PHNG PHP GII NHANH TRC NGHIM HA HC

LP 10

Phng php 1
P DNG NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny kh n gin, da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh
trong phn ng. Cn lu l: khng tnh khi lng ca phn khng tham gia phn ng
cng nh phn cht c sn, v d nc c sn trong dung dch.
Khi c cn dung dch th khi lng mui thu c bng tng khi lng cc cation kim
loi v anion gc axit.
V d 1: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO v Fe2O3. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m
gam hn hp X nung nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 64 gam cht rn A
trong ng s v 11,2 lt kh B (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 20,4. Tnh gi tr m.
A. 105,6 gam. B. 35,2 gam. C. 70,4 gam. D. 140,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
Cc phn ng kh st oxit c th c:
o
t
3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2 (1)
o
t
Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2 (2)
o
t
FeO + CO Fe + CO2 (3)
Nh vy cht rn A c th gm 3 cht Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 hoc t hn, iu khng quan
trng v vic cn bng cc phng trnh trn cng khng cn thit, quan trng l s mol
CO phn ng bao gi cng bng s mol CO2 to thnh.
11,2
nB 0,5
22,5 mol.
Gi x l s mol ca CO2 ta c phng trnh v khi lng ca B:
44x + 28(0,5 x) = 0,5 20,4 2 = 20,4
nhn c x = 0,4 mol v cng chnh l s mol CO tham gia phn ng.
Theo LBTKL ta c:
 mCO2
mX + mCO = mA +
m = 64 + 0,4 44 0,4 28 = 70,4 gam. (p n C)
V d 2: un 132,8 gam hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H2SO4 c 140oC thu c
hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau v c khi lng l 111,2 gam. S mol ca mi ete
trong hn hp l bao nhiu?
A. 0,1 mol. B. 0,15 mol. C. 0,4 mol. D. 0,2 mol.
Hng dn gii
Ta bit rng c 3 loi ru tch nc iu kin H2SO4 c, 140oC th to thnh 6 loi
ete v tch ra 6 phn t H2O.
Theo LBTKL ta c
m H2O m ru m ete 132,8 11,2 21,6
gam
21,6
n H2O 1,2
18 mol.
Mt khc c hai phn t ru th to ra mt phn t ete v mt phn t H2O do s
1,2
0,2
mol H2O lun bng s mol ete, suy ra s mol mi ete l 6 mol. (p n D)
Nhn xt: Chng ta khng cn vit 6 phng trnh phn ng t ru tch nc to thnh
6 ete, cng khng cn tm CTPT ca cc ru v cc ete trn. Nu cc bn xa vo vic
vit phng trnh phn ng v t n s mol cc ete tnh ton th khng nhng khng
gii c m cn tn qu nhiu thi gian.
V d 3: Cho 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe, Cu tc dng va vi dung dch HNO3
63%. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch A v 11,2 lt kh NO2 duy nht (ktc). Tnh nng
% cc cht c trong dung dch A.
A. 36,66% v 28,48%. B. 27,19% v 21,12%.
C. 27,19% v 72,81%. D. 78,88% v 21,12%.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
n NO2 0,5 n HNO3 2n NO2 1
mol mol.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
 m d 2 mui m h2 k.loi m d 2 HNO m NO2
3

1 63 100
12 46 0,5 89 gam.
63
t nFe = x mol, nCu = y mol ta c:
56x 64y 12 x 0,1

3x 2y 0,5 y 0,1
0,1 242 100
%m Fe( NO3 )3 27,19%
89
0,1 188 100
%m Cu ( NO3 )2 21,12%.
89 (p n B)
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi ho tr
(I) v mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (II) trong dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng thu
c 4,48 lt kh (ktc). em c cn dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 13 gam. B. 15 gam. C. 26 gam. D. 30 gam.
Hng dn gii
M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O
RCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + CO2 + H2O
4,88
n CO2 0,2
22,4 mol
n H 2O 0,2 mol.
Tng nHCl = 0,4 mol v
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
23,8 + 0,436,5 = mmui + 0,244 + 0,218
mmui = 26 gam. (p n C)
V d 5: Hn hp A gm KClO3, Ca(ClO2)2, Ca(ClO3)2, CaCl2 v KCl nng 83,68
gam. Nhit phn hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl2, KCl v 17,472 lt kh (
ktc). Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 360 ml dung dch K2CO3 0,5M (va ) thu c kt
ta C v dung dch D. Lng KCl trong dung dch D nhiu gp 22/3 ln lng KCl c
trong A. % khi lng KClO3 c trong A l
A. 47,83%. B. 56,72%. C. 54,67%. D. 58,55%.
Hng dn gii
 to 3
KClO 3 KCl O2 (1)
2
to
Ca(ClO3 )2 CaCl2 3O 2 (2)
to
83,68 gam A Ca(ClO2 )2 CaCl 2 2O2 (3)
CaCl CaCl2
2

KCl (A ) KCl ( A )

h2 B

n O2 0,78 mol.

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:

m O2
mA = mB +
mB = 83,68 320,78 = 58,72 gam.
Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 0,18 mol K2CO3
CaCl 2 K 2CO3
CaCO3 2KCl (4)

0,18 0,18 0,36 mol
KCl KCl ( B)
Hn hp B ( B) hn hp D
m KCl ( B) m B m CaCl2 ( B)

58,72 0,18 111 38,74 gam

m KCl ( D ) m KCl ( B) m KCl ( pt 4)

38,74 0,36 74,5 65,56 gam

3 3
m KCl ( A ) m KCl ( D ) 65,56 8,94 gam
22 22

m KCl pt (1) = m KCl (B) m KCl (A) 38,74 8,94 29,8 gam.

Theo phn ng (1):

29,8
m KClO3 122,5 49 gam.
74,5
49 100
%m KClO3 (A ) 58,55%.
83,68 (p n D)
V d 6: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O2
(ktc) thu c CO2 v hi nc theo t l th tch 4:3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t
ca A. Bit t khi ca A so vi khng kh nh hn 7.
A. C8H12O5. B. C4H8O2. C. C8H12O3. D. C6H12O6.
Hng dn gii
1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O2 4a mol CO2 + 3a mol H2O.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
m CO2 m H2O 1,88 0,085 32 46 gam

Ta c: 444a + 183a = 46 a = 0,02 mol.

Trong cht A c:
nC = 4a = 0,08 mol
nH = 3a2 = 0,12 mol
nO = 4a2 + 3a 0,0852 = 0,05 mol
nC : nH : no = 0,08 : 0,12 : 0,05 = 8 : 12 : 5
Vy cng thc ca cht hu c A l C8H12O5 c MA < 203. (p n A)
V d 7: Cho 0,1 mol este to bi 2 ln axit v ru mt ln ru tc dng hon ton vi
NaOH thu c 6,4 gam ru v mt lng mi c khi lng nhiu hn lng este l
13,56% (so vi lng este). Xc nh cng thc cu to ca este.
A. CH3COO CH3.
B. CH3OCOCOOCH3.
C. CH3COOCOOCH3.
D. CH3COOCH2COOCH3.
Hng dn gii
R(COOR)2 + 2NaOH R(COONa)2 + 2ROH
0,1 0,2 0,1 0,2 mol
6,4
M R OH 32
0,2 Ru CH3OH.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
 meste + mNaOH = mmui + mru
mmui meste = 0,240 64 = 1,6 gam.
13,56
m mmui meste = 100 meste
1,6 100
11,8 gam
meste = 13,56 Meste = 118 vC
R + (44 + 15)2 = 118 R = 0.
Vy cng thc cu to ca este l CH3OCOCOOCH3. (p n B)
V d 8: Thu phn hon ton 11,44 gam hn hp 2 este n chc l ng phn ca nhau
bng dung dch NaOH thu c 11,08 gam hn hp mui v 5,56 gam hn hp ru.
Xc nh cng thc cu to ca 2 este.
A. HCOOCH3 v C2H5COOCH3,
B. C2H5COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5.
C. HCOOC3H7 v C2H5COOCH3.
D. C B, C u ng.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh tng qut ca hai este n chc ng phn l RCOOR .

RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH

11,44 11,08 5,56 gam
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
MNaOH = 11,08 + 5,56 11,44 = 5,2 gam
5,2
n NaOH 0,13 mol
40
11,08
M RCOONa 85,23
0,13 R 18,23

5,56
M R OH 42,77
0,13 R 25,77

11,44
M RCOOR 88
0,13
 CTPT ca este l C4H8O2
Vy cng thc cu to 2 este ng phn l:
HCOOC3H7 v C2H5COOCH3
hoc C2H5COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5. (p n D)
V d 9: Chia hn hp gm hai anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam H2O.
- Phn 2: Tc dng vi H2 d (Ni, to) th thu c hn hp A. em t chy hon ton
th th tch kh CO2 (ktc) thu c l
A. 1,434 lt. B. 1,443 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 0,672 lt.
Hng dn gii
n CO2 n H 2O
Phn 1: V anehit no n chc nn = 0,06 mol.
n CO2 (phn 2) n C (phn 2) 0,06
mol.
Theo bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng ta c:
n C (phn 2) n C ( A ) 0,06
mol.
n CO2 (A )
= 0,06 mol
VCO2
= 22,40,06 = 1,344 lt. (p n C)
V d 10: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v
Fe2O3 t nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam.
Kh i ra khi ng s cho hp th vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th thu c 9,062 gam kt
ta. Phn trm khi lng Fe2O3 trong hn hp A l
A. 86,96%. B. 16,04%. C. 13,04%. D.6,01%.
Hng dn gii
0,04 mol hn hp A (FeO v Fe2O3) + CO 4,784 gam hn hp B + CO2.
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 d BaCO3 + H2O
n CO2 n BaCO3 0,046 mol

n CO ( p. ) n CO2 0,046 mol

v
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
 mCO2
mA + mCO = mB +
mA = 4,784 + 0,04644 0,04628 = 5,52 gam.
n Fe2O3 y mol
t nFeO = x mol, trong hn hp B ta c:
x y 0,04 x 0,01 mol

72x 160y 5,52 y 0,03 mol

0,01 72 101
13,04%
%mFeO = 5,52

%Fe2O3 = 86,96%. (p n A)

MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP S DNG NH

LUT BO TON KHI LNG
01. Ha tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu
c 7,84 lt kh X (ktc) v 2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c
cn cn thn dung dch Z thu c lng mui khan l
A. 31,45 gam. B. 33,99 gam. C. 19,025 gam. D.
56,3 gam.
02. Cho 15 gam hn hp 3 amin n chc, bc mt tc dng va vi dung dch HCl
1,2 M th thu c 18,504 gam mui. Th tch dung dch HCl phi dng l
A. 0,8 lt. B. 0,08 lt. C. 0,4 lt. D. 0,04 lt.
03. Trn 8,1 gam bt Al vi 48 gam bt Fe2O3 ri cho tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm
trong iu kin khng c khng kh, kt thc th nghim lng cht rn thu c l
A. 61,5 gam. B. 56,1 gam. C. 65,1 gam. D.
51,6 gam.
04. Ha tan hon ton 10,0 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi (ng trc H trong dy
in ha) bng dung dch HCl d thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch sau
phn ng thu c lng mui khan l
A. 1,71 gam. B. 17,1 gam. C. 13,55 gam. D.
34,2 gam.
05. Nhit phn hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CaCO3 v Na2CO3 thu c 11,6 gam
cht rn v 2,24 lt kh (ktc). Hm lng % CaCO3 trong X l
 A. 6,25%. B. 8,62%. C. 50,2%. D. 62,5%.
06. Cho 4,4 gam hn hp hai kim loi nhm IA hai chu k lin tip tc dng vi dung
dch HCl d thu c 4,48 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui tan. Tn hai kim
loi v khi lng m l
A. 11 gam; Li v Na. B. 18,6 gam; Li v Na.
C. 18,6 gam; Na v K. D. 12,7 gam; Na v K.
07. t chy hon ton 18 gam FeS2 v cho ton b lng SO2 vo 2 lt dung dch
Ba(OH)2 0,125M. Khi lng mui to thnh l
A. 57,40 gam. B. 56,35 gam. C. 59,17 gam.
D.58,35 gam.
08. Ha tan 33,75 gam mt kim loi M trong dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c 16,8 lt
kh X (ktc) gm hai kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh c t khi hi so vi hiro
bng 17,8.
a) Kim loi l
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Al.
b) Nu dng dung dch HNO3 2M v ly d 25% th th tch dung dch cn ly l
A. 3,15 lt. B. 3,00 lt. C. 3,35 lt. D. 3,45 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 15,9 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch
HNO3 thu c 6,72 lt kh NO v dung dch X. em c cn dung dch X thu c bao
nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 77,1 gam. B. 71,7 gam. C. 17,7 gam. D.
53,1 gam.
10. Ha tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit
H2SO4 0,1M (va ). Sau phn ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn
dung dch c khi lng l
A. 6,81 gam. B. 4,81 gam. C. 3,81 gam. D.
5,81 gam.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. D
6. B 7. D 8. a-D, b-B 9. B 10. A