B th trong ting Trung l g?

B th ting Trung () l mt phn c bn ca ch Hn v c ch Nm dng sp

xp nhng loi ch vung ny. Trong t in ch Hn t thi xa n nay, cc dng ch
u c gom thnh tng nhm theo b th. Da theo b th, vic tra cu ch Hn cng
d dng hn. Trong s hng ngn ch Hn, tt c u ph thuc mt trong hn 214 b
th. Vic hc 214 b th ting Trung gip ngi hc ting Trung vit ting Trung n gin
v d dng hn rt nhiu . iu gip bn nghe ni ting Trung kh n gin.
Bi vit ny Chinese gii thiu vi cc bn 214 b th ting Trung mt cch chi tit v
bi bn. Qua , gip ngi hc c ci nhn khi qut v y nht v b th v ngha
tc dng ca n.
Th t v v tr cc b th trong ting Trung
Th t ca mi b th th cn c vo s nt. n gin nht l b th ch c mt nt v phc
tp nht l b th 17 nt. Tng s b th di dch theo thi gian. Sch v ngy nay thng
cng nhn 214 b th thng dng rt t Khang Hy t in (1716), Trung Hoa i t in
(1915), v T hi(1936).

V tr b th khng nht nh m ty vo mi ch nn c khi bt gp bn trn, di, phi,

tri v chung quanh.

Bn tri: m Hn Vit l lc gm b th (in) v (cc).

Bn phi: m Hn Vit l k gm b th (nguyt) v (k).

Trn: m Hn Vit l uyn gm b th (tho) v (uyn). m Hn Vit l nam
gm b th (in) v (lc).

Di: m Hn Vit l ch gm b th (tm) v (s).

Trn v di: m Hn Vit l tuyn gm b th (nh) v (nht).

Gia: m Hn Vit l tr gm b th (nht) cng (xch) trn v (nht)
di.
Gc trn bn tri: m Hn Vit l phng gm b th (h) v (phng).

Gc trn bn phi: m Hn Vit l thc gm b th (dc) v (cng).

Gc di bn tri: m Hn Vit l khi gm b th (tu) v (k).

ng khung: m Hn Vit l quc gm b th (vi) v (ngc).

Khung m bn di: m Hn Vit l gian gm b th (mn) v (nht).

Khung m bn trn: m Hn Vit l khi gm b th (khm) v (th).

Khung m bn phi: m Hn Vit l y gm b th (phng) v (th).

 Tri v phi: m Hn Vit l nhai gm b th (hnh) v (khu).
Chc nng d nhn din nht ca b th l cch phn chia cc loi ch Hn. Cn c vo
vic son t in cng c quy c hn.

B th ngoi ra cn c cng dng biu ngha tuy khng hn chnh xc nhng ngi c c
th suy ra ngha gc, v d nh:

1. (m Hn Vit l mc, ngha l tm) c b thy bn tri ch mc, gip lm r ch ny

lin quan n nc.
2. (m Hn Vit l bch, mt loi cy g) c b mc bn tri ch b, nhc rng ch ny
lin quan n cy g.
Cch dng b th gi ngha c khai thc nhiu trong ch Nm ting Vit ca ngi
Vit.

Cc Nt b th trong ting Trung 214 B th ting Trung

B th 1 Nt
STT B TN B PHIN M NGHA

1. NHT Yi s mt

2. CN Kn nt s

3. CH Zh im, chm

4. PHIT Pi nt s xin qua tri

5. T Y v tr th 2 trong thin can

6. QUYT Ju nt s c mc

B th 2 Nt
7. NH r s hai

8. U tu (Khng c ngha)

9. ( ) NHN (NHN NG) rn ngi

10. NHI r Tr con

11. NHP r vo

12. BT b s tm

13. QUYNH jing vng bin gii xa; hoang a

14. MCH m trm khn ln

15. BNG bng nc

16. K j gh da

17. KHM kn h ming

18. () AO do con dao, cy ao (v kh)

19. LC l sc mnh

20. BAO b bao bc

21. CHY b ci tha (ci mung)

22. PHNG fng t ng

23. H x che y, giu gim

24. THP sh s mi

25. BC b xem bi

26. TIT ji t tre

27. HN hn sn ni, vch

28. KH, T s ring t

29. HU yu li na, mt ln na
B th (): L mt thnh phn v cng quan trng v ct yu trong ting Hn, c th
coi 214 b th nh bng ch ci ting Trung. Cc thnh phn trong b th khng th chia
nh hay chia lm tng phn bi vy phi hc thuc 214 b th trong ting Trung. ng
thi bn cn c th hc cch vit ting trung nhanh hn khi hc ht 214 b th ny.
B th 3 Nt
30. KHU Ku ci ming

31. VI Wi vy quanh

32. TH T t

33. S Sh k s

34. TR Zh n pha sau

35. TUY Si i chm

36. TCH X m ti

37. I D to ln

38. N N n gii, con gi, n b

39. T Z Con

40. MIN min mi nh, mi che

41. THN Cn n v tc (o chiu di)

42. TIU Xio nh b

43. UNG wng yu ui

44. THI Sh xc cht, thy ma

45. TRIT Ch mm non, c non mi mc

46. SN shn ni non

47. XUYN chun sng ngi

48. CNG gng ngi th, cng vic

49. K J bn thn mnh

50. CN Jn ci khn

51. CAN Gn thin can, can d

52. YU Yo nh nhn

53. NGHIM n mi nh

54. DN yn bc di

55. CNG gng chp tay

56. DC Y bn, chim ly

57. CUNG gng ci cung ( bn tn)

58. K J u con nhm

59. SAM shn lng, tc di

60. XCH Ch bc chn tri

B th 4 NT
61. () TM (TM NG) Xn qu tim, tm tr, tm long

62. QUA G cy qua(mt th binh kh di)

63. H H ca mt cnh

64. () TH Shu Tay

65. CHI Zh cnh nhnh

66. () PHC P nh kh

67. VN Wn vn v, vn chng, v sng

68. U Du ci u ong

69. CN Jn ci ba, ru

70. PHNG Fang Vung

71. V W Khng

72. NHT r ngy, mt tri

73. VIT yu ni rng

74. NGUYT yu thng, mt trng

75. MC m g, cy ci

76. KHIM qin khim khuyt, thiu vng

77. CH zh dng li

78. I di xu xa, t hi

79. TH sh binh kh di, ci gy

80. V w ch, ng

81. T b so snh

82. MAO mo Long

83. TH sh h

84. KH q hi nc
 85. () THY shi nc

86. () HA hu la

87. TRO zho mng vut cm th

88. PH f Cha

89. HO yo ho m, ho dng (Kinh Dch)

90. () TNG qing mnh g, ci ging

91. PHIN pin mnh, tm, ming

92. NHA y Rang

93. ( ) NGU nu Tru

94. () KHUYN qun con ch

Ti sao phi nh v hc thuc 214 b th trong ting Trung? tra t in bn khng th
no hc thuc tt c cc phin m, bi vy vic tra t in s n gin hn rt nhiu nu
nh bn hc thuc 214 b th.

B th 5 NT
95. HUYN xun mu en huyn, huyn b

96. NGC y qu, ngc

97. QUA gu qu da

98. NGA w Ngi

99. CAM gn ngt

100. SINH shng sinh , sinh sng

101. DNG yng Dung

102. IN tin rung

103. () THT p n v o chiu di, tm (vi)

104. NCH n bnh tt

105. BT b gt ngc li, tr li

106. BCH bi mu trng

107. B p Da

108. MNH mn bt da

109. MC m mt

110. MU mo cy gio m

111. TH sh cy tn, mi tn

112. THCH sh

113. () TH (K) sh ch th; thn t

114. NHU ru vt chn, lt chn

115. HA h La

116. HUYT xu hang l

117. LP l ng, thnh lp

B th 6 NT
118. TRC zh tre trc

119. M m go

120. (-) MCH m si t nh

121. PHU fu snh

122. (- ) VNG wng ci li

123. DNG yng con d

124. () V y lng v

125. LO lo Gi

126. NHI r m, v

127. LI li ci cy

128. NH r tai (l tai)

129. DUT y cy bt

130. NHC ru tht

131. THN chn by ti

132. T z t bn thn, k t

133. CH zh n

134. CU ji ci ci gi go

135. THIT sh ci li

136. SUYN chun sai suyn, sai lm

137. CHU zhu ci thuyn

138. CN gn qu Cn (Kinh Dch); dng, bn cng

139. SC s mu, dng v, n sc

 140. () THO co c

141. H H vn vn ca con h

142. TRNG chng su b

143. HUYT xu Mu

144. HNH xng i, thi hnh, lm c

145. () Y y o

146. y che y, p ln
Chit t (ch ch, phn tch ch): l mt phng php nh ting Trung nhanh nht,
hiu qu nht. V d [xi] c ngha l ngh ngi, th c ghp t hai ch nhn () ng
v mc (), l vic ly hnh nh con ngi khi lm vic mt, hoc i ng mt thng
ta vo gc cy (b mc) ngh, do ta c ch hu l ngh.
B th 7 Nt
147. ( ) KIN jin trng thy

148. GIC ju gc, sng th

149. () NGN yn Ni

150. CC g khe nc chy gia hai ni

151. U du ht u, cy u

152. TH sh con heo, con ln

153. TRI zh loi su khng chn

154. () BI bi vt bu

155. XCH ch mu

156. TU zu i, chy
 157. TC z chn, y

158. THN shn thn th, thn mnh

159. () XA ch chic xe

160. TN xn cay, vt v

161. THN chn nht, nguyt, tinh; thn (12 chi)

162. ( ) QUAI XC chu cht bc i cht dng li

163. () P y vng t, t phong cho quan

164. DU yu mt trong 12 a chi

165. BIN bin phn bit

166. L l dm; lng xm

B th 8 Nt
167 KIM Jn kim loi; vng

168. (- ) TRNG chng di; ln (trng)

169. () MN Mn ca hai cnh

170. () PH F ng t, g t

171. I Di kp, kp n

172. TRUY, CHUY Zhu chim ui ngn

173. V Y ma

174. () THANH Qng mu xanh

175. PHI Fi khng

B th 9 Nt
 176. ( ) DIN min mt, b mt

177. CCH g da th; thay i, ci cch

178. () VI wi da thuc ri

179. PH, CU ji rau ph (h)

180. M yn m thanh, ting

181. () HIT y u; trang giy

182. (-) PHONG fng Gi

183. () PHI fi Bay

184. ( -) THC sh n

185. TH shu u

186. HNG xing mi hng,hng thm

on ngha ca ch: khi ngi hc ting Trung bit b th th mt cch tng i ta hon
ton c th on c chung chung ngha ca t , nh thy b thy (,) l bit
ngha s lin quan n sng nc ao h, b mc () lin quan n cy ci, b tm (,)
lin quan n tnh ch, cm xc ca con ngi
Mi b th u c ngha ca n, tuy nhin, hin ti chng ta ang hc l ting Hn gin
th, vy nn ngha ca cc t Hn khng cn lin quan n cc ch Hn gin th l
my na. Nhng bng tr tng tng ca mnh chng ta hon ton c th bin 214 b th
ting Trung y thnh cc t ting Trung. V d nh ch [qin] c ngha l ch (trong t
bt ch), gm c b kim, b khu, b k(c l j c gn nh ch ch trong ting Vit)
vy ta c th nh l Kim Ch khu Mm li th l ra ch ri ).
B th 10 NT
187. ( ) M m con nga

188. CT g Xng

189. CAO go Cao

190. BU, TIU bio tc di; sam c ph mi nh

191. U du chng nhau, chin u

192. SNG chng ru np; bao ng cy cung

193. CCH g l tn mt con sng xa, ci nh

194. QU gi con qu

B th 11 NT
195. ( ) NG Y con c

196. () IU Nio con chim

197. L L t mn

198. LC L con hu

199. () MCH m la mch

200. MA m cy gai

B th 12 NT
201. HONG Hung mu vng

202. TH Sh la np

203. HC Hi mu en

204. CH Zh may o, khu v

B th 13 NT
205. MNH mn con ch; c gng (mnh min)

206. NH dng ci nh

207. C g ci trng
 208. TH sh con chut

B th 14 NT
209. T b ci mi

210. (-) T q ngang bng, cng nhau

B th 15 NT
211. ( -) X Ch Rang

B th 16 NT
212. () LONG lng con rng

213. (-) QUY gu con ra

B th 17 NT
214. DC yu so 3 l
Cc ch Hn c tn s s dng cao nht thng thng thuc 50 b th sau
* Theo thng k ca i hc Yale (trong Dictionary of Spoken Chinese, 1966)

1. nhn () b 9 26. mc b 109

2. ao () b 18 27. thch b 112

3. lc b 19 28. ho b 115

4. khu b 30 29. trc b 118

5. vi b 31 30. m b 119

6. th b 32 31. mch b 120

7. i b 37 32. nhc ( ) b 130

8. n b 38 33. tho () b 140

9. min b 40 34. trng b 142

10. sn b 46 35. y () b 145

11. cn b 50 36. ngn b 149

12. nghim b 53 37. bi b 154

13. xch b 60 38. tc b 157

14. tm () b 61 39. xa b 159

15. th () b 64 40. sc b 162

16. phc () b 66 41. p + (phi) b 163

17. nht b 72 42. kim b 167

18. mc b 75 43. mn b 169

19. thu () b 85 44. ph - (tri) b 170

20. ho () b 86 45. v b 173

21. ngu b 93 46. hit b 181

22. khuyn () b 94 47. thc b 184

23. ngc b 96 48. m b 187

24. in b 102 49. ng b 195

25. nch b 104 50. iu b 196