CKB 30103 & 30203 Industrial Safety and Health

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

CKB 30103 & 30203
Chapter 5
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Part 1

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 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you will be
able to;
Understand & manage the aspect included in
occupational health in industries.
Identify the hazardous substance and its effects.

Explain the principle of toxicology

Evaluate and determine the exposure levels of

health hazards according to the law .
Explain the types of environmental health in
relation to occupational health.
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WORKING DEFINITION

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Permissible Exposure Also called Threshold
Limit OSHA definition dose the lowest point
under dose-response
curve
TLV
is
Threshold Limit Value

refers to airborne concentrations that

correspond to conditions under which no adverse
effects are normally expected during a workers
lifetime.
MAC Maximum Allowable concentration
Establish by ACGIH ( American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienist)

Refer to TABLE 2-8 pg 56-57 of Crowl and Louvar for TLVs and PELs of
variety chemicals substances.
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TLV-TWA Time-weighted average for a normal
Threshold limit value time weighted 8-hour workday or 40-hour work
average week, to which nearly all workers
can be exposed, day after day,
without adverse effect.

The maximum concentration to which

TLV- STEL workers can be exposed for a period of 15
Threshold limit value short term minutes continuously without suffering
exposure limit. (1) intolerable irritation,
(2) chronic or irreversible tissue change
(3) Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase
accident proneness, impair self-rescue.
With at least 60 minutes exposure
periods & Provided daily TLV-TWA is not
exceeded.

TLV-C Ceiling limit. The concentration that

Threshold limit value ceiling limit should not be exceeded, even
instantaneously. 5
 IDLH
The amount of toxicant that

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND

HEALTH
(IDLH)

Exposure to this quantity and above should be

avoided under any circumstances.

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MEASURES OF TOXICITY: LETHAL DOSE

LD50
The amount (dose) of a chemical which produces death
in 50% of a population of test animals to which it is
administered by any of a variety of methods

mg/kg
Normally expressed as milligrams of substance per
kilogram of animal body weight

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MEASURES OF TOXICITY:LETHAL CONCENTRATION

LC50
The concentration of a chemical in an environment
(generally air or water) which produces death in 50%
of an exposed population of test animals in a
specified time frame

mg/L
Normally expressed as milligrams of substance per liter
of air or water (or as ppm)

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9
3 parts
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Cochlea- hearing apparatus
Vestibular- balancing of the
body

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 How we hear?
Air conduction
Bone conduction.
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss

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What is Noise?
Unwanted, bothersome or painful sound

is more than just a pain in the ear...

it is harmful to your health.

Measuring unit Decibel (dB)

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 Noise definition- unwanted sound.
Noise unit- intensity decibel (dB),
frequency(hertz hz).
Type of sound based on frequency
Infrasonic (0-20 Hz) ,
Audible (20-16,000)
Ultrasonic (> 16,000)

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 Noise spectrum
Overall noise exposure
Duration of exposure
Individual susceptibility.

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 Steady state noise
Intermittent noise
Fluctuation noise
Impulse noise

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 Noise induced hearing Other effect
loss Task performances
Temporary (due Intrusion of privacy
threshold Shift: TTS) tinnitus
Permanent (due to Blood pressure
Permanent threshold Fatique
Shift: PTS) Bood sugar
Rupture of ear drum Gastric acid secretions
Dislocation of ossicle
Speech interference
Annoyance

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Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
Average airborne concentration /noise
dose concentration that an employee
can be exposed to for an 8hr period
Legal limit allowed in the workplace
Most were adopted from TLVs

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 Continous sound - Action level 85 dB
Continuous sound should not more
than 90dB
Impulse Noise should not more than
140 dB

Noise Exposure Program 90 dBA 8 hour

TWA(Equivalent Exposure Concept)

Hearing Conservation Program 85 dBA 8 hour

TWA

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Sound Level Meters (SLM)
Continuous on-mobile sources

Noise Dosimeters
Mobile/variable noise sources

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NOISE METER

Common City Sounds

Decibels (dBA)
quiet home 20
normal talking 40
ringing telephone 60
air conditioner 75

*Sustained exposure to noise

over 90 decibels can cause
permanent hearing loss.

shouting
subway train 100
honking horns
jack hammers
loud music 120
jet take-off

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29 CFR 1910.95
Sound Level, dB Duration of Exposure, hours

80 32
85 16
90 8
95 4
100 2
105 1
110 0.5
115 0.25
120 0.125
125 0.063

130 0.031
140 peak level impulse
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 TABLE 2 Factors for Combining Two Sound
Sources

Procedures
Find the difference in decibels between two
sound sources L1 and L2 (column 1).
Add the number in column 2 corresponding
to the difference in column 1 to the highest
of the two sources to find the resulting
combined sound level Ls.

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 A logarithmic scale describes the range of sound measures.
Decibels (dB) are dimensionless ratios of a measured value of
sound relative to some reference value.
For sound intensity, represent the decibel units of sound
intensity, LI,

L= 10 log10[ I I Io ]

Because of logarithmic scaling, sound pressure levels in

decibels from two or more sources cannot be added
arithmetically to determine the resulting sound pressure
level.
The data in Table 2 helps determine the resulting sound
pressure level from two sources

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 TABLE 2 Factors for Combining Two Sound Sources
(1) (2) (1) (2)
Difference between two Amount to add to greater Difference between two sound Amount to add to greater
sound sources (dB) sound source (dB) sources (dB) sound source (dB)
0.00.1 3.0 4.85.1 1.2
0.20.3 2.9 5.25.6 1.1
0.40.5 2.8 5.76.1 1.0
0.60.7 2.7
6.26.6 0.9
0.80.9 2.6
1.01.2 2.5 6.77.2 0.8
1.31.4 2.4
7.37.9 0.7
1.51.6 2.3
1.71.9 2.2 8.08.6 0.6
2.02.1 2.1
8.79.6 0.5
2.22.4 2.0
2.52.7 1.9 9.710.7 0.4
2.83.0 1.8
10.812.2 0.3
3.13.3 1.7
12.314.5 0.2
3.43.6 1.6

3.74.0 1.5 14.619.3 0.1

4.14.3 1.4
19.4 or more 0.0
4.44.7 1.3

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 Example 1
A worker exposed to noise at a workstation that consist of four sources, resulted the
following readings for various time periods during the 8-hour shift. Calculate the
cumulative noise exposure for employee to determine whether the Action Levels and
maximum Permissible Exposure Levels have been exceeded.
MACHINE NO NOISE LEVEL Answer
Differences New noise level
1 86 dB
86 86 = 0 86 + 3 = 89
2 86 dB
89 87 = 2.0 89 + 2.1 = 91.1
3 87 dB 91.1 78 = 13.1 91.1 + 0.2 = 91.3

4 78 dB

Answer
Step 1 : Use table 2 to estimate the differences in noise exposure.
Find the difference in decibels between two sound sources L1 and L2 (column 1).
Add the number in column 2 corresponding to the difference in column 1 to the
highest of the two sources to find the resulting combined sound level Ls.

Step 2: Use table 1 to make decision whether the worker expose to noise
below /exceed the PEL

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 Time-weighted average noise (TWAN) helps
determine if the exposures in Table 1 are
exceeded:

TWAN = C1/T1 + C2/T2 +..Cn/Tn

where
Cx is the total time of exposure at a specified noise level and
Tx is the total time of exposure permitted at the specified noise
level.

If the value of TWAN is greater than l.0, the

exposure exceeds the OSHA limits.

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A worker is exposed to the following:
Noise Level (dBA1) Duration (hr)
110 0.25
100 0.5
90
Is
the OSHA limit exceeded? 1.5
Answer
Step 1: Use TWAN = C1/T1 + C2/T2 +..Cn/Tn

Step 2: Refer to Table 1 for value of T

Step3: TWAN = 0.25/0.5 + 0.5/2 + 1.5/8 =0.938

Step 4: Decision making

Because 0.938 is less than l.0, the exposure is allowable.

OSHA considers continuous noise as that involving noise level

maxima that occur at intervals of 1 s or less.

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 Noise dose, D, measures varying exposures over a period of time
and is equivalent to an exposure of 90dBA for an 8-hr period.
OSHA exposure standards in Table 2 indicate that this is the
maximum sound level permitted for an 8-hr period

Higher levels exceed the allowable dose.

Noise dose in percent is

D = 100 [C/T]
where
C is the total length of the workday in hours
T is the reference duration in hours for a measured A-weighted sound level, L, in
decibels.

T is derived from an expansion of the OSHA exposure limits (Table 2) and is computed
as
T = 8 /2 (L-90)/5

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 When noise exposure for a work shift consists of
two or more periods of noise at different levels, the
total noise dose over the workday is given by

D = 100[C1/T1 + C2/T2 +..Cn/Tn]

The 8-hr TWAN sound level, in decibels, can be

computed from noise dose:

TWAN = 16.61 log10 [ D/100] + 90

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 A worker is exposed to a 107dBA constant
noise source during a 7-hr shift. What is the
noise dose?
Answer
Step 1: Calculate the reference duration T = 8 /2 (L-90)/5
T=8/2 (107-90)/5 = 8/2 (2.34)

T = 0.758

Step 2: Calculate the nose dose using the above T

D = 100[ 7/0.758 ] = 923%

Step 3: Decision making. Noise Dose 923% ; above

the allowable noise dose. Allowable noise
dose is 100%.

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NOISE CONTROL

Engineering Control

- modification or replacement of equipment, or related

physical change at the noise source or along the
transmission path that reduces the noise level at the
employee's ear

- Attenuation Method

Reducing sound intensity

Porous mediums, air, humidity
Used muffler or silencer

- e.g: mufflers on heavy equipment exhausts or on air

release valves
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Muffler

Silencer

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NOISE CONTROL

Attenuation Method

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NOISE CONTROL

Administrative Control

- changes in the work schedule or operations which reduce

noise exposure
e.g: increasing the distance, rotation of jobs between
workers in the high noise area

- Post signboard at the entrance to any work area where

noise levels equal or exceed 85 dBA

- Supply hearing protection to the employee at no cost to

the employees.

- Enforcement of the wearing of hearing protection in the

designated areas using established disciplinary procedures.
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NOISE CONTROL

Hearing protective devices (HPD)

-Any device that can be worn to reduce the level of sound

entering the ear [noise greater than 85 dBA sound levels.]; Noise
Reduction Rate (NRR)

Formable Custom Molded Earplugs Premolded Earplugs

Earmuffs

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NOISE CONTROL

Hearing protective devices (HPD)

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NOISE CONTROL

Hearing protective devices (HPD)

Good Fit Improper Fit

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1. Carry out Noise Monitoring/Mapping
To identify area/equipment in the workplace is noisy
To identify workers with exposures above action level or
PEL

2. Hazard Communication and training (repeated

every 2 years)
To put up sign, hence create awareness of the noisy area

3. Noise Control
Engineering Control / Isolation / Enclosure
Administrative Control

4. Carry out Audiometric test (baseline)

To provide indication of ones hearing ability, hence can
obtain a baseline measure of a person at the time.

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5. Personal Protective Equipment Program
Selection of PPE, need to consider characteristic of noise,
frequency of noise, comfort to user, communication and
medical conditions
Type of PPE : helmets with hearing protection, ear plug,
ear muffs.

6. Periodical Medical Surveillance (Audiometric Test)

To check the effectiveness of control measure taken to
reduce the risk
To record the significant shifts in threshold

7. Record keeping [term of employment and

additional 5 years)

CKB 30103Industrial Safety and Health 41

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