(COMPOSITES)

1.

. , ,
, (composite material).
, , ,
,

.
, :
,
( 5)
(> 10 %) .

(Agarwal1990): ,

.

, ,
, , . ,

.
. 1 (,
) .

1:

.
(, , , )
,
.
, (5000 ..)
,
. , ,

.
(1000 ..)
, ,
, .
,
,
,
.
1920
,
Leo Beaekeland.
30

(1960)

.
1964 , , (carbon fibers),

.
1971 ,
, .
( ) (
) 30 , ..
, ,
10-14 ( ).

,
, .
,

, ,
.
, , ,
, ,


.
M , : ,
,
( , , , .)
,

2
 ,
.

,
:
(fibrous composites): .
(laminated composites): .
(particulate composites):
.

.
:
, .
, , .

-, . . 2:
.
.
.

( A /d) , :
(continuous fibers ), A / d 100 .
(discontinuous fibers), A / d < 100 .
(whiskers): d < 1m A 100 m (
).

: , ,
,
.

2: : () , () -
, () () .

,
, . 3.

3
 3:

2.

, ,
(E), (UTS), (stiffness),
(toughness) ().
2 3
(. 4).

,
(, , , ) ().

(GLASS FIBERS)

(1940)
.
. , ,
, , ... .
. 5.

4
 5:

E, C S,
.1.

1: .

E C S SiO2
(%)
SiO2 54 60 65 >99,5
Al203 16 25 25 -
B 2 O3 8 - - -
CaO 17 9 - -
MgO 5 6 10 -
(GPa) 75 80 84 72
A (MPa) 2100-3400 2500-4400 2800-4800 3500-8800
(g/cm3) 2,54 2,50 2,48 2,20

( C) 900-1200 1400-1600 1400-1600 1720
M ( C) 550 650 650 750

Eglass (E=electrical):
, ,
, .
Cglass (C=corrosion): ,
E, .
Sglass (S=stiffness): Eglass,
. .
SiO2 (>99,5%)
.
,
, 100% .
,

( ).
,

.

5

(. 6) :

6:

, .
(
1-2 mm).
.

(115 m)
().

(binder) (sizes)
-.
, (strand end) 204 ( )
, ( 50 m/s).

.

, ,
.
, ,
, .
(sizes) .


.
6
 ,
.
340 C 15-20 h.
T -
.
3Si(CH2)nY,
, n=03,
. 7.

.
.
.

(CARBON FIBERS)

,
. ,
, , , .
,

.
( )
.
,
.


. C
, . . 8.
C
. , Van der Waals
,

7
. , ,
. 9.

,
(PAN), (rayon) .
(PAN) (. 10):

10:

8
 PAN (100-200 C),
,
.
, , 1100- 1500C.
(high
strength carbon fibers) 3000 MPa.
H
(2500-3000C), , ,
.
(high module carbon fibers)
400 GPa, 10 m.
. 2
( ) (, ,
), .

2: .


(Ga) 180-230 350-420
A (Ma) 2500-3400 1900-2300
% 95-98 99
(g/cm3) 1,8 1,9
M (C) 2000 2500

,
500 C .
.

PAN ( , ,
).

.
,
,
( ,
,
). ,
.
,
.

(POLYMER FIBERS)

Nylon, Kevlar.
Nylon ,

. 10 Pa,
1000 Pa.

9
 ,
.
DuPont
Kevlar :
Kevlar-29: 60 GPa 3.6 GPa.
Kevlar-49: 120 GPa 3.6 GPa.
Kevlar-149: 180 GPa 3.4 GPa.
(1.45 g/cm3),
,
. . 3
Kevlar.

3: Kevlar
Kevlar 29 Kevlar 49
(GPa) 60 130
(MPa) 2700 3600
(%) 4.5 2
(g/cm3) 1.45 1.45
(C) 200 200
(C) 400 425

Kevlar

, , , . . 11.

,
. ,
2%, ,
0,3 % . , ,
, (kink bands).

11

10
 . 12 .

: (extrusion) (spinning).
:


.

(stretching).

12:

(B), (Be) (W)

,
( ). o
,
.
:

( BCl3)
(1100 C) , 10-15
m, . 13.
100200 m,
.

11
 13:

CVD

(CVD). ,
.
( = 300420 GPa, UTS = 30003700 MPa),
500 C.
,
( Borsic) .
, ,
,
-
.

.
, .
(SiC) (Al2O3),
Si3N4, BeO, B4C ZrO2.
(SiC)
. SiC

() (CVD) .
1025 m 100150 m.
() (Nicalon).
850 C SiC,
(>1000 C) -SiC.
1015 m.
() SiC .
~15% .. Si2.
700900 oC Si2 .
~1500 oC
SiC.
~0.11 m ~50 m.

(. 4).
, .

12
 4: SiC ( )

CVD Nicalon

, (g/cm3) 3.3 2.6 -

, UTS (MPa) 3500 2000 7000
, (GPa) 430 180 480
, d (m) 140 15 <1

SiC 1400 C,
, 900 C,
.
(Al2O3) 250 m
. ,
800 C.
.

(WHISKERS)

,
. 1m,
.
.
, , ,
. .
5 SiC Al2O3.

5: SiC Al2O3
SiC SiC Al2O3 Al2O3
(GPA) 480 840 500 755
(MPA) 2300 21000 2000 19500
(g/cm3) 3,2 3,2 4,0 4,0
( C) 900 1600 800 1300

,
, .
(mica).
500 , ~20 nm,
~10 m cm.
500C, .
160 GPa, 5500 GPa.
.
,
,
.
2500 MPa ( ), , ,

13
 700900 MPa.
220 GPa 2.8 g/cm3.

() (. 14)

() ()
14: () - , ()
.

() (. 6)

6:
max (oC)
Spectra 150
Kevlar 250
Glass 800
SiC 1000
Alumina 1370
Carbon 2000*
* : max=500 oC

() (. 7)

7:

(%)
Kevlar 3-4
Glass 2
Carbon 1
Ceramic <1

14
3.

:
.
.
.
, .
, ,
:
.
.
.
.

.
, , .
, ,
.

:
.
.
.

.
. 15.

15:

:
PMC: Polymer Matrix Composite
MMC: Metal Matrix Composite
CMC: Ceramic Matrix Composite

:
() : . ,
Van der Waals,
,
.
, .
(PE)
(PS).
(,
, ..), .

15
() :
.
.

. :
.
200 C,
.
, .
400C.

, , ,
.
,
(~300 C),
500 C.
, ,
, . 8.

8: (
).


. -


.
.
.
. ,
(.. SiO2
Al).

.
.

. .

(, -
).

, ,
.
,

.
.

16


.
, , ,
.
( ), (), ,
.

4.

, ,
: , ,
,
.
.

(s) (aspect ratio)

( A ) (r)
. .
, .
( A c ), (d),

d
Ac = f
2i
: f i .
A c ,
, , (> 15A c ) , .

, ,
. 80%,
,
.
, , ,
, .
(hybrid composites).

,
.
,
.
. 16 ,
( , E) , UTS

.

17
 16:
-.

, , , .
, ,
,
, .

.
, ,
.
,
.
(pull out) ,
. , ,

:

.
,
i, (Ag, Al).
SiC, .
SiC Borsic.

. 9-11 ,

.

18
 9:

.
( ,
Kevlar golf, ,
)

- .
, ,
.

10:

Borsic .

Al2O3 Diesel.
Al
SiC .

Hubble.

Cu SiC .

Ti W SiC & 4 .

11:

-
( 3000 C).

Al2O3, SiC, ZrO2,

, -
Si3N4 Al2O3 & SiC
.

19
5.

:
.
- , (yarn, tow, roving),
100-100.000.
.
,
:
.
1. (. 17)
(hand lay-up)
(pressure bag)
(matched die-moulding)
2. (. 18-20)
(filament winding)
(sheet moulding process, SMC)
(pultrusion)
. (. 21-23)
(co-extrusion)
(casting process)


.

(hand lay-up) (pressure bag) (match die-moulding)
() () ()
, - -
. . -
-
- .
. .
(
)
(
).


-
-.
-
.
17: : () , ()
, () .

20
 .
.
( ) ,
.
( )
().

()

()

,
.

.
.
.
.
: , , .

18: (filament winding)

() ,
() .

21
 ()

()

, .
(5 cm)
().
,
sandwich .
14
, -.
,
, ~150 C,
.
.

19: (sheet moulding process, SMC)

() ,
() .

22
 ()

()

H
(, , , .).
,
,
.

,
.

20: (pultrusion)
() ,
() .

23


.
,
.

,
.

b Ta
(MgO), (ThO) (ZrO2).

21: (co-extrusion)

.
(capillary
rise) (pressure casting) (vacuum
infiltration) (continuous casting).
- .
: Al Ag , Al C.
22: : () , ()
, () () .

, , -

(..
-),

.
sandwich .

23: .

24
 H
(CVD) .

CVD Al Ni C.
Al, Cu Ni
.

-.

.
, , (
-) .
, ,
.

SiC.
W, SiC C.

,
, .. (injection
moulding) (spray moulding).
, 3D () ,
, . ,
,
.

25