ssj oi
nts
.Byc onv
ention
posi
tiv
ef or
ces barsa
reallthesamesie
z theminimumr eq
uiredsi
zeof
a
ret e
nsi
leforc
es andn e
gativefor
cesar
ec omp
ressive eachlo
ngitu
dinalre
info
rcin
gb a
ris
f
orc
es.
(
A) no.7
(
B) no.8
IaTill--47

(
C)n o
.9

F
(
D)n o
.1 0
m
A

47.Forthes
hor
ts qua
ret i
edcolumnt
heappl
ieda.
xia
l
deadloa
dis150kipsandt h
ea ppl
ieda.
x
ialliv
el o
ad
5m 5m 5m i
s2 5
0kips
.Assumingt h
ahelongi
tud
inalr
einfo
rci
ng

P
PI. w
.p
pi
2p
as
s.
co
m
 Solution Practice Exam I
5
6 C
i
vi
lDi
sd
pl
in
e-
Sp
ec
if
icR
evi
ewf
ort
heF
E/TEx
1

3'
.T
7 h
erea
retwoequa
io
nst
och
eck
. F
o r
r5y t
het
ota
1ESALi
s

F
irt
s w
heres
op
pin
gsi
ghd
ist
ane
c 8
is1
es
sth
ant
he
c
urve1
eng
thL: r
2
L=
- A8 =2
400
97ESAL (
240
0
00ESAL)
(
100
%)(VWi+ ;
y

(1% (
-3%
))(
300m)2 sD
Theansweri .

(
100
%)( f 4
0.Cons
tru
cts
hea
randmome di
agr
ams
.Thec h
ange
=7
56.
4m i
nshe
arist
hea
reaunde
rt hea
ppli
ed1oa
ding
andthe
c
han
geinmome
ist
hea r
eaunde
rheshea
rdiagr
am.

:-1
Sec
ondwh
eres to
ppi
ngs
igh
di
sta
ncei
sgr
eat
ert
han
t
hec u
rve1e
ngh
:
(
200
%)(
VHi+'2/
L=2S A
N
(
200
%)(V
l +
VO
:
)
2

A

=(
2)(
300m)

-
JA-

q
L

IEq4
1%-(-3%)

m
i
=4
81.0m

ll
--

M
Si
nce epr
evio
ustwoe q
uat
ionsshowthatthest
op-

whu
y A

IVA
pin
gs i
ghtd
ist
ancei
s1essthanth
ec ur
ve1 e
ngh
t the
minimumre
qui
redve
rti
ca1cu
rve1eng
this
L=7
56.
4m (
760m)
sC
Theansweri . V{kN)

3
8.Thism ixturewou1db edesig
natedasa1 9m msu

p
erp
avemi xtur
e.Thel imit
sf o
rs u
cham ixt
ureare
ai
rv o
ids= 4.0%
minimumVM=13% M{kN.m) 0
VFA= 65-75%
dusto-a
spha1trat
io= 0.6-
1.2
atNinit = 8gy
rati
or m
aximumGm m= 89% -
62.
5
atNmax= 1 74gy
ratio
ns maximumGm m= 98%

A
llp a
rameter
sint
hism
ixt
urea
rew
ith
ins
upe
rpa
ve The 1
arg
est mag
n it
ude ofb e
nding lOment 1S
s
pec
ifi
cai
ons
. -62
.5kN.m(63kN-m)atsu
ppo
rtC .
sA.
Theansweri sD
Theansweri .

3
9. Thet
ota
1ESALp
ert
ruc
kfo
rea
cht
ripi
s 41
.Usethep
rin
cip
1eofv
irt
ua ondh
1workt eve
rti
ca1
ESAL
r =(
1si
ng1
e 1
e)(
0.0
877
) de
ec
tio
natpoi
ntD.
+(2tandemax1es)(0.1206)

The t
ota
1da
il
=0
.3
y ESAL f
o
2
89E
r4
S
0t
A
r
u
L
j
c
tr
uc
se
k a
k
-
c
tr
ip
h making
D = ~(J m
(
)
10t
rip
sadayi
s Themomentf unct
ionsinthedi
rec
tion
si n
dica
tedby

E = c
ks)(
10 ) th
e1
ct
ua
o
c
1
a
1
1x
0a
d
-
i
c
o
n
or
d
ga
i
r
nat
eforea
chbeams
eshownonthef
oll
ow
e
g
i
m
n
entundert
gmomentd
h
i
e
a

()
gra
m.
X 0 t
ruc
kt
rip
=1
31.5
6ESALjday

P
PI
. w
.p
pi
2p
as
s.
co
m
 P
rc
ti
ceE
xam1S
olu
fio
ns 5
7

Themoduluso
fel
ast
ici
tyo
fst
ee sE= 2
li . 011P
1X 1 a.

F
romt h
ep r
inc
ipleo
fvi
rtu
alwork
thev
ert
ica
ldf
l
e.e
c-
t
iona
tp oi
nDi s

D = 1
5
(- EI

+
J EI

X X 2

M(kN.m} 0 :+:
1
I
M =6
.25
-
EI :1:
1

Themomentfunct
ionsinhed
ire
ctio
nsind
icate
dbyt h
e
:
1
lo
calx
-coo
rdina
teforeachbeamsegmen
tu nd
ert h
evir
- -2
6.0
4 2
2kN 3-7
.m 8.1
25kN2
.m3
tu
aluni
tloadin
gatp oi
ntD areshownonthefollo
win
g
momendiag
ram. 390.625 ~2.m3

+286.
458kN2
.m3

3
90.
62 3
5kN.m 2

(
2.1X 1
0 P
a)
1
1
()

/ l
1
X IllJlJU-

l
m/
=22.9m m (
23mm)

Sinc
etheun
itloadinthevir
tualf
orc
esyst
emwasdown-
wardandtheanswerisposit
iveinsin
g t
heact
ualde-
f
l
.ect
ioni
salsodownward.

Theansweri
sC.

At
abl
esu
mma
riz
est
hemomentf
unc
tio
nsa
sfo
llo
ws.

r
eglOn r
egr
on r
eglOn
A-B BC
CD

f
unc
tio
n 0<x<5 0<x<5 0<x<5

M .2
1 5
x 6
.25-13
.75x -
2.x2
5
m -
0 .
5x -2.5-0.
5x -x
EI EI EI EI

P
PI
. w
.p
pi
2p
os
s.
co
m
5
8 C
i
vi
lDi
sc
ip
li
ne
-S
pe
ci
fi
cRe
vie
wfo
rteF
h E
jE
ITE
xam

4
2.C on
s t
ructanduseaninu
enc
elin
eforve
ri
ca
ls h
ear
a
ts u
pportC.Thei n
uenceli
nei
scons
truc
tedbyplot-
t
ingthechangeinresp
onseonafre
ebodyd
iagr
amo f
asec
tionofbeama tsuppo Casau n
itloadtra
vels

7
4
a
cros
sthes t
ruc
tur
e.

5m 5m

1
.5
l
f
o
o
adpos
iti
on
rmaximum
tt
b
endi
ngmoment

tt
i
nfl
uen
cel
in
efo
rVc(
kN/
kN)
Thel o
adp o
siti
onshowngive
st h
emaximumr espon
se
lo
adpos
iti
on 7
1.1
7kN 1
7.7
9kN inthebeama tsupp
or Cfo
rt h
es p
ece
i ddir
eci
onof
f
ormaximum
v
ert
ic
alshe
ar 1 _ 1
tra
ve.
l Themaximumb en
dingmomentc a
nbef ound
bysuperp
ositi
on

Thel
spo
ns
o
a
ei
dp
nt
o
h
sit
ionshownr
ebeama tsup
e
p
s
u
o
l
r
t
sin emaximumr
Cf
or espe
ci
e
edd
i-
max= 1
(
-
5)
re
ctio
no ft
rave.
l Themaximumve
rti
cals
hearcanbe =3
55.
8kN
-m
foun
dbys up
erpos
itio
n
Thisp roblemaskedforthem agnitudeofmaximum
bendingmomenta tsupportCf orat r
uckt ra
veli
ngin
x= (
1
.5~~) (7.
17)
1 th
ed irec
tionsho .I
n ft h
isp ro
b l
emhada s
kedfort h
e
magnitudeofmaximumb endingmomenta ts uppor
tC
fo
rt h g
iventru
ckxleconf
igurt
io
nthea x
lel o
adp o
-
si
tionswouldhavetobeswitchedaroundandb othaxl
e
Thisproblema s
kedforthemagnitudeofmaximumv er- loa
dsp lace
dont heinf
iuen
celinewiththeheavieraxl
e
ti
ca
ls heara ts u
pportC forat r
uckt nv
elin
gi nt he loadont h
el a
rge
rinuenc
el i
neordin
ateandt helig
hte
r
dir
ectio
ns how.I
n fth
isproblemhada skedforthemag- axl
el oadont hesmall
eri u
n encelineordin
ate.T hi
s
nit
u d
eo fmaximumv e
rti
calshearats u
pportCf orthe wouldr e
sul
ti nalar
gernumeri
calanswe r
.
giv
ent ruckxleconfi
gur
t
iontheaxleloadposiions
wouldha v
et obes wit
chedaroundandb o thaxl
el oads sD
Theansweri .
pla
c e
dont heinfi
uenc
elinewitht h
eh eav
iera x
lel oad
onthelargerinfi
uenc
elin
eo rd
inateandt helig
hteraxle
loa
dont hesmall
erinuencelin
eordina
te.T hiswould 4
4.C onst
ructaninf
iuen
celi
neforthefo
rcei
nmem-
re
sultinal arg
ern u
meric
ala nswer
. b
erBF.Thei u
n enc
el i
nei
sc o
nstr
ucte
dbyp lo
tti
ng
t
hec ha
ngei nr
esp
onseinmemberBFa sau n
itl o
ad
sD
Theansweri . t
rav
elsacro
ssthes
truc
tur
e.

43.Construc
tandu s
eani n
fiu
enceli
nefo
rbendi
ngmo-
mentuppo C.Theinuenc
el i
nei
sconst
ructe
dby
plo
ttin
gt h
ec han
geinrponseonae ebodydi
agram
ofasecti
onofbeamats u
pportCa saunitlo
adtrav
els
acr
osshestru
ctur
e.

P
PI
. w
.p
pi
2ps
S.
co
m

_
J.
"
 P
rd
i(eE
xam1S
ol
ut
io
ll
s S
9

Ii
sr e
quire
dt h
atPn2 :Pu.F oraxi
alcompre
ssion
withsp
ira
lr e
info
rce
ment=0 .
70.8ett
ingPn=P

andsol
vingfo
rtheareaofl
ong
itud
ina
lr e
inf
orc
ingst
eel
gIV
es

E;fd

l
l
lJ
zrJ
(/kJ
ii~I ps)(1000 2
)
Whenmovingt
lo
admustbed i
h
eu
s
n
i
i
b
l
u
te
o a
da
dt
c
ot
r
h
os
sat
etwoj
r
u
o
s
i
ss
nt
s
tr
.I
u
ct
ti
ue
r
sst
t
a
h
t
i
s
e
d 485)(
400
0
)()
h
attheroadwaya ct
sa ss imp
lebeams pa
nsb etwe
en
tr
ussjoi
ns
.T he
refoe
r whenal oadisplace
db etwee
n

(0.85)(4000~~;)
tr
ussjo
inst
hetwojointsadjo
iningthebeams p
ana c
t
assimp
lebeams upp
o rtsandt hemagnid esoft h
e
lo
adsappli
edto etw otrus
sjoint
sarethesamea sfo
r 2
theca
lcula
tedreac
tionforce
sofhisbeam.
As= 6
.69in
requ
ire
dforth
egi
vena
ppli
edax
ialcom-
p
res
siv
el o
adsi
sgrea
terth
anAs= 2.
54in2base
don
Themaximumo
rdi
nat
efo
rte
nsi
lef
orc
einmemberBF th
eminimumallo
wedre
infor
cem
entrat
ioPg=0.
01.
i
s0.3kN/kN
5 Theminimumr
equir
edare
ao fr
einf
orce
men
tisA
s

66
9i2
n.
Theansweri
sC.
Thecolumnha
ssi
xlo
ngi
tud
ina
lre
inf
orc
ingba
rs. The
4.F
5 romthei
nf
l
.u
encel
inein80.
144th
emaximum re
qui
redareao
fea
chl
ong
iu
din
alr
ein
for
cingb
aris
or
din
a t
efo
rcom
pre
ssi
vefor
ceinmemberBFi
s- 0
.53
kN/kN A=~
-
n
bar
s 6b
ars
sB
TheanswerI .
2
.1
=1 1i
n/b
ar
46
.D ete
rmin
etheamounto
frein
forc
ingse
elre
qu i
red
bytheminimumrequ
iredr
einf
orceme
ntr a
tioPgof Abara
reao
f1.11i
n2issa
tis
fie
dbyan
o.1
0br
a
0.
01.Theminimumar
eaofre
inf
orci
ngse
elrequ
iredis w
hic
hha
sanomi
nala
reaof1
.27in2.

I
nana ct
ualdesi
gn/a
naly
sissit
uat
ion c
heckshou
ld
a
lsobemadet oseeth
att h
ea c
tua
ll on
gitu
din
alrein
-
=(
0 () f
o
r
a
r
t
c
i
e
oo
m
en
f0
tr
.0
8
a
t
.
iodoe
snotexceedt
hemaximuma llo
wab
le

Theansweri
sD.
Det
ermi
nethere
quir
edamounto
fre
inf
orc
ings
tee
lba
sed
onthefa
cto
redaxi
allo
adPu
. 47
.D ete
rmin
etheamounto
frein
forc
ingst
eelreq
uire
d
bytheminimumrequ
iredr
einf
orceme
ntratio
of
P
u1.2
Pde
ad+1
.6P
!
ive 0.
01.Theminimumare
aofre
inf
orci
ngste
elrequ
iredi
s
(1.2
)(1
50k
ip)+(
s 1.6
)(3
50k
ips
)
=7
40k
ips A
s= p
gAg
=(
0.0
1)(
18i
n)2
Then
omi
nala
xia
lco
mpr
ess
ivel
oadc
apa
cit
yisg
ive
nby 2
=3
.24i
n
=0
.85P
. Det
ermi
nethere
quire
damoun
ofr
ein
for
cin
gst
eelb
ase
d
+As
)
= (0.85)(0.85f~Aconcrete onthef
act
oredax
ia
llodP
a u
.
=(
0 )
(0.
85(
Ag-A
s)+As)
.2P
Pu= 1 de+1
.6P
!
ive
=(
1.2
)(1
50k
ip)+
s (
1.6
)(2
50k
ips
)
=5
80k
ips

P
P
I. w
.p
pi
2ps
S
.c
om
7
0 C
i
vi
lDi
sc
ip
li S
ped
ficR
evi
ewf
ort
heF
E/
EI
TEx
Practice Exam II

Thera cfl
o wr
elati
ons
hipi
sgivnbyq=k
e vi
nwhic
h Pr
oblem
s41and4 2areb
ase
dont
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfo
rma
-
qisthetra cvolumeinveh
/hr.Themaximumtr
ac t
ionandil
lus
tra
tio
n.
volu
mef orhisroadi
smostn e
arl
y
Thebeamshowni
sloadedw
ithtw
o1 00Np
0 o
intlo
ads
.
(
A)7 60veh/hr Thesep
ara
tioni
smain
taind 2m
e but eloa
dsmay
(
B)8 80veh/hr bemovedtoanylo
cati
ononthebem.
(
C)9 00veh/hr

h
(
D) 960veh/hr

38
. Thesopp
ingsigh
tdisanc
eis430ftf o
rad esi
gn
spe
edof50mphonas e
ctio
no fh
ighway
. Theg rad
es
f
orthi
shighwaysec
tionare-1%f ol
lowe
dby3 %.The
re
quir
edleng
tho fv
ert
ica
lc urv
eneededt osat
isyh
f e
AASHTOs toppi
ngsig
htdistan
cefo
rt h
isd e
signspe
ed Z

i
smostne
a r
ly
(
A)2 70 1
0m 1
0m
(
B) 380
(
C) 410f
t
(
D) 450f
t 41
. Themaximumv
alu
efo
rsh
eara
tsu
ppo
rtAi
smost
ne
arl
y

39
. Ao n
e-la
nerura
lr oa
dhasa1 00 cu
rveex
tend
ingfo
r (
A)2
000N
230m alo
ngitsce
nter
lin
e. Ther oadis5m widewit
h (
B) 2800N
3m wideshou
lde
rs. Thedesig
ns p e
edforth
isroadi
s (
C) 3000N
75km/h. (
D) 3800N

Thesup
ere
lev
ati
onn e
ede
dsot
hats
idef
ric
tio
nisn
ot
nee
dedi
smostnear
ly 42. Themaximumv
alu
efo
rmomenta
tsu
ppo
rA i
s
mostn e
arl
y
(
A)0
.00
050
(
B)0
.03
4 (
A)1
.8kN.m
(
C)1
.1 (
B)8
.0kN-m
(
D)1
.9 (
C)1
0kN.m
(
D)1
8kN-m

40. Theworns urf

acec ou
rseo fah igh-v
olumep av
e 4
3.A tria
ngu
larpi
n-con
necte
dtrus
sc ar
rie
saloadof
mentisb eingreplac
edw ithad es
ignrequir
ingat ot
al 4
448N assho
wn.Eachmemberhast h
esamemodulus
str
uctura
lnumbero f6.6
. Thee ng
ineerhasd e
cidedto o
fel
ast
ici
tyandcr
oss-
sec
tio
nalar
ea.
rep
lace6ino fthesurf
acewithr ecy
cled-
in-p
laceasp
halt
con
creteh a
vi n
gas urfac
ec oursestrengt
hc oc
e i
entof :
%
:
lM
0.
42 le
avinginp la
ce3i no fs oundorigi
nalpavement
havingas trengt
hc oe
ffi
cien
to f0.3
. Undert heorig
i-
na
lp a
vementa rea1 0i nceme -tre
atedbasehaving
astrengthcoec i
entof0.20 and 8i ns andygrav
el
sub
base.Whati stheminimums tr
engthcoe
ffi
cie
ntfor
3
.0m
thesubbase?

(
A)0
.05
(
B)0
.10
(
C)0
.15 P
(
D)0
.20
N

4448N

4
.6m

P
P
I. w
.p
pi
2ps
S.
co
m
 P
rd
ic
eEx1
2 7
1

Thetru
ssmemberp r
ope
rti
esa eE =2
r 0 06 kPa
0X 1 Pro
blems47-49ar
eba
sedont
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfo
rma
tio
n
andA 2
580. 2
6m m.Thev e
rti
cald
efl
ect
iona
tpoint andil
lus
tra
tio
n.
Pismostnea
rly
Thespanlengt
handcrosssec
tiono far e
info
rce
dc on-
(
A)0
.25m m cr
etebeama r
es h
own. Thebeami su n
derre
inf
or c
ed.
(
B) 0.
48m m Theconc
reteandrei
nfor
cin
gs t
eelp ro
perti
es e=
(
C)0 .
51m m
=40 n
2 2
3000l
bf/n
i 00l
0 b
f/i andA s=3in2
(
D)0 .
75m m
6
ft
P
rob
lem
s44-46a
reb
ase
dont
hef
oll
owi
ngi
llu
str
ati
on.

l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L~


A
1
8i
3m 3m
beam
cro
ss
1
0ft s
ect
ion
4
4.I
fth
ere
act
ionats
uppo
rtAis1
8.5N
7 th
ere
act
ion
a
tea
cho
f eo
utersu
ppo
rtsi
smostnea
rly
(
A)5 6N
. 47.N e
gleci
ngbeams e
lf-w
eig
htandbasedo
nlyonthe
(
B)7 2N
. all
owablemomentcapaci
tyoft h
ebeama sde
termi
ned
(
C)1 1N usin
gAmericanC on
creteInst
itut
e(ACI)st
reng
thd e
(
D) 14N

sig
ns p
ecif
icat
ion
sthemaximuma ll
owa
blel
iveloa
dis
mostnearly
4
5. Themaximumva
lueofve
rti
cals
hea
rata
nyp
oin
t (
A) 23
000l
bf
a
lon
gt h
ebeamismosne
arl
y (
B) 29
00
0
(
A)4 7N
. (
C)3 5
00l
0 b
f
(
B)9 4N
. (
D) 50
00l
0 b
f
(
C) 14N
(
D)1 8N 48. Thebeams upp
orts ac o
ncent
raedliv
eloadof
50
000l bf
.N eg
lecb eams e
lf-
wei
ght. Theminimum
amoun ofshearreinfo
rce
mentrequir
edf o
rac e
nte
r-
4
6. Themaximumval
ueofmomenta
tanyp
oin
tal
ong to-
centersti
rru
ps pa
cingof12i nunderACIs t
reng
th
t
hebeamismosne
arly desi
gns pe
cif
ica
tio
nsismostn e
arly
(
A)1
.2N.m (
A)0 .1 n2
8i
(
B)3
.1N.m (
B)0 .36i
n2
(
C)4
.6N.m (
C) 0.67i
n2

(
D)5
.7N.m (
D) 0.78i
n2

4
9. Theba
lan
cedre
inf
orc
ingst
eelrat
ioforth
isbeam
i
naccor
dan
cewit
hACIs p
eci
fic
ati
onsismostnea
rly
(
A)0
.03
7
(
B)0
.04
3
(
C)0
.05
1
(
D)0
.05
8

P
PI
. w
.p
pi
2p
as
s.
co
m
 Solution Practice Exam II
P
rad
iceExm25
01t
i
ol
1S 8
1

Thedens
ityi
s33.12
5veh/mif o
rmaximumtra
cv
ol F
orasi
de-i
cti
onf
act
o ff=0
ro thes
upe
rel
eva
tio
nis
ume.Sub
stit
uti
oninothet
racfl
owr
ela
tio
nsh
ipgi
ves g
ive
nby
themaximumtracv o
lume
.

= (53::) (
33.
125 :~) (
(
7 ())
51
(
(
0.)
8 (
33.
1
(
9.1~) (
8 131
8m)

sB
Theansweri .
Theansweri
sB.

4
0. Thes
tru
ctur
alnumberisth
esumo fp
rodu
ctsof
3
8.S i
nceth
ereisanegat
ivegradeprec
edingaposit
ive t
helay
erd
epths(th
ick
nes
ses
)andst
ren
gthc
oecie
nts
.
g
radet
hi
sisas agve
rtic
alcurv
e.U singthesagver
ti-
c
alcur
veequat
ionsfromtheci
vi
le ng
ineer
ingsec
tionof S
N=
rec
ycl
eDr
ecy
cle
or
ig
in
als
ur
fa
ceDo
ri
gi
na
lsu
rf
ac
e
t
heNCEESHandbook theal
gebra
icdiff
eren
cebetween +
ba
seD
bas
e
sub
bas
eDs
ubb
ase
g
rad
esis
6
.6= (
0.4
2)(
6in
)+(
0.3
)(3i
n) (
0.)(
2 1
0in
)
A=1 - 1% 3 %1

sub
bas
e(8i
n)
=4%
Wherethesto
ppings
igh
tdi
sta
nce8
isl
es
shanh
e
sub
bas
e= 0
.15
ve
rti
calc
urv
el en
gth
L Theansweri
sC.

L=-
- L 41. Drawaninu
enceli
nef
orshea
ratsupp
orAw i
th
4
00 3.58 lo
adsp os
iti
onedasshownfo
rmaximums hearv
alu
e.
(
4)(
430ft)
2 Forexample f
orshe
aratsu
ppotA u
r s
i
ngbas
icbeam
40
0 (3.5
)(40
3 ) st
ati
c s
=3
88.
2ft

Wherethesto
ppi
ngs
igh
tdi
sta
ncei
sgr
eat
erthant
he
cur
vele
ngh
40
0+3
.58
L 28 A

4
00+(
3.5
)(4
30
) 2
0m
=(
2)(
430) - 4 2
.0
=3
83.
8ft
i
nfl
uen
cel
in
efo
rsh
eara
tsu
ppo
rtA
F
romt
hewov
alu
esf
orl
eng
tho
fcu
rvei
tca
nbes
een

t
hatthesopp
ingsigh
td i
sta
nceisgre
aterthanhe -
-
1
c
urvelen
gth
. T h
ere
foret
her e
qui
redve
rti
callen
gth

:51~20
o
fcurv
eis
L= 38
3.8 ( 3
80)
sB
Theansweri .
l
oad
spl
ace
dfo
rmaximums
hea
rva
luea
tsu
ppo
rtA

3
9. Ther
adi
uso
fcu
rva
tur
eis
Themaximumv
alu
efo
rsh
eara
tsu
ppo
rtA i
s

R=~= ) VA= (
100
0N
=3
8
)
(1
0
.8
0N
)+(
100
0N)
(2.
0)

Theansweri
sD.

P
PI
. w
.p
pi
2ps
S.
co
m
8
2 C
iv
i
lDi
sdp
lil
le-
Spe
dfi
cRe
vie
wfo
rteF
h E
jE
ITE
x
m

42. Aninfi
uenceli
neforbend
ingmomentats u
pportA Byinspe
cti
ont
hex-componentoffo
rcei
nmemberMP
canbedrawnw ithl o
adsposi
tio
nedasshownf o
rmax- i
st h
esamemagnitudeando p
posi
ted i
rec
tio
nasth
e
imummome value
. Asi nndingheinf
iuenc
el i
ne re
acti
onatpoi
ntM.
fo
rs he
ar aunitloadismovedacr
ossthebeamandt he

RI
2M
RUv
pi

dlu

M
va
riatio
ninb e
n di
ngmomenta tpointA i
sgraphed.

-m

eU
41
U

N

4

00

mA

M
-6820N

1
0m 1
0m

8142N
i
nfl
uen
cel
in
efo
rmomenta
tsu
ppo
rtA 3
.0m ON

P
6820N

N 6820N

l
oad
spl
ace
dfo
rmaximumv
alu
eats
upp
ortA
4
.6m

Themaximumv a
luefo
rmoment a
tsupp
ortA (
dis
-
re
gar
dthesin s
g inc
ethemaximumva
lueisw
ant
ed) A
pplyin
gau ni
tlo
ada
tpo
intPp
rod
uce
sth
efo
llo
win
g
l
S v
irt
ualfo
rce
s.

MA= (1000N)(8.0m)+(1000N)(10.0m) M
.
...
1.5
N
18000N.m (
18kN.
m)

sD
Theansweri .
1
.8N
3O mI
0N

4
3. Theprin
cip
leofvi
rtu
alworkc
anbeu
sedt
ofi
nd
t
hedefi
ect
ionapo
inP
.
P
Chooset
hep o
sit
ivedi
rect
ion
sasupwardandt
oth
e 1.
5N
N 1
.5N
ri
ght
.Choosepos
iti
vemomentsa
sclo
ckwi
se.

LMN=ON
=RM (
3.
0m) (4448N)(
4.6m) 4
.6m

RM"= 6
820N [ot
he1
e
ft
]
MM=ON Thef
fo
rce
s.
o
llo
win
gta
bles
umm
ari
zest
hea
ctu
alandv
irt
ual
=-RN"(
3.0m)+(
444
8N)
(4.
6m)
RN"= 6
820N [
t
oth
eri
gh
t] F
Q Fp L FQFpL
L
Fy=0N member (
N) (
vir
tua
lfo
rce
) (
m) (
N-m)

=RMy - 4448N MP 8
142 .8
1 5.
49 80459
NP 6
820 .5
1 4.
6 47058
RM=4448N [
upw
rd
]
MN 0 0 3.
0 0
t
otl=127517
a

P
PI
. W i
2
ps
S.
co
m
 P
rc
t
icE
xm2S
ol
ut
i 5

C
alc
u1a
tet
hev
ert
ica
1de
ec
tio
n p
oitP
n . Thech
angeinmomen
isgiv
enbyt
hea
reau
nde
rh
e
sh
eardi
agra
muptothatp
oin
t.
p =LFQ5L= F
Q2
2
=
LFQFpL (
t
) (
5.6 2m
)

c
=

2


O
O

1
O

6

)
(
1 3m ==1.12m
(
m)
x(
2 m m2) (

x(
127
517N
-m)(1000 )
sA
Theansweri .

4
4
o
u
.F
te
rs
r
omt
up
po
h
e1
r
i
a
s
wso
feq
ui1
ibr
iume
achr
eac
t
io
nata
n
???
)(
(
t 5:
)
-18
x=1
.12m 1
.88m 18
8m

sA
Theansweri .

4
5. Themaximums he
arc anbed et
ermine
df ro
ma 31
3
.1
s
he a
rdiagra
m.(A1thoug
hno ne
ces
saryforth
isprob
-
1emamomentdiag
ramh asa
1sobee
nc on
struc
ted
and M(N'm)
t
hisisuse
df o
rso
lvin
gt h
en e
xtprob1
em.)

Thecha
ngeinshe
ari
sth
eareaund
erthe1
0add i
agram
uptot
hatpo
int
.Uptothec
ente
rofth
ebe
1 p
ointA
5
.7

5
.6N- (
5:)(
3m)
F
romthes
hea
rdia
grm
a t
hemaximumv
a1u
efo
rsh
ear
o
ccu
rs s
upp
ortA
.

Atp
oiA
n Vmax= 9
.4N

V=-
9.4N+1
8.5N
7 sB
Theansweri .
=9
.35N (
9.
4N)
4.F
6 romth
emomentdiag
rami
n80.
145
thev
a1u
fo
r
Themomenti
seq
ua1t
oth
ear
eau
nde
rth
esh
eard
ia- maximummomentoc
cur
satsup
por
tA.
gra
m.
Mmax= [-5
.7N
.m[
=5
.7N
-m

sD
Theansweri .

Ie w
P
P .p
pi
2ps
S
.c
om

.
"

50 A
ppe
ndi
xAf
tem
oonS
al
pl
eExa
min
ati
on

4
2. 1
nus
ingch10
rin
ef ord
isi
nfe
ctio
n
.a
.concen
ationofHOC1isp H-
depend
ent
b
. [HO
Cl]equals[OCllatpH7
c
. e
'c
eti
vene
ssi n
cre
ase
sw i
thtimeofcont
act
d
.tot
aleli
minat
ionofbac
ter
iaispos
sibl
e

4
3. A6 1cm
-
di am
e t
ercir
cul
arco
ncr
etes
ewe
riss
etonas
lop
eof0
.00l
.The
flo
wwheni tishal
fu
llis
ajof l
b
. 0 .
08m"
"/s
3
c
.0 .
20m /s
3
d
.0 .
28m /s

4
4. Ari
gidbarBCDi
ssupp
ort
edbyahing
edcon
nec
tionats
uppor
tBa
nd
byacab
leACassho
wn.Therea
cti
onfor
ceatsu
ppor
tB is

Practice Exam III A

3

D
B

2.0m

O.5m
.
..
J

a
. 2
.50kN
b
. 14
.20kN
c
. 9
.70kN
d
. 14
.42kN

4
5. Asimpl
ysu
ppo
rte
dbeamABiss
ubje
cte
dtoaunifor
mlydist
rib
ute
d
l
oadandac
onc
ent
rat
edl
oada
sshow
n.Themidspandef
1ec
tioni
s

20kN

3.5
3.m0m

E=200GPa
4
1=3x106m m

a
. 16mm
b
. 38m m
c
. 22m m
d
. 8mm
.
.
SampleEx
am 15.

4
6. As te
elcolumn(W21x9 3)hasthebottomends u
pportedrig
idlysoas
r--rr- topreventbothrot
atio
nandtran
slat
ion.Thet opofthecolumnisf r
ee
t
ot ran
slateandrota
teineplaneoft h
ediagramb u
tpinned( rot
ati
on
allowedtran
sla
tio
np r
eve
nte
d)i ntheperpe
ndicul
ard i
rect
ion
.The
len
gtho fthecolumnis32ft
.Thec rit
ica
lb uc
klingloadasg iv
e nby
Eul
er'st heo
ryis
a
. 1 3.4kips
. 3
b 6.7kips
. 3
c 66k i
ps
d
. 1 002k i
ps

4
7. Thethr
ee-
hin
geda
rchABCca
rri
esau n
ifo
rmlydi
str
ibu
tedloa
dfroma
ho
riz
ont
aldec
kasshow
n.l
evalueo
ftheho
riz
ont
althr
usta
tthes
upp
ort
sis

[
}
=[
] 6m

4m

15m 10m
6

a. 282kN
b
. 1 97kN
. 218kN
c
d. 252kN

4
8. Givent
het
russhownt
s hev
ert
ica
lde
fle
cti
ona
tB i
s

E=29
000k s
ifo
rbo
thmembers
A=2i
2
nf o
rAB
A=3in2
fo
rBC
10

20k
ips
8f
t

. 1
a .2i
n
b
.0.
05i
n
c
. 0
.2i
n
. 0
d .1i
n
152 p
Apen
dixA
fte
moo
nSamp
leExa
min
ati
on

4
9. Themaximumb
end
ingmomentf
ort
hebeamshowni
s

3.5m 1
.5m
~

a
. 12
.60kNm
b
. 8.
82kNm
c
. 9.
41kNm
d
. 10
.25kN
m
5
0. Ac l
ientreq
uire
sanewf ci
a 1
it
yq uic
klytore
pla
ceonedestr
oye
dbya
hu
rric
ane.Hei snotcer
tai
ne xa
ctlywhatits
houldi
ncl
ude
.Theb e
st
ty
peo fcontr
acttobeusedin issitu
ati
oni
s
a
.u nitpric
e
b
. lumpsum
c
.c ostplusfix
edfee
d
.s urety
5
1. Whatist h
eh e
ight(
)o
fac o
nic
alspo
ilpil
eif10
0ftbankcuydo
f
commone art
hw i
thana
ngl
eo fre
pos
eo f320 a
nda12%s we
lli
s
dep
osited
?
a
.9 .6
b
. 1 9.
2
c
. 1 0.
4
d
. 33 .
3
5
2. D
ete
rmin
ethevolumeoffi
1lf
orawholes
tat
ion(
100f
t
)ofc
utw
ith
t
heenda
rea
sshownb e
low
.

A
l
=1
2
0f
t
'/= /
A=
' / 1
50 100f
t

3
a
. 8 20yd
b.456.8ydj
c
.5 06.
2yd
J

d. 56 4yd
9.
J

5
3. ABCC onstru
ctionCompanyistelowb
h i
dderat$500 000onabuild
ing
pro
ject
.Thecompanyh aspro
videdthety
picalb i db ond.Afteraward
ofthecontr
actthecompanydec
idestowithdra wi t
sb id
.Thes econd
low
estb i
dwas$520 00
0.Howmuchi sthesur~ty . company r
equi
redto
reim
bursethe c
lien
t f
orthefa
ilu
re o
f ABC to sig n?
a
. $ 500
000
b
. $50000
c
. $20 000

d
. $ 50
0 0
Solutions may be for problems with slightly different S
olu
tio
ns 63

dimensions;
41. d
I was given two apparently .disjointed
Al
lo fthestatem
sets.en
tsar
ec oe
ct
.
One may conclude that problems are for the most part
42. a.
identical but with different dimensions.
4
3. b
.
3
Qf=0.
2m /
s
Q/Qf=0.
4

Q =0
.08m
'>
/s

4
4 . Th
. d ef
reebodydiagr
a mfo
rBCDi ssho
wn.Noteatacommonmistake
co
uldb
e ngtha
tc a
bleACform
sa3 -
4-5 a
ngl td
ewheni<sn
'tl
. e
ve
calandhor
izo
ntalcompo
nen
tsofT eO .
66Tand0
.7
5Tre
spe
cti
vel
y.

T
10

Bx

MB =0.66Tx2-10x2.5=0 T= 4

= 0.75x18.94=0 x=
B 1
4.2
0

= +0 x1
8.4-10=0=
9 >By=-
2.5
0

RB= 4
4
5 . EI=
. b r2x

)X(3X1
m-J
O- )=
6m4
6 k
Nm2

D
efl
ect
iona
trn
ids
pan(
x 2m)duet
op=
o
intl
oadi
sgi
venby

o=

Pb
[-x +(L )x]=_
6LEr

j

l

-~:. ~~:~ [
"
-2 +(
4
6x4x
20xO.5 _
_ j l
- ]=
OS)x2 0
.01
6

D
efl
ect
iona
trn
ids
pan(
x 2m)duet
od=
i
str
ibu
tedl
oadi
sgi
venby

4 4
5wL 5x4x4
==
384EI 384x600
=0.022

T
ota
lmi
dsp
and
efl
ect
ion=0
.03
8m =3
8m m

4
6. c
. B
uck
lin
gab
outt
hes
tro
ng(
x) i
s
:

K=2
.0;L=32f
;r
t x=8
.70i
n;KUr=8
8.3

B
uck
lin
gab
outt
heweak(
y)a
xis
:

K=0
.7;L=32f
;r
t y=1
.84i
n;KUr= 1
46.
1
64 A
ppe
ndi
xAf
tem
oonS
amp
leExa
min
ati
on

R 2EA 2x29
000x273 " .
== =jOO p
:

(
}
4
7. b
. Ther
earefou
rextemalrea
ction
s-A_ A.c
x' "Y
.
.andC-andtwointemal
~x'

hi
ngeforces-B
x a
nd By
bedet
errnined
.Re
cogn
izeth
atAxandCx
ar
eequa
la ndop
posi
te.Solv
ingfo
re ithe
rAxorCxi
ssuf
fic
ien
t
.
T
aki
ngmomentsa
botA(
u ent
ires
tru
ctu
re)
:

MA =500x +4 -25C
y=0

T
aki
ngmomentsa
bou
tB (
rig
hth
alfo
fst
ruc
tur
e):

MB.right=2 =0
00x5-6

S
olv
ingt
hes
eeq
uat
iosweg
n etCx=1
97.
4ki
ps.

4
8. d
. S
tep1
:Us
ingmethodo
fjo
int
satj
oin
tB:

B =+2
5.6k(
T)
FBC= 1
6.0k(
c)

St
ep2:Cal
cul
atet
hememberfo
rce
sduetovi
rtu
all
oad(
not
e:iniscas
e
e al
loadandt
hevirt
ual
loa
dlooksi
mil
ars
owec a
nu s
es c
ali
ng)
:

B =+1
.28(
T)
fBC=-
0.8
0(c
)

S
tep3
:

L1=~5 1.28 x(12.81x12)+-16x-O.8x(8xI2L

= rFf =0.10
"
"
""
'lAE) 2x29.000 3x29.000

4
9. b
. Usingth
efix
edendmomentlo
adcas
esi
neFES
upp
lie
d-R
fe
ren
ce
Handbookw
itht
hefollo
win
gdat
a:

P=1
2kN;=3
.5m;b=1
.5m;L=5m

.
 Solutions 65

2
Pab2
=-
-_
._
._
_1
2x3
-
-_
..5x1
.5
- =3.78kNr
n
AB=
7
2
L~
2 2
Pa
=b 1
=-
-2
_x
.
_3
.
_.
5
_-x
.1
.
_
.5=
- =
8.2kN
8 rn
BA r2
L~

12

T
aki
ngr
nor
nen
tsa
botA
u

MA =+3.78 3.5-8.82+ =0 =9.

408 dAy=2.592

Thes
hea
rdi
agr
arna
ndb
end
ingr
nor
nen
tdi
agr
arn
s e
:

2.592

9
.40
8

+5.292kN
m

-
3.7
8kN
m -8.82kNm

5
0. c
. C
ostp
1usfi
xedfe
e.Cho
ice
saa
ndbr
equ
iread
eta
ile
dde
sig
n;c
hoi
ced
i
sabond
ingcor
npan
y.

5
1. c
. Loosecuf
t=1 00cuydx 1 .1
2x 27cuft
/ cuyd=3024cuf
t
Basedi
arn
ete
r( B
)==(7.
64x 3024/t an32 )1/3=3
0
3.3f
t
Heig
ht=
=( 3.
3 3/
2)(ta
n320 ) =
=10.
4ft

5
2 .
. d 1ispr
obl
ernc
anbes
olv
edus
ingt
hepr
isr
noi
dalr
net
hod
.Vo
1ur
ne=
=(1
c
uyd/27c uf
t)1 f
t[120s
qft+(4x 150sqf
t)+100s
qft
]/6=
5
06.2cuyd

5
3. c
. Thec
lie
ntcano
nlyre
cove
rth
e10s
si n
curr
edbythedef
aul
twhichi
s
edi
eren
cebetw
eenth
elowbi
da n
dt h
es e
con
d1 0
westbi
d:$20
000
.

5
4. b
. T
ota
lc o
st=$50000+$5000==$55000
U
nitcost=
=$55
000/200==$275
.00/ftNotea
tth
eun
itp
ric
ern
ust
i
nclu
det h
eco
ntr
acto
r'sp
rof
itr
/nark
up.

=-.:
 Determinacy and Stability
Determinacy and Stability I
TRUSSES
Trusses are statically determinate when all the bar forces can be determined
from the equations of statics alone. Otherwise the truss is statically
indeterminate.
A truss may be statically/externally determinate or indeterminate with respect to
the reactions (more than 3 or 6 reactions in 2D or 3D problems respectively).
A truss may be internally determinate or indeterminate.
If we refer to j as the number of joints, R the number of reactions and m the
number of members, then we would have a total of m + R unknowns and 2j (or
3j) equations of statics (2D or 3D at each joint). If we do not have enough
equations of statics then the problem is indeterminate, if we have too many
equations then the truss is unstable.
2D 3D
Static Indeterminacy
External R>3 R>6
Internal m + R > 2j m + R > 3j
Unstable m + R < 2j m + R < 3j

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 5/23

 Method of Joints
Method of Joints II

This method should be used when all member forces must be determined.
In truss analysis, there is no sign convention. A member is assumed to be
under tension (or compression). If after analysis, the force is found to be
negative, then this would imply that the wrong assumption was made, and that
the member should have been under compression (or tension).
On a free body diagram, the internal forces are represented by arrow acting on
the joints and not as end forces on the element itself. That is for tension, the
arrow is pointing away from the joint, and for compression toward the joint.
C
C

c c -ve -ve

A B A B
t +ve

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 9/23

 Example; Method of Joints
Example; Method of Joints I

8
12

G
10' H F

32'

E
B C D
A
20 k 40 k 40 k

24' 24' 24' 24'

1 R = 3, m = 13, 2j = 16, and m + R = 2j
2 We compute the reactions

z

+
 M E = 0; (20 + 12)(3)(24) + (40 + 8)(2)(24) + (40)(24) RAy (4)(24) = 0

 
RAy = 58 k 6
+ ? Fy = 0; 20 + 12 + 40 + 8 + 40 58 REy = 0

REy = 62 k 6
Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 10/23
 Example; Method of Joints
Example; Method of Joints II

3 Consider each joint separately:

Node A: Clearly AH is under compression, and AB under tension.

FAH

A FAB

58 k
 
+ 6 Fy = 0; FAHy + 58 = 0
FAH = l l (FAHy )
y p
ly = 32; l = 322 + 242 = 40

 
40 (58) = 72.5
FAH = 32 k Compression
-
+ Fx = 0; FAHx + FAB = 0

FAB = LLx (FAHy ) = 32

y
24 (58) = 43.5 k Tension
Node B:

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 11/23

 Example; Method of Joints
Example; Method of Joints III

FBH

B
43.5 k FBC

20 k
 
+- Fx = 0; FBC = 43.5 k Tension
 
+ 6 Fy = 0; FBH = 20 k Tension
Node H:

12 k

FHG
H FHGy
FAHx
FHCy FHGx
FAHy
FHCx
72 k FHC
20 k

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 12/23

 Example; Method of Joints
Example; Method of Joints IV

 
+ - Fx = 0; FAHx FHCx + FHGx = 0
43.5 q 24 (FHC ) + q 24 (FHG ) = 0
  242 +322 242 +102

+ 6 Fy = 0; FAHy + FHCy 12 + FHGy 20 = 0

58 + q 32 (FHC ) 12 + q 10 (FHG ) 20 = 0
242 +322 242 +102

This can be most conveniently written as

    
0.6 0.921 FHC 43.5
=
0.8 0.385 FHG 26.0

Solving we obtain FHC = 7.5 and FHG = 52, thus we made an erroneous assumption in the
free body diagram of node H, and the final answer is

FHC = 7.5k Tension

FHG = 52 k Compression

Node E:

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 13/23

 Example; Method of Joints
Example; Method of Joints V

FEF

FED E

62 k
q
242 +322
Fy = 0; FEFy = 62 FEF = 32
(62) = 77.5 kC
Fx = 0; FED = FEFx FED = 24 (F
32 EFy
) = 24
32
(62) = 46.5 kT

The results of this analysis are summarized below

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 14/23

 Example; Method of Joints
Example; Method of Joints VI

8
12

52 52
43.5 46.5
58 62

32
2.5
7. 5

4
0
77
20
.5

.5
72

43.5 43.5 46.5 46.5

58 20 40 40 62
4 We could check our calculations by verifying equilibrium of forces at a node not previously used, such as D

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 15/23

 Examples Beams
Example Beam; 1

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

11 k 10 k
3
4 2 k/ft

B C D
A 4ft 6ft 4ft E
4ft

Reactions are determined from the equilibrium equations

(+ ) Fx = 0;
 Ax + 6 = 0 Ax = 6 k

MA = 0;
(+ ) (11)(4) + (8)(10) + (4)(2)(14 + 2) Ey (18) = 0
REy = 14 k
) Fy = 0; Ay 11 8 (4)(2) + 14 = 0 Ay = 13 k
(+ 6

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Internal Forces 11/31

 Examples Beams
Example Beam; 2

11 k 10 k
3
4 2 k/ft

B C D
A 4ft 6ft 4ft E
4ft

Shear are determined next.

1 At A the shear is equal to the reaction and is positive.
2 At B the shear drops (negative load) by 11 k to 2 k.
3 At C it drops again by 8 k to 6 k.
4 It stays constant up to D and then it decreases (constant negative slope
since the load is uniform and negative) by 2 k per linear foot up to 14 k.
5 As a check, 14 k is also the reaction previously determined at F .
Moment is determined last:
1 The moment at A is zero (hinge support).
2 The change in moment between A and B is equal to the area under the
corresponding shear diagram, or MBA = (13)(4) = 52.
3 etc...
Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Internal Forces 12/31
 Examples Beams
Example Beam; 3

10 k
A

11 k 8k

E
13 k 2k 2 k C -6 k
B

13 k
2k
A=(13)(4)=52 A=(6)(2)=12
A=(-6)(4)=-24 A=-4(6+14)/2=-40
-6 k

Slope= dV/dx=w=-2
-14 k

x=+2 dM/d
x=-6
dM/d
52+12=64
0+52=52

64-24=40
A B C D E

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Internal Forces 13/31

 arches Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads
Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads I

ARCHES
20 k B 20 k
30 k 30 k
HB HB
B
20' 20' VB VB
33.75'

80 k 80 k HC
C C
30' VC
26.25' HA A
A
80' 60' VA

Four unknowns, three equations of equilibrium, one equation of condition statically determinate.



 
+ MzC = 0; (RAy )(140) + (80)(3.75) (30)(80) (20)(40) + RAx (26.25) = 0
140RAy + 26.25RAx = 2.900
-
!
+ Fx = 0; 80 RAx RCx = 0
! (22)
+ 6 Fy = 0; RAy + RCy 30 20 = 0

+
 

MzB = 0; (Rax )(60) (80)(30) (30)(20) + (RAy )(80) = 0
80RAy + 60RAx = 3, 000

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Cables & Arches 19/24
 arches Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads
Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads II

Solving those four equations simultaneously we have:

140 26.25 0 0

RAy



2, 900



RAy




15.1 k



0 1 0 1


RAx


=


80





RAx


=


29.8 k

(23)
1
80
0
60
1
0
0
0



RCy





50
3, 000






RCy





34.9 k



RCx RCx
50.2 k

We can check our results by considering the summation with respect to B from the right:

  B
+
Mz = 0; (20)(20) (50.2)(33.75) + (34.9)(60) = 0 (24)

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Cables & Arches 20/24
 Examples Beam
Example: Beam I

BEAM DEFLECTION, VIRTUAL FORCE

Determine the deflection at point C. E = 29, 000 ksi, I = 100 in4 .

2 k/ft 1k
A B
A C C
B C 0.5 k 1.5 k
15 k 45 k
20' 10'
x x
15x-x2
Real Moment Virtual Moment
2
-x -0.5x -x

Element x =0 M M
AB A 15x x 2 0.5x
BC C x 2 x

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Virtual Work 10/23

 Examples Beam
Example: Beam II

Applying the principle of virtual work, we obtain

Z L
M(x)
C P = M(x) dx
| {z } 0 EIz
| {z }
W
U
Z 20 (15x x 2 )
Z 10 x 2
(1)C = (0.5x) dx + (x) dx
0 EI 0 EI
2, 500
=
EI
3 3
(2, 500) k ft (1, 728) in3 / ft
C = 4
(29, 000) ksi(100) in
= 1.49 in

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Virtual Work 11/23

 Examples Truss; Simple
Truss; Simple I

Determine the deflection at node 2 for the truss. TRUSS-DEFLECTION; Virtual

A=5.0 in2 each;
force
60 k 120 k E=10x103 ksi 60 120

7 -45.0 -0.50 -0.54

4 5
-

.8

0.226
0.56
16.8
-0.56 -1.124

6
0.56
6 -117.3 -0.56

-16

-0.22
3 4 5 12' -83.8 1.574
1 3 37.5 52.5 0.25 0.25 0.45 0.63
1 2
A
12' 12' 0.5 1.0 0.5
75.0 105.0

You will not get something as complex as this truss

(e) (e) P (e) L
P P (e) , L, A, E, P AE
Member kips kips ft in2 ksi
1 +0.25 +37.5 12 5.0 10 103 +22.5 104
2 +0.25 +52.5 12 5.0 10 103 +31.5 104
3 -0.56 -83.8 13.42 5.0 10 103 +125.9 104
4 +0.56 +16.8 13.42 5.0 10 103 +25.3 104
5 +0.56 -16.8 13.42 5.0 10 103 25.3 104
6 -0.56 -117.3 13.42 5.0 10 103 +176.6 104
7 -0.50 -45.0 12 5.0 10 103 +54.0 104
+410.5 104

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Virtual Work 18/23

 Examples Truss; Simple
Truss; Simple II

The deflection is thus given by

7
X (e) PL
P = P
AE
1

= (410.5 104 )(12 in/ ft) = 0.493 in

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Virtual Work 19/23

 Examples Truss with initial camber
Truss with initial camber I

It is desired to provide 3 in. of camber at the center of the truss shown below
You may
2 3
get
1
somethin
36'
g along
those
1k lines, or
6 @ 27' with
temperat
by fabricating the endposts and top chord members additionally long. How much should the
length of each endpost and each panel of the top chord be increased? ure load
Assume that each endpost and each section of top chord is increased 0.1 in.
(e) (e)
Member P int L P int L
1 +0.625 +0.1 +0.0625
2 +0.750 +0.1 +0.0750
3 +1.125 +0.1 +0.1125
+0.2500

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Virtual Work 22/23

 Examples Truss with initial camber
Truss with initial camber II

Thus,
(2)(0.250) = 0.50 in
Since the structure is linear and elastic, the required increase of length for each section will
be  
3.0
(0.1) = 0.60 in
0.50
If we use the practical value of 0.625 in., the theoretical camber will be
(6.25)(0.50)
= 3.125 in
0.1

Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Virtual Work 23/23

Solve for the vertical displacement at C of the following structure.
REACTIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS
Aluminum rod, A =1 in 2 , E =107 psi
D

Aluminum Beam, A =10 in 2 , I = 171 in 4 , E =107 psi

3
60"
2k
4

A B C

80" 160"

Step 1. Draw free body diagram and calculate all forces due to real load and virtual load .
D
Dx (CCW +ve)M A = 0
Dx (60) 2(240) = 0
Dy Dx = 8k
2k
+
Fx = 0
A B C Dx + Ax = 0
Ax
Ax = 8k
80" 160"
+ Fy = 0
Ay
Ay + Dy 2 = 0 (1)
V.Saouma;CVEN3525 1
 Dy
3
T = Dy (2) From Eq.(2)
5
D Dy = 6k
4
8k 3 T = Dx = 8k From Eq.(1)
4 5
T T = 10 k A y = 4k

Likewise, we can get the reaction due to unit virtual load at point C by similar manner.

8k 4k

6k 2k
3k P =1

A B C A B C
8k 4k
80" 160" 80" 160 160"

4k 2k

Free Body Diagram due to real load Free Body Diagram due to virtual load

V.Saouma;CVEN3525 2
Step2.Determineforcesincableandbeamforeachelementsdue torealloadandvirtual
load
(i) Cable. You may not get something as complex
for deflection; however make sure that
Tensionisconstantalongthecablelength. you understand this.

Element x=0 P P
DB D 10 5

(ii)Beam.
6k 2k 3k P =1

A 8k B C A 4k B C
8k 4k
80" 160" 80" 160"

4k 2k

FreeBodyDiagramduetorealload FreeBodyDiagramduetovirtualload

Element x=0 P P M M
AB A 8 4 4x 2x
BC B 0 0 2x320 x160

V.Saouma;CVEN3525 3
From(i)and(ii) P M
C P = P dx + M dx
 AE EI
w* 
L L

u*

( 4)( 8)
100 80
(5)(10)
C (1) = Ac E
dx +
Ab E
dx
0 0

( 2 x )( 4 x ) ( x 160)(2 x 320)
80 160

+ + dx
0
EI b 0
EI b
(4)( 8)
100 80
(5)(10)
= (1in )(10 2 7
psi )
dx + 2
(10 in )(10 psi )7
dx
0 0

( 2 x )( 4 x ) ( x 160)(2 x 320)
80 160

+ 7 4
+ 7 4
dx
0
(10 psi )(171 in ) 0
(10 psi )(171 in )
C = 0.0005 + 0.0000256 + 0.0007984 + 0.001597
= 0.0005256
 + 0
.0023954

Axial Contribution Flexure Contribution

C = 0.0029 in ()
V.Saouma;CVEN3525 4
Forthetrussshownbelow:
a.DeterminethehorizontaldeflectionatC,AssumeAEconstant.

600 lb C TRUSS DEFLECTIONS

8'
1500 lb B D

8'

A E
8'

V.Saouma;CVEN3525 10
(a).DeterminethehorizontaldeflectionatC.AssumeAEconstant.
600 lb C P =1 C

4 2 4
8' 2 8'
1500 lb B 3 D B 3 D

6 8' 1 6
8' 1
5 5
A E A E
8' 8'

Realload Virtualload
You will not get such a Member P(lb) P(lb) L(in) AE P.(PL/AE)
complex truss, however 1 2 1,200 96 AE 230,400/AE
the procedure is very
important to understand 2 2 1,200 96 AE 230,400/AE
3 0 1,500 48 AE 0
4 2.24 1,341.64 107.33 AE 322,560/AE
5 0 1,677.05 107.33 AE 0
6 2.24 3,018.69 107.33 AE 725,759.6/AE
1,509,119lb in
= 1.51 106 lb in
AE Ch = ()
AE
V.Saouma;CVEN3525 11
(b).RemovetheloadsanddeterminethehorizontaldisplacementofCifmembersABandBC
experienceatemperatureincrease=200F,TakeA=2in2,E=29,000ksi,and=106/F

C
Member L(in) (1/F) T(F) L=TL(in) P P.L

2 4
1 96 106 200 0.0192 2 0.0384
T = 200D F 3 D 2 96 106 200 0.0192 2 0.0384
B
6 3 48 106 0 0 0 0
1 5
4 107.33 106 0 0 2.24 0
A E
5 107.33 106 0 0 0 0

6 107.33 106 0 0 2.24 0

= 0.0768

Ch = 0.0768 in ()
You will not get such a
complex truss, however
the procedure is very
important to understand

V.Saouma;CVEN3525 12
c.Removetheloadsanddeterminethehorizontaldisplacementof CifmemberCDis
fabricated0.5intooshort.
C
Member L(in) L(in) P P.L
4 Fabricated0.5in
2 1 96 0 2 0
tooshort.
2 96 0 2 0
3 D
B 3 48 0 0 0
6 4 107.33 0.5 2.24 1.12
1 5
5 107.33 0 0 0
A E
6 107.33 0 2.24 0
= 1.12

You will not get such a

complex truss, however
the procedure is very Ch = 1.12 in ()
important to understand

V.Saouma;CVEN3525 13