SUC Ta Le ey cdc Yu Huang IN eron ATYu Huang, Miao Yu Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering College of Civil Engineering Tongji University Tongji University Shanghai Shanghai China China and Faculty of Engineering China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Hubei China ISSN 2365-0656 ISSN 2365-0664 (electronic) Springer Natural Hazards ISBN 978-981-10-4378-9 ISBN 978-981-10-4379-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4379-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935832, © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ld. 2017 “This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved hy the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the mierial is concemed, specifically the rights of uansiation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission 6 information storage and retrieval. electronic adaptation, computer software. or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed ‘The uso of general deseriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, ote. in this publication docs not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, thal such names are exempt from the relevant protective zw and regulations and therefore free for general use, ‘The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe (0 assume that the advice and information in «his book are believed 10 be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the ‘authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect tothe material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jjunsstietional claims in published maps and institutional atfiliaions. Printed on acid-free paper “This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature ‘The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd “Tha regisiered company arldressis: 152 Beach Road, 71-0104 Gateway Fast, Singapove 189721, SingaporeChapter 3 Liquefaction Potential Evaluation Based on In Situ Testing 3.1 Introduction to Liquefaction Evaluation Based on In Situ Testing In Chap. 2, the liquefaction hazard caused by earthquakes was discussed. In this chapter, four in situ tests widely used to evaluate the liquefaction potential of engineering sites will be introduced. Three steps arc needed to evaluate the lig- uefaction hazard, including the assessment of “triggering” (initiation) of soil liq- uefaction, assessment of liquefaction resistance based on in situ testing, and assessment of the site liquefaction index and deformation of liquefiable sites. 3.1.1 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on In Situ Testing Figure 3.1 shows the three steps tor evaluation of the liquefaction hazard Procedure I is the assessment of “triggering” (initiation) of soil liquefaction, pro- cedure II the assessment of liquefaction resistance based on in situ tests, and pro cedure Ill the assessment of site liquefaction index and deformation of liquefiable sites. It must be pointed out that current in situ testing methods are mainly for the horizontal strata in the seismic codes. 3.1.2 Assessment of “Triggering” (Initiation) of Soil Liquefaction ‘The first procedure in engineering is to assess the initiation of soil liquefaction. Seed! and Tdriss (1982) modified the “Chinese Criteria” of Wang (1980) and pointed © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Lid. 2017 35 Y. Huang and M. Yu, Hazard Analysis of Seismic Soil Liquefaction, Springer Natural Hazards, DOT 10.10071978-981-10-4379-6_33. Liquefaction Potential Evaluation Procedure | Eariguke scion J— | 1} ‘Asesinee a wnggerng”aaoa| Sal dager en =] ee ie Fig. 3.1 Analysis process of site liquefaction evaluation ‘out that soil type is very important for assessment of soil liquefaction initiation these should include the following criteria. (3) In situ water content > 90% of the li Andrews and Martin (2000) determined that clay sizes should be defined as less than 0.002 mm. They recommend a new criteria: (1) Clay fines <10% (<0,002 mm) and liquid limit <32% should be considered liquefiable soil (2) Clay fines >~ 10% and liquid limit 32% are unlikely to be liquefied (3) Soils between (1) and (2) should be sampled and tested to assess whether they can be liquefied According to the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (Ministry of Construction of China 2010), if one of the following conditions is present, the soil ccan be identified as non-liquefiable or the impaet of liquefaction can be disregarded: (1) For geological age of Quaternary Pleistocene (Q;) and prior, with seismic intensity VII and VILL. (2) Clay content (patticle size <0.005 wun) for seismic intensities VIL, VIII and IX is not less than 10, 13 and 16%, respectively. (3) For construction of shallow buried natural foundation, when the thickness of the overlying non-liquefied soil layer and depth of the underground water level have one of the following conditions