.

Thus it seems that the principle of utility is

incompatible with the conception of social
cooperation among equals for mutual ad-
vantage. It appears to be inconsistent with
the idea of reciprocity implicit in the notion
of a well-ordered society. Or, at any rate,
so I shall argue.

John Rawls (TJ1: 14, TJ2: 13)

John Rawls
20 . , (A Theory of Justice,
1972)
. , ,
-
.

.
John Rawls, .
, A Theory of Justice
. -
Rawls
1
.2

* & , , &
(....) .
. (work-in-progress).
. Email: ahatzis@phs.uoa.gr
1
John Rawls: TJ1 (A Theory of Justice, 1 , 1972), TJ2 (A Theory of Justice, 2
. 1999), PL (Political Liberalism, 1993), LP (Law of Peoples, 1999), JF (Justice as Fairness:
A Restatement, 2001), LHMP (Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, 2000), CP (Col-
lected Papers, 1999). ,
 2

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maximin
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1957. 2001 JF.

 3

( 2003:
50).

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Justice ( , , maximin,
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98, . 10).
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John Locke;
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(egalitarian liberalism). liberal
... , -
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)
. , . (2002, 2004) (2002: 62-
87).
6 Rawls -
: Robert Nozick (1974), James Buchanan (1975) David
Gauthier (1986).
7 rational reasonable.
 5

, Rawls
(thought experiment). , , -

(original position) (veil of ignorance),
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.
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. -

(justice as fairness).9
.

8 [T]he plurality of decision-makers is superfluous: there is no reason to believe that any of

the decision makers ignorant of their nature and circumstances would decide differently
from the others, since they are but clones of one another (Bix 2003: 136). Posner (1983:
59) (shades).
9 fairness (). -
, .
. . TJ2 11.
 6

-
.

, -
. ( 38).10

Rawls11 ,
, .
(TJ1 15)12 -
Rawls -
:
;
,
Rawls .

Rawls, -
Rawls
. Rawls -
-
( -
).13 -

(Bix 2003: 110). modus

10 . TJ1 12, TJ2 11.

11 ( ) John
C. Harsanyi (1953).
12 Rawls -
, .
.
-
; , ,
(, , )
.
13 . Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical (CP 388-414 [1985]).

A Theory of Justice
(how I now understand the conception of justice id. 388).
 7

vivendi14 , . , -
-
(overlapping consensus), -
( 1994: 149),
-
.
-
( ) .15

, .
-
.
Rawls , -
. ! -
,
.
(natural lottery). (risk-
averse) . -
;

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(
),
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.
Rawls ( -

14 . (1994: 144) (.

id. 144-149).
15. Robert Nozick
Rawls .
 8

),16 -

,

, -
( 39).17 , Rawls,

-
.

-
,18
Rawls
.

. -
:

100 400 900

|______________________________|______________________________|

300 500 -
. -
-
, -

16 Rawls. . TJ1 (147-148) (persons in the original position

are assumed to take no interest in one anothers interests)
17 : ,

,
( 40).
18 ,

, -
-- -
(law of diminishing marginal utility).
 9

. 50%.

(expected benefit) -
:

( * 50%) + ( * 50%) = (100 * 50%) + (900 * 50%) = 50 + 450 = 500

(risk-neutral) -
(500)
(400). , (risk-
averse) . , -
-, .

. , ,
100.

, o Rawls
,
-
. , -
,
(
maximin)19 (TJ1: 152-155).

( Rawls) -
( ):

20

-
. ( 355)

( )21

19 . .
20 First Principle. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of

equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. [TJ1 302; TJ2 266].
 10

-
, :

()
,22

() , -
. ( 355)

(
):

( )23

, ,
. :

()

() -
. ( 355)

(
)24

21 Second Principle. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both:

(a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle
and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of oppor-
tunity. [TJ1 302; TJ2 266].
22

, ,
, , -
(TJ1 285, TJ2 252, 338).
23 First Priority Rule (The Priority of Liberty). The principles of justice are to be ranked in
lexical order and therefore the basic liberties [TJ1 = liberty] can be restricted only for the
sake of liberty. There are two cases: (a) a less extensive liberty must strengthen the total
system of liberty shared by all; (b) a less than equal liberty must be acceptable to those with
the lesser liberty. [TJ1 302; TJ2 266]
24 Second Priority Rule (The Priority of Justice over Efficiency and Welfare). The second prin-
ciple of justice is lexically prior to the principle of efficiency and to that of maximizing the
sum of advantages; and fair opportunity is prior to the difference principle. There are two
cases: (a) an inequality of opportunity must enhance the opportunities of those with the
 11

-

. -
:

() -

() -
. ( 356)

Rawls , :
-
,

.25

Rawls ( -
),
, ,
( -
), -
,26 ,
.27

lesser opportunity; (b) an excessive rate of saving must on balance mitigate the burden of
those bearing this hardship. [TJ1 302-303; TJ2 266-267]
25 Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and lib-
erties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the
equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value (PL 5).
. Rawls (PL 291, 331-334 [1982]).
H.L.A. Hart (1973).
26 A Kantian Conception of Equality,
-
(CP 260 [1975]) (as understood by the doctrine of laissez-faire, are
not basic). . TJ2 54.
27. TJ2 53 ( TJ1 61 -
).
 12

.28
. ,

.

[]
,
. -

. ( 93)29

-
. ,

(

,
).30 Rawls -
:

, -
.
,
,
, ; ( 189).31

28 . (lexicographical order) , -
,
, ...
-
. (serial) , ,
,
, , , -
, . ( 72-73).
29 . TJ2 54, TJ1 61 ( ).
30 . TJ1 62, TJ2 55 ( 94).
31 . . TJ2 131 ( TJ1 151 ).
 13

Rawls, (, , -
, , .) ,
.32

, John Rawls
. Robert Nozick Michael Sandel.

Nozick Rawls33
. -

-
. -
,
,
. -
( ) ,
:
.
, (Nozick 1974: 160-
164).34

, Michael Sandel (1998)

. -

; -
; ;

32. TJ1 303. General Conception

(TJ2 267).
33 Nozick .
, , Nozick libertarian Murray
Rothbard. Murray Rothbard, . Rothbard (1973).
34 [N]o end-state principle or distributional patterned principle of justice can be continu-

ously realized without continuous interference with peoples lives (Nozick 1974: 163).
 14

, -
Nozick Sandel.
Rawls .35
maximin,

Rawls .
-
.

, maximin .
-
. , -
. -

Rawls, ( ,
Rawls )
: .
,
. -

,
.

, . , maximin

.
maximin -
.36

Pareto. Vilfredo Pareto (Manual d'

35 , . (2004).
36, -
, -
(
). .
 15

Economie Politique, 1909), status quo ( -

) ,
. (
)
Pareto superior ( Pareto).
Pareto superior '
,
Pareto optimum ( Pareto), "-
Pareto" (Pareto efficient).

Pareto : ()
() -
optimum , ()
Pareto su-
perior. Rawls,
-
( Nozick).
Rawls.

.
-
. -
.
(external-
ities) . , -
, Rawls
-- ()
Pareto !

Kaldor-Hicks:
(-
). Kaldor-Hicks -
- (cost-benefit analysis) -
. -
 16

, Rawls
.

-
maximin,37 -
. maximin

:

() Rawls
(risk-averse).
, Rawls .38 Rawls
Rawls
(risk-neutral).
, -
(expected utility) -
.
Kenneth Arrow (1973: 250):

-
. n i -
ui ,
ui(1/n), 1/n
i. , -
, -
, (
), -
.

maximin, Arrow :

37 Jeremy Bentham
-
(Posner 1983: 59).
38 . TJ2 (123-130, 358-359).
 17

[] maximin -
. , ,
,
, -
. , -

,
.
maximin .

() Arrow .
maximin;
:
; . -
10% -
90% ( = 939,9)
maximin 400.
539,9 ;

399 400 1000

|______________________________|______________________________|

, maximin -
.
Rawls
.
 18

John Rawls

Rawls, John (1971), A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
[TJ1]
Rawls, John (1982), The Basic Liberties and Their Priority in The Tanner Lectures
on Human Values, vol. III (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press), pp. 1-87.
Rawls, John (1993), Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press). [PL]
Rawls, John (1999a), A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
2nd ed.). [TJ2]
Rawls, John (1999b), The Law of Peoples (with The Idea of Public Reason Revisited)
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). [LP]
Rawls, John (1999c), Collected Papers, Samuel Freeman, ed. (Cambridge, MA: Har-
vard University Press). [CP]
Rawls, John (2000), Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, Barbara Herman,
ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). [LHMP]
Rawls, John (2001), Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, Erik Kelly, ed. (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press). [JF]
, (2001), (. .- -
, . . , . , -
, , , ,
. John Rawls -
) (: ). []

Alejandro, Roberto (1998), The Limits of Rawlsian Justice (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1973), Some Ordinalist-Utilitarian Notes on Rawlss Theory of
Justice, Journal of Philosophy 70: 245-263.
Barry, Brian (1973), The Liberal Theory of Justice: A Critical Examination of the Prin-
cipal Doctrines in A Theory of Justice by John Rawls (Oxford: Oxford University
Press).
Barry, Norman P. (1987), On Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism (New York: St.
Martins Press).
Bix, Brian (2003), Jurisprudence: Theory and Context (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 3rd
ed.).
Blocker, H. Gene & Elizabeth H. Smith, eds. (1980), John Rawls Theory of Social
Justice: An Introduction (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press).
Buchanan, James (1975), The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Corlett, J. Angelo, ed. (1991), Equality and Liberty: Analyzing Rawls and Nozick
(New York: St. Martins Press).
 19

Daniels, Norman, ed. (1989), Reading Rawls: Critical Studies on Rawls A Theory of
Justice (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
Freeman, Samuel, ed. (2003), The Cambridge Companion to Rawls (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Gauthier, David (1986), Morals by Agreement (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Harsanyi, John C. (1953), Cardinal Utility in Welfare Economics and it the Theory
of Risk-Taking, Journal of Political Economy 64: 434-434.
Hart, H.L.A. (1973), Rawls on Liberty and Its Priority, University of Chicago Law
Review 40: 534-555.
Korobkin, Russell B. & Thomas S. Ulen (1998), Efficiency and Equity: What Can Be
Gained by Combining Coase and Rawls?, Washington Law Review 73: 329-
348.
Mulhall, Stephen & Adam Swift (1992), Liberals and Communitarians (Oxford:
Blackwell).
Murphy, Jr. Cornelius F. (1990), Descent into Subjectivity: Studies of Rawls,
Dworkin and Unger in the Context of Modern Thought (Wakefield, NH: Long-
wood).
Nozick, Robert (1974), Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books).
Pogges, Thomas W. (1989), Realizing Rawls (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
Posner, Richard A. (1983), The Economics of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-
versity Press, 2nd ed.).
Rothbard, Murray (1973), For a New Liberty (New York: Macmillan).
Sandel, Michael J. (1998), Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 2nd ed.).
, (2003), . ' (
) ( ) (: -
, ....).
, . (2000), -
, 9: 3-31.
, (2002), :
(: . ).
, (2004), : Rawls, Dworkin,
Nozick, Sen (: ).
, . (1994), : -
John Rawls (: ).
, . (2001), -
, A Theory of Justice -
( 677-692).
, . (2002), -
, , , .
(: . ), . 93-127.
, . (2004), , Cogito 1 ( ).