APPENDIX B

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION

FACTORS OFTEN USED
IN COMBUSTION

Universal Gas Constant

kJ ft-lbf Btu
Ru = 8.3144 = 1,545.4 = 1.9872
kmole K lbm -mole R lbm -mole R
cal atm liter erg
= 1.9872 = 0.08206 = 8.3144 107
g-mole K g-mole K g-mole K
bar cm3 atm cm3 g cm
= 83.144 = 82.057 = 84,786.85 f
mole K g-mole K g-mole K
atm ft3 psia ft3 J
= 0.729 = 10.716 = 8.3144
lbm -mole R lbm -mole R g-mole K

Dimensional Conversion Factor of Gravity

lbm ft g cm kg m
gc = 32.174 =1 =1 m 2
lbf s 2 dyne s 2 Ns
slug ft g cm kg m
=1 = 980.665 = 9.80665 m 2
lbf s2 gf s2 kgf s

Gravitational Acceleration
g = 9.80665 m/s2 = 32.17405 ft/s2

534 Applications of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion Kenneth K. Kuo and Ragini Acharya
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS OFTEN USED IN COMBUSTION 535

Avagadros Number
molecules
NA = N = 6.02252 1023
g-mole

Plancks Constant
Js
h = 6.625 1034
molecule
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
W erg
= 5.6699 108 = 5.6699 105 2
m2 K 4
cm s K4
Btu cal
= 0.1714 108 2 = 1.35514 1012 2
ft hr R 4 cm s K4

Boltzmanns Constant
J
K = 1.38 1023
K molecule
Atomic Mass Unit
ma = 1.660540 1027 kg

Proton Mass
mp = 1.672623 1027 kg

Electron Mass
me = 9.109389 1031 kg

Electron Charge
e = 1.602177 1019 Coulombs

Speed of Light
c = 2.997925 108 m/s

Work/Energy Conversion Factor

ft-lbf g cm
J = 778 = 42,664.9 f
Btu cal
Mass Units
1 kg = 2.2046226 lbm
1 Ton (short) = 2000 lbm = 907.185 kg,
1 Ton (long) = 2240 lbm = 1.016 Metric Ton
1 Ton (Metric) = 1000 kg = 2204.62 lbm
536 CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS OFTEN USED IN COMBUSTION

Energy Units
1 cal = 4.18400 J = 4.184 107 erg = 0.003968 Btu
1 J = 1 N m = 1 W s = 107 erg = 0.737562 lbf -ft
1 Btu = 1054.4355 J

Pressure Units
1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 = 1.4504 104 psi = 9.8692 106 atm
= 1.0197 105 kgf /cm2
1 atm = 1.01325 105 N/m2 = 176 mm Hg = 760 torr
1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 0.1 MPa
1 psi = 0.0689476 bars = 0.00689476 MPa

Temperature Units
T(K) = T(R)/1.8
T(F) = T(R) 459.67

T( C) = [T( F) 32]/1.8 = T(K) 273.15

For temperature difference, T, 1 K = 1 C = 1.8 R = 1.8 F

Force Units
1 N = 1 kgm m/s2 = 100000 dynes = 0.2248089 lbf = 0.10197162 kgf

Length Units

1 m = 39.370079 inches (in.) = 3.2808399 ft = 1.0936133 yard

1 m = 100 cm = 1 106 m = 1 1010 Angstrom
1 ft = 30.48 cm

Velocity Units
1 m/s = 3.6 km/hr = 3.28084 ft/s = 2.23694 miles/hr

Specic Volume Units

1 m3 /kg = 16.01846 ft3 /lbm
1 cm3 /g = 1 L/kg
 PREFIXES 537

Density Units
1 kg/m3 = 0.06242797 lbm /ft3

Thermal Conductivity Units

1 W/m-K = 1 J/s-m-K = 0.577789 Btu/hr-ft-R

Heat Flux Units

1 W/m2 = 0.316998 Btu/hr-ft2

Heat Capacity or Specic Entropy Units

1 kJ/kg-K = 0.238846 Btu/lbm-R

Heat Transfer Coefcient Units

1 W/m2 -K = 0.17611 Btu/hr-ft2 -R

Viscosity Units
1 centipoise = 0.001 Ns/m2

B.1 PREFIXES

1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
101 deci d
102 centi c
103 milli m
106 micro
109 nano n
1012 pico p
1015 femto f
1018 atto a