LTE Basic Principle: Company Confidential

LTE Basic Principle
www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Target
Participant know about LTE background Technology
Participant know about LTE Networks Architecture
Participant know about LTE Basic of Physical and Layer 2
Participant know about LTE Air Interface
Page 2 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Content
Chapter 1 : LTE Protocol and Network Architecture Introduction
Chapter 2 : OFDM Introduction
Chapter 3 : LTE Pyhsical Layer and Structure Introduction
Chapter 4 : LTE Layer 2 Structure
Chapter 5 : LTE Key Technology Introduction

Cellular Evolution
www.DigiTrainee.com 4 Company Confidential

What is new in LTE?
- New radio transmission schemes: New network architecture: flat

- OFDMA in downlink architecture
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
More functionality in the base
station (eNodeB)
Access
Focus on packet switched domain
- SC-FDMA in uplink
Single Carrier Frequency Division Important for Radio Planning
Multiple Access Frequency Reuse 1
- MIMO Multiple Antenna Technology No need for Frequency Planning
Importance of interference control
No need to define neighbour lists
- New radio protocol architecture: in LTE
- Complexity reduction LTE requires Physical Layer Cell
- Focus on shared channel operation, no Identity planning (504 physical
dedicated channels anymore layer cell IDs organised into 168
groups of 3)

3GPP UMTS Evolution
LTE is the next step in mobile radio communications after HSPA
Evolution driven by data rate and latency requirements
WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA HSPA + EUTRA

384 kbps DL 14.4 Mbps peak DL 28 Mbps peak DL 100 Mbps peak DL
384 kbps UL 5.7 Mbps peak UL 11 Mbps peak UL 50 Mbps peak UL
RTT ~150 ms RTT <100/50 ms RTT < 30 ms (2ms TTI) RTT ~10 ms
CS/PS PS PS PS
UTRA evolution: WCDMA 5MHz UTRA Long Term Evolution:

up to 20 MHz BW
E-UTRA: Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Main LTE Requirements [3GPP TS25.913]
Peak data rates of uplink/downlink 50/100 Mbps

Reduced Latency:
- Enables round trip time <10 ms
Ensure good level of mobility and security
- Optimized for low mobile speed but also support high mobile speed
Frequency flexibility and bandwidth scalability:
- with 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocations
Improved Spectrum Efficiency:
- Capacity 2-4 times higher than with Release 6 HSPA
Efficient support of the various types of services, especially from the PS
domain
- Packet switched optimized
- Operation in FDD and TDD modes
Improved terminal power efficiency
Support for inter-working with existing 3G system and non-3GPP specified
systems

LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) in 3GPP Release 10
LTE- Advanced will be the main feature or 3GPP Release 10

Formally submitted on the 7th October 2009 to the ITU for admission as a
candidate for IMT-Advanced (IMT-A)
DL Spectral efficiency 2.4 bps/Hz/cell (1.7 bps/Hz/cell in LTE)
Downlink data rates up to 1 Gbps (low mobility) and 100 Mbps (high
mobility)
Uplink data rates up to 500Mbps
Reduced Latency
Uplink MIMO (2Tx antennas in UE) and further DL MIMO (up to 8x8) is
under study
Backwards compatibility and interworking with LTE and other 3GPP
legacy systems
First LTE-A networks expected +2014
Support for wider bandwidth (up to
100MHz) by carrier aggregation
More info 3GPP TS36.814

4G LTE Network

Network Architecture Evolution
HSPA Direct tunnel I-HSPA LTE
HSPA R6 HSPA R7 HSPA R7 LTE R8
GGSN GGSN GGSN S- GW + P-GW
SGSN SGSN SGSN MME
RNC RNC
Node B Evolved
Node B Node B +
(NB) Node B
(NB) RNC (eNB)
Functionality
- Flat architecture: single network element in user User plane

Control Plane
plane in radio network and core network

LTE Network Architecture
Main Network Element of LTE Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE

- The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the user architecture becomes much more simple
plane and control plane. and flat, which can lead to lower
networking cost, higher networking
- The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW.
flexibility and shorter time delay of user
Network Interface of LTE data and control signaling.
The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling
direct transmission of data and signaling.
S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME
and to the S-GW via the S1-U eNB
RRC: Radio Resource Control
Inter Cell RRM PDCP: Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
RB Control RLC: Radio Link Control
Connection Mobility Cont. MAC: Medium Access Control
MME
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW Radio Admission Control
PHY: Physical layer
NAS Security EPC: Evolved Packet Core
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Idle State Mobility
Handling
S-GW: Serving Gateway
Dynamic Resource
P-GW: PDN Gateway
S1
S1
Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
S1
S1
PDCP
X2 E-UTRAN S-GW P-GW
eNB RLC
eNB Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
X2
X2
S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet
eNB E-UTRAN EPC

LTE Network Element Function
e-Node hosts the following functions: eNB
Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Inter Cell RRM
Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection RB Control

Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs
Connection Mobility Cont.
in both uplink and downlink (scheduling); MME
Radio Admission Control
IP header compression and encryption of user data NAS Security
eNB Measurement
stream; Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
Selection of an MME at UE attachment; Dynamic Resource
Handling
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway; Allocation (Scheduler)

EPS Bearer Control
Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast RRC
messages (originated from the MME); PDCP

S-GW P-GW
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration
RLC
for mobility and scheduling; Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the S1
PHY Packet Filtering
following functions: internet
NAS signaling and security; E-UTRAN EPC

AS Security control;
Idle state mobility handling;
EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control; S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following
Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.
functions:
P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following functions: Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point
Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL for handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per
and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; UE, PDN, and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI granularity
for inter-operator charging.

Introduction of LTE Radio Protocol
Stack
Two Planes in LTE Radio Protocol: Main Functions of Control-plane:

- User-plane: For user data transfer RLC and MAC layers perform the same functions
as for the user plane
- Control-plane: For system signaling
PDCP layer performs ciphering and integrity
transfer
protection
RRC layer performs broadcast, paging, connection
Main Functions of User-plane: management, RB control, mobility functions, UE
measurement reporting and control
- Header Compression
NAS layer performs EPS bearer management,
- Ciphering authentication, security control
Control-plane protocol stack
- Scheduling
UE eNB MME
- ARQ/HARQ
User-plane protocol stack NAS NAS
UE eNB RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC RLC RLC
MAC MAC MAC MAC
PHY PHY PHY PHY

Radio Frame Structure (1)
Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:

Type 1, applicable to FDD
Type 2, applicable to TDD
FDD Radio Frame Structure:

LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz and 2048-
order IFFT. The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second
FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are
0.5ms. One slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP
configuration
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe FDD Radio Frame Structure
Concept of Resource Block:

LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration

TDD Radio Frame Structure:

Uplink-downlink Configurations
- Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and time
Uplink- Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
unit with FDD. downlink Switch-point
configuration periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is 10ms
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms.
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
- The uplink-downlink configuration of 10ms frame are
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
shown in the right table.
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
One subframe,
30720Ts DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot
TDD Radio Frame Structure GP: Guard Period
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot

CP Length Configuration: CP Configuration
- Cyclic Prefix is applied to eliminate ISI of OFDM.

DL OFDM CP UL SC-FDMA CP Sub-carrier Symbol of
- CP length is related with coverage radius. Configuration
Length Length of each RB each slot
Normal CP can fulfill the requirement of 160 for slot #0 160 for slot #0
Normal
common scenarios. Extended CP is for wide f=15kHz 7
CP 144 for slot #1~#6 144 for slot #1~#6 12
coverage scenario.
f=15kHz 512 for slot #0~#5 512 for slot #0~#5 6
- Longer CP, higher overheading. Extended
CP
f=7.5kHz 1024 for slot #0~#2 NULL 24 (DL only) 3 (DL only)
Slot structure under

Normal CP configuration
(f=15kHz)

Extended CP configuration
(f=15kHz)

Extended CP configuration
(f=7.5kHz)

Brief Introduction of Physical Channels
Downlink Channels
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information for
cell search, such as cell ID.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the resource BCH MCH PCH DL-SCH
Downlink
allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information. Transport channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the downlink
MAC Layer
user data.
Physical Layer
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers
Downlink
information of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH. Physical channels
PBCH PMCH PDSCH PDCCH
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid
ARQ ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions. Mapping between downlink transport
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast channels and downlink physical channels
information.
Uplink Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random UL-SCH RACH
Uplink
access preamble. Transport channels
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user MAC Layer
data.
Physical Layer
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ
Uplink
ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality Physical channels
PUSCH PRACH PUCCH
Indicator (CQI), etc.
Mapping between uplink transport
channels and downlink physical
channels

Page 17
Downlink Physical Channel
Downlink Physical Channel Processing
scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna
ports
mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
code words layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Modulation Modulation
Modulation Scheme of Phy Ch Phy Ch
Scheme Scheme
Downlink Channel
Shown at the right table PBCH QPSK PCFICH QPSK
PDCCH QPSK PHICH BPSK
PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channel Processing

scrambling
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols
transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols
mapping of complex-valued symbols to resource elements
generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port
Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA

Scrambling element mapper
mapper precoder signal gen.
Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel

Shown at the right table Phy Ch Modulation Scheme
PUCCH BPSK, QPSK
PUSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PRACH Zadoff-Chu

Downlink Physical Signals (1)
Downlink RS (Reference Signal):
Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel
Port
R0 R0 demodulation and channel quality measurement (CQI)

Cell-Specific RS Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential
One antenna port
One Antenna

R0 R0
Mapping in Time- and the other two types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are
R0 R0 Frequency optional.
Domain Characteristics:
R0 R0
l0 l6 l0 l6 Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cell-
RE specific RS sequence and frequency shift mapping. RS is
Ports
Resource element (k,l)

the pseudo-random sequence transmits in the time-
R0 R0 R1 R1 Not used for RS frequency domain.
transmission on
Two antenna ports
Two Antenna
R0 R0 R1 R1
this antenna port The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
RS symbols on
RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain,
R0 R0 R1 R1 this antenna port
Reference symbols on this antenna port sampling the channel situation which is the reference of DL
R0 R0 R1 R1
demodulation.
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation,
also high overhead that impacting the system capacity.
Ports
R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
Four antenna ports
Four Antenna
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port

R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
MBSFN: Multicast/Broadcast over

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
a Single Frequency Network
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna Port 0
Antenna port 0
Antenna Port 1
Antenna port 1
Antenna Port 2
Antenna port 2
Antenna Port 3
Antenna port 3

Downlink Physical Signals (2)
Synchronization Signal:
synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell
search.
synchronization signal comprise two parts:
Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the
cell ID detection.
Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group
Characteristics:
ID.
The bandwidth of the synchronization
signal is 62 subcarrier, locating in the
central part of system bandwidth,
regardless of system bandwidth size.
Synchronization signals are transmitted
only in the 1st and 11rd slots of every
10ms frame.
The primary synchronization signal is
located in the last symbol of the
transmit slot. The secondary
synchronization signal is located in the
2nd last symbol of the transmit slot. Synchronization Signals Structure

Uplink Physical Signals
Uplink RS (Reference Signal): Freq
Allocated UL bandwidth of one UE
The uplink pilot signal, used for synchronization
between E-UTRAN and UE, as well as uplink
channel estimation.
DM RS associated with PUSCH is
Two types of UL reference signals: mapped to the 4th symbol each slot
DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal), Time
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission. Freq
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
DM RS associated with PUCCH

Characteristics: (transmits UL ACK signaling) is mapped
to the central 3 symbols each slot
Each UE occupies parts of the system bandwidth since
SC-FDMA is applied in uplink. DM RS only transmits in
Time
the bandwidth allocated to PUSCH and PUCCH.
Freq
The slot location of DM RS differs with associated
PUSCH and PUCCH format.
Sounding RSs bandwidth is larger than that allocated to
DM RS associated with PUCCH
UE, in order to provide the reference to e-NodeB for (transmits UL CQI signaling) is mapped
channel estimation in the whole bandwidth. to the 2 symbols each slot
Sounding RS is mapped to the last symbol of sub-frame.

Time
The transmitted bandwidth and period can be System bandwidth
configured. SRS transmission scheduling of multi UE PUCCH is mapped to up &
down ends of the system
can achieve time/frequency/code diversity. bandwidth, hopping between
two slots.

Physical Layer Procedure Cell
Search
Basic Principle of Cell Search: Initial Cell Search:
Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E- The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually,
UTRAN in time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell UE doesnt know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the
first time switch on.
ID.
UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the
Two steps in cell search: spectrum to demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure
Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of takes time, but the time requirement are typically relatively relaxed.
ID within Cell Group by demodulating the Primary Some methods can reduce time, such as recording the former
available network information as the prior search target.
Synchronization Signal;
Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-
Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP freq domain and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH
length and Cell Group ID by demodulating the and acquires for system information, such as bandwidth and Tx
Secondary Synchronization Signal. antenna number.
After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its
About Cell ID paging period that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE
state in the specified paging period, demodulates PDCCH for
In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises
monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH resources will be
two parts: Cell Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The demodulated to receive paging message.
latest version defines that there are 168 Cell Group IDs,
3 IDs within each group. So totally 168*3=504 Cell IDs
exist.
cell
N ID 3N ID
(1)
N ID
(2)
(1)
N ID
(2) represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;
N ID
represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to
2.

Physical Layer Procedure Random
Access
Basic Principle of Random Access : Detail Procedure of Random Access:
Random access is the procedure of uplink Physical Layer procedure is triggered upon request of a
synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN. preamble transmission by higher layers.
Prior to random access, physical layer shall receive The higher layers request indicates a preamble index, a
the following information from the higher layers: target preamble received power, a corresponding RA-RNTI
Random access channel parameters: PRACH and a PRACH resource .
configuration, frequency position and preamble format,
etc. UE determines the preamble transmission power is
Parameters for determining the preamble root sequences preamble target received power + Path Loss. The
and their cyclic shifts in the sequence set for the cell, in transmission shall not higher than the maximum
order to demodulate the random access preamble.
transmission power of UE. Path Loss is the downlink path
Two steps in physical layer random access: loss estimate calculated in the UE.
UE transmission of random access preamble A preamble sequence is selected from the preamble
Random access response from E-UTRAN sequence set using the preamble index.
A single preamble is transmitted using the selected preamble
sequence with calculated transmission power on the
indicated PRACH resource.
UE Detection of a PDCCH with the indicated RA-RNTI is
attempted during a window controlled by higher layers. If
detected, the corresponding PDSCH transport block is
passed to higher layers. The higher layers parse the
transport block and indicate the 20-bit grant.
RA-RNTI: Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier

Physical Layer Procedure Power
Control
Basic Principle of Power Control: Downlink Power Control:
Downlink power control determines the EPRE The transmission power of downlink RS is usually constant.
The transmission power of PDSCH is proportional with RS
(Energy per Resource Element);
transmission power.
Uplink power control determines the energy per Downlink transmission power will be adjusted by the
DFT-SOFDM (also called SC-FDMA) symbol. comparison of UE report CQI and target CQI during the power
control.
Uplink Power Control:
Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop UE report CQI
power control.
DL Tx Power
A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for
integrated inter-cell power control, possible to enhance the system
performance through power control.
PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled

respectively by uplink power control. Take PUSCH power control for
example:
X2
PPUSCH (i) min {PMAX ,10 log10 (M PUSCH (i)) PO_PUSCH(j) (j) PL TF (i) f(i)}
PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the path
UL Tx Power
loss and shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The control
principle is shown in above equation. The following factors impact System adjust
PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH: UE maximum transmission power parameters
PMAX, UE allocated resource MPUSCH, initial transmission power PO_PUSCH,
estimated path loss PL, modulation coding factor TF and system
adjustment factor f (not working during opened loop PC)
EPRE: Energy per Resource Element
DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM

Overview of LTE Layer 2
Layer 2 is split into the following layers: Main Functions of Layer 2:
MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer Header compression, Ciphering
RLC (Radio Link Control ) Layer Segmentation and concatenation, ARQ
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol ) Scheduling, priority handling, multiplexing
Layer and demultiplexing, HARQ
Layer 2 Structure for DL Layer 2 Structure for UL
Radio Bearers Radio Bearers
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

PDCP PDCP
Security Security Security Security Security Security
Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm.

RLC ... ... RLC ...
ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc BCCH PCCH ARQ etc ARQ etc
Logical Channels Logical Channels
Scheduling / Priority Handling Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC Multiplexing UE1 Multiplexing UEn MAC Multiplexing
HARQ HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels Transport Channels

Introduction of MAC Layer
Main functions of MAC Layer: Logical Channels of MAC Layer:
Mapping between logical channels and transport Control Channel: For the transfer of control
channels plane information
Multiplexing/demultiplexing of RLC PDUs (Protocol
Data Unit) belonging to one or different radio Traffic Channel: for the transfer of user plane
bearers into/from TB (transport blocks ) delivered information
to/from the physical layer on transport channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH
Traffic volume measurement reporting Uplink
Logical channels
Error correction through HARQ Radio Bearers
Control Channel UL Channel
Priority handling
ROHCbetween logical channels of one
ROHC Mapping of
PDCP
UE Security Security Traffic Channel MAC Layer
Priority handling between UEs (dynamic Uplink

Transport channels
RACH UL-SCH
scheduling) Segm. Segm.
RLC ...
ARQ etc ARQ etc
Transport format selection
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
Logical Channels Downlink
Padding
Logical channels
Scheduling / Priority Handling
DL Channel
MAC
Mapping of
Multiplexing MAC Layer MAC Layer
Structure
HARQ Downlink
Transport channels
PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport Channels

Introduction of RLC Layer
Main functions of RLC Layer: RLC PDU Structure:
Transfer of upper layer PDUs supports AM or The PDU sequence number carried by the RLC
UM header is independent of the SDU sequence
TM data transfer number
Error Correction through ARQ (no need RLC The size of RLC PDU is variable according to the
CRC check, CRC provided by the physical) scheduling scheme. SDUs are segmented
Segmentation according to the size of the TB: /concatenated based on PDU size. The data of
only if an RLC SDU does not fit entirely into one PDU may source from multi SDUs
Segmentation Concatenation
the TB then the RLC SDU is segmented into
variable sized RLC PDUs, no need padding RLC SDU n n+1 n+2 n+3
Re-segmentation of PDUs that need to be ... ...

retransmitted: if a retransmitted PDU does not
fit entirely into the new TB used for
retransmission then the RLC PDU is re-
segmented
Concatenation of SDUs for the same radio RLC header RLC header
bearer Radio Bearers RLC PDU

In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs
ROHC ROHC RLC PDU Structure
except at HO PDCP
Security Security
AM: Acknowledge Mode
Protocol error detection and recovery UM: Un-acknowledge
Duplicate Detection Mode
TM: Transparent Mode
Segm. Segm.
SDU discard RLC
ARQ etc
...
ARQ etc RLC Layer TB: Transport Block
Structure SDU: Service Data Unit
Reset Logical Channels
PDU: Protocol Data Unit

Introduction of PDCP Layer
Main functions of PDCP Layer: PDCP PDU Structure:

Functions for User Plane: PDCP PDU and PDCP header are octet-
Header compression and decompression: aligned
ROHC
PDCP header can be either 1 or 2 bytes long
Transfer of user data: PDCP receives PDCP
SDU from the NAS and forwards it to the RLC
layer and vice versa
In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at PDCP header PDCP SDU
handover for RLC AM
Duplicate detection of lower layer SDUs at PDCP PDU
handover for RLC AM

Retransmission of PDCP SDUs at handover for PDCP PDU Structure
RLC AM
Ciphering Radio Bearers
Timer-based SDU discard in uplink ROHC ROHC

PDCP
Functions for Control Plane: Security Security
PDCP Layer
Ciphering and Integrity Protection Structure
Transfer of control plane data: PDCP receives

Segm. Segm.
PDCP SDUs from RRC and forwards it to the RLC
ARQ etc
...
ARQ etc
RLC layer and vice versa ROHC: Robust Header Compression
Logical Channels
Page 29 www.DigiTrainee.com MAC Multiplexing

Company Confidential
Summary of Data Flow in Layer 1 & 2
Data Transfer in Layer 1 and Layer 2
Data from the upper layer are headed and packaged, sent to the lower layer, vice
versa.
Scheduler effect in the RLC, MAC and Physical Layers. User data packages are
multiplexed in the MAC Layer.
CRC in Physical Layer.

MIMO
Downlink MIMO Uplink MIMO

MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to
multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO implement the UL multi transmission and relative power
and multi user mode MU-MIMO. supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs
In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is are associated to transmit in the MIMO mode. Virtual-
used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to MIMO is still under study.
control/reduce the interference among spatial Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users.
multiplexing data flows. Each user transmits data by single antenna. System
The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to separates the data by the specific MIMO demodulation
one single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the scheme.
transmission rate and spectrum efficiency. In MU- MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the
MIMO, the data flows are scheduled to multi users and same time-freq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-
the resources are shared within users. Multi user gain MIMO. Interference of the multi user data can be
can be achieved by user scheduling in the spatial controlled by the scheduler, which also bring multi user
domain. gain.
Pre-coding vectors User1
User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
S1
User 1 data MIMO
User 2 data
User k data Decoder User2
Scheduler Pre-coder User2
User k data S2
User k
User k Scheduler
Channel Information Channel Information
MU-MIMO Virtual-MIMO

Schedule and Link Auto-adaptation
User Multiplexing and Scheduling Link Auto-adaptation

Large system bandwidth (10/15/20MHz) of LTE will LTE support link auto-adaptation in time-domain
facing the problem of frequency selected fading. The and frequency-domain. Modulation scheme is
fading characteristic on subcarriers of one user can be selected based on the channel quality in
regarded as same, but different in further subcarriers. time/frequency-domain.
Select better subcarriers for specific user according to In CDMA system, power control is one important link
the fading characteristic. User diversity can be auto-adaptation technology, which can avoid
achieved to increase spectrum efficiency. interference by far-near effect. In LTE system, user
The LTE schedule period is one or more TTI. multiplexed by OFDM technology. Power control is
used to reduce the uplink interference from adjacent
The channel propagation information is feed back to e- cell, to compensate path loss. It is one type of slow
NodeB through the uplink. Channel quality identity is link auto-adaptation scheme.
the overheading of system. The less, the better.
Channel Propagation Fading User Multiplexing and Scheduling

2. OFDM SC FDMA Introduction

LTE Key Technology OFDMA &
SC-FDMA
OFDM & OFDMA DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform
is a modulation multiplexing technology, divides the Spread OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing
system bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is technology used in the LTE uplink, which is
inserted between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI. similar with OFDM but can release the UE PA
limitation caused by high PAPR. Each user is
OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with
assigned part of the system bandwidth.
OFDM, is used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially. SC-FDMASingle Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Accessingis the multi-access
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
technology related with DFT-S-OFDM.
orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency
scheduling. Easy to combine with MIMO. due to orthogonal user bandwidth need no
protect bandwidth. Low PAPR.
Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency
domain synchronization. High PAPR. The subcarrier assignment scheme includes
Localized mode and Distributed mode.
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers System Bandwidth Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
User 1
User 2
User 1 User 3
Time
User 2 Sub-band12Sub-carriers
Time User 3
Sub-band12Sub-carriers

OFDM Basics
- Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated

radio signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a
wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth
15 kHz in LTE:
fixed
Orthogonality:
The peak (centre

frequency) of one
subcarrier
intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers

Contd..
- Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only
transports a part of the whole transmission
- The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used)
subcarriers while the power is distributed to all subcarriers
- FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The
number of subcarriers is determined by the FFT size (by the bandwidth)
- In LTE, these subcarriers are separated 15kHZ
Power bandwidth
frequency
Cyclic Prefix (CP) and Guard Time
Consists in copying the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time
and attaching it in front of the symbol
CP needs to be longer than the channel multipath delay spread.
A receiver typically uses the high correlation between the Cyclic Prefix (CP) and
the last part of the following symbol to locate the start of the symbol and begin
then with decoding
2 CP options in LTE:
Normal CP: for small cells or with short multipath delay spread
Extended CP: designed for use with large cells or those with long delay profiles
total symbol time T(s)

Note: CP represents an
Guard Time overhead resulting in symbol
rate reduction.
T(g)
Having a CP reduces the
bandwidth efficiency but the
benefits in terms of minimising
the ISI compensate for it
t
CP Useful symbol
T(g) time T(b)

OFDMA Symbol
- OFDMA is an extension of OFDM technique to allow multiple user transmissions
and it is used in other systems like Wi-Fi, DVB and WiMAX
- OFDMA Symbol is the Time period occupied by the modulation symbols on all
subcarriers. Represents all the data being transferred in parallel at a point in
time
OFDM symbol duration including CP
is aprox. 71.4 s (*)
Long duration when compared with
3.69s for GSM and 0.26s for
WCDMA allowing a good CP duration
Robust for mobile radio channel with
the use of guard internal/cyclic prefix
Symbol length without considering
CP: 66.67s (1/15kHz)
(*) normal CP

Subcarrier types
Data subcarriers: used for data transmission

- Reference Signals:
- used for channel quality and signal strength estimates.
- They dont occupy a whole subcarrier but they are periodically embedded in the stream
of data being carried on a data subcarrier.
Null subcarriers (no transmission/power):

- DC (centre) subcarrier: 0Hz offset from the channels centre frequency
- Guard subcarriers: Separate top and bottom subcarriers from any adjacent channel
interference and also limit the amount of interference caused by the channel. Guard
band size has an impact on the data throughput of the channel.
Guard (no power) Guard (no power)
DC (no
power)
data

OFDMA Parameters
- Channel bandwidth: Bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
- Data subcarriers: They vary with the bandwidth
- 72 for 1.4MHz to 1200 for 20MHz
Presentation www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

/ Author /
OFDMA Parameters
- Frame duration: 10ms created from slots and subframes
- Subframe duration (TTI): 1 ms (composed of 2x0.5ms slots)
- Subcarrier spacing: Fixed to 15kHz (7.5 kHz defined for MBMS)
- Sampling Rate: Varies with the bandwidth but always factor or
multiple of 3.84 to ensure compatibility
with WCDMA by using common clocking
1.4MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Frame Duration 1010ms

ms
Subcarrier Spacing 15 kHz
Sampling Rate (MHz) 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72
Data Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Symbols/slot Normal CP=7, extended CP=6
CP length Normal CP=4.69/5.12 sec, extended CP= 16.67sec

Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDMA
The transmitted power is the sum of the
powers of all the subcarriers
- Due to large number of subcarriers, the

peak to average power ratio (PAPR)
tends to have a large range
- The higher the peaks, the greater the

range of power levels over which the
power amplifier is required to work
- Having a UE with such a PA that works

over a big range of powers would be
expensive
- Not best suited for use with mobile

(battery-powered) devices

Uplink Air Interface

SC-FDMA in UL
- Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access:

Transmission technique used for Uplink
Variant of OFDM that reduces the PAPR:
- Combines the PAR of single-carrier system with the
multipath resistance and flexible subcarrier
OFDMA
frequency allocation offered by OFDM
SC-FDMA
- It can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared
to OFDMA
- TS36.201 and TS36.211 provide the mathematical
description of the time domain representation of an
SC-FDMA symbol.
- Reduced PAPR means lower RF hardware
requirements (power amplifier)

SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
(1/2)
- OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers
- SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
- In the example:
- OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols (01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted per OFDMA
symbol, one on each subcarrier
- SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol using all
subcarriers per modulation symbol. The duration of each modulation symbol is 1/6 th of
the modulation symbol in OFDMA
OFDMA SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (2/2)

DL Physical Channels
There are no dedicated channels in LTE, neither in UL nor DL
PBCH:
- To broadcast the MIB (Master Information
Block), RACH parameters
PDSCH:
- Carries user data, paging data, SIBs (cell
status, cell IDs, allowed services)
PMCH:
- For multicast traffic as MBMS services
PHICH:
- Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack messages from eNB
to UE in response to UL transmission
PCFICH:
Carries details of PDCCHs format (e.g.# of symbols)
PDCCH:
Carries the DCI (DL control information): resource assignment messages for downlink
capacity allocations on PDSCH and scheduling grants for uplink allocations on PUSCH and
TCP commands for UL

Reference Signals: OFDMA Channel
Estimation
- Channel estimation in LTE is based on reference signals (like CPICH
functionality in WCDMA)
- Reference signals position in time domain is fixed (0 and 4 for Type 1 Frame)
whereas in frequency domain it depends on the Cell ID
- In case more than one antenna is used (e.g. MIMO) the Resource elements
allocated to reference signals on one antenna are DTX on the other antennas
- Reference signals are modulated to identify the cell to which they belong.
0 symbols 6 0 symbols 6
subcarriers
subcarriers
Antenna 1 Antenna 2

Synchronization Signals allocation (DL)
Synchronization signals:
Transmitted during the 1st and 11th slots
within a radio frame
Occupy the central 62 Subcarriers (around

the DC subcarrier) to facilitate the cell
search
5 Subcarriers above and 5 Subcarriers

below the synch. Signals are reserved and
transmitted as DTx
Synchronisation Signal can indicate 504

(168 x 3) CellID different values and from
those one can determine the location of cell
specific reference symbols

DL Physical Channels Allocation
PBCH:
- Occupies the central 72 subcarriers across 4 symbols
- Transmitted during second slot of each 10 ms radio frame on RB
all antennas
- PCFICH:
- Can be transmitted during the first 3 symbols of
each TTI
- Occupies up to 16 RE per TTI
- PHICH:
- Normal CP: Tx during 1st symbol of each TTI
- Extended CP: Tx during first 3 symbols of each TTI
- Each PHCIH group occupies 12 RE
- PDCCH:
- Occupies the RE left from PCFICH and PHICH within the
first 3 symbols of each TTI
- Minimum number of symbols are occupied. If PDCCH data is
small then it only occupies the 1st symbol
- PDSCH:
- Is allocated the RE not used by signals or other physical
channels

Uplink Physical Signals and
Channels
- Uplink Physical Signals
- Demodulation Signals:
- Used for channel estimation in the eNodeB receiver to demodulate control and data
channels
- Located in the 4th symbol (normal CP) of each slot and spans the same bandwidth
as the allocated uplink data
- Sounding Reference Signals:
- Provides uplink channel quality estimation as basis for the UL scheduling decisions -
> similar in use as the CQI in DL
- Sent in different parts of the bandwidth where no uplink data transmission is
available.
- Not part of first NSNs implementations (UL channel aware scheduler in RL30)
- Uplink Physical Channels

- Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
- Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
- Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

UL Physical Channels
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel
- Intended for the user data (carries traffic for
multiple UEs) CCCH DCCH DTCH Logical
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel RLC
- Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack indications, uplink
scheduling request, CQIs and MIMO feedback
- If control data is sent when traffic data is being RACH Transport
transmitted, UE multiplexes both streams together UL-SCH MAC
- If there is only control data to be sent the UE uses
Resources Elements at the edges of the channel
with higher power PHYS.
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel PRACH

PUSCH PUCCH
- For Random Access attempts. PDCCH indicates
the Resource elements for PRACH use
- PBCH contains a list of allowed preambles (max.
64 per cell in Type 1 frame) and the required length
of the preamble

Uplink Subframe Structure
(PUSCH)
- Frame Structure Similar to DL: 10 ms frame consisting in 20 slots of 0.5ms
- 1 slot carries 7 SC-FDMA symbols in case of Normal CP and 6 SC-FDMA
symbols if Extended CP.
- Symbol 3 in each slot carries the uplink Reference Signal (normal CP) for
channel Demodulation, remaining 6 symbols are available for traffic and
control data
- Momentary data rate (controlled by the eNodeB scheduler) depends on the
allocated transmission bandwidth (and CP length)
- E.g. Double data rate implies the transmission bandwidth duplicates
Demodulation Reference Signal

UL TTI =1ms (as in downlink)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Normal CP slot
10 ms frame
s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 .. s18 s19
0.5 ms slot
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 .. SF9

Uplink Resource Block
Reference Symbols
Resource Elements
for Control and
Data symbols
RESOURCE BLOCK
Reference Symbols
N x 12 Subcarriers
Modulation Time Domain

symbols Signal
after FFT Generation
(IFFT)
0.5 ms slot

Resource Block: 12
Normal CP (7 symbols)
subcarriers in frequency
domain, 1 slot in time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 SC-FDMA symbols domain

Uplink Resource Mapping
- Demodulation Reference
Signal:
Always on symbol 3 of each slot
(normal CP)
- PUSCH mapping:
Data is allocated in multiples
of 1 RB (12 subcarriers in
frequency domain). Only factors
of 2, 3 and 5 resource blocks are
allowed
- PUCCH mapping:
If PUCCH not multiplexed with
PUSCH then it is transmitted on
a reserved frequency region.
PUCCH occupies RBs at both
edges of the uplink bandwidth (in
green in the picture on the right)

Random Access Channel (PRACH)
- RACH operation uses around 1.08 MHz bandwidth
- This is equal to 6 resource blocks of 180 kHz
- The location of those resource blocks is dynamically defined by 2 RRC
Layer Parameters (PRACH Configuration Index and PRACH Frequency
offset)
- 4 possible PRACH durations (PRACH configuration index parameter selects one of the
4)
- PRACH only carries the preambles and it is used during the RACH process
307200Ts
CP Preamble
TCP TPRE TGT
0.1 ms 0.8 ms 0.1 ms

Modulation Schemes
3GPP standard defines the following options: QPSK,

16QAM, 64QAM in both directions (UL and DL)
Physical Modulation
UL 64QAM not supported in RL10
channel
Not every physical channel is allowed to use any
PDSCH QPSK,
modulation scheme: 16QAM,
Scheduler decides which form to use depending on carrier 64QAM
quality feedback information from the UE PMCH QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM: 64QAM
QPSK: 16QAM: 6 bits/symbol PBCH QPSK
2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol PDCCH QPSK
64QAM
(PCFICH,
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5 PHICH)
QPSK 16QAM Im
PUSCH QPSK,
b0 b1 b0 b1b2b3
16QAM,
Im Im 1111 64QAM
01 11
PUCCH BPSK
Re and/or
00 10Re Re
QPSK
0000

LTE Layer 2/3
www.DigiTrainee.com Presentation / Author / Date Company Confidential

LTE Protocol Layers
- LTE processing is structured in different protocol layers

- Differently to WCDMA all the protocols end in the eNB
- Layer 3: RRC
PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY Layer are configured by the RRC protocol. Some
functions:
- RRC Connection Management (creating, modifying and deleting Radio Bearers)
- Mobility Management (measurement control and reporting)
- System Information Broadcasting (SIBs), Paging
UE eNodeB UE eNodeB
RRC RRC
PDC PDCP PDCP PDCP
P
RLC RLC RLC RLC
MAC MAC MAC MAC
PHY Layer PHY Layer PHY Layer PHY Layer
User Plane Control Plane
LTE Layer 2 Structure (DL)
Note: In WCDMA PDCP was Header
only for user plane, now it is also Compressions
Ciphering for
for control plane due ciphering for data (not
data and
signalling)
signalling Radio Bearers
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

PDCP
Security Security Security Security
Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm.

RLC ... ...
ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc BCCH PCCH
Logical Channels
MAC Multiplexing UE1 Multiplexing UEn
HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels

RLC Layer: Transmission Modes
RLC uses different connection modes to deal with different types of bearers:
RLC TM (Transparent mode):

- RLC doesnt do anything to Transparent mode Bearers
- Only to common channels (BCCH, CCCH and PCCH) which do not have HARQ
RLC UM (Unacknowledged Mode):

- Segmentation or concatenation of transport blocks to fit into MAC PDUs
- Sequential transfer and reordering is performed: Header has sequence number and info of
the last received packet
- Duplicated and PDUs with errors are discarded
- No retransmission supported
RLC AM (Acknowledged Mode):

- Sequential transfer and reordering
- Retransmission of missing PDUs or PDUs with errors
- Biggest difference to WCDMA: Lack of ciphering, data comes ciphered from PDCP layer

L2: Logical and Transport
Channels DL
- Logical channels characterize the data to be transmitted: control or traffic
- Transport channels describe how and with what characteristics the data is
transmitted
- Multiplexed flows in a transport channel can contain data from a single user or
from multiple users
- The transport channels from the MAC layer are mapped to the physical channels
Note: No multicast in NSN implementation

L2: Logical and Transport
Channels UL
- MAC layer provides the logical channels to RLC layer
- Transport channels in LTE have been reduced (also for DL direction) by using
in shared channel operation (no dedicated channels like in WCDMA)

End of Section

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LTE Basic Principle

www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Page 2 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Page 3 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

www.DigiTrainee.com 4 Company Confidential

- New radio transmission schemes: New network architecture: flat

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WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA HSPA + EUTRA

UTRA evolution: WCDMA 5MHz UTRA Long Term Evolution:

E-UTRA: Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

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Peak data rates of uplink/downlink 50/100 Mbps

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LTE- Advanced will be the main feature or 3GPP Release 10

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www.DigiTrainee.com 9 Company Confidential

GGSN GGSN GGSN S- GW + P-GW

SGSN SGSN SGSN MME

- Flat architecture: single network element in user User plane

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Main Network Element of LTE Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE

eNB E-UTRAN EPC

Page 11 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

e-Node hosts the following functions: eNB

Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Inter Cell RRM

Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection RB Control

Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway; Allocation (Scheduler)

messages (originated from the MME); PDCP

NAS signaling and security; E-UTRAN EPC

Page 12 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Two Planes in LTE Radio Protocol: Main Functions of Control-plane:

UE eNB RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC RLC RLC

MAC MAC MAC MAC

PHY PHY PHY PHY

Page 13 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:

FDD Radio Frame Structure:

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One subframe FDD Radio Frame Structure

Concept of Resource Block:

Page 14 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

TDD Radio Frame Structure:

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

Page 15 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

CP Length Configuration: CP Configuration

- Cyclic Prefix is applied to eliminate ISI of OFDM.

Slot structure under

Slot structure under

Slot structure under

Page 16 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

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code words layers antenna ports

Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

PDCCH QPSK PHICH BPSK

PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Page 18 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Uplink Physical Channel Processing

Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA

Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel