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Mass Transfer Theories PDF
Mass Transfer Theories PDF
dx d
N A = CDAB A = DAB CA Interface
dy dy Ci
CA
PA
XA
yA L1 L2
Gas Liquid
For Gas Phase
DAB dPA
NA =
RT dy
Li
D AB Pi
N A dy = dPA
0 RT PA
D AB
NA = ( PA Pi ) (1.16)
L1RT
For Liquid Phase
dCA
N A = DAB
dy
L2 CA
N A dy = D AB dC A (1.17)
0 Ci
(i) At t=0; C A = C A = 0
y=0
(ii) At y=0; C A = C i
(iii) At y= ; C A = C A = 0
Putting
y
=
4D AB t
1
=
y 4D AB .t
=
t 2t
C A CA C A
= . = ( )
t t 2t
2C A CA C
= ( ) = . .( A . )
y 2
y y y y
2C A 2 C A 1
= .( )
y 2
2
4D AB .t
C A 2C A
Substitute and in Fick's 2nd law, we have;
t y 2
C A 2C A 1
.( ) = DAB ( )
2t 4 DAB .t
2
d 2C A dC A
+ 2 =0
d 2
d
dC A dP d 2C A
put P = =
d d d 2
dP
And , + 2P = 0
d
dP
+ 2d = 0
P
P
ln P + 2 ln c1 = 0 ln = 2
c
2
P = c1e
dCA 2
= c1e
d
2
dCA = c1 e .d C A = c1erf () + c 2
Where c1 , c 2 are constant
B.C (i) or (iii)
y
erf =
4D AB.t
erf () = 1
0 = c1 (erf ()) + c 2
c1 = c 2
The solution is
C A = C i (1 erf )
CA
= (1 erf) = erfc()
Ci
CA
= erfc
Ci
dC A dC
N A = D AB = N A = D AB A
dy dy y = 0
y
But fromC A = Ci (1 erf ) (1.18)
4D AB .t
(
y
)2
dC A 4 D AB .t
= 0 Ci e y =o
dy
dC A
= Ci
dy y = 0
1 D AB
N A = D AB (Ci )( ) = Ci
4D AB .t 4t
NA = Ci (1.19)
.
Suppose that the rate of production of fresh surface per unit total area of surface is,
and that is independent of the age of the element in question.
The area of surface of age between t and t+dt will be a function and may be written
as V(t+dt).dt. This will be equal to the area passing in time, dt, from the age range [(t-
dt) to t ] to the age range [t to (t+dt)]. Further, this in turn will be equal to the area in
the age group[t to (t+dt)], less that replaced by fresh surface in time dt:
V(t) = . e t
Substitute this result in the solution of the penetration theory (equation 1.19), which
is:
NA = Ci to get,
.
) D
NA = Ci
) 4.t
AB
. e( dt
NA = Ci
t /+ e( dt
Putting, .t = x2 . Then .dt = 2xdx. Substitute in above,
(.
NA = Ci
.
. 2. e- dt
NA = Ci D. (1.20)
1 +789) ;+7)89<
= 7)
7) erfc - 7)
7) erfc (1.21)
12 + : . + : .
7. 8.
NA = CAi {1 + 2 7)
7) exp @ ) (1.22)
=. .
Liquid side
D AB
NA = (Ci C A )
L2
D AB
NA = C (x i x A )
L2
N A = Ck l (x i x A )
In the previous section the equations obtained are not useful for practical
purposes, since the concentrations at the interface (Pi and Ci) can not be determined
therefore we resort to concept of overall mass transfer coefficient. This is defined as,
For gas phase: NA = KG (PA PA*)
For liquid phase: NA = KL (CA* - CA)
Where (*) refers to the equilibrium value.
Or y A* = mx A (PA = HC A )
Where m is equilibrium constant.
Also Pi = H.C i
Or yi = mxi
N A = k g (y A yi ) .. (i)
N A = K G (y A y A )
*
(ii)
N A = k l (x i x A ) (iii)
NA = K L (x*A xA ) (iv)
1 1 m
= + (1.23)
KG kg kl
1 1 1
Excercise; Prove that = + (1.24)
K L mk g k l
When using KG or KL we need to find the interfacial (a), which is defined as.
a = 6* F/dav.
Where is the fractional hold ( fraction of bubbles or drops in the column) and dav.is
the average bubble or diameter. Thus in order to estimate (a) we have to use
correlations for F and dav and, although there are many correlations in the literature,
they are inadequate and unreliable. The best ones gives an error of nearly 70%, some,
even, gives as much as 3000% error !. Therefore the use of the combined form ( KG.a
or KL.a) is, clearly advantageous.
And researchers should be working along these lines i.e., finding correlations for
the volumetric mass transfer coefficient rather than the film or overall coefficients.
This is simple apparatus to measure the average M.T.C it usually consists of a tube
about 1 m in length and 2 cm in diameter Gas out
y2
We have the equation,
Liquid in
N A = K G (y A y A ) kmole
*
2 x2
m .s
The mole rate (WA ) = N A * A = K G .A.(y A y A ) kmole/s
* z
A = .d.z Gas in
(1.25)
WA = G1 (y1 y 2 ) = L(x1 x 2 ) y1
For the driving force ( y A y A* ) we take the average value for the whole
Liquid out
column and this is may be represented bythe log mean driving force:- x1
(y ) (y yA
*
) (y yA
*
)
A yA =
(y )
* A 1 A 2
(1.26)
yA
L.m *
(y )
A 1
Ln
yA
*
A 2
y = mx1
*
1
And (1.27)
y2 = mx2
*
(y1 y1 ) (y 2 y 2 )
* *
WA = K G (.d.z) = G1 (y1 y 2 ) (1.28)
*
(y1 y 1 )
Ln
*
(y 2 y 2 )
Example 5: A wetted wall column is used to absorb Ammonia by using pure water
from (6%) by volume mixture with air . The gas flow rate is (1.2 kmol min) at 1atm
and 200C. Calculate the overall mass transfer coefficient. Data given :
The ratio of water to air flow rate = 1.4
The outlet ammonia concentration = 1.5% by volume
Column diameter = 2 cm
Column height = 100 cm ; and Henery s constant, m = 1.3
Solution:
Find x1 using equation (1.25),
8
y1 y2 = (x1 x2)
G
0.06 0.015 = 1.4 (x1 0)
x1 = 0.032
From equation (1.26),
L.LM.
J.K N.M O .P)
(yA - HIC )Lm = L.LM.
JL.LQR O
N.M
87 L.LNSRL)
= 0.0238
Finally, from equation (1.28),
KG = 3.61*10-3 kmol/cm2.min
1 1
Sh = 2 + 0.6 Re .Sc 2 3
(1.29)
1 1
Sh = 0.023 Re .Sc 2 3
D.T
Where Sh is the Sherwood number =
U.V.T
Re is the Reynolds number =
Sc is the Schmidt number =
U.
And k is the mass transfer coefficient.
Consider gaseous (A) diffusing through liquid (B), which contains a solute (C).
(A) reacts with( C) according to a first order irreversible reaction , with a reaction
constant k1.
A k1 AC
Refer to the accompanying figure to perform material balance on (A) over elemental
Xz,
In = Out Gas A
TY
NA.S = ( NA + . Xz).S + k1.S.Xz.CA
TZ
(S: cross sectional area)
TY
= - k1.CA
TZ
T1
But NA = - DAB NA
TZ
T+1
DAB - k1 C A = 0 Xz AAC
TZ.
T+1
(k1/DAB ).CA = 0 NA+(dNA/dz).Xz
TZ.
The auxiliary equation is,
m2 - k1/DAB = 0 Liquid B
m1 = :k /D]^ and m2 = @:k /D]^
The general solution is,
CA = _.exp[:k /D]^ .z] + `.exp[@:k /D]^ .z]
e
1 abcd :DN 8. / ;J O<
f
=
1L abcd:DN 8. /