:

2

3-14

3

15-76

4

77-112

5

113-176

6

177-210

7

211 - 232

8

233-240

lisari team.

2015

:
2
 2

:
3
 2

1. ;

, == .

.

2. ;

xy
,
,


x = y= .
2

.

3. ;

,
,

, ..
xy yz
.

:
4
 , . , ,
.

4. ;
;

.

, ..
.

.

.
(
) .

5.
.

6. ;

,

.
.. xy xy'
yx' xy' .

:
5
7. .

8.
.

9.
.

10. ;
; ; ;
; ;
;

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6
 , .
.
1, , 2.

,

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,
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.
To


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,
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,
.

:
7


1.
.

i) AB, A, ,

, ,

ii) , , , ,
, , ,
, ,

2. , ,
= . = .

= + = + =

:
8
3. , .
,
= 2.

= 2
= 2
.
+ = 2 + 2
= 2( + )
= 2

4. ,
xOy
yOz ,
zOt
= yOt
xOz . xOy .
= zOt

= yOt
xOz
,
yOz

= yOt
xOz - yOz - yOz
.
= zOt
xOy

5.
.

xOy , yOz
O 1 , 2 .
1 1
1 4 1 = 2 = xOy 3 = 4 = yOz
23 2 2
1 1
z 1 2 = 2 + 3 = xOy + yOz
x 2 2
1 + yOz )
= ( xOy
y
1 2 2

:
9
6. ,

,


.
2

+
+
+
+
+


= = =
2 2 2
+

2
= =
=
2 2

7. .
1 2


;

8. (, R) (, ) R > .

, , , . = = .
.
= = R
= = R
=
= + = R +
= + = + R
=

:
10
9. ,
.
.
1 = 2 .
1 = 3 ( )
2 = 4 .

,
.

10.
80 . :
0

i)
ii) ( )

i) = =
+ = 180 (1)
= 80 (2)
(1) + (2) 2 = 260 = 130

(1) (2) 2 = 100 = 50

ii) = 130 = 50

11. 6 5 ,
.
;

6 6
. 90 = 6.18 = 108
5 5
, = 180 = 180 108 = 72 .

, , ,
90 , > 90 .

:
11
12.
. .

180 = 3 90
0
180 = 270 3
0

3 = 270 180
2 = 90 = 45

13.
20 . .

+ 20 = 90
2 = 70
= 35
90 35 = 55 .

14. , , ,
, , , ,
1, 2, 3, 4. .

= = , = , =,




2


1 2 3 4
3


4

+ + + = 360

+ 2 + 3 + 4 = 360
10 = 360
= 36
= 36 , = 2. 36 = 72 , = 3. 36 = 108 , = 4. 36 = 144 .

:
12


1. , , = .
.

2. , ,
, .
:

3. .

, :
1


2

4. ,


. : 2

5.
.
.

6.
.
, .

7. ,
, .
1
90
, 2

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13
 3

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14
 3

1.
;

.
, , ,
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,
.
, , , ,
,
,

,
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,
+ + ,
2.
++
=

2. ;

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: , .
, :
,
(.2)
,
(.3).
=
,
,
(.4).

:
15
3. ;

, ,

,
(.5),
,
(.6).




,
,
(.7).

4.
;

,
.



.


.

.


,
.

A
.
B .

:
16
 ,

.
,
, .
.

,
.

5. 1 .

(1 ):


, .

6. :
.
.

( =).
.
= ,
A1 = A2 (), ,
B = .

= ,
1 = 2.
1 + 2 = 180 1 = 2=
90,
.

:
17
7. .

=
=
=

=
= .
=

8.
.

.
=, 1 = 2 = 90 (),
, = .

9. ,
.

(,) .
= .
= (= ),
= (= ) = . ,
= .

10. 2 .

(2 ) :
,
.

:
18
 ''')
= '', B= B' = '.
= ''.
AB '', .. > ''.
, =
''. ''' =
'', = '' B= B', ()
, = '.
' = , = ,

< .

'', =''. , ,
'' = '', = ''
B = B', () .

11. 3 .

(3 ):
, .

''' = '', = '', = ''

. A= A.
.
x, Bx = B' ,
= ''. '''
, = '', = ''
B= B'.
= '' = A.
= '' '' = ,
, A1=1 (1).
, = '' '' = ,
A2= 2 (2).

A , (1) (2) A= .
= A, A= A, .

:
19
12. ,
, .

=
.
=, =, ()
, A1 = A2, 1 = 2.

.

13.
.

, ,
= .
,
,

.

14.
.

15. ,
, ,
,
.

:
20
 (,)
, = .
:
= (= ), = (= ) = ,
() . , = ,
= .
=

.

16. .

:

(),
(),
().

17.
.

x'x, x'x .
x'x,
.
x'x.
x'x
y xy = AM x
, = .
, x'x, x'x
, .
= 1 = 2,
,
x'x.
x'x . ,
, = 1 = 2, 1 = 2.
1= 90, 2 = 90, 1 + 2= 180
,, , ,
.

:
21
18.
;

, , 1 () 2
()
:
,
,
.
,

, .

19.
, .

'''
A = A'=90, = '' B = B'.
= ''.
'' , .. > ''.
, = ''.
''' = '',
= '' = ', ,
= ' = 90, .

( ).
''. = '',
''' ,
= '', = '' = '
().

20.
,
.

:
22

''' A = A' = 90,
= '' = ''.
B = B'. ''
',
= '' = ''.
''
''.
, , = '' = ''.
= '' = ''.
''' = '', = '' = '' (
''), , B = B'.
().

21.
.

:
= (
)
= ( )
1=2=90 ( )

(
) =
1=2
.

22.

.

(,),
,
.
(= = ),

,
1 = 2. 1 = 2 = .

:
23
23.
.

:
, :
.

.

24.
.

. ' (,) ,
.
, = = 90,
= (= ) = ( = ).
, = .
.
.
= = 90, = = ,
, AK =
AB/2 = /2 = .

25.

.

. xy .
MAOx MBOy.
A = B =
90, = , =
.
.
. MAOx MBOy
= .
, A = B = 90,
= = ,
.

:
24
26.
;

27.
;

, () .
.. :
,

.

,

.

, (
)
.

28. ;
;
180
;

, ' ,
'
.

,
'.

,

:
25
 ',
, .

.
A ,
, 180 ,
.

28. ,
;

, :

(.).

(.).

(.).

29. ;
;

;

, '
, '
.

'.
,
',
,
.

.

, ,
, ,
.

:
26
30. ,
;

(.).
x'x x'x x'x
(.).


(.).

(=)
(.).


(.).

31.
.
;

.
, ,
, = .
Ax A Ax = A.

: = , = 1 = 2,
= . A
A A >. A> B.
:
) .
) 180.

32.
.
;

:
27

> .
,
=.
B1 = 1 = .
B,
B > B1 1
, 1> . B >
> , B > .
. B > . >,
= < B = B< , .

:
(i) ,

.
(ii) ,
.
(iii)
, .

33.
;

:
.

. < +
' , , = .

,
= 1
1 < .
< ,
<
< + .
< + < + . ,
> - , > - , ,
. :

:
28
34. : ,
,

. To
,
, = .
. = .
, = .

35. :
:
(i) .
(ii) ,
.

(i) , .
, ,
> .
(ii) .

, , , .
,
,

.
> .
> . , ,
B
, B > = 1,
.
,
, >.
. > . = ,
= , . < <
> .

:
29
36.
;

(,R) x'x =
x'x . R :
> R, = R < R.
> R.
,
,
OM > OA > R. , x'x

.
= R.
,
x'x
(,R), > = R. , x'x


.
. ,
x'x (,R) . :

.
.
< R . .
x , = R.
, > = R.
x, , ,
, ,
, . x'
, '. , x'x .
x'x,

. .
:
>R, .
=R, .
<R, .

.

:
30
37.
.

(,) , , , .
= (= ) = (= ),
, , ,
.
, ,
.
:
.

38.
(,) ;

(, )
,
. ,
,


.

39. ,

.

A = = 90, = (=
), , = .
:
,
:
(i)
,
(ii)

.

:
31
40. ;
.

:

(i) (, )
(, R),
< R (.).
(ii) (, R) (, )
,
> R + (.).

(i) ,
(, )
(, R),
= R - (.).
(ii) ,
,
= R + (.).

.

, ,
R < < R + (.).

.

41.
.

(KR) (,) ,
. = = R,
.
= =
. ,

.

:
32

(, R)
(, ) , R = ,
.
, R = , = = .


.

42.
;

,

,


.

:
33


1. ,
= = . = .

. = .


1 2
=

2. , ,
= = .
.

,



1 1
=
=

( ) . = .
=
=

3.
.

, .

. = .


,

() . = =

:
34
4.

= = .

(-) . = .
1 2

5. .
, , = , = ,

= , .

1 2 () . = .

1

1
(1)

2 2
(2)

(1) + (2)

6. .
, , .
, .

=
. = .

=


=

:
35
7. .
, .
.

. = .

=
=


2 2

8.
i) ...............
ii) ................
iii) ..........
i) ........................

i)

ii)
iii) =
i) .

A
9. = , = A .

, :
i) = =
ii) = =

i) ( ) . = .

( ) . = . =

( ) . = . =

ii) ( ) . = . = = .

:
36
10. = , A A
.


: i) ii) = = .

i) ( ) . = .
ii) ( ) . = . = = .

11. .
.

, .
( ) = .
=
( ) = .
=
( ) = .

12.
.

, .


2 2
( ) . = . =

13. , , ,
, .

( ) . = . =

= =

. = .

:
37
 .
14. =
.

,
.
( ) . = . =
( ) . = .

15. .
,
.

i) =
ii) BAM BA M
iii)
iv) = = .

. = . A ,
, = .. .


1 1
i) ( ) . = . = =
ii) ( ) . = . A
1 1
iii) ( ) . = .
iv) iii) = =
(i) =
, = .

16. , ,
. ,

:
38

, .
, , .

=


,
,
.

17. ( = ).
.
= . :
i)
ii) .

i) =
.
ii)
.
. ,
= , = .
, . = . ,
:
= , B = AE
, .
18. .
.

i) B


A
5
4 30 o
4
ii) 59 o

3 3 3

5 5 30 o
5
iii) 59 o
3 3 3


.

i)

:
39
19. ,
, .

A = , .
. = .
, = .
=

20.
:
i)
ii)

i)
A
= ,
,

. = .
B , =
K

ii) A
,
. = .

, =

21.
.

,
, ,
.

. = . =

:
40
22. , ,
, .

A A'
.
. = .


B '
' = .

=

23. ( = )
. :
i)
ii)
.
,

i) . = .
12
, 1 2
.
=
ii) . = .


.

24.
, .

. = .


2 2 1 1
( ) . = .

=
( ) . =

:
41
25.
, .

. = . = =
. = . .
( ) . = .

1) .
26. (
, .
.
. = .

, .
1 2
= = (1)

. = .
, = 1 2
= (2)
(1) + (2) = . .

27. (, R), ,
. ,
:
i)
ii) MA = M =

i) =
. = .

ii) i) MK = M (1)
= = = (2)
(1) + (2) =
(1) (2) =

:
42
28. . A
.
.
i)
ii) A ,
,
, .
iii) N EE = =

i)
= (1)
A
= (2)

E Z 1 (3)
(1) , (2), (3) . = .
ii)
= (1)
A
= (2)
E Z 1 (3)
(1) , (2), (3) . = .
iii) i) = = x
. = . , .
= + x = A x 2 x = A (4)

. = . , . .
= = y
ii) = + =
+ y = y
2 y = (5)

(4) , (5) x = y =
2
= + +
= x + + y = 2 x + BA
= A + =
= = y x
= 2 x = A ( ) = .

29. ,
,
.

:
43


=
+ + = + +
+ = + (1)

=
=
(1) = = A A
. = . (2)
. 1 (3)
(3)

2
1

2
(2)
. = . = .

30. .
i)
.......................................
ii)
............................................

i)

ii)
.

31. ,
.

.
= (
)
( , ).

M
.
(, ), A1 , A 2
,
.

32. (,R).
, = , ,
.

:
44

.
=
= 2 R ( M
O 2 R)
M ( O, 2R).

(, 2R).

33. : , , , , , ,

34. . , ,
, , ,
.

.
.

= . .
= =
. = .

y xAy
35. xA ,
, xAy , xA
y = xAy
.

x
y.
, ,
, x,
y .
= .

= =
. = .

:
45
36. ,
, .

=
=

. = .

37. .

.
xOy

x.

A
y .

x y ,

.

.

38. , .

, :
i) =
ii) , , .

i) =
=
=

O
ii) O O O
1 2 3 4
,
O
O + O O = O O +O O

1 2 3 4 2 2 3 3

= 2 O 2 + 2 O 3
= 2 ( O 2 + O 3 )
= 2. 90 = 180 .

:
46
39. , :
i) > ii) +

(i)
.
> 1. 1
, 1 > . > .
(ii)

:
+ +

40. .
:
(i) ,
(ii) ,
(iii) ,
.

.
.
( = , = , 1= 2
). = (1) 1 = .
1 = = (2), ,
1 = 2= . (1) (2)
=.

, = .

41. ,
.

'''
= '', = '' > ' .
B > ''. > ',
Ax , x = '.
x , = ''.
''' ().
, = ''.
,
, = .
,

<+=+= < =< <
. ''' = '', =
'' > ''. =', = '', ',
'' > '.

:
47
42. , ,
' .
(i) ,
+ = ' + '. +
;
(ii) , , .
,
. ,
;

(i) '
, ',
= ' 53
+ = ' + (1).
'
',
' + > ' (2),
''
' + = ' (3).
(1), (2) (3)
+ = ' + '
+
', = 0,
0 '.
(ii) (i).

43.
. = 7, . = 1, . 1< < 7, . >7, . 0<<1

.

4 3< < 4 + 3 1 < < 7

3
44. = = ;
3 5
.

3 14
+= <
3 5 15

:
48
 . B 900 .
45. B1 1 1

B (1)
1 1

B . (2)
1 2

(1) + (2) 2
1 1 2
180
2 0

1

900
1

46. = ,

= . ;

= (1)
1 1

(2)

(2) (1) 2 2
. =

,
.
.
.

47. .
i) ;
ii)
.

< 180 2 < 180 < 90 .

i)

=
ii)
.
,
,
.

:
49
48. x .
,

, ,

.

1
, .

>
1

49. ,
< .

.

1


1
,

>

50. ( = 90),
. < .

= (1)

.
. < (2)
(1), (2) <

:
50
51. .
.
= = .

( ) . = .

B (1)
1 1

. B (2)
2 2

(1) + (2) , . .
B

52. ( = ) , ,
. ,
, .

:
, B
B ,

1 2 1 2

. =
B 2 2

( ) . = .
=

53. ( = )
, . :
i)
ii) .

i) . I =
2 2
ii) ( ) . = .


1 2

:
51
54. 1 , 2 , 3 7, 6
10 km . 1
1 2 3 1 1 .
48 km.
;

K1K 2 1 2
K
2 K1K 2 7 6 K1K 2 13
6 K 2 K 3 16
7 10 K 3K1 17
K
+
1 2 2 3 31 < 46
K 3
1

48 < 46 .

.
55. ,
2

;
2 2

.

1 2 < 1
2
.
<
2
+




,
2



2

56. < .

,
( = ) .

2 1

:
52
57. < .

i)

ii)
2 2
iii) 2

i) =
= .

() . = .
= <
(1)
1

< , . 2 (2)

(1), (2)
1 2

ii) :
2.


2 2
iii) ii) 2. (1)
2. (2)
2. (3)
(1) + (2) + (3)
2 2. 2. 2.

2.

58. (,R) .

i)
.
.
< < +
< < +
< <

ii) = <

iii) < =

:
53
59. . ,
:
i) A = 2.
ii) <

,
.

i)
,
=
= 2. = 2.

ii)
= (1)
. < +
< +
<

60. (,R) , . = 2
< 2

.
= =

< +
< 2

61.
. (: 180 )

.
>
.
O O .
1 2
,
,
>

> . : .
,

:
54
62. .

i) + + + >
2
ii) + + + ;

i) . : + >

. : OB + O >
. : + >
. : + >



2 ( + + + ) > + + +

+ + + >
2

ii) ,
+ >
, + =
+ (1)
+ (2)
(1) + (2) + + + +
, , + + + +
.

63. ( < )
= = .
. :
i)

ii) .

i) ( ) . = .
E 1 B

1

. E B
1
3 2
2 2

E 3 B

3

3
21

.

ii) , M ,
, . , ,
, .

:
55
64.
. :
i)
ii) + > + + > +
iii)

i) T. : < + (1)
. : < + (2)
(1) + (2) 2 < 2 < (3)
< (4)

ii) . : + > (5)

. : + > (6)
(5) + (6) + > + (7)
+ > + (8)

iii) (3) + (4) + < 2 (7) + (8) 2 ( + ) > 2

+ >

65. xOy
x, Oy , .
2..

x
y

= =
= =
O O O O

1 2 3 4
O
O +O O =
1 2 3 4
O
O + O O =
2 2 3 3

2 O 2 + 2 O 3 =
2 (O O ) = 2. 90 = 180
2 3
, ,

< + + + < + +
+ < 2
2 < 2

:
56
66. ,
, .
i) E < EB
ii) E < B

i) ,
< ,
< (1)

ii) B BE, B
< ,
< (2)
(1) (2) < < <

67. .
,

,
< ,
<

68. ,
.
i) .
ii) ,
;

i) ,
=
.

, x ,
, < ,
<

, = 0 <
ii) x , = = .
, , x.

:
57
69. = = ;
.

70. , ,
, ,

.
( ) ( )

i) =

ii)

iii) H OM , ,

i)

,

i) =

ii)

iii) H OM , ,

i)
,

:
58
71. ,
.

72. (, ), 1 , 2
, . 1 , 2 ,
= 90
,

.

.

.
,
,
.

73. (,R)
.
, .
.

=
= =

+ + = + +
= 2

:
59
74. ,
, .

(, )
=
, ,
=

(--) . = .
=
=
=

75. (,R) ,
. .

.

2 3
,

1 2

=
1 2 3
= 3
3

76. ,
.
= .

. = .
,
=
.

=

:
60
77. .
, , . :
(i) .
(ii) .

(i) () .
(1).
,
, (1)
,
().
(ii) .
= , ()
= , ().
= .

,
,

.

78. (, R) ( , )
R > , = ,
.

. (, ) 1. > R+
(,R)
. (, ) 3 2. =R+
(, R)
. (, ) (, R) 8 3. = R

. 2 4. < R

. 1 5. 2 = R

6. <<R

7. 2 = R

8. R < < R +

.4 .3 .8 .2 .1

:
61
79. ( ) ( )
.

i)
ii)
iii)

i) .
ii) .
iii) .

80. (, ) (, 2)

i) =
2
ii) K =
iii) = 2
iv) = 3
v) = 4

R 2 R1 2
R 2 R1 2 3
i) < R 2 R1 (, ) (, 2)
ii) = R 2 R1
iii) R 2 R1 < < R 2 R1
iv) = R 2 R1
v) > R 2 R1 .

81. (,) .
. ;

= =
2 2

R1 R 2 =
2 2
= R1 R 2

:
62
82. .
(, ) .
;

= 2 . = =

= =
A 2

3
= + = + = (1)
2 2
3
R1 R 2 = + = (2)
2 2
(1) (2) = R1 R 2

83. (,R) , < 2R.

(, 2R). :
i) (, 2R) (, )
ii) (, R)

iii) (, R).

= R 1 = R

= R 2 = 2R

= R 3 < 2R

i)

R 2 R1 < < R 2 R1

2R R < O < 2R + R
R < < 3R
ii) (,R)
, . .
iii) = 2R = R ,
(, ), , .
(,R) .

:
63
84. O1 , R1 O2 , R 2
O1O2 R1 R 2 2R 2 .

i) N .
ii) ( O1 ) , ( O 2 )
, , , , . N
, ,
( O1 ) ( O 2 ) .

i) O1O2 R1 R 2
.
R1 R 2 2R 2 R1 R 2
ii) O1O 2 O1 A + AB + B O 2
O1M MN NO2 O1A AB BO2
1 2 MN AB

AB A O1 + O1 O 2 + O 2 B
AB O1 M + O1 O 2 + O 2

85. .

= 90
.

, .

, ,


.

86.
;

87. ;

:
64
88. ;

89. 45

90

90. .

, .

91. .

.

=
.
(, )
(, )
, ,

()
= .
(, ) (, )
.

.

= (, ) =
(, ) .

= .
.

.
, .
,
, .
.

:
65
92.
.

= , = = .
= ,
.
= ,
(, ).

= . .
.
(, ),
.
( )
.

=
,
= , . .
, = , .

,
, . = . ,
.

93. A = 90 ,
i) AB = =
ii) AB = =
, , .

.
i) xAy
x = .
y =

,

.

, .

:
66
 ii) xAy .
x = .
(, ),
x .
, :

=
= .
(, ), y,
>

94. = , =
= 2. i) = .ii)
+
.

i) = .
.
( ) . = . = =
+ = 2 + = 2
+ = 2. = = =
ii) , ,
,
.

95.
,
. = = .

=
. =
= (1)
= (2)
.= .
1 2

(3)
(1), (2), (3) . =
= .

:
67
96. , ,
(, R), < >
,
,
.
:
AB < BE OK > O
.
AB < BE < ( )

(
1 1

)) 2 > 2 ( ,
)
1 1
> ( ).

97. , ,
, , , = = . , ,
, , .

() . = . = .

1 1 1 2 2 2

() . = . = .


. .

98. < 1 = 2.

< .
2

.
= = .

.
( ) . = .
< 1
1

2 > 1
. > .
,
, < ,


. < 1 =
2

:
68

99. = = .
2 2
= 1.

.
= = .
.
1 = 2 =
( - ) . = .
=
2 = .
.
= 1, = 1.

100. ,

, .

,
= , =
=

,
.
( ) . = .
. = .
= = =

( ) . = . .
= = .
( ) . = ..

:
69


1. () () :

1.
2.

3.

4.
, .
5. ,
.
6. ,
.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.
11.
.
12.

13.


14.
15.
16.

:
70
 17.

.
18. ,
.
19.
.

2. , = ,
, .

3.
, = .
.

4. = . :
)
) .

5. = , =
. .

6.
, = . ,
.

7.
. .

8. .
.

:
71
9.
,
.

10.
.

11. .
.

12. ,
.

13. ( )
= = .
,
. .

14. . >
2

15. , .

.

16. , .
:
)
) .

:
72
17. .
.
. :
) =
)

18. =
. = .

19. ,
. , .
.

20.
= . .

21. ,
= = .

.

22. .
, = , =
= . : .

23. .
.

24. = = .
.

:
73
25. .
, .
; .

26. ( = ), ,
,
. :
)
) =

27. .
, :
) =
)
)

28. , .
:
) .
) .

29. .
.
. :
) =
)

30. ,
.
.

:
74
 :
75
 4

:
76


1. ;
;

1 2,
, :
i) (.),
ii) (.),
iii) (.).
1 2
, :
1 2
.
1 2 , 1//2.

2. :
,
.

= . 1, 2 ,

, . 1//2.

3. :
,
.

1//2 . .. = .
, x xAB
. x//2

.
2, . = .

4. :

:
77
 ,
.

i) ,
ii)
.

5. : 1 2
,
, 1// 2//, 1//2.

1 2 ,
, .
1//2.

6. 1
2 ,
. ;

1 .
2, //2
2, .
2.
:
, .

7. :
2
,
. ;

:
78

1 ,2 + 2.
1 2 , +
2 . 1 2 ,
,
. , ,

A1 > A1= 2- + > 2,
. 1,2
.
:
,
.

8.
;

',
.
'


.
,


. A = //,
, .
'.

9.
, ,
,
.

:
79

xAy x'y'
x//x' y//y',
, .
x' By'
x y .

.

:
.
.

, .

:

, ,
,

.

10. 1 2 .

(i) .
(ii) .

i) x, By A
.
= A/2 = /2.
A = ( ).
= .

x By . x//By.
(ii) z A, z x (
). x//By, Az By.

:
80
11.
;

.



.

12.
,
.

, , ,
. x y ,
,
.

, =.
=,
.
=, . ,
(O,OA)
.

13.
;

,
.

, ,

.

:
81
14.
,
.

.
I
+ = /2 + /2 < + < 2

, = .
,
= .
A.
, .

, .

15.
;

.



.
a
.

, , , ,

:
82
16. :

,

.

x y
,
. x y I,
:
x + y = /2 + /2 = 2 - ( + )/2 < 2.
,
.
A,
.

17. 2
.

, .. ,
xy//B. = (1) = (2),
xy
.
+ A + = 2 (3). (1), (2)
(3) : A + + = 2

18.
: 2

:
i)
.
ii) , ,
.
iii)
.
iv) 60.

:
83

i) A + B + = 2 + = 2,

A + B + = + = A + B.
ii) - iv) .

19.

xy = x''y'=
xO'x' OyO'y'.

' A = B =1
1 = 2 ().

,
= .

20. i)
.
ii)
.

i) , ( ) + =2,
' + = 2, =', = .
ii) , ( ) + = 2, + = 2 ,
= .

20
- 2-4 .

,

.
2 .
1+2+3+ ... + = 4 :
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + = (2 - 4) .

:
84
 .
12...
, ..
1 .
-2 ,
, 12
1 1,
. -
2 2(-2)=(2-4)
, : 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + = (2 - 4)
.

21
4 .

:
85


1. 1 2 .

(i) .
(ii) .

i) x, By A
.
= A/2 = /2.
A = ( ).
= .
x
By . x//By.

(ii) z A, z x (
).
x//By, Az By.

2. :

,
.

x y
,
. x y
I, :
x + y = /2 + /2 = 2 - ( + )/2 <
2.

, .
A,
.

:
86
3. i)
;
ii) T ;

i) , = =
ii) , + = 180 =

4.

= 360 245 =115

= 115 + 65 =180 ||

5. = 120 = 60 + xx ||

+ = + = 120 + 60+ = 180 xx ||

:
87
6. 5

i)
ii)
iii)

i)

)

7.
i) ;
ii) ;
iii) ;
i) ;

8.
, .
.

|| 1
(1)
1

. (2)
(1), (2) 1 1
,

9. x y .
x y ,
.

|| x
1 1

2 1

. .
1 2

:
88
10. x y . y
, x .
= .

( )
2

1 ( )

1 2

. =

11. ( = ) .
(, ) ,
.

= ()
1

=
1

12. ,
= = .
.

(--) . = .

:
89
13. (, ) . x .
x .

x
x

14. ( = ) .
x
= .
.

x
x (1)
1
= = .
(2)
2

(1) (2)
1 2

15. .
// .
= +

=

2 1 1


1 2

1
. =

:
90
16. < x.
x .
= .

=
1 1
x
1 1 1 2


1 2

1 1

17. ,
.

= +

I B

1 2

B B
1 2

I1 B1 .
= (1)
= (2)
(1) + (2)
+ = + = +

18. // //.
.

I B

1 1

B B
1 2

I1 B
.
2

= (1)
= (2)

(1) + (2) + = + + + = + +
. =

:
91
19. ,
Bx. . (, )
, (, ) x ,
//.

// .

B
= () Z
1 2

B B
1 2

Z B
1 1
,
//
//

20.
x y. ,
x, y , = = .
.

//x y
2 1 ( )
= 1 1

2 1



.

:
92
21. <

, .
= .

//
1

2 1
. .
2

(1)
// ..
(2)
(1) (2) =

22. < .
,
.
i) .
ii) + =

iii) A ) = =
2

) = =
2

i) // 1
1 1 2


1 2

1

1
. =

ii) BE + = + + =
= + =

:
93
 iii) ,
.
(--) . = .
= (1) i) 1


2

.
2

= (2) (1) (2) =

(ii) 2 BE = AB + A


2
2
= = - = =
2 2 2

23. A
. , x//.

(i) = = = .
A = + = 2, A/2 =
A1 = = . x//,
.
(ii) x// A1 = ( )
A2 = ( ).
= ( A1 = A2), = .

24.
.
(i) 90 + A/2 .
(ii)
A/2.
(iii) 90 - A/2.

I.



.
(i) :

+ 1 + 1 = 180 = 180 - 1 - 1

= 180 - /2 /2

:
94
 = 90 + 90 - /2 /2

= 90 + A/2

( A2 + 2 + 2 = 90). (1)

(ii) .
: = 90 = 90 + (2) ( ).

(1) (2) = A/2. (3)

(iii) I = 90, + = 90 = 90 - . (4)

(3) (4) = 90 - A/2.

25.

=180 120 = 60
= 50 + 60 = 110

,
26. = x

= 110 =70 ,

= 180 2 = 180 140 = 40

27.
;

:
95
28. 60

= 60
=180 2 =180 120 = 60



= 60
2 = 180 = 120

= 60 ,
, .

29.
.180 . 270 . 360 . 540 .
.

,
360 .

2
30.
3
. ( ).

= 90
2 2
B = , B = 90 = 60 = 90 - B = 90 60 = 30
3 3
2
=
3
2 2
B = , B = ( 90 B )
3 3
3 B = 2 ( 90 B )
3 B = 180 2 B
5 B = 180
B = 36 = 90 B = 90 36 = 54

31. ( = ) = .
2
.
,

:
96


= 90 +
. (1)
2

= B = 2 (2)
2
. B = (3)
(2),(3)
+ B + = 180 + 2 + 2 = 180 5 = 180 = 36
= 90 + 18 = 108
(1)

32. B . = 144
.

= + B 144 = 3 B + B 144 = 4 B B = 36
= 180 - = 180 144 = 36
B = . =

33. ( = 90 ) .
B = = .

34. = = x = 108 .
.

= A 2
108
2 1 1
1 = + A 2 = + = 2
1
= 2
1

180 0
1 1
2 2 1800
1800 4

1 1

A 2 + 1 + 108 = 180
+ 180 4 + 108 = 180
3 = 108 = 36

:
97
35. 900 , , //.
20 , .

: = + 20
+ = 90
+ 20 + = 90

2 = 70
=35 = 55

// = = 55 = 1 = = 45
2
36. 900 .
.

.
( 2 4) 90 = 900 2 4 = 10 2 = 14 =7

900 . =
37.
2

900
900 2
2 1800

1800 2

2 2
180 180 2
=
0 0

38. .

i)

900 ,
ii) 900

2 2

A
i) A1 = A 2 =
2
1
A
1 = + (1)
2
A
2 2 = + (2)
2
(2) (1) 2 1 =

ii) H (1) 1 = + 90
0 0 0
= 90 + = 90
2 2 2 2 2
2

:
98
39. .

= .

2

-
=

1

= A
1 2
1 = 90 .

E = A ( 90 )

2
A
= 90 + =
2
A

= + =
2 2 2 2 2
40. ,


,
2

= 180 = 180 A
1 1
2 2
360
0

=
2

360 ,

= =

2 2

41.
2
.

1800 2 1800 (1)
. : 90 1
0

(1) + 2 ( 90 ) = 180
0
1

+ 180 2 1 = 180

= 2 1

:
99
42. ( A = 90 )
.
.

. :

B
E1 = E 2 = 90 - B1 = 90 (1)
1 1 2
2 2 . :
1
B
Z1 = 90 - B 2 = 90 (2)
2
(1) (2) E1 = Z1 . .

43. ( A = 90 ). B
, .
=

. :
B
H = 90 - B1 = 90 - (1)
2 1 2
2 . :
1 B
Z1 = Z 2 = 90 B 2 = 90 (2)
2
(1) (2) H = Z1 . .

44. ( = )
. , , = .
.

2
900

=
1

= 1 .


= 2 1 1 (1)
1 2
2 2

= . + = 180
2
+ 2 = 180 2
1800


900

(2)
2
(1) + (2) 2 900

:
100
 .
45.
, .



2

. B1 = 90 1



1 1 = + 1 = +
2



1 1 B1 = 90 ( + ) =
2


= + + =
2 2 2 2

= =
2 2 2

46.
= .
, , = . ,
, .

, .

1 + + 2 = 180
1 + 2 = 90 = 90

B


B = 2 1 1 = (1)
2

= 2 + 2 + 1 = 180

2 2 = 180 1 2 = 90 1 (2)
2
1 = B

(2) 2 = 90 (3)
2
(1) + (3) 1 + 2 = 90

:
101
47. ( = ) .
, .
i) B = ii) >

i) 1 =
. : 1 = 90 -
. : = 90 -
: =
1 =

ii) .
> , 2 > 1 .
, , 2 = 90 , 1 .

, 1 .
, 1 .

48. ,
= =
. i) AZ = AH ii) AZ AH

i)

1
, .


1
= =
1
,

,

1 1
.
, . , 1 1
.
ii) . = . 1 =
, .
. , 1

:
102
49.


. =
2

= 180 - 1 -
2

1 = +
.
2

= 180 ( + )
1 2 2


=
2 2 2

2

= =
2 2
50. 1 , 2 .
1 2 ,
. , ;
|| .
,
1 x + y = 180 .
+ x + = 180 (1)
+ y + = 180 (2)
(1) + (2) 2 + 2 + x + y =360
x


x + y =360 2 ( + )
y 2


+ = 90 1 2
x + y =360 2. 90
x + y = 180
51. A = 60 .
=
B .

. = A + 1

= 60 +
B
2

. = + 1
1
1 = + .

2



60 + = + 60 = +
2 2 2 2
120 =
, A = 60.

:
103
52. ,
1
, = = .
3
.


= = 60 = 60 ,

2
= =
3
1
= , .
3
M , .,
.

53. ( = 90 ) .
x ,
. = .

. = ..

= ( ),
= .

K .

=
. = . (

x = ) = .

54. A = = 90 = .
= . .

1 = 3 ,

2
3 . = .
,
1 = .
3
1 2
1
1 = 2 + 2
= 90 3 + 90 3
= 180 3 3 =

:
104
55. < . :
i) To = .
ii) = .
iii) = .

i)

90 < 90 ( .
, )
. < <

ii) >
.
=
( ) . = .
= =

. = <
< =


iii) i) < = (1)
2

ii) > = (2)
2
(1) (2)
= .

56. 1 , 2 , 3 , , .

1 2 3 .

1 2 3
1 1
2 , 3
, , .
() . 1 = . 1 (1)
= =
= .
..

:
105
 (, ) .
1 2 3 ,

2 3 3 1 , 1 2

(1) 1 = 1 2 = 2 , 3 = 3 (2)

1 2 180 0 1800
(2) 1 2







3 1800 1 3 180
0




1 2 1 3

180

1
0

2 3 180 2 3 180
0 0


2 3

2 = 3 = 90.



2 3

1800

2 3

57. , (, )
( , ). , , , ,

(, ) ( , ) , , .

: i) AZ = AE = , = = , = =
ii) = = iii) = = , =

i) = , = , =

.
+ + = 2

+ + + + + = 2

+ + + + + = 2

2 + 2 + 2 2
+ + =

+ = = =

= =
= =
ii) = , = , = .
+ + = 2
+ + = 2
+ + = 2
2 + = 2 = =
iii) = = ( ) = + = =
= = ( ) = + = + = .

:
106


() () :

1.

2.

3.
. :
4. i.
5. ii.
6. iii.

7. ,

8. ,
.
9. ,
.
10. 2

11. 6

12.

13.
.
14.
2 + 4 .
15.
4 .

:
107
 16.
17.

18. ,

19. ,

2. :
i. // ii. // , // , //




75 o
70o


70 o

3. xOy .
// ,
y. .

4. () () .
, = .

:
108
5. x 20 , B 2 x 10
3x 70 . :
) .
) ,
.

6. ,
. = ,
.

7. = .
, // .

8. xOy .
y.
OAB , Oy .
y .
.

9. 1 2
.
.

10. ( = ) .
.
= .

11.
.
.
= + .

:
109
12. =
, . // .

13. .
.

.

14. ( = ) .
.
.

15. B 60 = 2 .
.

16. ,
.
.

17. 90 .
, 45 .

18. .

. .

19. 90 .
= , .

:
110
20. .
(, ).
:
)
) M
.

) 45
2
) 2

:
111
 5

:
112
 5
O -

1. ;
; ;

,
.
, ,
.

.

2. .

.

, // //.

3.

:
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .

:
113
 i), ii)
,
:
1 = 1 = ( ).
.
2 = 2 = ( ).
, ,
=
= . A = = = + .
iii)
, . :
=
1 = 1 = ( ).
A1 = 1 = ( ).
, , ,
= = .

4.
;

:

.

:

.

5. ;
;

,
.

:
114



,

.

6.
;

:
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv)

.
,

,
.
(i) = = .
,
, = , =
. 1 = 1 =
2 = 2 = , // //,
.
(ii) // = .
, = , 1 = 1 =
. , (i),
.
(iii) = = = =
+ + + = 4 2 + 2 = 4
+ = 2. , + = 2,
// + = 2, // ,
.
(iv) = = . ,
. , (i), //
// , .

:
115
7. ;

: ,
.

8.
;

:
.

,
(
),
.

9. .

.
.
(A = = 90, , = ),
=

10.
.

:
116

,
:
(i)
.
(ii)
.
(iii) .
(iv) .

(i) .
(ii) = .
( = , = , ), A = .
A + = 2, A = = 1. ,
.
(iii) ,
4.
(iv) , .

11.
;

:
.


.

12. .

(i) .
(ii) .

.
,
A.
A.
.

:
117
13.
.

,
:
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv) .

(i) (ii)
.
(iii) .
,
. ,
, .
, = .
.
(iv) A.
( ),
.

14. ;

:

.

15. ;

. ,
:
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .
(iv) , ,
.

:
118
16.
.

,
.

,
:
(i)
.
(ii)
.
(iii) .
(iv)
.
(v) .
(vi) .

17.

:
.

, , .
// B/2 .
EZ = .
,
. = // ,
= // , = .
, :
(i) // //
(ii) // 2 = = /2 .

:
119
18.

.

:
,
.

.
.
. Z
,
,
// . , ,
, . .

19.

;

: ()
,
.

1, 2, 3
1 , ,
,
(.22). 2
1, 2, 3 , , ,
= .
// .
, = (1) = (2).
// .
, = (3) .
(1), (2) (3) = .

:
120
20.

1 2
1 2,
.
1 2.

1 2
= ,
1 2.

1 2,
1 2 , = = /2 .
, 1 2,
+ = = , =
= /2 .

(// = , // = ), // 1, 2. ,
.

21.

, , ,
, , , .
.
.
,
=// /2 (1)
=// /2 (2)
(1) (2) = // ,
.
:
.

:
121
22.
.

x
, , .
, ,
.
, = = .

23.
;

:
2/3
.

.
.
i) = .

, E =// /2 (1).
=// /2 (2).
(1) (2) // //
, (3).
, = . ,
, ( )
.
ii)
= = 2 , = 2 = 2.
(1) (3) = 2 = 2 = 2.
(2) (3) = 2. , ,

. = + = 2 +
= 3. = 1/3, = 2/3.
= 2/3 = 2/3.
:

.
.

:
122
24.
;

: ,
, ,
.

, ,
,
.

, : = = ,
= = = = .
, ,
.

,
. , ,
.
,
, , .
, ,
,
( , )
. ,
,
. .
: ,
,

:
123
25. ;

: , , ,

,

, .
.. ,
. ,
,
.

26.
.

:
.

( = 90)
. = /2.
.
,
// . ,
. ,
, = ,
= /2 .

:
,
.

.
= /2
.
= , 1 = (1)
= , 2 = (2).
(1) (2) 1 + 1 = + ,
= + . + + = 2 ,
2 = 2 = 1.

:
124
27.
30 60

: 30,
.

( = 90)
= 30 .
= /2.
= 30, = 90 - 30 = 60.
2 = = 60,
.
= = /2 .
, = /2 ,
= 30.

, = /2= =
( = /2).
, = 60.
= 90 - 60 = 30.

28. . ;
;

:

.


.


.

.

:
125
29.
;

:
.

, , :
+
i) // , E = 2 (1).

( // ) ,
.

.
:
//, E = /2 (1).
//,
= /2 (2).

i) // , ( ).
ii) (1) (2)
+
K + KZ = 2 + 2 E = 2

30.
.

. , ,
// ,
= /2 (3).
,
,
// , . (1)

(3) : - = = - = ( > ).
2 2 2

:
126
31. ;

32.

, :
(i)
.
(ii) .

(i) (// =).

.
=
( = 90, = = = ), = .
+ = 180 + = 180 (
), = .
(ii) ( = ,
=
), = .

33
.

,
.
(i)
.
(ii) .

:
127
34. :
i)
,
ii)
.

i) (//)
.
, A1 = 1 = (
).
ii) ,
.
//.
, ,
.

35. ;

,
, .

36. ; ;
;

:
.
(,)
.
. I
I
I ,
.
.
.
. .

:
128
 -

1.
;

1

2

3


4

+ =180
5



6

90+ +90 =180

2.
;

i)
ii)
iii)
i)
)

:
129
3. .

75 180
105
=105

75
=75

4.

+ = 180 = 2

3 =180 = 60 = 120

5.
i)
ii)
iii)
v)

i)
ii)
iii)
v)

:
130
6. . .
= .

1 = 2
2 || 1 = 2
1
1 = 1
1 . =

E , / =
= .

7. .
, = ,
.

,
.

8. ,
.
i)
ii) , , .

i)
= || = ||

ii)
, .

, ,
.
, , .

:
131
9. .
.
, =

/,
=
, , = ,
,
1 = 2 .

2
1
1 = 2 .

1 1

10. ( = )
. // ( ) // ( ).
+ =
/,


=
, , =
,
1 = .
1

=
1 = .
|| 1

11. . //
( ). //

+ =180
.
. 1 .
1 .
. = .
1 = 1 ,
1 = 1 , ,
= ,
= . ,
, .

:
132
12. .
= = .
, .

/
= || = ||
/ // (1)

/
= // = //
/ // (2)
(1), (2) .

13. .
, = = .
: i) AH = AZ ii) ,
.

/
= // (1)

/
= // (2)
(1) (2) i) AH = AZ
ii) , //

14. ,
.
,
.
,
.

,
.

, = = .
.
, , (, )
.

:
133
15. , ,
, , , = = .

i)
ii) , , .

= /
, .

= /
, .

i) , ( ), /
ii) , , .

16.
= ,
= 90.
= . Z

, 1 =
2 =


1 = 2


2 3

1 4 3 = 4

.

17. .
= = .
, .
.


1 + + 2 = 180
2 = + 1 .

1 . 1 =

= 2 1 1 = (1)
Z
2

2 = (2)
2

:
134
 = , + = 180 . (3)

(1), (2), (3) 1 + + 2 = + + = + = 180 .
2 2

18. ( = ) .
= .
.

,
.
1 =
. = = .
, =
/,
.

19. , ,
.
,
.

, , ,
.
.
.
= =
= .
/ =
=

. ,
.

.
= .
, .
, .
.
, ,
, ,
.

:
135
 ,
i)

,
, =

, .

ii) ,
, :
,
= = ,
,
, = ,

20.
i) , ii) , iii) , ;

i) () , ,
.
() , ,
,
(). .
()

:
136
ii) (),
.

iii) (), ,

() .
()
.
21.
i) ii)

i)
)
)
)
)
ii)
)
)
)
) .

22.
; i) , ii) , iii)

i) 4
ii) 4
iii)

23. ,

i)
ii)
iii)

i) : ,
: ,

ii) : ,
:
,
iii) :
:
, .

:
137
24. x
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

i) . x
ii)
iii) x
iv) . x

25. .
.

,
.
26. = 2 . ,
,
.

,
= 2 =

,
,
.

27. ,
, .
A ,

1
180 900
0

1 1
1 2 2 2 2

A
, , = 90

900 .
.

:
138
28. , ,
.

/ ,
.
: =
,
= .
= , / .
: .
,
= .
=

29. .
, = = = . .

:
, /
,
, .
.

30. . , ,
, , , = = = .
.

,
K .
1 2 3
. K 1 = 1 =
1

, .

1 + 3 = 90
K 1 + 3 = 90 .

K 2 = 90
.
, , , .

:
139
31. , .
, .
, .

1

1


1 2 1

2 =
1 = , .
1
/.

,
= .
, / .

32.
, = .
i) = ii) AZ

i)
2
1 ,
= 1 = 1

ii) 1 + 2 = 90
1 1 + 2 = 90
, . = 90,
. AZ

33. , .

, .

.
= (1)


=// /
// (2)

=// /

// (3)
(2) (3) /. (1) .

:
140
34. ,
, .

.

= =
, ,
=
N
K ( ).
= .

35. B = 45.

( ).
.

,

1 = 1 = B = 45 ( )
=
=

, , ,
.
1 = 45 , =
= .

36. .
, = .

1 = 2 + 3
12 3 2 = 1
1 = 1 + 3

1
1 1 ,

1 = 1 + 1 .
1 + 1 = 1 + 3 , 1 = 3 ,
.

:
141
37. :
i)
(
).
ii) ,
, , (
).

i)
MK, ,

+ =

( )
=

, , = .

, .

NM ( ) =
.
, , , = .

ii)
MK, ,

. = (1)

i) .,
+ = (2) (
)
(1) + (2) + + =

:
142
38. x

x2
() : x 2x = x + 2 x=2
2

() : x =1,5 2,5 =5
2
(): x = 3,5 =3
(): x = = = 4 =4
6 5
(): x = =3 = 2,5
2 2 2 2
2 2 10 1 1 5
(): x = =
3 3 3 3 3 3

:
143
39.

4
() : = 90 = 2=
2 2
30 = 60

() : = 90 = = 3 = , =30
2
() : = 90 + 2 =90

= 30
= , = =30
() :
, = 90, = 90

40.
;

. .

41. =

= 90 ,

= .
2

= ,
2

= =
2

:
144
42. ( = 90),
; .

, = = = .
2
.

43.
, .

, , //

.

44. . ,
, ,
.

, ,
AB
= // (1)
2
AB
= // (2)
2
(1) (2) = //
.

45. .
, = .

B
, = (1)
2
B
, = (2)
2
(1) (2) =

:
145
46. ( A = 90) B = 30 . ,
, =

B
A = 90 B = 30 =
2
B
, =
2
=

47. , .

= , = .
2 2
= = = (1)
3 3
1 1
= = = (2)
1 2 3 3

1 2 (3)
(1), (2), (3) . = .
=
=

48. ( A = 90).
. ,
. .

, ,
.

, .

:
146
49. ( A = 90) = 30 ,
. = ..
.

= // = //
2
/ (1)

= 30

= = (2)
2
(1) (2) .

50. ( A = 90) .
i) , ,
= = 90.


ii) , = .
4

i)

= (1)
2


= (2)
2
(1) (2) . = . ( )
= = 90

ii) =
2

=
2

=
4

51.
. ,

= .
4

:
147

.

,
,

,


= = =
2 2 4

52. ( A = 90)
. .

= - (1)
1
.

= = ,
2
= (2)
1 = (3) ( )
(2),(3)
(1)
.

53. , ,
, .

=// /
//
, //

54. , ,
, .

/.

B A .B,




1 1
= = (1)
2 3
1 1
= = (2)
2 3
1 1
(1) + (2) + = ( +) = (3)
3 3

:
148
 2 2 1 1
= = = (4)
3 3 2 3
1
= (5)
3
(3), (4), (5) = =

55. , .
E
, = .
2

.
= =

,
=
,
=

56. =
. ,

i) BZ = Z, ii) =
2

,
/
i)
= // /.

, BZ = Z.

ii) O .,

2 1 1
= = = (1)
3 3 3
1 1 1
= = = ( = )
3 6 6
4 2
= + = + = = (2)
2 6 6 3

(1) (2) =
2

:
149
57. = 30
.

i) = , ii) M = .
3

i) , = 30 = =
2
.
. = .
=
=
ii) , = 30
1 (i) 1
= = .
2 2
1 (i) 1
= =
3 3

58. , .
, ,
.

, .
,
H1 + K 1 = 90

.
AB
= = H1 = B 2 (1)
2

B
. = = K 1 = K 2 = B1 (2)
2
(1) + (2) H1 + K 1 = B 2 + B1 = 90 .

59. , ,
. (),
. ;
;

, ,

.




,

, .
, ,

:
150
 .
. = . ( =
).
= .
.
, ,
,
.
, .

60. B .

, .

A
( . )
1 1 1 1

1 = 1 - 1 (1)
1 =
1 .
B 1 1 . 1 =

(1) 1 = -

61. ( A = 90) .

= 15, = .
4
( : )



.

= = = .
2
1 =
1 1 = 1 + ( . )
1

1 = + = 2

, .


= 15 1 = 30 = = 2 =
2 2 4

:
151
62.
, , .
//

.

/,
=//.


. = (1)
2

, . =// (2)
2
(1) (2) =//.

63. 2 900
.
= .
.

.

. = 1
1
= + 1 ( )

= 2 2 = 2 =
32

1 = 1 = 2 =
2 = .
= (1)
. , 1 .
, 3 2 .
1 = 3 . = (2)
(1) , (2) = .

64. < ,
. , :
i) ||

ii) EM =
2

:
152


.

.,
=
, .



i) , =
2

ii) = = =
2 2 2

65. ,
. = .
, .

,

. , .

. ,


.


, .
-
,
.

66.
B ,
i)
ii) .

:
153

i)

.

, .

ii)
, , .
, ,
.
,

, , || , || ,
.

67. ( A = 90),
. , ,

i) =
ii) AM EZ
iii) ,
.

i) ,

.

ii) , .
,

1 + 1 = 90
1 12

1
AM = = M
2

. 1 = . (1)
. = . 1 = 1 . 1 = B ( ).
1 = B (2)
(1) + (2) 1 + 1 = + B 1 + 1 = 90
iii) , ..
|| , /.
, , || , = .
.
=
1 = ( (1)) = 2 (- ). . = .

:
154
68. x , ,

2 10
() x x = 6 = 4
2
AB
() , 1 = = x = 2
2
AB 7 2
= = 2,5
2 2
x 3x
() x + 1 , x +1 =
2
2x + 2 = x + 3x
2x = 2 x = 1

() = 180 120 = 60
, = = 180 120 = 60 .
= , = 60

69.
;

70. ; ;

:
155
71. = 5x, = 3x
60 .
i) 10x, ii) 11x, iii) 12x, i) 13x, ) 14x

= = 3x
= = x = = 30 = = 2x
: 5x + 3x + 2x + 2x = 12x

72. (//) .
, ,
, , , ,
.

|| (
)
|| ( )
|| , .

73.
( = ),
.

|| (
),
.
. = .
.

:
156
74. ( ) .
, , , , , , ,
.

A B

,
=


=
2 2
.

75. . ,
,
.

,
.

.

= = =
2
.

76. (//) <

. = = .
2

B
. = . =
A
=

+ + =
+ =

2 =

= .
2

:
157
77.

. ,

= .
2

//

, .





, = .
2
78. (//) B
= 90.
. BH

.


.
,

, .

79. ( = ) .

, = .

.
= (1)
M

,
.


= (2).
(1) (2) = .

:
158
80. = 90 = 120. = 2
= , , .

=
1 2
.
.

= = 2 1 = 30.

. = .
2 2
5
= + = 2 + = .
2 2
5 9
2
=

= 2 2 9 .
2 2 2 4

81. ,
. ,
= 90.

.

=
2 2

,

82. ( || )
, .
.

M1 = =
. = =


1 ,

.

:
159
83. . , ,
, ,
.

|| ||
/ . (1)
/ =

= =
2
= (2)
(1), (2) .

84. ,
.

= , = 2
, .

= (1)
2 2

= (2)
2 2
2
= (3)
2 2 2
(1), (2), (3) = = .

85. (//) = 3 ,
.
. ;

3 2
=
2 2 2

.

,
, = ,
= ,
.

:
160
 3
86. (//) = . , ,
2
, ,
. ,
= .

3
= , =
2



3 4

2 2
= 2
2 2 2
,

/ //, //,
/, = = = .

87. , , , ,

, + + + = 4.

A
+ = 2

+ = 2

+ + + = 4.

88. ( || ) = + .
.

,
.

=
2 2
. 1 = 1
|| 2 = 1

1 = 2 .
.

:
161
89. = = 90 = 2.
.
= 3
,

,
.
,
, M1 = M 2 . (1)

= 2 = M 3 = 1
M 2 = 1
, M 2 = M 3 (2)
M1 = 1 (3)
(1), (2), (3) .
= 3

90.
. ,
, , - =
( > ).

/
.


=
2

. =
2
- =

:
162
91. ( = 90) ,
.
3
. = , .
8

=

=// =
2 2


= 2 =
2 2
3 3
2. = = 2 .
8 2
, , = 30 .

92. ( || ) < , .

i) = ,
=
3
ii) , = .
4

i)
.

. 1 =
2 1

2 =

ii) || ,

= =
2 4
/ =

3
= = = .
4 4

:
163
93. ( ) A = 60, ,
, , . = .

. A = 60
AB
B1 300 = =
2
. A = 60
A
1 300 = =
2

A AB
= = (1)
2 2
A AB
= = (2)
2 2
(1) (2) =

94. 1 , 2 1 .
2 . 2 , ,
1 , = 2,
= 3
.

.

= = = .
2
= = = .
1 = 1 +
, 1 = . , , 1 = 2
= 1 ( ), 1 = 2 1 (1)
1 = 2
(1) = 2 = 3 .
2 1 1

:
164
99. < ,

, = .
2
, .
:

i) =
2
ii) .

i).
, ,
.

,
= .
=

, , = = = - =
2 2 2
ii). || ( ),
, =

= .
2
= =
= ( + )
=

=
2 2

=
2 2

= , i), .
2

100. = 2, > 60
( ). ,
, :
i) ,
,
ii)
iii) ,
= 3
iv) .

:
165

i) = || /
=
ii) 3 + 2 = 1
1 = 1 (-),
3 + 2 = 1 , . = .

= =
2

= = .
2
= .
iii) || .

= = = .
2 2
iv) 2 + 1 = 3 1 , 1 = 1 ,
2 = 2 1 , 2 = (
), = 2 1 .
= 3 + 2 + 1
3 + 2 = 1 , = 2 1 .

101. .
, , , , ,
, + + = 3.

,
,
, .

= (1)
2


= (2)
2


= (3)
2
, (1), (2), (3)
(1),(3)
(2) 2= + 2 = +
2 2
4 = + + + 3 = + + .

:
166
102. ( = ) .
. , :
i) //
ii) , .

i) , ,
.
ii)
ii), ,

.
, ,
.
, , :
|| ( )
( ).

103. .
.
,
.

,
, ,
,
2 1

= || .
2


21 = || .
2

, = .
. = . = , =
90 + .
= (1) 1 = 1 (2)
, .

(2) .
= 180 1 2 2 180 1 2 2 = 90.

:
167
104. .

, = .
4
, .
:

i) OZ = ii) .
3

i).
BM OH
,
2 2
= = = (1)
3 3 2 3
1 1
= = = (2)
3 3 2 6

ii).
O ||
.
(2) (1)
= = = .
2 6 2 3
, , = || , .

105.
. , , :
i) , , ,

ii) = ( > ),
2
iii) , ,
.

O
i). ,
1 .
1 K



= = ,
2
,
1 = 1 , 1 =
1 = , = .
= , = .

:
168

ii). = = = =
2 2 2

iii). = ||
2

= ||
2
= || /.

|| , ||
,
/ .

106. ,
.
, .

,
,
.

,
= (1)
= . (2)
,
EE
= (3)
2

, = (4)
2

, = (5)
2
(1), (2), (3), (4) (5) = + .

:
169
 -

1. () () :

1.
2.
3. //
=
4. , >
5.
6.
7.
8. ,

9. 180

10. .
=
11.

12.

13.


2
14.
15.

16. ,
.
17.
2
18.

:
170
 19. 270

20.

2. .
.

3. ,
, = , .
.

4. , , ,
, = = .
:
) , .
) =

6. ,
, = . :
) .
) .

7. = 2.
. :
)
) .

8. , .

9.
.
.

:
171
10.
. .

11. ( 90 ), ,
. :
)
) = ,

12. ( = ) .
= 2, .

13. (
90 )
. , 90 .

14. < 60 . , ,
.


2

3
15. ( // ) . ,
2
, ,
.

16. ( // ) .
= . ,
.

17. ,
.
.

:
172
18.
, , = 3 .
, .

19. , ,
. , , = .
:
) = //
) // = 2

20. .
// // ( , , ),
.

21.
= = .
, .

22. ( = )
. , .
.

23. ( = )
, , .
= .
.

24. . ,
, , = .
:
) =
)

:
173
25. 45 .
.
.

26. . .
. : =

27. 90 ,
. .

28. , ,
, . :
) , .
) //

29. , ,
( 90 ) .
, .

30. , , .
.

31. 90 30 .
, = 3.

32. ,
. , , , :
) // //
) = =

33. , .
,
.

:
174
34. xOy 30 z.
x AB Oy , Oz Ox . =
2.

35. O, R , ,

, . = .

36. ( // ) = + .
,
.

37. ( // )
. .
90 .

38. ( = )
// .
.

39. ( // ) = + .
:
) .
) .

:
175
 6

:
176
 6

1. (,R),


;

(,R).


:
(i)
.

(ii)
,
.


A
.

(iii) ,


.

2.

.

:
177
:
.

(O,R) .


.
= 2
(i)

().
' .
, A =
.

,

= 2
= 2
.

.
A = 2
(ii)
O
().

, = 2 .
(iii) ().

3.
.

.
.


.

: (iii)

.

:
178
4.

:

.

.


=
.
2

, :


= = 2 = .
=

.
=
.
, .

5.
.

11
22
=
xAy +
2 2

= 22 - 11
xAy
2 2

:
179
6. ;
;

: ,


.

7.
.
;

:
(,R) :
(i) .
(ii) .

(i) H A ,
+
, = 4
A + = 2.
(ii)
(.. , )

(A
),

.
:

.

8. ;

:
.

:
180
9.
.

: ,
:
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii)
.

(i) A = 2.
+
, , .
, ,

,

, .

, , .
(ii)
=
= .
,

.

. ,
,
, , , ,
.
(iii) = A
+ = 2,

, (i).

:
181
10. ;
.
(i) ,
.
(ii) .
()
.

.

, ,
,
.
()
:
(i)
,
.
(ii)
.
()

: (i)
. (ii)
.

() () (i)
, , ,
, , , .

, , =. ==,
, , , (,)
.
(ii) + = + (1).
, ,
, , .
= = (,)
. .

:
182
 (,) '.
' ,
' + = + ' (2). (1) (2)
: - ' = - ' = ' + ',
, .

11. ;

,
, ,
,
,
.

..

12. =, =
A = , , .

= ,
= A = . A=

,
1 = ,

. ,
,
2

.
1 2.
. =
. =
, '//
. 1, 2,
.

:
183
 . , = , =
=
A , ..
.
. 1 2
. , <
1 ' ' '1,
( ),
. =, ,
, '
, ' ,
'. , . ,
> 1, 2
.

, ,
= ,
. :
(i)
(ii) , .
,
.
, ,
1, 2 ,
, 1,
2 .

.

13.
= = ,
.

.
= 1, = = .
A
.
:
(i) ,
(,),

:
184
(ii) , .
. A
'. '
.
. A = 1,
, = (,).
. ,
> . ,
.

14. (,R) .
.

.
,
. ,
A
()
.
(O,R) ().
, .
. (), (O,R)
'. '
.
. A = A' = 1, ()
. '
' '
(O,R).
. , ()
(O,R) ()
(O,R).

:
.

:
185
15.
;
(K1) (2).

.

, 1,
,
2,
.

.

16. (1,), (2,R) R> 12>R - .

.

.
(1,), (2,R), ,

. 1, 2

. 1
, 2 ,
1 .
1 2 2 2 = 2 - = 2 -
1 = R - 1 .
. 2 R -
1 1 1' . 2,
2' (2,R) , '
1, 1' (1,) 2, 2'
. ''
.
. 1 , , 1//
= 2 - 2 = R - (R -) = 1, 1=//,
. , 1
(2, R - ) 1 .
1 2
.

:
186
 . ''
.
.
1 1'
1 (2, R - ). 1
(2, R - ),
12> R - .
, 12> R -
(1,) (2,R).

:
187


1. .

A = ,
=
A + = + =2 .
A + = 2 , .

2.
.

1111
. :

3.
i)
ii)

.

i) 180
ii)

:
188
4.
. + =2 . = . = . = .

(),

5. ;

6. i) ;
ii)
;

i)

ii)

7. ;

i)
ii)
iii)

8. : , , ,
, ;

9. A = 120 B = 80.
, .

+ A = 180 = 60
B = 80 B = 100
= B = 80

:
189
10. ,
.

A + = 180
A =

2 A = 180
A = 90 =
B = 90 =
, ,
.

11. , .

A + = 180
A =
2 A = 180 A = 90 ,
.

12. ,
.

.

.
O

. ,
,
,
.

13. .

. || .

.
AB = 1
1 = 1
= 1 || .

:
190
14. ()
, , .

.

.

1 1 = 1
1

1 =
= 1 ( )
1 = 1 .

15. , ,
.

.

, 1 = 1

, 2 = 1

1 12
, 1 = 1 .
1

.
1 = 2
16.
.

+ = 180 .


.

2 O


1 , + 1 = 180 (1)

, + 2 = 180 (2)
(1) + (2) + + 1 + 2 = 360 .
, 1 + 2 = 180


= 90 = 1 2
1 + 2 = 180.
2 2

:
191
17. (,R).
, . (
Nagel).

.
,
, E1 = 1
1


1 ( ,

) E1 =

= 1 ( )
E1 = 1

18. (,R) 1 2
. ,
1 2 .
= .

1 , 2 .
,
2
, .
1
1 2
.
1 1


,
,


, = .
1 2

,
1 = 1
, ,
2 = 1 ( ).
= , ,
1 = 1 .
1 = 2 .

:
192
19.
( Simson).

,
M , ,
.
1 .
2 , .
,
1 + 2 = 180
( )

.

900 900 1800

1 =
, , ,

2 = 180 -

+ = + 180 -
1 2
=
,
1 + 2 = 180.

20. .

, = .

,


12
= (1)


1 2
= (2)


1 = 2 =
1 = 2 (3)
(1), (2), (3) . = . = .

:
193
21.
i)
ii)
iii)
i)
)
i)
ii)

i)
ii)
iii)
i)
)
i)
ii)
, ,

22.
i)
ii)
iii)
i)
)

i)
ii)

iii) (

)
i)
) (

)

:
194
23. :
i)
,
ii) 10 km
.

i) O .

,

.
ii) R .


10 km = R +10.
R

R+10

24. :
i) ,
ii) .

i) (, R)
(,)

, . .
= = R .


R ,
(, R )

ii)
. , ,
.
,
(, ).

:
195
25. 4m
.
.

.
4m,
(, 4).
= ,
.

.
26. .

.,


(, ) =
2

(, )
2
27.
, .

.



.
, .

28.
.

.

.

:
196
 .
29. xOy
( A 1 ) x
y .
.

y
.


,


B
= =
2


.
x .


xOy ,
xOy .
, . . .

30. ( A 1 )

i) =
ii) = = .

i)
. ,
A 1 , =
=

= = 2
2
. = 2
.
(,) (,)
.
.
.
.

. . , , =
(,), = (,) A 1
.

:
197
. , ,
< 2.

ii) . ,
A 1 , = =


.
. x
= (,)
x .
x

x
= = .

.
.
. . , , =
(,), =

.
2
.

< =

31.

.
.

.,




x , , x .

. ,
.

32. :
i) = , A = =
ii) = , A = =

:
198
 i) .

M .
= , A = M = .

, .
M = , M
M , (M,)
T (M,)
.
. =
M.
,
(M,),
.
.
.

. , ,
.
. , (M,)
.
ii) .

N .

= , A = BN =

1 ( )
N1 =
M
.
= (,).
(,).
. =

.
,

(,),

1
.



= .

M .
.
.
, ,
= =
N1 =
( , ) A = N1 =
.
, (,)

:
199
33. , ,
, , , ,
.

.

.


.
= , (,),
= , (,).
, , .
.
A = , = = .
(,) (,),
.
.

.

. A = , =
= , .
= =
.

. , (,)
(,) .

34. . ,
x y
. , y
, x . :
i) , ,
ii)
iii) .

i) ,
,
,


.

.
=
= 90.
= = 90.
.

:
200
ii). , .
.
iii). 900
900 .
,
.
, , , ,
.

35.
, .
,
.
.
..
, .

E .
M ,


= .
= = =
.

, = = .
2 2

, , ,
2

(, ).
2
. .
,

(, ).
2

.

(, ).
2

= .
E ,
M
.

.
=
.
= .

:
201

, . = = =
2 2 2
= = .
.
.,
.

36. = , =
.

. = , =
+ + = .


1 = = .
= 1 = .
= + 1 ()

= 2 = .
2

=
2
.

= , = = .
2 2
,
, .

.

.
, =

1 = = .
2
= + 1 , = .
= .

.

, + < 180
2 2
+ < 360 (1)
, + < 180 (2)
(1) (2) + < 180.

:
202
37. (, R) .
, , , .

.
= .

.
R
= = .
2 2
R
(, )
2
. (, R),
,

R
(, ),
2
(, R) .

= .

.
.
(, R).
, .

, , =
2
R
= = R (, R).
2 2
.
R
(, ) (, R).
2
38. .
, , , , .
. ( Miquel)

, , , .

1 E = 360 E1 E 2 (1)
2
2
E1 = 180 1 .

1 E 2 = 180 1
2 (1) E = 360 (180 1 ) (180 1 )
1
12

= 360 180 + 1 180 + 1

E = 1 + 1 (2)
H = 2 + 2 (3)
(2) + (3) E + H = + = 180 , .
.

:
203
39. , , ,
.
, , .

,
.
, , .

, K + = 180.
2
1 K
K 1 = 180 .

K 2 = 180 - .
K = 360 K 1 K 2 = 360 (180 ) (180 )
= 360 180 + 180 +
= + = 180 K + = 180.

40. , , .
, ,
.

.
A

.
12

= + +
(1) (
1 2 1

12
)
1
= 1 + 1 (2) (
)
, 1 = 2
2 = 2 + 1 ( ).
1
(2) = 1 + 2 + 1 (3)


, 1 = 1 .

(3) = 1 + 2 + 1 (4)
(1), (4) = .

:
204
41. . 1 , 2 , 3
, , , 1 , 2 , 3 1 ,
2 , 3 , , , :
i) 1 1 2 3

ii) 1 1 1 2

iii) i , H i , Z i , i = 1, 2, 3 ( 9

Euler )

i).

2 , 3
2 3
H2
Z1
1 1 2 3
M3 M2
(1)
H3 1 , 2
Z3
Z2 1 2 = (2)
2
H1 M1
1 3

1 1 3 = (3)
2
(1), (2), (3) 1 1 2 3 , .

ii). 2 , 1 2 1 1 2 ,
2 1 1 2 .
1 1 1 2 ,
.

iii). i) 1 (c) 1 , 2 , 3 .
2 , 3 (c).
ii) 1 (c).
2 , 3 (c).

:
205


1. () () :

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

9.
10. ,

11. ,

12.

13.
14. ,


15.

16.

17.

:
206
2. (, R),
. .

3.
. .
, = .

4. .
,
, .

5.
. :
) =
)

6. .
//. =.

7.
.
, : ) = ) =2,
.

8. .
,
. , , ,
.

9.

. , , .

:
207
10. , ,
.
.
. = .

11. , , ,
.
.

:
208
 :
209
 7

:
210


1.

.
2. .
3.
.
4.
.
5.
.
6. .
7.
.
8.
.
9.
.
10.
180o .
11.
,
30o .

:
211
 12.
30o ,
.
13.
.
14.
.
15.
.

1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. ;
6. ;
7.
;
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. ;
13. .
14. ;
15. ;
16. ;

:
212
 -

1.
.
2.
.
3. .

4. .
5. .

6.
.
7. .
8.
.
9. .
10.
.
11.
, .
12.
.
13.
.
14. - 2-4
.
15.
.
16. .
17. .
18.
, .
19. .

:
213
 20.
.
21. ,
.
22.
.
23.
.
24. 30o ,
.

25.
, .
26.
.
27.
.
28. .
29. .

30. .

31. .

32.
, .
33. .
34.
.
35. .

36. .

37.
.
38. .

:
214
 39. .
40. .
41.
.
42. .

43.
.
44.
.
45.
.
46.
,
.
47. ,
.

1.
________________________________.
2.
_________.
3.
___________________________.
4.
_________________.
5.

_________________________________________.
6.
______________________________.

:
215


1. R,r R>r,
:
. R r . R r . R r R r . R r
2. :
.
.
.
. .
3.
, :
. = . =2 . =2 . = 90o
4. :
. . .
5. .
:
. . . .

6. (, ) (, 2) =. :
.
.
. (,) (, 2)
. (,) (, 2)
7. ,
, :
. . . .

8. :
. . . .

:
216


1. > .
, , =.
, :

I.
2

II. 90
2

2. xOy .
Ox Oy ,
.

3.
, , =. :
I. .
II. .

4.
. .
// // , .
.

5. ,
.
I. .
II. , ,
==.

6. (=)
. :
I. .
II. .
III. .

:
217
 7. , .
//, :

I. / /
2
II. / /

8. // <.
,
.

9. (=) .
x x ,
=. :
I. x//
II. .

III.
4

10. < .
. :
I.
II.

11. , . ,
.

12. ,
. , ,
, .

13. .
, =.

:
218
 14. ,
// . :

I.
2
II.
III. =+.

15. (=)
. ,
, , =. :
I. .
II. //
III.

16.
I. ,
.
=6 =14, .
II. ,
. =10,
, .
III. y 4x
2x, 3x , x y.

17. .

= . :
I.
II.

18. ,

, . =+.

:
219
 19. xOy .
Ox Oy Oy Ox
. :
I.
II. O

20. . ,
,
.

21. (=) ,
, , = ,
, . :
I. =
II. =

22. xOy .
I. ,
x, Oy , , =,
=.
II. Oy x ,
=.
III. =.

23.
.

. .

24. . ,
, , :
I. 90

II.
2

:
220
 25. ,
. :
I. .

II. 90
2

III.
2

1. (//) =30, ==20

=50. .
I. .
II. .
III. .

2. .
, , = =.
:
I. .
II. =
III. , .

3. // =
2 , =4 =6.
.
I. .
II. .
III. .
IV. .

4. .
//. :
I. =
II.
III.

:
221
 5. (//), ,
135 45 .

. .

6. (=)
. ,
. :
I.
II.
III. =+

7. 3 .
:
I.
II.

8. , .
,
:
I. //
II. ==
III. =2

9. , ,
, . :

I.
2
II.
III. =-

10. ,
// //. :
I.
II.
III. + =

:
222
 11. 90 , =2, =4
120 . .
:
I.

II.
2
III. 3.

12. ( 90 )
.
. :
I. =
II.

13. (=). ,
,
, :
I.
II. =

14. .
, , ,
.

15. , , ,
3
. :
2
I.
II.
III. =/2

16. ,
, =2 3 .
:
I.
II.
III.

:
223
 17. =2
. :
I. .
II. =90

18. < .
, , .
:
I.
II.

19. ,
. :
I.
II.

20. 30 .
,
:
I. =
II. =3

21. ,
.
, :
I.
II. //
3
III.
4

22.
.
, :
I.
II. 2=

:
224
 23. . , ,
, , :
I. //
II.

24. (//) =3.

, , ,
:
I.
II. =
III.

25.
. 2 .

26. (//) 120 .

=3 =4, :
I.
II.

27. =90 .
2
I.
II. x x
, :
i. =
ii. =

1. .
= . ,
:
I. =
II. =3

:
225
 2. ,
. = , :

I.
2
II. 30
III. =2

3. , , .
, , , :
I. //
II. ==
III. =2

4. <, ,
.
I. //
II. , =

III.
2

5. (//) =2.
, :
I.
II. =
III.

6. ,
=. :
I. =
II.

7.

. :
I.
II.
III.
IV. .

:
226
 8. ( 90 ) .
I. ,
:
a. 90

b.
2

II. ,
4

9. .
. :
I. //
II.

III.
2

10. ,
. :
I.
II.
III.
IV.

11. (, R) .
, .
//.

12. , ,
. :
I. 90

II.
2
III. 30 =

13. ,
, , =.
:
I. =
II.

:
227
 14. ,
. ,
:
I. //
II. ==
III. =2

15. (//) =2
. , , :
I.
II.
III. ,

16. ==, =3 .
:
I.
II.

17. .
, , =.
I. =
II. ,

18. , .
.
:
I. //
II. =
III. , ,

19. (<),
, , , .
:
I.
II.

:
228
 20. , , ,
, , .
I.
II. =2 , ,
.

21. , ,
, , ,

.
3
I. :
a. ,
.
b.
II. :
a.
b.

22. 90 , 30 ,
,
. :
I. =
II. 30
III. =2

23. ,
. 60 ,
:
I.
1
II.
2

24. (, R) ,(, )
.
I. .
II. (, R)
(, ) (, R)
(, ) . //.

:
229
 25. (, R)
. .

. :
I.
II.

26. (, R)
. ,
. :
I. =
II. 3

27. =2, ,
. :
I.
II. =
III.

28. ( 90 ) 30 ,
. :
I. =
II. =
III. =2

:
230
 :
231
 8

:
232


1
)
.
(5 )
)
(6 )
) :
) ) ) )
(2 / )
) :
i) /

ii) =90 =30

.
iii)
(2 / )

2

, .
, .
:
) = (10 )
) , , . (15 )

3
= < , ,
.
,
. . :

) E1 = Z 1 (12 )

) (13 )

:
233
 4
= , .

:
) (15 )
) . (10 )

1
) 109
) 101
.
) ) , 108
) , 80
) , 112
) , 101
) i)
ii)
iii)

2
) , :

- A NB =900 (1) (
)

:
234
-
-
= (2) (
)

) ==/2 (2)
==/2
=/2 (3)
, ( ) =/2 (3)

NB =900 (4)

A NB + NB =180 A N =180 ,, .//

3
)

: ( )
( )
=///2 (1)
=
=/2 (2)
: ( )
( )
=///2 (3) (2) =

E1 = Z 1
) (1) // //

:
235

E1 = H 1 (4) ( )
(3) // //

1 = Z 1 (5) ( )

() ,(4) (5) : 1 = Z 1 = E1 = H 1

1 = H 1 .//
4
)

( ) //
// (1)
: ( )
// ( (1) )
(2)
: ( (2) )
( )
=///2 (3)
= =/2 (4)
, ( )

=/2 A N 90 0
(5)
) , :
: // ( // )
(6)
MK N MK (7)
(6) (7) =
.//

:
236
 :
237
 :
238
 :
239