A FIRST GREEK COURSE BY W. H. D. ROUSE, Litt.D. HEAD-MASTER OF THE PERSE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, CAMBRIDGE V LONDON BLACKIE & SON, LIMITED, 50 OLD BAILEY, E.C, GLASGOW AND BOMBAYBy W. H. D. ROUSE, Lirr.D. A First Greek Course. Introducing beginners to Greek Authors in their first year. 25. 6d, net. A Greek Reader. For use along with Rouse’s First Greek Course, or any Beginner’s Book of Greek. 25, 6d, net. A Greek Boy at Home. An original Greek story specially written for use with Rouse’s First Greek Course, With Vocabulary in pocket of cover. 3s, 6d. net, By W.H. D. ROUSE, Litt.D., & J. H. WILLIAMS, M.A, Damon, A MANuaL oF GREEX IaMBIC CoMPOSITION, 2s, 6d. net. BLACKIE & SON, Lrv,, LONDON, GLASGOW, BOMBAYPREFACE Tuts book has been compiled as part of a reformed school curriculum. The principles of this reform cannot be discussed here; it must be enough to say, that Greek finds a place, not at the beginning, but towards the end of the school course, being begun in the Fourth Form (average age 144 to 15). At this stage the boy’s mind is more mature, and having been carefully trained by means of French and Latin, he is able to make rapid progress. Two terms (or less) are enough to work through.this book ; and in the third term an easy author may be begun, the grammar being revised along with the author. For the convenience of teachers, a Companion Reader has been compiled, which includes a number of stories, each com- plete in itself. It is quite possible that the book may be found suitable for those who begin Greek earlier, but their progress will of course be slower the earlier they begin. As regards the method of use, I assume that the master will do as much as possible wva voce. Specimens of this method are given here and there, but it is not intended that they be kept to slavishly: they are specimens only. The essence of any such method is, that it be fresh and spontaneous; and the master must be ready to use his material in conversation on the spur of the moment. But conversation is not meant to take the place of construing and writing. All three must go on iiiiv A FIRST GREEK COURSE side by side: construing, not to teach English (which is taught separately), but to make sure that the meaning of the Greek is understood ; writing, to give accuracy, and to fix new facts in the mind ; conversation, as a means of practice. The place of conversation is to make the boys quick; to give them continued drill in using their material with slight but definite changes (J for you, am for are, etc.); and, not least, to bring the Greek into close connection with their lives. We use a great deal of conversation which is not hinted. at here, carrying on -much of the business of the class-room in Greek. There are a few novelties in the arrangement which will, I hope, prove to be useful. With the very alphabet we are able to begin with a piece of genuine Greek literature, quotation from Kallias’s Grammatike Theoria (Athenaeus, p. 454): for this idea I have to thank Prof. J. E. B. Mayor, who has taken the liveliest interest in our experiment. I have used one or two liberties with the text, which I hope the author's ghost will forgive, in consideration of the wide advertisement I have given to his work. The declensions are begun with the Adjective, which, being like the Latin onus, is easily remembered, and thus the chief forms of two declensions are mastered at once. Similarly, the participle dv gives the type for a large number of adjectival and nominal forms. For the rest, I have been guided by expediency, placing first the forms which are most wanted. A scientific order is not necessary in learning ; once learnt, the matter can easily be revised in a scientific order by aid of the Compendium (p. 89). Those who have not tried may think that too much is given in each exercise, but this will not be found to be true. At 14 or 15 a boy who has learnt Latin grammar thoroughly can get over Greek at a great pace. It is not intended that a whole exercise shou!d be always done at each lesson; each master must decide forPREFACE v himself how much he can get through. It is easy to divide them, The book was first used in manuscript for a year; then printed and used for a year in proof; finally, with many altera- tions which use suggested, it was reprinted and used for a third year. I think, therefore, that I may safely call it a practical book. My thanks are due to my friend and fellow- worker, Mr. W. H., S. Jones, for his criticisms and suggestions, most of which are embodied in it. I thank also the publisher most sincerely for allowing me to keep the book in type so long. The reading extracts are all taken from Greek authors; it may be left as a pleasant exercise for those who, use the book, to find out where they come from, A certain amount of compression or alteration has sometimes been necessary, and a few un-Attic constructions and words have been changed, for which changes I make no apology. The conversations are invented. Tam confident that a fair trial of the method assumed in this book, combined, of course, with a reorganised curriculum, will show that those who attack the study of Greek are under a misapprehension, I am quite ready to admit that classical education, as it is understood in this country, is a failure. There are, indeed, some boys whom nothing can spoil; there are many clever boys who learn a great deal, and who at 19 are chock-full of information, These do not suffer so much as might be expected, But as an education it is a failure; because it does not teach even these clever boys to use their intelligence as they could be taught to do, and because it makes the average boy dull, unintelligent, and a hater of all intellectual exercise. It does not follow, however, that the failure is due to'the subject. That the adversary may not twistvi A FIRST GREEK COURSE my words to suit his own purpose, I add, that the modern sub- stitutes for classics do not seem to me to be any better: all our schools are spoilt by the same faults of cram, early specialising, and mercenary aims, Greek, however, can be learnt with profit and enjoyment by the average boy, so that in less than a year he can read the Agology of Socrates ; and all that is paid for that result is one lesson of three-quarters of an hour a day. That is not a heavy price to pay for the key to the finest instrument of human speech, and it does not involve neglect- ing anything. On the contrary: along with it the boy may thoroughly study his own tongue, may learn to use it and to understand and enjoy English literature, may win a serviceable knowledge of French and Latin, may have the usual drill in mathematics, and may do a very fair amount of natural science. W. H. D, ROUSE. NOTE TO THIRD EDITION In the third edition a.few minor corrections have been made, and the list of Parts of Common Irregular Verbs has been considerably extended. W. H. D. ROUSE. February, 1916.cuap. I, IL IIL, Iv. 1” VIL VIL. VIL IX. CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . The Alphabet . . . . . . Exercise I, Adjectives of Three Endings; Article and Relative; Present Ind. Act. of Verbs . . Exercise Il. : . . Pronouns ; Present of ‘to be’; Comparison Exercise III, . . . . . . Personal, Interrogative, and Reflexive Pronouns ; Some Numerals; Accent . . 7 Exercise IV. . . . . . Augmented Tenses. Exercise V.. . Future and Weak Aorist Exercise VI. . Masculines of First Declension ; xpucois, iAews : Imperfect Active of Contracted Verbs . Exercise VII, . . . . Third Declension ; oy and Participles with similar Nouns; Imperative, Subjunctive, and Optative Active . . . . . * Exercise VII. . . . Verbs in -ys Present Indicative Active; Com- pounds of these Verbs. , . Exercise IX. . . : : . PAGE iii 13 17 18 2r 23 29 33 34 37viii A FIRST GREEK COURSE CHAP. PAGE X. Voices: Middle and Passive, Present and Imperfect 38 Exercise X.. : . . ~~ 4a XI. Present and Weak Aorist of other Moods, Miaate and Passive; oda, yévos, dyes, Zwxpdrns 42 Exercise XI. . . . . . . © 45 XII. Future Middle and Passive; Vowel Stemsintandy 46 Exercise XII. . . . . . 48 XIII. eizé; Aorist Passive and other Aorists in -yv + 50 Exercise XIII. . . . . . 52 XIV. Perfect Active and Reduplication : 53 Third Declension, other Stems and Irregulars 55 Exercise XIV. . . . . . 55, 59 XV. Perfect Middle and Passive; warjp, efuc . 61 Exercise XV. ' . . . . » 64 XVI, Consonantal Verb Stems; Verbs in -us, Imperfect Indicative and other Moods ; BaccAcds, péyas. 66 Exercise XVI. . . . . . 72 XVII. ofa; Verbs in-vys. . . + oe 7B Exercise XVII. 76 XVIII. Liquid and Nasal Verb Stems ; ; iis ; Second "Type of Comparison . . . 78 Exercise XVIII. . . . XIX. Dental Verb Stems ; Subjunctive and Optative of Contracted, Verb Stems; rdAas . Exercise XIX. . XX. . . . . . . . Exercise XX. . . . . COMPENDIUM OF GRAMMAR. . .e SumMMARY OF SYNTAX RULES . . : ACCENT soe ee GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY . «7 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. (B 604) : . 80, 82 84 86 87 88 89 154 156 157 1681—THE ALPHABET Tue names Epsilon (), Omicron (0), Hypsilon (v), and Omega () are late, and were not used by the Greeks of the classical age, Epo PS “@® ZN DearoMasA MUHROMAEPA @ & (as in German|é@ada | alpha hat), % (as ah) . B Bara | beta ¥ ig (as in good)! yappa | gamma 8 d dra | delta e€ e (as in wet) él ei (pron. as. two . - short’ sounds .| combined, éy) ¢ dz Ghra | z8ta (pron, dzéta) ” € (as in French “ee, | jira gta German See) 6 th? Ojra | théta t i (as in French Ze, |i@ra | idta tit) « k canna | kappa By 1 AduPSa lambda B& m po mo v n vy. ni & x . fi xi ° o (as in pot) ob ou T P ai pi p ror th pa rho ° saat} s (as in sing, ass) {enue ‘ } sigma.(san) T t . rad tau v a (as Frenchz) |6 ii $ [ph ft gi | phi x ch!(asin Scotch /och)| xi chi + ps bi psi o "5 (as awe) & 6 1 See next page for Notes on Pronunciation, (604) 12 A FIRST GREEK COURSE Notzs ON PRONUNCIATION.—y before ¥, x, & is sounded ng, The aspirates 0, ¢, x were pronounced as two distinct sounds com- bined: as in axthill, uphold, lackhose. @ is still so pronounced in the island of Astypalaea. They may, however, be pronounced like the English th, f, ch, if the true sounds are found to be too difficult. In groups of consonants where the aspiration could not well be pronounced, it was probably sounded before the following vowel (as in modern Bengalee) : thus dy@pwwos = dyrpivros. v(=Fr, u) should not be sounded 00, or it is confused with ov, Quantity must be strictly observed. The voice should be prolonged on a long vowel twice as long as on a short vowel (like crotchet and quaver), This should be caxefully practised while time is beaten as in music, This has nothing to do with accent, or with stress, DOUBLE CONSONANTS are pronounced by dwelling upon the sound: as in English 1b-boat, black-cat, midday, full-liberly, home-made, ten-nights, stop-press, fur-rug, this-sort, that-time, DiPHTHONGS: a: pronounced as in aisle a ot UL av ev nu ov as two short sounds together, & as of in foil as French oui as-ow in cow as two short sounds together, 27 as i as go in fool The so-called improper diphthongs, in which a long @ 7 w is followed by 4, were written a+ 7¢ w:, and pronounced as written, In modern books they are generally written ¢ 9 ¢, with ‘iota subscript,’ and pronounced 4 » w simply. ' Breatwies.—A vowel at the beginning of a word has the ‘rough’ breathing’ if aspirated, the ‘smooth breathing’ if not. The rough breathing was originally represented by H (afterwards used as a vowel), but in quick writing-hand this came to be written like a comma reversed (‘) over the vowel; the smooth breathing was then written (’). Thus 4¢a ‘alpha,’ és ‘hés,’ The rough breathing is always written over initial p: as £0. The stops are (,) comma, (°) colon, (.) full stop, (;) question mark,A FIRST GREEK COURSE 3 The consonants are thus classified (the table should be learnt by heart) — Breathed (or Voiced | Aspirate Unvoited) Mures K y_|_ x | Guttural (throat sounds) 7 | 8 — @ | Dental (tooth sounds) a | B | $ _ | Labial (lip sounds) N.B.—There are two membranes in the throat called vocal cords, If these are tightened when the air comes up from the lungs, the sound is called Voiced, if they are slack it is called Breathed. When tightened the cords can be felt to vibrate by placing a finger upon the throat. p Liquips # vy NASALS o SIBILANT ¢é U double letters (= ds, ks or gs, ps) Accent.—Every Greek word, except a few, has an accent, which originally marked the raising of the tone of voice, not stress as in English. It is possible with careful practice from the first, to raise the tone on these syllables (as little stress as possible being used) and to observe quantity at the same time. Genera RuLe.—The acute accent (’) must fall on one of the last three syllables, If the last have a long vowel, on one of the last two. On final syllables, except last in a sentence, the acute accent is written as grave (*). The circumflex (") denotes a raising and lowering of tone on one vowel, as in certain English when the expression of surprise is intended (2d /). It must fall on one of the last two syllables, and it cannot stand before a long vowel or diphthong. It can only stand on a long vowel or diphthong, as it implies contraction. A few words are only used in combination with others which go before them. These have no accent, and are called enclitics, They generally throw their accent back upon the last syllable of the word before. A few other words, standing first in a phrase, have no accent; these are called proclitics (as ei ‘if, eis ‘into,’ év ‘in’).4 A FIRST GREEK COURSE N.B.—Interrogatives always have the accent. Indefinites are enclitic, and generally have none. EXERCISE On the Alphabet (To be learnt by heart) gor’ dda, Pijra, ydppa, Sédra, Kad rd el,! tir’, Fra, 07’, ira, Kdrwa, AduPda, pd, vd, Ei, 7d 0d, wi, pd, To ciypa, Tad, 7d 9, gi xe re? Kar pi wat rd b, Bara Gdpa = Ba Bijra od ~—-Bo Birra et Be Bara 3 Buy Bira tyra Bn Bita &® ~§=Bo Bijra idra Bu So Bara ahha ita Bar Birra = lta = Bet, ete. Make a similar exercise with the other consonants. These should be read aloud, and then written with accents, I od ‘not’ (before vowels unaspirated ods and aspirated ody), the negative of plain denial (categorical negative). #4 ‘not,’ used in prohibitions, conditions, and abstract ideas. Thus used alone, 03 would mean ‘no,’ and ju} ‘don’t.’ N.B.—The following table is not to be learnt, but for reference as required. 1 kal ‘and,’ 76 ‘the,’ neuter article. See p. 5 below. 3 re ‘both’ (like gue).A FIRST GREEK COURSE on Contin | Cina | Relative Indefinite who tis boris bs Tus, some one where Tod Ocrov od qrov, some where whence mobév | 6rdbev | 80ev | wdGev, some-whence whither Tot drat of rot, some-whither when aéte | Ordre | bre moré, some time how TOS bres as ws, somehow how great| mdcos | dmdcos | bcos | arocds, some size évOdde, here éxet, there kai, and evbévde, hence éxeifev, thence adr, but Sedpo, hither éxeice, thither ®, O ed, well vov, NOW ei, if kaxés, badly ore, then érret, since dpa, -ne (the question mark, placed first in a clause). dp’ ob, nonne There are three numbers: Singular, Dual,! and Plural. xandos, ‘beautiful’ M. F. N. Sing. N. «adds Kan} Kano Vi Kang Kan} Kadov A. Kkadov Kani Kandov G. Karod Kans Karod D. Karp Kany Kare Dual N.V.A. «ard Kana Kare G.D. Karoly Karaiv —kadoiv Plu. N.V. xandot Karat Kana A. Karots adds Kand G. xad@v Kadn@v KONOV D. karois kadais —kadols Compare the Latin adjective donus, dona, bonum. 1 The dual is used when we speak of a pair of things, or of two things closely connected.6 A FIRST GREEK COURSE Nouns are declined in the same way. Those in -7 belong to the first declension, in -os and -ov to the second, as in Latin. ARTICLE 8s, ‘who’ (rel.) Sing N. 6 4 76 és i 6 A. roy tip 0 6i tw 6 G. rod Ths Tod ov is ob Do Th oe 6 gg ¢ , ’ Dual US ey all genders oy all genders Plu. N. of a td ot a& A. robs tds td ols as a G. trav trav Tov dv dv ay D. tots tats ols ols als ols The article was originally a demonstrative, and it keeps this sense in certain phrases: as 6 pév ‘this,’ 6 8€ ‘that’ (which are used as conjunctional pronouns to introduce a clause), or when prefixed to an adverb or adverbial phrase, as of rére ‘those who lived then,’ THE VERB: PRESENT INDIC, ACT. (2) | @ © (2) S. 1. \8-w, I loose} aa-&, I do} dp-&, I see] 8r-d, I make 2. Md-eus trot-eis | op-ds Snr-ots. clear 3. Adee Tote ép-a Syr-08 “Du. 2. d#-erov tot-eiroy |dp-Grov | 8yA-obrov 3. M-erov mov-eitoy |dp-&rov | 8nd-odTov Pl. 1. Ad-opev mot-oduev |dp-Opnev | SnA-odpev 2. Were mot-eire | dp-are Snd-obTe 3.Av-ovau(v) | ou-oba0(v)| 6p-Bau(v) |SyAr-odau(v) The 3rd plur. -v is used before vowels. The first (Avw) is the ordinary form ; the other three are con- tracted. The erjlings are the same in all. In (4) the stemA FIRST GREEK COURSE 3 ends in -e, which contracts with the endings zo-w, rou: mouerov, movetrov, powers all endings except -o. vowels found in the contractions. SnAdopev, Snrodpev, etc, Exercise.—Conjugate the above and other verbs, along with pronouns, as: éy® Avw, od Aves, etc. ; or yd Adw oe, etc.4 Verbs dxobw, hear (cp. acoustics) . daro-Ovyjoxw, die Brera, see ypddw, write (cp. graphic, telegraph) 8nAG (-o-), declare, make plain &w, have; with adverbs, used of a state, as & exw, T am well Aéyw, speak Avw, loose, undo, annul pavOdve, learn (cp.” mathematics) 5p@ (-a-), see tov (-€-), do, make PAG (-e-), love govd (-e), speak, (cp. telephone) éori(v), is (cp. est) 1 After ¢, t, or p, & takes the place of 7. VOCABULARY Nouns dxoh, 7}, hearing GvOpwiros, 6, human being BiBXrov, 76, book (cp. Bible) SiSdeKadros, 4, teacher Oeds, 6, 1), god xddapos, 6, pen petaBody, }, change dpOarpds, 6, eye watSlov, 76, child tox, %, fortune pwrn, , voice tb ADJECTIVES dyads, good GAdXos, GAAY, AAO, other Svotnvos, miserable xaxés, bad kaos, fine, beauti- ful, noble In (¢) the stem ends in -a, which over- Thus @ and o are the only In (@) the stem ends in -o: véos, véd, véov, young? és, who, which, (7e- lative) roAvs, much? 7600s, how large? (p/. how many ?) motos, told, trotov, of what kind ? ti (newt, of ris), what? tupdds, blind ADVERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND PARTICLES et, if eb, well kal, and, also, both (like ez) kax@s, badly’ rds, how? te, both (put after tts word) ;° cp. Lat. que rou, enclitic, indeed This is called & pure, 3 odds, ‘much,’ declines like dya0és, except in the nom. and acc, masc, and neut. N, odds woh Trond A, wohty mohNiy OAS G. mohhod “rods 8 Adjectives in -os make adverbs itmas, moAnod, etc. 4 For declension of pronouns see p. 13.8 t, &-FIRst GREEK COURSE 3. Syntax Rue, 1.—The instrument is expressed by the dative case (= Latin ablative). READING LESSON tuprov te Kal Stornvov éotw 4 toyn. 7d vijs téyns’ Tor peTaBodas modAas eeu. bv of Geol pirodow daroOvycKe véos. dvOpwmos yer dxonv nal dxover. GvOpwrros exer dpOarpors Kal Brérer dvOpwmos exe Gavi wal réyeu, eyouev BiSMtov Kal pavOdvoper. éxouev nddapov kat ypddoper, Translate these, pointing out subject, predicate, and object. The first three are in verse, and should be learnt by heart. SVAN EYY CONVERSATION LESSON (with books open) 1, motév dorw 4 Toyn; Tupddv re Kal Svornvdv cor 4 roxy, Th dort Sdornvov; 4 Toyn SvornVdV dor. ti exer Tuyns peTaBords wodAds exer 7} toxn, th exer petaBodds; 4 Tbyn exer peraBords. mocas petaBords ; odds. (Using the Vocabulary) . 2, th eyes, & maior; dxonv éyo, & SiSdoxare, kat tt moves axon; dxoio. Tas dxovers, @ Taidiov; ed dxovo, Kakds dxovw. e¢ ed dxovers, Tolay dKony yews; el eD dxotw, xadjy exw adxojv. eb KaKds dxovels, etc. So with wv, dPOaruds, BiBrtov, nddapos: eg. ti Gro eyes; “doviv exo, etc. 1 «That which belongs to fortune.’ The article when prefixed to a genitive has its old sense of demonstrative ‘that.’ (Cp. p. 6 above.)A FIRST GREEK COURSE 9 The same in dual, singling out two persons ; and in plural, as— yy > , ry ° , ¥ Tl EXETOV, @ traslo ; TL EXETE, @ Tradia ; eXOMEV BiBXa, etc. The teacher may devise other varieties for himself. The Conversation Lesson is to be said wholly in Greek, and the book to be closed on revision. 3. THEME : to be written— (a) A man’s senses, and what he does with them, (8) A boy’s book and pen, and what he does with them, Ill . obTos, ‘this’ M. F. N. Sing. N. odros attn TodTO A. robrov Tavrny TOUTO G. rodrov Tavrns ToUTOU D. rodre rabtn ToUT@ Dual N.A. rodro all genders G.D, rodrow 8 Plur. NN. obros aUTaL TabdTa A, rodrous Tabras Tatra G. rovtwv TovTav ToUT@V D, rovrow Tavrals Tovrous N.B.—The nominative sing. and pl. has been influenced in form by the article, Another word for ‘this’ is 68, 75, 7d8e, declined like the article with -8¢ affixed, +4 is used instead of -7 after ¢, «, or p (see p. 7, note 1), as:—10 A FIRST GREEK COURSE Ppa Oipav Odpas, ete. oixla oikiay oixias, etc. The Present Infinitive is formed from the verb stem by add- ing -ev. With contracted stems this becomes -eiv, -@v, -otv — Av-ev roveiv dp-av &y-Aodv PRESENT TENSE OF elvat, ‘to be’ Sing. 1. eipé Plur. 1. dope 2. eb Dual 2. éorov 2. éoré 3. éori(v) 3. dorov 3. eloi(v) All these forms, but ¢é, are enclitic, except when emphatic in sense; in which case they are put first, and the accent of the 3rd person sing, is éoruv. CoMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.—Change -os to -drepos -dratos when the syllable before -os contains a long vowel or ends in two consonants, -drepos -Wraros if it has a short vowel followed by one consonant :-— pixpds pix pdrepos pixpétatos arixpds mlxpdrepos wikpdtaros but gopds copdrepos | copdraros Adverbs are formed from adjectives in -os by changing the ending of the genitive singular masculine to -ws: xaAds, gen. xadod, ady. xadds, Comparative adverbs use the neuter singular of the adjective, superlative adverbs the neuter plural : gopis, copdrepov, copwrara, Syntax RuLE, 2.—A neuter plural subj. has verb in sing. Syntax Rutz, 3.—Demonstrative pronouns need the article to be used with their noun: obros 6 dvOpwros or 6 dvOpurros oSros ‘this man,’A FIRST GREEK COURSE ir Syntax RuLE, 4.—The article may also be used with the infinitive mood, and with any adverbial expression, as :— 7 Aéyew ‘saying, rod Aéyew ‘of saying,’ of wéAae ‘the ancients,’ 6 év rp oé«ég ‘the man in the house. Nouns SdxrvdAos, finger Sévdpoy, tree Sidpos, stool, chair Swpdriov, room pa, seat GeAxTi}piov, charm Ovpa, door tapos (f), physician «iiros, garden xAfvy, lounge, couch (cp. recline) Adxavov, herb,vege- table | Aédyos, word, speech (cp, dialogue, pro- logue) VOCABULARY Atay, grief oixid, house méragos, hat 7, something dppaxor, physic, remedy (cp. phar- macy) oxy, soul, life ADJECTIVES AND NUMERALS duo, dvoiv, two déca, ten mévte, five GAAos, other dorefos, nice READING LESSON éxagTos, each, every motos, of what kind? paxpos, long pixpds, small pévos, alone orpoyytdos, round xpyoyzos, useful CONJUNCTIONS AND PARTICLES dpa, interrogative particle 84, but (stands secona) i). 7}, either. , or éxrés, outside évrés, inside I, Warns latpés eotw dvOpwrows Aoyos* spuxiis yap obros pdvos exer Oedernpia + Aéyouor 8 adrov of wddar copdtaror doreloy elvar pdppaxov Kal ypiorpov. 2. olxtav éyouev xadjy, evtds 8 ict dSippor te kal Krivar Kal Spar Grrat, cal Swpudtia Séxa, Kal whymov exopev, évtds 8 earl dévbpa cal Adxava. 3. of avOparra eyovow Exactos S00 dPOarpw, Kal Séxa Saxrdrous, éxovor 8& Hori Kal dxory Kal vodv. 2 3é ‘but’ stands second in the sentence.12 A FIRST GREEK COURSE CONVERSATION LESSON I, rt dors Admns latpis avOpdmos ; Rdyos eorly avOporos dAvTns tatpos. ives (gen.) éorly tarpos Royos; vmns larpos dors Adyos. iow (dat. pl.) larpés dott wns Adyos; avOpdmois AUIS éoTe Abyos latpos, rh exer; ~puyiis exer Oederypra. rlvos Oederipia ; puyijs. obtos povos } Kad GAdos; pdvos obros. Tl déyouow adrov elvat of copdrara ; dorelov elvar ddppakov déyovow. Totov pappaxov; daretov ddppaxoy nal xpjorpov. 2, & maior, ap eyes oixiav; eyo oilxiav, & Siddoxare. Kal roiav eyes olxiav; Kadi exw oixlar. tt 8 évtos éorw; Sidpou 7° evtds clot nab Kdivar wal Spa. gore 8 addo te; kipds dors, wal ever Aadyava wal dév8pa, 3. Te eyes AvOpwmos & (with which) Adyes; pavyv éyet. mocous Saxrdrous éxet, técous dPOarpous, etc. moiov ti dorw 6 dpOarpos; aorpoyytros dor, Kal SaxTdos ; paxpds. 4. Complete the following in as many ways as you can :— 4 oixla éoTl.. Td dpOarud éordv ... ta dévdpa éoti... So with Ovpa, wéracos, rradiov, por}, etc. Or: paxpos éoTw ... xpnoiun dori... Kadov eoTr ss. THEME—The Medicine for Grief. My House and Garden.A FIRST GREEK COURSE 13 IV PERSONAL PRONOUNS First Person Second Person Sing, N. eyo, I av, thou A. éyé, pe oé, oe G. éyod, pov go, cou D. epol, pou gol, coe Dual N\A. vo oho G.D. vey opov Plur. oN. jyels bpeis A. jypas bas G. judy dpav DD. jyiv oply The forms épé, ¢uod, enol, vé, vob, cof are emphatic. avros, ‘self’ mM, F, N N. adros abrn aio A. abrév avriy abo G. adrod aris avrod, etc., like adds. The oblique cases of this are used for the Third Personal Pronoun, as: Mw airév ‘I loose him’; with the article it means ‘the same’— ‘ , > A 6 abrds, 4 adty, Td adro, or abrds, alr}, tadTd(v) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN tis, “who, ‘what’ Sing, N. ris ord Dual rive Plur. tives Tia A. tiva ti tivas tiva G. — rlvos 1 tive tivow D. thu riav)14 A FIRST GREEK COURSE The same forms, accented on the last syllable, or without accent, are used for the indefinite ‘some,’ ‘any’; except that the neuter plural is érra or twa, CARDINALS els, ‘one’ M, & N Sing. N. els pla & A. &a play & G. vos pads év0s- D et pe évt 8v0, ‘two.’ tpeis, ‘three’ MPN, MF. N. N.V.A. 8v0 N.V.A. pels tpla G.D. dvoiv G. Tpiav D. tpiol(v) rértapes, ‘four MF. N. N.V. rérrapes rértapa A. rérrapas rérrapa G.. Tertdpav D. rérrapov) The other numbers up to a hundred are indeclinable. Some feminines end in nom. -@: they are declined with those in -» except in the nom. and acc. singular :— NV. yAa@rra, tongue A. yhérrav G. yAwrrns D. yherry, etc. like cayA FIRST GREEK COURSE 15 The Reflexive Pronoun is made by adding airév, ‘self,’ etc., to the personal, thus :— Sing. A. G. D. Plur. A. Sing, A. Plur. A. Sing. A. Plur. A. G. D. First Person M. fF. éuaurov cuauTny éuavTod epautis éuavT@ euauth jas avdrovs, etc. (separate) Second Person MM, fF ceavrov (or cavrdv) ceauTiy (cavrnv), etc, buds adbrovs, etc. Third Person M. F N. éavrov éaurqv éavrd(v), etc. éavtods éautds éautd éavtav éavrdv éauréy éavrois éavtais © éavrois These forms may all be contracted: atrév, atrovs, etc. Distinguish atrqy reflexive from abriy ‘self.’ The oblique cases of the 3rd pers, pron. following are also used with or without avrovs for the 3rd pers. reflex. plural :— MF. N. ogeis A. odds G. ohdv D, oduci(v)16 A FIRST GREEK COURSE GENERAL RULES OF ACCENT (see p. 3) Accent in Verss.—The accent goes back as far as possible. Accent In Nouns AND ADJECTIVES.—The accent remains on the same syllable as in the nominative, unless a general rule forbids. last (as yAGrra, but yAwrrav), Nore.—With an acute on the final, as furdv, the accent in the first two declensions becomes circumflex in gen, and dat., because these cases are contracted: gurod, purg. But the gen, plur. of -a stems is circumflexed on the SPECIAL RULE FoR ACCENTS,—-ot and -at final, although diphthongs, and therefore long, are treated as short for the pur- poses of accent (except in the optative mood, for which see below, p. 31). Vers tpdttw, do tpépw, feed, rear, nourish Nouns dropia, difficulty épBbAn, boot ‘yewpyés, farmer (cp, George) elpyjvn, peace épyov, work eds, god ipdriov, cloak vods, mind xepady, head mediov, plain érpa, rock petrify) méAepos, war (cp. polemics) (cp. VOCABULARY pvrdv, plant xAaiva, cloak, over- all Gpos, shoulder + ADJECTIVES eAcdOepos, free Aevkés, white Xphoysos, useful xpnorrés, good, honest PARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, AND ADVERBS del, always stand second in the Sentence dpa, then oty, there- fore ye, particle of em- phasis added to pronouns, as tywye 8é, and, but oH, indeed pev . . 82 on the one hand .. on the other hand, of two contrasted things: they stand after the words contrasted ey (dat.), in; kdv= kat év éri (gen.), upon padurra, especially, very much padurrd ye, yes, cers tainlyA FIRST GREEK COURSE V7 READING LESSON 3, nav’ rais dropias 20 6 xpnords xpiotpyos, 2, Ta xpnota mpdrrew epyou Ear’ édevOépov. 3. 6 vods yap td dotlv év éxdore Oeds, 4, del pév elpiivn yewpyov Kav mérpais A - ' a ; - Tpéper KAAS, TrOrEWos 88 Kay ediy KaKds, These verses should be learnt by heart. CONVERSATION LESSON (to be answered by the pupil) Carefully note the order of words in question and answer, 1, mote dotly 6 xpnotds xphoyos; Ti eat ev dropiais 6 xpnorés; tis dott xpryoysos ev arropias; th épyov éorly édevOépov; tives epyov ort 7d mparrew ta xpnord; th mpdrrew epyov early édev- Oépov; ris éore Beds ev piv; ti Karas tpéper tov ryeopyov ; tiva Karos rpéper ; Tl KaKOS; Tod; 2. mola éatly 4 olxia cov; puxpd éorw 4 olkia pov. puxpdv dpa exes olklavy, pddiotd ye, & Sidd. oKane, piKpdr. . On the same model: mojo ro dpOarpo éorov ; moto. 8¢ of Sdetudor; amotd ore? rd dév8pa ; 3. gore poos Krivy Kad} Toia S& Gol; KaK? Ewouye. mévre exw byd* od 88 wécas; Seka eywrye, Also éorov pou kaxm Te bfOarpd*> roiw 88 coi ; euol pdv paxpol of Sdxtvrcs+ col 88 soto ; 1 kal+év=xdv. This contraction, or crass as it is called, is often used with certain common particles and the conjunction kal, 3 Two words forming a group are often run together in speaking ; when a short final vowel, or sometimes a short initial vowel, is cut off (elided), Thus rodr’ éorw, mola or, like 'Who’s he?? (3 604) ¢18 A FIRST GREEK COURSE 4. rh dépes érl rdv duov; xraivav dépw emt tov dpov. ola &é cor xXdaiva; Reve Enovye 7 xraiva, So also ré gépers el rijs Keparis ; 5. th ore oor &v TS uyrp; dév8pa eor’ ev TH KNTO. kal ti Gddo; dita éorl Kal Adyava. moia 8); Kal pixpd cal paxpd, So ti éorw & rh olxig, TO Sapatio ; THEME.—What a man has in his house, in his garden, on his person. To be done in all persons and numbers ; 1, thou, he, we, you, they. Vv Tue AvcMENT.—The Historic tenses are Imperfect, Aorist (preterite), and Pluperfect. The Imperfect is formed from the Present Stem Aorist » » (1) Future Stem (called First Aorist, Weak Aorist, or a-Aorist) (2) Simplest Verb Stem (called Second Aorist, Strong Aorist, or ov-Aorist) Pluperfect » » Perfect Stem They are formed by prefixing the Augment. When the stem begins with a consonant, the Augment is the syllable @ (called Syllabic Augment). When it begins with a vowel, that vowel is lengthened (Temporal Augment). A long vowel remains unchanged. W.8.—The Augment is only used in the Indicative Mood,A FIRST GREEK COURSE 19 RULES FOR CHANGE OF VOWEL UNDER THE AUGMENT.— a becomes 7 v becomes v € n a 7 ° o ou © ‘ t eu nu There are two forms of Aorist; the First or Weak Aorist will be reserved for a later chapter, but the Second or Strong Aorist has the same endings as the imperfect. The verbs which take a strong aorist have generally a lengthened stem in the present tense: AapBdvw ‘I take,’ Imperf. éAduBavov, Aor, éAaBov. In contracted verbs, the Imperfect personal endings con- tract with the stem. These verbs form no ov-Aorist. IMPERFECT TENSE dd-w dxov-@ eli [am Sing. 1. &)v-ov HKov-ov iy or # 2. &do-es Hov-es joba 3. &dw-e(v) Hjxov-e(v) ty Dual 2. é-dd-erov qycob-eTov Frov 3. &do-ergv jKou-érny arny Plur, 1. é-Ad-opev KOv-opeEer aypev 14 yy > 2, é-dv-eTe KOU-ETE are v= » . 3. €-AU-ov NKOU-O joav NV.B,—1st sing, and 3rd plur. are the same form: the 3rd plur. originally had a final -r (éAvovr) like Latin amanz, etc, STRONG AORIST AapBdve, stem AaB Sing. 1. &AaB-ov Dual Plur, ¢-AdB-opev 2. &-daB-es é-aB-erov é-daB-ere 3. &-raB-e(v) @-AaB-erny &AaB-or |20 A FIRST GREEK COURSE To form strong aorist infinitive: drop the augment and change -ov to -eiv (always circumflexed): éAaBov, AaBeiv, VOCABULARY VERBS pva, mina, a weight, PARTICLES eferd{w, examine orasum of money ed, lye, if edn, said he (100 drachmae, val yes keAetw, bid about £4) 0886, not even; ofS wéracos, hat ? 336 1 or Nouns firos, friend vss Ones ue agca, worth, value ,nor BodAos, slave ovxody, then Bpayps, drachma ApJEcTives’ mov, doubtless, I (silver coin about i dios, worth, worthy suppose (enclitic) as large as a. franc) | | Exavros, each Speuvatov, halt mina | dmdcos, see Z. 5 EXERCISE 1. Fortin and conjugate the Imperfect from the following verbs :— Aéyo, Tpéha, Avo, pavOdve, Ovyydve ‘touch, ruyyava ‘chance,’ «retve ‘kill,’ Brew ‘see, édraifeo ‘hope, deidw ‘sing, aloyive ‘disgrace, Ovjoxe ‘die’; , Strong aorist from tuyydve (stem Tuy), Ovyydve (stem Ory), «relvo (stem «rav), pavOdve (stem pad), Ovyoxw (stem Bay). : 2, Express in the past tense the sentences of Reading Lesson iv. 1-4. 3. Express in the past tense, and in different persons and numbers to be chosen by the teacher :— $épw tov méracov éml ris xeparfs. pavOdva ra xpnora év TG BiBrio. Myo Tobro elvas Kadov wns ddpyaxov. ypddw Exacta év TH iPro. dxobw xpnota Th dxof. edmila ypioov elvar tov xpnotév. Brérw rots dpOarpols éxaoTa,A FIRST GREEK COURSE 2r READING LESSON 1. Heovca! 8€ more wal GAdov adbtod Adyov, 6 éxddevoev 6 Loxpatns Exactov eFerdtew éavrov, drdcov trois pirows dkwos dot, ap’, en, ciolv dkiar diror, Gorep SovrAwv; trav yap Sothkwy 6 pév ov Svoiv pair, akids eotw, 6 88 révte prdv, 0 8€ Kal Séxa, 6 8 088’ jysuvatov, Nai, pn 0 "Avricbévns. odxoiv, épn 6 Loxpdrys, eb ye tadr’ éott roadra, Karas ever? ekerdtew éavrov exacrov avOpwrov, mocov dpa éorl rots pirow dts. 2. Socrates tells the story. 3. Antisthenes tells story. VI FUTURE AND FIRST OR WEAK AORIST (a-AORIST) The Future stem is formed from the present by adding -o- ; the endings are the same in both tenses. Sing. 1. \W-c-w BrOp-w (== Brer-o-w) 2. NS-o-e08 Bréeyp-eus 3. Ad-o-e Bréryp-et, etc. Dual 2. Ad-c-erov 3. Mb-c-erov Infin, \é-o-ev Plur, 1. Ad-c-opev Bre-ew 2. db-o-ere 3. WW-c-over(v) The Aorist is used of simple or momentary action in the past (preterite). The First or Weak Aorist (a-dorist) is formed ‘from the future stem by prefixing the augment and adding the proper endings. The characteristic vowel of the endings is a, which is found in all except the 3rd singular. 1 Aorist of dxodw 5 see p. 22. * The adverb with éxw expresses a state: ahs Exe ‘it is well.”22 Sing. 1. A FIRST GREEK COURSE é.\0-o-a 2, &dd-o-as 3 Dual 2. &-d-o-€(v) 2 é-A0-o-aTov 3. @-Ad-c-aTny Plur. r. Z é-dU- o-apev 2, é-db-o-aTe 3. &-di-c-ay , é-Brep-a &-Brep-as, ete. Infin. \d-c-ae Brp-as From contracted verbs these tenses are formed by lengthenin g the stem-character as follows :—a to 7, € to 7, 0 too, Tupi, Tyo, eripnra: Tord, ToUjow, éroinoa: 8nAG, Sydow, if woa, EXERCISE.— Form Fut. and Aor. from eyo, Aeltro, mavo, apy, méuaro, KAO, ypapo, TaTT® (stem tay). VERBS dpurré (-a-), breakfast, éAatvw, ride, drive éAxo, draw, pull Oavpdtw, wonder Ocparredw, tend, care kAjo, shut 6pa (-a-), see mratvw, check Tréurw, send rdttw, fix, arrange (cp. ¢actics) tixpw, produce, bring forth dedyo, flee PREPOSITIONS eis, és, into ace, T ps, tows ards, for dré, from ék, é€, out of, Ser, VOCABULARY Nouns dy yeAos, messenger (cp. angel) dyopd, market-place aderpés, brother Gpaga, cart, carriage iaeon harm Siajxn, will Sin, lawsuit, justice (vyov, yoke Gaara, sea tmros, horse KAnpovdpos, heir xdpn, village oxodaotixés, & scholar, pedant xpévos, time (cp, chronic) gov, egg ADJECTIVES exeivos, éxelvn, exeivo, that xowvés, common to all (= communis) Spovos, like prddpyupos, miserly ADVERBS adptov, to-morrow &x0és, x Oés, yesterday 78éws, pleasantly pdda, very (much) oixot, at home otxoGev, from‘home otkade, homewards otrws, so Tipepov, to-day ds, as, how