1 2

-1-1

:
1
E k = mV2 ()1
2
:
E p = mgz ()2
:
1
E = U + E k + E p = U + mV2 + mgz ()3
2

-2-1
2
W Fds ()4
1

W PdV ()5

Welec = VIt ()6
V I .
:
Welec = VI ()7

WShaft = 2n ()8
n .
WShaft = 2n ()9
n .

1
) W = k(x 22 - x12 ()10
2

) Wgrav = mg(z2 - z1 ()11
-3-1
PV = nRT ()12
P T V n R .
: SI
R = 8 / 314 J / molK
R = 1 / 9872 cal / molK
P = RT PV = mRT ()13
R
=R
M

-4-1
h u Pv H U PV ()14

-5-1
h
Cp ()15
T p

u
Cv ()16
T v

3
Cv R -1 :
2
5
Cv R -2 :
2
Cv 3 R -3 :

:
Cp
k ()17
Cv

Cp C v R ()18

kR R
Cp , Cv
k 1 k 1

-6-1
T T
u C v dT , h C p dT ()21
0 0

C p C :
u C v T , h Cp T )22(
T
-7-1
Cp C v C

u Cav (T2 T1 ) )23(

h u vP CaT vP )24(

:
h u CT )25(

:
)
h u CT )26(
)
h vP )27(

-8-1
1 V
)28(
V T P

1 V
)29(
V P T

:
1 1

P T

1 ln lnV
)30(
T P T P T P

1 ln ln V
)31(
P T P T P T
 2

-1-2
-1

:
mg mg
x ()1
m t mf mg

f g .
z z f z g :
z xz g (1 x) z f ()2
: zfg zg zf
z zf xzfg ()3

v vf xv fg ()4

h h f xh fg ()5

s sf xsfg ()6
-2-2

dP h
()8
dT Tv
h v .

)
dP h fg
()9
) dT T(v g v f
h fg v g v f .
RT
vg vf , vg
P
 P2 h fg 1 1
ln ()10
P1 R T2 T1

)
d(lnP) h sg
()11
dT RT2
h sg .

)
dP h sf
()12
) dT T(vf vs
h sf v f v s .
 3

-1-3

Ein E out E sys )1(

: Q W E )2(

: Q W dE )3(

: Wout,net Qin,net Q W )4(

: W : Q
E U E k E p )5(
:
Q W U )6(

) ( -2-3
:
mi me mc.v )7(
i e
dmc.v
mi m e dt
)8(
i e
:
dEcv V2 V2
Q W mi u i i gzi me u e e gze )9(
dt
2 2

W Wc.v me (Pe ve ) mi (Pi vi ) )10(

dEc.v V2 V2
Qc.v Wc.v mi h i i gzi me h e e gze )11(
dt
i 2 e 2
 (SSSF)

mi m e )12(
i e

V2 V2
Qc.v Wc.v me h e e gze mi h i i gzi )13(

e 2 i 2

(USUF)

(m2 m1 )c.v m e mi 0 )14(

e i

V2 V2
Qc.v mi h i i gzi Wc.v me h e e gze

i 2 e 2
V2 V2
m2 u2 2 gz2 m1 u1 1 gz1 )15(
2 2

. 2 1 e i
:
T2 kTi )15(
:
T1
Te )15(
k
k Cp / C v

-3-3
-1
Q W 0 , E p 0
Ve2 Vi2
h e hi 0
2

: -2
Q 0 , E p 0 , E k 0
W m(h2 h1 )

-3
Q 0 , E p 0 , E k 0
W m(h2 h1 )

: mi m e )16(

: mi h i m e h e )17(
in out
 -4-3
hi h e )18(

T
)19(
P h

1 h
)02(
CP P T

V
T V
T P
)21(
CP

RT2 Z
)22(
PC P T P

-5-3
) (-1
w 0 , q u w u 0 u Cv T

) (-2
w Pdv P(v2 v1) R T
q u w C v T RT Cp T h

) (-3
u 0 , h 0
RT v P
q w Pdv dv RT ln 2 RT ln 1
v v1 P1

) (-4
k 1
k 1
T2 V1 P k
2
T1 V2
)23(
P1
k
P2 V1

P1 V2
)24(

:
q 0

R(T2 T1 ) P2 v2 P1v1
w u )25(
1 k 1 k
Cp R
k 1 )26(
Cv Cv
 R R
T2 P2 Cp V1 Cv

T1 P1 V2

: k 1 / 67
: k 1 / 4
: k 1 / 32
-5
PV n cte )27(
: n
n 1
n 1
T2 V1 P n
2
T1 V2
)28(
P1
n
P2 V1

P1 V2
)29(

:
P2 v2 P1v1 R(T2 T1 ) k 1
w u (n 1) )30(
1 n 1 n 1 n
 4

-1-4

-3-4
Wnet
th ()1
Qin
( ) TH ( :) TL
Wnet
th ()2
QH

QL
th 1 ()3
QH

-2-4
P v T S :

S12ba1 QH , S43 ba 4 QL

) QH TH (S2 S1 ) , QL TL (S2 S1

-3-4
QH TH
()4
QL TL
.
TL
th,rev 1 ()5
TH
 -4-4 )(COP

:
QL QL 1
COPR ()6
Wnet,in QH QL QH
1
QL
:
QH QH 1
COPHP ()7
Wnet,in QH QL Q
1 L
QH

TL 1
COPR,rev ()8
TH TL TH
1
TL

TH 1
COPHP,rev ()9
TH TL T
1 L
TH

COPHP COPR 1

-5-4
Q
T
0 ()10
 5

-1-5
:
2 Q
S S2 S1 ()3
1 T

-2-5
Q
= S ()4
T0
: T0 : Q .

-3-5
2 Q
Ssys Sgen ()6
1 T

:
Sgen Stot Ssys Ssur 0 ()7

Qsur
= Ssur ()8
Tsur
: Qsur
: Tsur .

-4-5 Tds

Tds du Pdv ( )9

Tds dh vdP ()10

-5-5
2 dT V
s2 s1 Cv R ln 2 ()14
1 T V1
 2 dT P
s2 s1 Cp R ln 2 ()15
1 T P1
:
T2 V
s2 s1 Cv ln R ln 2 ()16
T1 V1

T2 P
s2 s1 Cp ln R ln 2 ()17
T1 P1

-6-5
2 dT T
s2 s1 C Cav ln 2 ()18
1 T T1
Cav .

-7-5
Sin Sout Sgen Ssys ()19

Ssys S2 S1 ()20

) (Sin ,Sout

:
Q
Sheat ()21
T

:
Smass ms ()22

Qk
Ssys Sgen ()23
Tk

:
Ssys Sgen ()24
:
Sgen Ssys Ssur ()25
Ssys m(s2 s1 ) :
Qsur
Ssur :
Tsur

Qk
Sc.v misi mese Sgen ()26
Tk
 :
Qk
Sc.v misi mese Sgen ()27
Tk
:
Qk
Sgen mese mi si ()28
Tk
:
Qk
Sgen m(se si ) ()29
Tk
:
) Sgen m(s e si ()30

-8-5

2
w rev vdP E k E p ()31
1

:
2
w rev vdP ()32
1

:
w rev v(P2 P1 ) E k E p ()33
:
) w rev v(P2 P1 ()34

m
Wrev V(P2 P1 ) ) (P P
2 1

m
Wrev ) (P P
2 1

wa
T ()35
ws
: w a : w s .
w a h i h e,a , w s h i h e,s

h i h e,a
T ()36
h i h e,s
h e,a h e,s
:
Ti Te,a
T ()37
Ti Te,s
 k 1
Te,s Pe k

Ti Pi

) w s v(Pi Pe ()38

ws
c ()39
wa

h e,s h i
c ()40
h e,a h i
h e,a h e,s
:
Te,s Ti
c
Te,a Ti

2
Ve,a
N 2
()41
Ve,s
:
h i h e,a
N ()42
h i h e,s

-9-5
n 1
nR(T2 T1 ) nRT1 P2 n
w in 1 )(n 1
n 1 P1
()43
n 1

1 n k : nk :
): (n 1
P2
w in RT ln ()44
P1
:

P2 P3 P4 Pn
k
P1 P2 P3 Pn 1

Pn Pm k n m
1
Pm Pn n

Pm1 P1
 6

-1-6
Wnet
th ()1
Qin
: Qin : Wnet

-2-6
4 .

-3-6

:
): (r
Vmax VBDC
r ()1
Vmin VTDC
:
Wnet w net
MEP ()2
) (Vmax Vmin ) (v max v min
 -4-6

Vmax V1 V4
: r ()3
Vmin V2 V3

T1 T4
()4
T2 T3

:
T1 1
th 1 1 k 1 ()5
T2 r

-5-6

QL ) C (T T )T (T / T 1
th 1 1 v 4 1 1 1 4 1 ()6
QH ) Cp (T3 T2 )kT2 (T3 / T2 1

v3
: rc ()7
v2

1 rc 1
k
th 1 ()8
r k 1 k(r c 1)
 -6-6
)

:
TL
th,Stirling th,Ericsson th,Carnot 1 ()9
TH

-7-6

:
T1 T 1
th,Brayton 1 1 4 1 (k 1)/k ()10-6
T2 T3 rp
( r p P2 / P1 ) k .


V cte P cte T cte s cte

- - 2 2

2 - - 2

1 1 - 2

2 - 2 -

- 2 2 -

- 2 - 2
 7

- 1 - 7

TH

QH

QH
4 3




1 QL 2

QL
s
TL

-2-7

T
QH

2
3 2 QH
2
3

Win
Win
4 1

1
4 4 QL 1
QL

s
 :
QL h h4
COPR 1 )1(
Wact,in h 2 h1

QH h h3
COPHP 2 )2(
Wact,in h 2 h1

-3-7
:
QL Q
COPabsorp L )3(
Qgen Wpump,in Qgen
 8

P-V-T

-2-8

PV
Z 1 BP CP2 ()1
RT
: C 3
: B 2
: Z ( ).

B C
Z 1 ()2
V V2
: C ....... 3 : B 2

B C B2 D 3 BC 2B 3
B C D
RT (RT)2 (RT) 3

()
:
PV RT

-2-8

a
P 2 (V b) RT ()5
V

RT a
P ()6
Vb 1
)T 2 V(V b
 : b a
P 2 P
0 , 2 0
V
Tc ,Vc ,Pc V Tc ,Vc ,Pc

:
27 R 2Tc2 RTc 3 RTc PV 3
a , b , Vc 3 b , Zc c c
64 Pc 8 Pc 8 Pc RTc 8
:
0 / 427 R 2Tc2/ 5 0 / 087 RTc
a , b , Zc 0 / 33
Pc Pc

:
1 4 / 93 h
Z 1 h 1/ 5 1 h
Tr
)7(
h 0 / 087 Pr
ZTr
T P
Tr Pr
Tc Pc
:
P 27Pr 27Pr2
Z3 r 1 Z2 0
64T2
Z )8(
8Tr r 512Tr3

: ()
1 log Prsat Tr 0/ 7 )9(
:
Z Z0 Z1 )10(
Z0 Z0 (Pr ,Tr )
1 Z Z(Tr , Pr , )
Z Z (Pr ,Tr )
1

:
BP BP P
Z 1 1 c r
RT RTc Tr

BPc
B0 B1 )11(
RTc
B1 B1 (Tr ) B0 B0 (Tr )

-3-8
: BWR
C0
B0 RT A0
P
RT
T 2 bRT a a c 1 exp
)12(
V V2 V3 V 6 V 3T 2 V 2 V2
 9

G , A , H , U -1-9

: (H)
H U PV )1(
: (A)
A U TS )2(
: (G)
G H TS )3(

:
dU TdS PdV )4(

dH TdS VdP )5(

dA SdT PdV )6(

dG SdT VdP )7(

-2-9

T P
)8(
V S S V

T V
)9 (
P S S P

P S
)10(
T V V T

V S
)11(
T P P T
 C v CP -3-9

CP 2 V
P T 2 )12(
T T P

Cv 2 P
V T 2 )13(
T T V

V P
2
CP Cv T )14(
T P V T

V P
CP C v T )15(
T P T V

:
H
(1 T) V )16(
P T

U
( P T) V )17(
P T

S
V )18(
P T

2
CP Cv TV )11(

-4-9

MR M Mig )20(
:

RT RT
VR V ( V) )21(
P P
RT(Z 1)
lim lim BRT B
P0 P0 P

-5-9
:
Z (PV)
lim 0 lim 0
P 0 P T P 0 P T

T T @ : B B 0
 11

-1-11
:

N
d(nU) Td(nS) Pd(nV) i dn i )1(
i 1

N
d(nH) Td(nS) (nV) dP i dn i )2(
i 1

N
d(nA) (nS) dT Pd(nV) i dn i )3(
i 1

N
d(nG) (nS) dT (nV) dP i dn i )4(
i 1

(nU) (n H) (nA) (nG)

i )5(
n i nS, nV, n ji n i nS, P, n ji n i T,nV, n ji n i T,P, n ji

i (nS)
T n )6(
P,n i T,P, n ji

i (nV)
P n )7(
T,n i T,P, n j i

-2-11
(nM)
Mi )8(
n i T,P, n ji

(nG)
i )9(
n i T,P, n ji
H U PV

Hi Ui PVi
H U PV
i i i

H
C p
T p
dG SdT VdP
Hi
C p , dG i Si dT Vi dP
T P,x
dG i Si dT Vi dP
C Hi
pi T p

N N
M x i M i nM n i M i )10(
i 1 i 1

Mi M xi 1 Mi xi 1

-3-11
M M N
T dT P dP xi dMi 0 )11(
P,x T,x i 1

N
x i dM i 0 ) P T( )12(
i 1
:
dM
M1 M (1 x1 ) )13(
dx1
dM
M2 M x1 )14(
dx1

-4-11
(nV)
Vi Vi )15(
n i T,P, n ji

N N
nV n i Vi n i Vi
i 1 i 1

N N
V x i Vi x i Vi
i 1 i 1

:
RT
V1 V2 Vi
P

V V RT
Vi
1 2
P
 -5-11
dGi RTd ln fi (T cte) )16(

fi
lim 1 )17(
P 0 P

dG i RTd ln fi (T cte) )18(

f i
lim 1 )19(
P 0 x i P

:
fi x i P )20(

-6-11
fi
i )21(
P

f
i i )22(
xi P

ln (Z 1)
P dP (T cte) )23(
0 P

ln (Zi 1)
P dP (T cte) )24(
0 P
1 P RT (T cte)
ln i
RT 0
P
Vi dP

)25(

ln i (Zi 1)
P dP (T cte) )26(
0 P
1 P RT (T cte)
ln i Vi dP )27(
RT 0 P

-7-11

fi 1 Hi H*i
ln (Si S*i ) (T cte) )28(
P* R T
. (f i* P* ) P* :*

fiV f iL f isat
 fisat
sat
i )29(
Pisat

iV iL sat
i )30(

f iL f isat sat
i Pi
sat

fi
fisat
V
RT

exp ave P Pisat

(T cte) )31(

V
fi isat Pisat exp ave P Pisat
RT
(T cte) )32(

-8-11
)

ln fi Vi ln i Vi Viig ViR
, )33(
P T RT P T RT RT

ln fi V ln i ViR
i , )34(
P T,x RT P T,x RT
:)

ln fi HiR ln i HiR
, )35(
T P RT2 T P RT2

ln fi HiR ln i HiR
, )36(
T T
2
P,x RT P,x RT2

f i f i -9-11

i )
(nln )
ln i )37(
n i T,P,n j i

N
ln x i ln i )38(
i 1

: fi f )
f (n lnf)
ln i
x )39(
i n i T,P,n ji

N f
ln f x i ln i )40(
x
i 1 i
 -:
N
x i d ln i 0 ()41
i 1
N
x d ln fi 0
i ()42
i 1 xi
N
x i d ln fi 0 ()43
i 1

-11-11
:
f iid x i f i ()44

*f iid x i f i ()45
* f i i
:
f iid x i k i ()46
: k i

-11-11
N
M M x i M0i ()48
i 1

M0i i .

:
G

1 N
x i G i G0i
RT RT i 1
()50

PV

P N
x i Vi Vi0
RT RT i 1
()51

H

1 N

RT RT i 1
x i H i H0i ()52

S 1 N
x i Si S0i
R R i 1
()53

G :
G

1 N
x i G i G0i
RT RT i 1
()54

PV P N (Gi G0i )
xi
RT RT i 1 ln P
()55
T,x
 G G0
i i

H N
RT
x i )56(
RT i 1 lnT P,x

S

1 N Gi Gi
0

R
xi
RT i1 lnT
)57(
P,x

-12-11
: i ()
fi
a i )58(
fi0

G i G0i RT lna i )59(

:
G N
x i ln a i )60(
RT i 1

PV N lna i
xi )61(
RT i 1 ln P T,x

H N
lna i
x i )62(
RT i 1 lnT P,x

S N N
lna i
x i ln a i x i )63(
R i 1 i 1 ln T P,x

i xi
a id )64(

G id N
x i ln x i )65(
RT i 1

Vid 0 )66(

Hid 0 )67(

Sid N
x i ln x i )68(
R i 1

:
fi xi P
a i xi
fi0 P
 :
N N
G id x i G0i RT x i ln x i ()69
i 1 i 1

N
Vid x i Vi0 ()70
i 1

N
Hid x i H0i ()71
i 1

N N
Sid x iS0i R x i ln x i ()72
i 1 i 1
:
id
i G i RT ln x i
id
()73

-13-11 ) (Excess Properties

M E M Mid ()74

ME M Mid ()75
: ME : ME
ME ME ()76

( ) i :
a i
i ()77
xi

GE N
x i ln i ()78
RT i 1

nG E
GE
ln i RT i ()79
n i T,P,n RT
j i

GE
( ) x1x2 ()80
RT

ln 1 x 2
2
()81

ln 2 x1

2
()82
:
fi fi
i ()83
x i fi0 f id
i

G E HE TSE ()86
 G E
VE )87(
P T,x

G E
SE )88(
T P,x

GE
E
T RT
H
)89(
RT T P,x

H E SE
CEP T )90(
T P,x T P,x
:
PV E N ln i
xi )91(
RT i 1 ln P T,x

HE N
ln i
x i )92(
RT i 1 ln T P,x

SE N N
ln i
x i ln i x i )93(
R i 1 i 1 lnT P,x
-14-11

BP
Z 1
RT
:
N N
B yi y jBij )94(
i 1 j1
:
B y12 B11 2y1y2 B12 y22 B22 )95(
. : B12 : B22 B11
ln 2 ln 1
12 2B12 B11 B22 )96(

B y1B11 y2B22 y1y212 )97(

P
ln 1 (B11 y22 12 ) )98(
RT
P
ln 2 (B22 y12 12 ) )99(
RT
:
N N N
C yi y j yk Cijk )100(
i 1 j1 k 1

RTcij
Bij (B0 ij B1 ) )101(
Pcij

0 / 422
B0 0 / 083 )102(
Tr1/ 6

0 / 172
B1 0 / 139 )103(
Tr4 /2
: ij Pcij Tcij

1
Tcij (Tci Tci ) 2 )104(
ZcijRTcij
Pcij )105(
Vcij
i j
ij )106(
2
Zci Zcj
Zcij )107(
2
3
1 1
Vci3 Vcj3
Vcij )108(
2

RT a
P
vb 1
T (v b)(v)
2

N
b yi bi )109(
i 1

N N
a yi y ja ij )110(
i 1 j1
:
V y1y212 )111(

: :
12
id
0

B11 B22
id
B12
2
 11

-1-11
:
(dGt )T,P 0 ()1
:
Qt
dSt (dG t )T,P 0
T
:
) (dU t 0 ()2
St ,V t

) (dSt 0 ()3
U t ,U t

) (d A t 0 ()4
T,V t

-2-11

fi fi fi ( )6
f j f j f j

fn fn fn

-3-11 )(VLE

( )
x i Pisat yi P ( )7
:
P1 y1P x1P1sat ()8

P2 y2 P x 2 P2sat ()9
 : P x1P1sat (1 x1 ) P2sat )10(
1
P )11(
y1 y2

P1sat P2sat

yi i P x i i fi0 )12(
)
yi iv P x i i isat Pisat )13(

i : i
(nln )
ln i
n i T,P,n ji
:
BP
Z 1
RT
BP P
Bii yi yk 2 ji jk
1
ln , ln i
RT
)14(
RT 2 j k

yi P x i i Pisat )15(

n n
P yi P x i i Pisat )16(
i 1 i 1
)
yi i fi0 i il
Ki )24(
x i iv P iv

:
yi Pisat
Ki )25(
xi P

G E -4-11

GE
B C(x1 x 2 ) D(x1 x 2 )2 )17(
RTx1x 2

(B 0 , C D 0) : -

GE
B )18(
RTx1x 2
 ln 1 Bx 22 ln 2 Bx12
ln 1 B ln 2 B

E
G
A21x1 A12 x 2 )19(
RTx1x 2

ln 1 x 22 (A12 2(A21 A12 ) x1 ) , ln 2 x12 (A21 2(A12 A21 ) x 2 )

ln 1 A12 ln 2 A21

x1x2
B C(x1 x2 ) )20(
GE
RT
:
GE A21
A12
)21(
x2
RTx1x 2 A12 x1 A21

A12
A21
ln 1 , ln 2
x1 x2
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