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Mathematics
UNIT 2 OUTCOME 2
Integration
Contents
Integration 89
1 Indefinite Integrals 89
2 Preparing to Integrate 92
3 Differential Equations 93
4 Definite Integrals 95
5 Geometric Interpretation of Integration 96
6 Areas between Curves 101
7 Integrating along the y-axis 106
HSN22200
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Higher Mathematics Unit 2 Integration
OUTCOME 2
Integration
1 Indefinite Integrals
In integration, our aim is to undo the process of differentiation. Later we
will see that integration is a useful tool for evaluating areas and solving a
special type of equation.
We have already seen how to differentiate polynomials, so we will now look
at how to undo this process. The basic technique is:
x n+1
x dx =
n
+c n 1, c is the constant of integration.
n +1
Stated simply: raise the power (n) by one (giving n + 1 ), divide by the new
power ( n + 1 ), and add the constant of integration (c ) .
EXAMPLES
1. Find x 2 dx .
x3
x dx = + c = 13 x 3 + c .
2
3
2. Find x 3 dx .
x 2 1
x
3
dx = + c = 2 + c.
2 2x
5
3. Find x 4 dx .
9
5 x4 9
x 4
dx = 9 + c = 94 x 4 + c .
4
differentiate
1 x3 + c x2
3
integrate
Stated simply: raise the power (n) by one (giving n + 1 ), divide by the new
power ( n + 1 ), and add on c.
EXAMPLES
4. Find 6 x 3 dx .
6x 4
6 x dx = 4 + c
3
= 32 x 4 + c .
32
5. Find 4 x dx .
1
32 4x 2
4x dx = 1 + c
2
1
= 8 x 2 + c
8
= + c.
x
Note
It can be easy to confuse integration and differentiation, so remember:
x dx = 12 x k dx = kx + c .
2
+c
Other variables
Just as with differentiation, we can integrate with respect to any variable.
EXAMPLES
6. Find 2 p 5 dp .
2 p 4
2 p dp = Note
5
+c
4 dp tells us to integrate
1 with respect to p.
= 4 + c.
2p
7. Find p dx .
p dx Note
Since we are integrating
= px + c . with respect to x, we
treat p as a constant.
Integrating several terms
The following rule is used to integrate an expression with several terms:
( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx .
Stated simply: integrate each term separately.
EXAMPLES
8. Find ( 1
3 x 2 2 x 2 dx .
)
3
3x 3 2x 2
( 1
3x 2 2x 2
) dx =
3
3 +c
2
3
3 4x 2
=x +c
3
= x 3 34 x 3 + c .
9. Find (
5
4 x 8 + 3 x + 7 dx .
)
3
2
4x 3x 8
( 5
)
4 x 8 + 3 x + 7 dx = 3 +
8 2
+ 7x + c
3
= 83 4 x 8 + 23 x 2 + 7 x + c
3
= 323 x 8
+ 32 x 2 + 7 x + c .
2 Preparing to Integrate
As with differentiation, it is important that before integrating all brackets
are multiplied out and there are no fractions with an x term in the
denominator (bottom line), for example:
1 3 1 1 1 5 5 x 23 .
3
= x 3 2
= 3x 2 =x 2 5
= 14 x 5 2 = 4
x x x 4x 43 x
EXAMPLES
dx
1. Find for x 0 .
x2
dx 1
2 is just a short way of writing 2 dx , so:
x x
dx 1
2 = 2 dx = x dx
2
x x
x 1
= +c
1
1
= + c.
x
dx
2. Find for x > 0 .
x
dx 1 12
=
x x2
1 dx = dx
x
1
x2
= 1 +c
2
= 2 x + c.
7
3. Find 2
dp where p 0 .
2p
7
2
dp = 72 p 2 dp
2p
1
p
= 72 +c
1
7
= + c.
2p
5
3 x 5x
4. Find dx .
4
5
3x 5x
4
dx =
4 (
3 x 5 5 x dx
4 )
3x 6 5x 2
= +c
46 42
3 x6 5 x2 + c
= 24 8
= 18 x 6 58 x 2 + c .
3 Differential Equations
A differential equation is an equation
differentiate
dy 1 x3 + c
involving derivatives, e.g. = x2 . 3 x2
dx
integrate
A solution of a differential equation is an
expression for the original function; in this
case y = 13 x 3 + c is a solution.
In general, we obtain solutions using integration:
dy
y = dx or f ( x ) = f ( x ) dx .
dx
This will result in a general solution since we can choose the value of c, the
constant of integration.
y
EXAMPLES
1. The graph of y = f ( x ) passes through the point ( 3, 4 ) .
dy
If = x 2 5 , express y in terms of x.
dx
dy
y = dx
dx
= ( x 2 5 ) dx
= 13 x 3 5 x + c .
= x 2 + 2 + 23 dx
1
x
( )
= x 2 + x 2 + 23 dx
= 13 x 3 x 1 + 23 x + c
1 2
= 13 x 3 + x + c.
x 3
We know that f (1) = 4 , so we can find c:
1
f ( x ) = 13 x 3 + 23 x + c
x
4 = 13 (1)3 11 + 23 (1) + c
4 = 13 1 + 23 + c
c = 4.
1 2
So f ( x ) = 13 x 3 + x + 4.
x 3
4 Definite Integrals
If F ( x ) is an integral of f ( x ) , then we define:
b b
a f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x )]a = F (b ) F ( a )
where a and b are called the limits of the integral.
Stated simply:
Work out the integral as normal, leaving out the constant of integration.
Evaluate the integral for x = b (the upper limit value).
Evaluate the integral for x = a (the lower limit value).
Subtract the lower limit value from the upper limit value.
1
5 ( 3 )3 5 (1)3
=
3 3
= 5 32 53
= 45 35 = 43 31 .
2
0 ( x + 3 x 2 ) dx .
3
2. Find
2
2 x 4 3x 3
0 ( x + 3 x ) dx = 4 + 3
3 2
0
2
x4
= + x3
4 0
24 04
= + 2 3 + 03
4 4
= 16
4
+80
= 4 + 8 = 12.
4
4
3. Find 3 dx .
1 x
4
4 4
3 dx = 1 4 x dx
3
1 x
4
4 x 2
=
2 1
4
= 2
2
x 1
2
= 2
2
4 ( 1)2
2 + 2 =17 .
= 16 8
( )
= 8 83 0
= 5 13 .
On the graph of y = 4 x 2 :
y
y = 4 x2
2
0 ( 4 x ) dx .
2
The shaded area is given by
EXAMPLE
1. The graph of y = x 2 4 x is shown below. Calculate the shaded area.
y
y = x 2 4x
O 4 5 x
5
5 x 3 4x 2
4 ( x 4 x ) dx = 3 2
2
4
53 2 43 2
= 2 (5) 2 ( 4 )
3 3
= 125 64
3 50 3 + 32
= 61
3 18
= 2 13 .
So the shaded area is 2 13 square units.
1
43 2
O 4 x
3
(
= 2 ( 4 ) 13 2 )
1
= 64 1
3 32 3 + 2
= 63
3 30 = 21 30 = 9.
In this case, the negative indicates that the area is below the x-axis, as can be
seen from the diagram. The area is therefore 9 square units.
EXAMPLES
2. Calculate the shaded area shown in the diagram below.
y
y = 3 2x x 2
2
3 O 1 x
1
= 3 x x 2 13 x 3
3
( ) (
= 3 (1) (1)2 13 (1)3 3 ( 3 ) ( 3 )2 31 ( 3 )3 )
= ( 3 1 13 ) ( 9 9 + 9 )
= 3 1 13 + 9
= 10 32 So the area is 10 32 square units.
( ) (
= 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 )2 13 ( 2 )3 3 (1) (1)2 13 (1)3 )
= ( 6 4 83 ) ( 3 1 13 )
= 2 83 2 + 13
Remember
= 2 13 . So the area is 2 13 square units. The negative sign just
indicates that the area
So the total shaded area is 10 23 + 2 13 = 13 square units . lies below the axis.
O 5 x
2
First, we need to calculate the root between x = 2 and x = 5 :
x 2 + 2 x 24 = 0
( x 4)( x + 6) = 0
x = 4 or x = 6.
So the root is x = 4
To calculate the area from x = 2 to x = 4 :
4
4 x 3 2x 2
2 ( x + 2 x 24 ) dx = 3 + 2 24 x 2
2
4
= 13 x 3 + x 2 24 x
2
( 3 2
) (
= 13 ( 4 ) + ( 4 ) 24 ( 4 ) 13 ( 2 )3 + ( 2 )2 24 ( 2 ) )
= ( 64
3 + 16 96 ) ( 3 + 4 48 )
8
= 56
3 36
= 17 13 So the area is 17 13 square units.
To calculate the area from x = 4 to x = 5 :
5 5
4 ( x + 2 x 24 ) dx = 13 x + x 24 x 4
2 3 2
( ) ( 3 2
= 13 ( 5 )3 + ( 5 )2 24 ( 5 ) 13 ( 4 ) + ( 4 ) 24 ( 4 ) )
= ( 125
3 + 25 120 ) ( 3 + 16 96 )
64
= 61
3 15
= 5 13 So the area is 5 13 square units.
a
The area is ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx square units.
a
O
x
y = g (x) b
When dealing with areas between curves, areas above and below the x-axis
do not need to be calculated separately.
However, care must be taken with more complicated curves, as these may
give rise to more than one closed area. These areas must be evaluated
separately. For example:
y
y = g (x)
c
O a x
b
y = f (x)
b
In this case we apply ( upper curve lower curve ) dx
a
to each area.
So the shaded area is given by:
b c
a ( g ( x ) f ( x ) ) dx + b ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx .
EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the shaded area enclosed by the curves with equations
y = 6 3x 2 and y = 3 2 x 2 .
y
y = 6 3x 2
O x
y = 3 2 x 2
( 3 )3 ( 3 )3
= 9(3) 9 ( 3 )
3 3
(
= 27 27 ) ( 27
3 27 + 3 )
= 27 9 + 27 9
= 36.
Therefore the shaded area is 36 square units.
1 O 2 6 x
Area from x = 2 to x = 6 :
6
( upper lower ) dx
2
Note
6
= ( 4 x 4 ( x 7 x + 8 x + 16 ) ) dx
3 2 The straight line is at the
2 top of this area.
6
= ( x + 7 x 4 x 12 ) dx
3 2
2
6
x 4 7x 3 4x 2
= + 12 x
4 3 2 2
6 4 7 63 4 6 2 2 4 7 23 4 2 2
= + 12 6 + 12 2
4 3 2 4 3 2
(
= ( 324 + 504 72 72 ) 4 + 56
3 8 24 )
= 160
3
= 53 31 .
So the second area is 53 13 square units.
y =2
O x
The cross-section is part of the parabola with equation y = x 2 4 x + 5 .
Find the volume of the trough.
To work out the points of intersection, equate the curve and the line:
x 2 4x + 5 = 2
x 2 4x + 3 = 0
( x 1)( x 3 ) = 0 so x = 1 or x = 3.
Set up the integral and integrate:
3 3
1 ( upper lower ) dx = 1 ( 2 ( x 4 x + 5) ) dx
2
3
= ( x 2 + 4 x 3 ) dx
1
3
x3 4x2
= + 3x
3 2 1
( 3 )3 2 (1)3
= + 2 (3) 3 (3) + 2 (1)2 3 (1)
3 3
(
= ( 9 + 18 9 ) 13 + 2 3 )
= 0 + 13 2 + 3
= 34
= 1 13 .
Therefore the shaded area is 1 13 square units.
Volume = cross-sectional area length
= 34 2
= 38 = 2 32 .
y = 16
y=4
O x
x = 3 y . x =3 y
4
3 y dy = 3 y 2 dy
4
O
y=4 y = 16
y
16
3 y 2
3
= 3
2 4
16
= 2 y
3
4
3 3
= 2 16 2 4
= 2 64 2 8
= 112.
Since this is half of the required area, the total shaded area is 224 square
units.