FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLIDIFICATION ‘THIRD EDITION W. KURZ DJ. FISHER ‘TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS 1992 SWITZERLAND - GERMANY - UK - USAFist edition 1984 Second edition 1986 Reprinted 1992, 2M 4a0o. 4 W. KURZ, eparuneat of Materia stent of Materials Swiss Feral lstite of Technology (EPFL) ‘aiena = Swtzerand DJ, FISHER Asoc eee ‘Trane Tech Pacaions Lis ‘edontannadrt Swtetand FOREWORD Soleo hse ly ah agri in iy ep in Sele ging fm pn apc ae pyc: Fre sus oto st ernst een based Taber ‘hein ve pn sta pres moa pion sig Oeson ‘eh sh cn a lie woig mr leon ‘edoson rc ad hn, een pions be prin y soe ie Soe mig ee tt i kn a ses oh hiner eight cept ely pion sigs ‘erento que of Mery ep hk sk soe muster frie regan ey ie ge eT ‘ites ease tytn oy ety id i © 1972 Tans Tech Publicions Ld, Switzriand saeEteo a2 4.0978 00/ Seer cee ones reereyimaoeia —, O1NTD.0D eae (CH-ATLI Aedermansor,Switzerand ‘Se comet eng of econ mehr. Ply, ere fe ‘anny wo noi The w ee coo ve rt ba et ‘pce ot spel hs ak il ea ale ie ep nd ‘Printed in the Netbeansa eve etn wo ben te nin ne ‘Sete ie mn of be mae une eer Pig ‘Serene ey ih tae The pty he a nc ee sa covey ones Vinge a ei en ‘Shcmune ape Sate of ih we pba 964 {i eng Stoning pbs 198 May of eos {Si ota ty ct iw ne ey Sree tents tps neque men Wath “Eucceocunrtns ans pce ei ei {tye pe nip By aco lB ‘Stn ero ayn bewos To att troy eo ty meen Mao ‘evel ono ny Tet sherbet ogre Be See maa tecnico tend rc Stocmr tencnng ncn ac tna ui nev it ane ae 3 ted Py. oa eng et tr en oem ce ‘int dy by ating neni oS, a Senter pa nme dt wy in Gi ey Suto Ty. pens cin eel Jest eo ‘Memento ee we ps ‘et wo yo may he pen use evenly cei pee ete ‘ah eee cet emai cf pe mae wth hh athe ae ape’ tee sh ow he ot hy sara eave Chgset be Wes poner per ed ts lg es tr ‘mrp ep Tete tiene onorintn ou pr dy, tober ‘Stoo rm eed i i itn (apr Ts ‘et py ang pean Hi pub ek oma row ya ee tw ves Cramer Cony riven hate en econ sve he apnea al ew one ems i taten pent (neste acheter ry din ‘eft samen nena nhs ie bie oo "ch apes hoppy fy eee foe wes seer niche esol tt he ers eng of cote seg cer Fro eis, inl ty 0 nk on ‘Soong appends “The mts hp ht tere Bok be ene il econ en ving ater elena sd a epee Somat ila ier ove eee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, ‘he ators ex A pec as 0D. ML Ragas wn conn eeu econ Father thy nh han Pt GAM, De "TW Che, ot.) Dine DH nt, Pipe, DM Grea, rl Jones De. Lpa, De MLD. agin PA, Mane, 1 Peep, at DR Peter, ever, Pt PR St De. Sn1 Sa DF Thee, Prt Ted Dr M Wa aml De Me Zimoeemn er ei ‘cmt en can cee mara Te ite if Dn Mr JP. Mein peti tein a ‘sg ea Seer pig Sgr ae ly ‘toni‘CONTENTS um Taner a he Soild Ita 2 RPRbGergarsaeimiccas: & Bh Rinse Ans s1 kt Soerien Met 12 RSs veiig ae fd 4] EReeS 8 43 [Stele Sole Wabi at Sa i se 1K ogee of iene Seen we ai 39 i Esmee 3B INTRODUCTION Sobsicoe 1 hs mado whi fio ereyoe, eee te aly eqns wh evar he ming ae aes I ee ie pce at the matic of met every mane sje lavas ‘State some age ‘The ope af is tat eed many 6» pss a ey of oy Hee, sli grey scoped ye ion i ya on ‘ew ma i esti fe peop. selon ling ey ean ede ening oneeng poof eet nto ph. Nowa ct tl rc tn ‘Sony lo losing meg poi a ih PCT Intec me nling acon mcm oni, fspeng amy spat peal igh om oi tl dig roe ig We pyri cei we caer ncn can ‘onl ncn emperor apn, slits “iniesn a bi finch emirate ec nog ‘equi eee eee 12 Ppe en Pt tng ‘ame up sa ge ‘Sri ea volta ane meta ny Shot given ce Ps Stes Me (012 ncn a om it pe fe ey wg ‘ny cmt Sali eset et ee se ret (6.19, Gn ce ein pte eae yios ‘te cag screen ere) Sater Stato Pri ing Prec ioe enn ‘els ion erin ue mss ge npnan at ‘sane, ppeon of emkendupue som asian ect em step sci Te parton negra are onto only arte pe At et che snl ty pow forte mee nes pune ed pyr tive nana iene ton yd race. Tela Seg bstorer cah e tn P irl. estos cape epee ert OBC wert a0 dont mea reaps la haing ly wn ‘cand montis owed hl oh ‘sei Cis bp ht IDE: Hower pe ‘eigen tos ep fom eerie: nan he at mous ns evepedin Mops aah ODBC nein i "min sw 508 tin Ep on i ape wl 68 ety. tdekiowd apne ws cna mi nap i ey cua np of endl re Machete dey ering nt mua pity rn fe song luck of ufersuding of te ser of sete pesnes and of ram pie pu eh cee mes we atily ‘let indo ese eye fw ig wa compte eso an wu pt fhe sien roc cing wt ted eine rte nc neo aie ry, ‘hench in ter low nme mur He non anger eee ‘er ani) wee 1. The eee in eal fe ld oil coig wee hen le ihc elt a fe Ha ation see by pv sl af eget ietc at sini a heer owing) nd ‘Sime y= wb pe ie) i epee a6)» -B) +a) #2 B= ae ro ‘eft em oth a RS fen Lek he ele of ‘ud sion, in wi sr eo mente RS gion ‘bce pthc Pha nme were Fo nto ww atiisaton no verre gets, te ri he FD ssf atic emperte nice: ea {sen sins eet ne ie 6 inne 14a eke sure se ny ety oi ee aa fe hg te ener lenge by ce Sac pce Tony ed singel th ocd ii mite oh ‘ese han enpoe padentGbeprly eneel et ‘oth ta ee fc etn isin Teng tte (enon ten tet Duet BR. 2 O¥ us shinee ion oe og ie == ate Sonne wth apc! o spans esl whieh la reget te moving a ire (Se oe eso Sp 42), and ll Any weet: Ha Vth one af nce a ‘heer pit th i en? =n cl) eee seine wien? rn) Delete no ‘slid a do he ran arn as vine GhSneesreeenaenoreeanene ri yd Sm ee ena Fee erie roar Foren iy. tempered may i connexes hap) he psy mening emptor pets theme pase C (05 rGH0Hm ‘Aer Secon! easing proces asta ty iste Ah Here, Bt an pie, 6 heats ncn sn, te he Sov wi ie mothe, nV Thr aa ve ‘criti, tc nt 2 pope pent ba ‘Tien etches pic if eateries Para tie tere of aga hl ost * s0,on cman va Fp i empresa la coer ‘mri sing. 15) The dierent pac ‘dec mo a he oie mere tows ema p15 IS Stacecrsnimemcerae See ‘taiea antsy frag trae eae sea ees i‘hs ceo eo ptr 6 apn ale composi, pn an {tiene sins, tat Jedi cn eee ype, es ‘dct on moro aka pe ely pene he ema ove a ete sown te pest Mee). ‘reo poms ep etn of tne cco hae Rae eae eee eee Sein emenmers See ares See eee eeanaee Sees aetna ieee ‘aac pin pe gp et tee ng dt pn. We ‘tp es ya sr poe a PS SRr uns Pare LA ie ty Tp thangs gr oli ete Oya ir ‘iran te eg ot Come ea ‘is ne ton wise st a ea at Ste nt ne my aie et ‘ipo ing end pap icin (> eer yal Conese pon tee Soy oe ot ene ae Stet te thts pc po dn ge epee ‘eon cies wn cy Taner pe ‘Smo no a mrp ertsee for he te i gel at seit othe pow of ec {inn ewig iy melt pi igicemouner Thee pl nas lam pie) era ees (coe pin) prin dsl esto ene ay (Ci. tan enti im pie a wae gmt fm tel ‘Sc iin dint a ope tt ee ow we ind {nin pow ta spooled al woh ac a De sl Tha he wt ‘Sonate ti eon ane neil govt "Te fm of mieion mcrae pnts sl po te cskng catty ui pon alley coping, Tee eee 0 ‘ne roth eps we mv rg yc. Tse ae esi ml ease sep prt ais pw in ene me) ‘nel nef ath mages wil bros esiig re ae ‘n egheem motor emplen one at yy pre 19 teste vous ene icon — fem m9 etn bre wo mfr por mol died eon: ah a ‘Sevuc wish nant oat ean infeed a oe cl Thien le ed tne ow ashe eed ‘enter mers) "Te nstaen iglt into iva sea iad Ince ening cpio aa emcee aw of et an ao aeiethecor of - ‘Mi ny sig in a A acl ce rc ey tes pe rn Gen dns penn pena of S| ‘ie joe At ibe ina i often a eet sl ‘heh pect apo ovc aa Teele maby en te xe ‘ecg epee wan eh ps ing pe) Ar ten npn Shean nocting pi or cute aed era Ci Tomson sedans ety a= Kr bs a Soe eere es {© iy ncn a atc esesch apnne acne (eae eit om cs {pe of liad nei wai comer ae gad pe. Te ‘sae bend pene: 1 ne we and eh cpl af earth, ea cana ‘plows 2a eat oy ei Te Gin Tanso eet i un Faron mi, of eer a 1%, Hes, he fico ai stacy, boner inert engi hi he rah ‘tle 10 nT la al, ete ero Sn nen pe 1109 aun mau mene ss ong ‘tre har fe fie See ‘Sifu way cee aur eg eS SAEs nse anak eons a “heen tn tym cer as ge a eosin ‘Tistdiewthe spamcop hen mat a) apes 3.1 diene xmpsion se pings, sig et ole re nett elton mea eter no tin endo, cant ered by he son cen ede ero ‘treo 5 1 Oe as os eel art LAL Sati ttre ‘dt er roo dg ght ee es enfants asc gl esIno he test mater be psc, ee a ge ‘ner wi tna te ep THS wes a am es sop ‘orci Ti vier te medio or ema lin a1) opotitin ye ie tage roof pow, i tng le “Teo hea i ot act, he pve, a, {Tne ae gar tmp iva eran ey of ane ce at = mic, = 0-1) ta) sn te ocean ns ewe he ga al le at a ‘siempre elo ag 2 wun terri fein odin gin Lm 0 ner ii an ‘heen oan leon pin aan ce Ney ngendryel eta ‘ate ramets Meee ag po of lin cl) ‘it cnr Wy tno wb et ciety ihe Inte neice prt pov Bibtiography Sasteaton Merentrcare aed Propertsn Cees, Sunn Pace, McC, New Yor, 1949328 ‘Wier, PR Sse, Gece err eiche Wer, Spa, en, ‘Oban in Soin, Ame Seri fr ely Mel PO, 7, Set, MCFenings, AGaren Sto eto Br HS.Casaw @ 1C Hep, Condon of Het Soa Eon, Ons ate re a 59 Smee DR Pr Phat nMatay,Atne Wey, ‘Sey Tet ac Phi re Met, yt, Copttarity ee WW al na Sefer Src, rey, and is, ASM, Me ie le Lectret om the Theory of Phase Traformation Eid by Adonon) TMS of ADM New Yet 175, 95 ‘Thermodynamic o Station cake, 3a Soaean, Ame Sey Met, Mea Pa, (57, 2.23, MC Penings an Presi, Mii 149.268, {Kinyo Berge Meal Penns 1, (ay Mt, in Leer onthe Thar of Phe Tranforatin (ed by Coming Tetons inn Tecnu of Mel Rech Vole fed by RE Beay, ‘We Rew Yo 188 EL. Venn; MES, Mar Ss api (190213, {enone DAG: Ren in oi Sy Me, ‘te Cini ry Ali Ome Ne a5 “oe ay Aa Dap, SM Pe Ohi ota ee, SN Mea Pacha 1k 1 Cat, a Stan, ABM, Me Pk Oi 1.923 tet SRC RFS, ar! Soe ml Bg 6los, ipl Salen of Meat and Ae, The in of Mestre, 1.1 cate ape fe pyr cic of te gt in ate 1, Whi wos Ieee lig aon eli sane nate 1.2. rom onion fe vole lena he my soe af Hee LS (perp nie enon io he ie mth ‘Van heh he tye 1 Seach p-aag et cin pe tl a Fr a ed 1 ua dea deep ely in wc mt Des te isn ero ld eerie on, Whe woe ‘ce bending etl se 982 1 sieht ps gs hing pss eetive vali ‘Show tt rah Dany ponte 16 Ug i a “Coton 0 Binry Aly (Hien so And, ‘Me iNew Yn 1958 athe snr pate dapan compan, S198 of Cai ater ee et 39PC Diss ‘ety of te nt a icon Sa 1.7 mote aly. the yd th as dest ies wi a 0 ‘oi eon Anu sneer Wha he gio it ‘vein ns) prea ©? Ds ern wh peo ‘on ere weton seer mh ar wpa a opr von) decal salion @sguan- Fi 14), and ing (ee 15, 18 Gre pase eon fore god mo iingcheciis wih e ‘ctype meat and ee ly aig hg of al on Dace th ith prince epi se e 19 gue 14 sees oo deeto stetin poses wich er wh pec hehe te nnn e+ ys hr ‘oie afer mee ngs ec vg ci cca wi te ug iw: Om ce et ms with np he ‘eg he pret. bse ys heer. The er eet ik teed y te nes ut rye pecan gS ee ‘chien, temper pene es el ire ustaleys te poste ston ne Lae time beeen he men Posing a pasted al ane ‘tate ess en a ||ATOM TRANSFER AT THE SOLIDILIQUD INTERFACE, ma shy pl of se, silicon gies et x om he ‘hemody abe pe ey bere br nin ‘one phi eee res rarnene fem. ay ae ‘elo oa oe me verti ter een ne‘Utena note hrm acne cn cny xe hen te oi emer fs owe pt phe ss pe ge a te hepsi prs However hi ge ocelot Pik os of eet Pe ‘init ety xi Tero, ae ln ee ae pat be ‘oem. git th, asm fects rae ie yan eo (Ch iyo eee a eg pe ae ig pt te xt mabe Thy coin be metas ew theming pt ne re ng exes ere siti etn os wep he ne ce pi hmv whe ey Ones sae ess eyo is connor» cove her vc he recs nae ig id gs we sd eae tn here pce un be inte ah srolesseot aon Conny emo ef comunnr ea ‘eateries en fy every ps ef so. enor nue 21 mein bp se epee neo = ‘el pin wich epi pow oppo aig a npr ‘heel et fe nteing trong Ms he ee of maby ‘trang ence nda the ot oe Send Te ora ion pec sci ie he eine et ‘Topco arb na ae if main, “siege eer ce) (on 13) Be P= 0. Dai fie ge of eed seni, ch enya ‘lane cn af i il ery mal Aer meine he epee of ‘tn ene roves inti ghee neni See emit roms ae en on and as ery pytus pop, i cc an eng ee id faa be pe owen Tbe Nate it en ine we feu {Pi (18) The conto lingo elon we ete wna ‘Spranceia deomiig te une fy ca. ror emot coe ey wtialy wal wdc Th to i {iene cat einer vncian incl oni nea, ‘Tiscover wee gation epee pend 0 ae ‘Soe iar fra eel aa Iam Tegan lg oi fe ‘psc st over yan amo As Tease ec eee ‘tent Reap apt ee ze eu ‘Ween nc tt heme te dea Bee te ‘ulin rye Fran of pel sa datos ae fem ck fle Ve ae a ave toarng euler on te se of he apni sal pl te i ‘ie a he tiny of ee orig ery lrg ot, {ama edocs pn 2D, ‘essa ee 22 thecal nn re cen eee ‘yumi err an me om 2 Gey 86,680, = a der roy ‘or the stg aie ny an 9 he Ge ey ite i resp an » Pare 22. Pete of pa he en at ‘Repel a fn ma ip oc ed ‘Sia teh ree ny aes ae aes Seeen he la sd er nk vole, Aghia ning «phi farm (oie A fr bel 30 = ovwt « Sete pa, “Te Oi i em yri wolms, ppm pen: se = agar a “Tense futon 24mg of agua nce The ‘ae fs mys sve whee A gent pn Adi eve AT ‘hems unio en spose ig 227 Tr mana vaca ya mien wit cone pow Theron re ue a 4-0 28 nian bere tein costo eaten ge ‘wetaconmas a at hedge ora gt fg, Comoe inept gee ee oo 2 noe of» Soil Rss Pr eg = 0%) ’ “8 . “EQ | -eio aot Oe eogae EERE EEE. sa cei ae > Oaaqiar wang women bs oso weg ones L Fie 2demmra ow Stina am comsponag ihe contin (ca mate ome bef leecan api Te i ih lp erent Goning no pe Teed as homage ‘meen eae cums of een noms sh ital tomes ‘yen Cong enly toms he gat) Heep (cyt pls Bid Ung equates 22 26h itl prt ca shud sae inte 2 whee AG eg A net 23, ‘ce es ams ine eh er 2) raer as eas ‘wale Wein t= 12nd = "Wen heel co prc on met wit pilin roe ener cin may be ied Be utero esti ‘cao A pry rome in ow a we he id niceSmI » Bec on sr Bite wong ann epee em teen going si Tope cn) ala ore ce rma wall, The 8 ‘eso done yw ie ete ae ‘None aes 0, en equon 27, ee i ile 22a ow ncn pd wk wag al ten hel es te ee are ne ero at 0 mb ce “Tsai on te en nll ny un a teloneineain Ho eae ea te i ch rein ‘emyaetmpennes pe eng pT ef may otng dente washer en natn pe tal ice 8a ‘Soa ea In i, othe womene amd a 0, “The shore abe on deo rp el wher io Gig ric Tecan et alos hie, de fee 08 {nly a fincon of eceatse (7or),bta of compo. To is ‘Cronin ect aml nen we di ce a te ‘Seon Hn Dank aAAC #0, ih eine nea tin de be en s)he inl ce wl cone Tsai trons dN am fe iT aia to oy) of Ste ‘Semcon elo gene) ee fra en Ne <= ay ‘ sy en ‘union 28d 23 sh hae ae yey ces ne huh a toy snl Ter ees wh een ae Se The its hens wholly pe 23 yo rs eos opt AG ame poi an he rim omen of ileus nm na ere ak mo Ay 88 taint Iuciont meson whic clara ea a fm The ‘eu, ae 2. en ith UMP? Te a of a ning ‘hich oi wt oan cn ie ce, Nl chairs. ey es "Becher oh i ete vase of toms re i tote al An avn ng ter eh alg ee tered gue 10 lg opens 2) om er isa peg hip in Gono expe term Ot fhe ues at ogton 2, wie he er aes I te “itn etc Anco pinged slr cla se opines a ewe re fre he Bg he male Tate ping weir ed oi cen et nee whieh ed wnt betes ‘lingo (A= an pte where wa np ay oma ac (0K) Thi ay 2 Nate Fw ei si ‘Sra ole ek eee of eel i, i hry arn Ma ps gon, iyCima eraumcnena ie 1-7 dag any red ino TFT ig 24) wee ane seroma be being ins norton Tee Seeing ‘Se erage ttm va anc be ult enn 1p cot ne, sch toe easunred in ph on procetng, he ‘ay be inc tne fre foron of ven oe ace sd»pou de ea tg vein 2) "Ws mesg cee fe alg angn A ie pags © & ‘hua nen he hon can ely by ping tin 2.1. Athen gm epi eal {01 an apostate 6 5 hen tse es om Alon nce er peso WA) nes when he ale (A ato 76 Ce wae, gn expres ‘ier ft S10 free doves econ yc 102, When YW eq 0,1 me pr fel er mance fe ie rm ri 10 ny on ce oe pre ‘mene fy 25) Tasca os ey cps ‘nei ete nyc ve gt 1 aiy a= omy] » sor 25 "on etlsng he neg fr scons ie (8 at af aber leg retirees hierdie 2S whee re cent conic pe sy pe on ‘geen tn eon 2.1, Th fy ln corn ‘came ya chp eaten ey td the ily ee "owe gin se wi be ier propria oe pail dey. Wen ne in sae rie th many ely opened ai al ‘soy ter nt ww ih bene Tht et we ‘ring ns sm fest mee yacht fe ms ‘yeomine he Ts pemenoe ep i he omen ef ‘sl yeeros te ml Tae meta ey ere sine rede ul nr a) whe es ay ee i gh il ‘etn. The pose fe incre en ey i (econaf te Fra nin yea macnn ei het i tea cpmoa tp. hac urea ac ‘Soar teach nye bth Sesriem rencsimey ro memesnes ving er olga aif hace mean cn ‘Onc sess fr wl te on, po we iy + Wetincctaom tan de ‘Remains echo he tr pent p ene inn ‘nd po tao oon Tl chap wilson ply meme ‘et ness an epson eine Se ee ii ee » ‘ent ami ic ly onl me ins When ‘er ni eno ew mpg pel fe a one ren ones bela eo ‘et ort Wn on te en or eowittiyeomemr eral hr rum elacnen te porapases se posse ig 2) Mena mls op of er ‘cope enh aly yt ene itis ma ei nt, pte crn me er ne ‘nes fe tse La wie eee ne Inet A ey inp gow nt st ‘rpm fst decid ask a erin ‘Se ope Ot erring cng yet tee ‘Stott hi na pie te So ‘se yes oe el en dep pnt or pve A ‘ben ti lr ce yen poe en eo an ‘rtp oer poe on ‘sore of pce ine ste Bo be agrna ‘nee dpe td a nc at erry ape) hots ww cone es 5). rom ewe ps of vw ho fr i aed ce ‘ono wy enn on ene oe Hw ror or te ‘Stonegate ee pe ed gt3 ma a) ” scuttle Grp Tena Seer eo of i et oh me ech pa onthe fection ning he er Tet singh get pe be cp coe Le apn ee tt tae te nn eo nn oT esa {ose satin Ing te of peo et ‘ttn nti pr bee ‘Cush comm ae oie cy eit eeskee snares sighs y the at fe (4.27, The fe ee postions at Were, hate by sentra surat agian (19 amano ya eel owe ener tm non wine each Meer obey feng a cya fn ils poston I er Seer mam Recep dill at ut cee ‘Negi a yl es ig el Ine ee ch (Senne epson ee ee. Aan fr sn 2.80) sini eg ve ot ‘se gv ton hog Oe gut Sch etl as rey ‘pany pia ltl netics we ale Ta wh ‘fad Sema: enol ee high ere ewe 22 Yat 5 ‘toaim ome memes poy se sre Auten tht ” ‘oe Eien mm ep sen upp e {ment men Carb cecgsay fe a oe aps fg See eee Soeteecornmeageceoemes ‘Sieatigunen hen pove sited apd Meme em Anatoly gh ice F280) ap egre of Gro ses ‘ce amass om eis Shan ast i lel os yi wih a ed ee lc enemy ? ‘wiper eo a ga pases Se earovers e ttin repion Wh ‘eters hve te commen, Aspnes y i, ‘sero nel) ein ie dy oiap et ag ‘os i ec ee growth mere ii lege nn(ne) ating At. ecm hihi cella plans end nhc) gh a comin any eed nso i pow en Sev with npn ae wih ocaly iT ae ‘ete drpwnncf hehe ne pes de mp row leaden css cy lm wih dye oven ving es e239), ‘as hehe and vena ruc ny eg et he gi sles Hee hon fee oot ers eee is ey dea nd neice bros ow nt ie Ge ep many ‘ae pout xp same eg oe me). Themen nop cont ro fr picing ie apt of he eyin et: Vest AS wich es han 2 bee ‘spy sac once eye pow wile ier eas ply ‘et ou or be pra. ‘ne 2,4 ar mone pl we compar le (ers eeinemnies eer Go iy oT ‘Gina lca meaty th a a pot ay re | | "le 24 Crome Spgs nd Crain Fee nn mop — a ‘pase eye | mee sofoned a eal a) ~“ etcarcymas | aie | tenet 0 Ccmplcnokeaee | mk fmt <0 ol Bey ‘ent fe at es a pla yal ino te se pup io tle te ‘at of lien. Tei of nl avy bee ng ‘ii how gue ow meagre ya eel ‘esi iy, Mpa of er nee mee re meh rie» dl ofl fio an cnr ean oe Me aco on emis edi in ows tetec e Insp an he fr ging phd lane 2 pent some mays tayo ay wate aT eer wae Bi pre ‘Sotelo eee on, ns a(nner enya yellogaple te fr sine ro ee yl pen) duh pina of wo ee ‘Aen op A al edo via ges te al pe a Ve kat ean ‘Divexenion ommend gegen A, an a a staple ports mecain open Kos rey ee om i inl ge eyed mio at ef eeelig spy Ta sewn by. pes. Ear emipeseea eens ‘he tua ey pi ase yp pas a rate « tenn eae pont tl ot ya ere de ‘reps testo Theis phe ome) gost eer ‘Senet Whs Pape fey pls tied yp ‘oer bmp ete as Take pie Wen Vn ese rican pee a a rn me be mepooytenle Tete, Cong ine gow eva ghee a py Cotalig ete cent con Fr epee eno act sevens tae pi wet peso gC ln be foro saben psig hgh eno offs, ae cts of para ‘ganache oon yf ro fe Catt be nnd by growth ae ec (Bg 210. There lade sm tec cholo pine re ep) sich aly cee tener tents wh an ed mn usw te oy Pe 27) Ta ‘rhe erga hy nar th Avert ‘orogeny so un een andor ier ie fn ‘is promace ha med ees pon he pone uv fh et ty ed neces eC AS cer uy she ol unde sty ph ving ace Nh cel he sre ee hg ny Pe my cee ‘oh pont bao es os ee, lon Theory (pre susan) ae A Webe Zt fe Pgh Ce 19192927 ie Fer mf Chal aes 17198)DRUM, Chane, nda nd egeig Cy 5196518 une RD Deby Ae Mega 2799). CVT, Spy A Menai 3 (R20 KN tr SMe PHS, ote Mee 33,585 2013, iTable, ual of pod Pye 2190 908 MC, WC, ot Mele 1(1960 2, PG howel, AC, en Meri 2490 2, ‘inept, Peep eMail Rech Sey Sean ou Rp oid imps an hyaline Ay (Be by BALK ‘Bienen Neng New Ye 1 mace, Mea Seen nga S98) 125 Mt Ae, At Metargi 2,(1929 29, ‘TW ye Raber Meals Ty 798017 ‘ipepe, $e in Proce of he enon! Syyesiom ce Arana Tcl oni Apa ae Ae Ai 138 ux Heroes Roepe Spt Me 2919) 315 Adin, nL Mes nd Sacto Arian Sxey fo Me, Alcon uml af Cal Gow 6 (1966 5. Spey Ao Merge 231975) 79. {GiLcne, Ak,Oya rth on Mra iy RR ‘im Gs Noon, ona of Cry Geoet (8) 3 ween nr Oye Growth 7 190) 38 cast Growth Form HECi te Menthe Trams (97) 2507 War HE Cn, Mer Pn 499), Cine, umf yl Grom (9897. Pax tng W Ker Paice Meslognpie (198) 57 | ae td .ran Pilopi Mapse 1996) 99. vers Mle Lage Sf ee Met 17) 298. 22, Camp eld a gh a wih non 5 23, Whats ening xeon Ar ome oe a ine ‘raced who aijig lag ph lesig? 2.6 foram unteoings emcee yop be wen ‘a xg teem 7, ad gi egos a Ka Demin by bw meh jog chngin ern te eae A egies ne me cole persed whes Emi a1 27 nec exponen, Dantas RECsh orl of Aid Pre 2 (19S BO aie wp i rp hw el few ‘coma hee err nena eeprom cn eed wast Wy ey ese 2.8 Ry mening he unfecolg gli i omg macton,#e pose odie he sgt marie ry wah iia ‘ne gate ih Deep Be nse eth wi ed ‘tein 21 ne es ea i cig hoc el ‘cx eps Deb oma Ape Pee 2 (9H a ‘iLReeu a Sales on Cag of Me, The Me Sa, Laden 179.16) 29° Show ht ed 30a fon of ht nt Why ee sepa gue 7. 2.10 Deering pat ps i ina wat2.41 Whar gen ione Oe oT owt i apa A 70°C Jou betes: ns he pe agra For ee ets {TW.cye, MEER Me eae 790 177 Prectn ering yy fing ed ae een etiam fe sen eed cen What nl oa yo en? 2.19 Show wren two nena why iy gown pes ear dnogerpl wit vee we in oe 1.8 Fram ions ite tere te tg ei cn (Oty ates ome pment 10), ane tage ‘on pots) wan Vania fr 10>? 1.15 ain why sal pon tice ly ply oh ‘en going emptied 284 MORPHOLOGICAL INSTABILITY OF A SOLIDILIQUID INTERFACE Ch ery ef fy nie he ence te mio Af paving nec, nd caret eens feu ro pred wih ral es ise on ‘eyes hed sbi ia Te et pon me hh mpl wc apes te te ch th i ow ‘mv orate wing id ince epg lero eemin wheter ecg aera Te te ‘ibe meal wei pron mpi whe pgs‘inne mapa mtet dnp 8 23.1 marie Ina of Pare Suter ‘Thess wih ad antic ely andi co pe trance Pigue 3.2 as, sete miner, he evap ‘rei gob aneqaned owh ee fips 1. 7] babes ter arapcerteree etter Sass eee ‘Sony cnet sy pu aru Wa Smet tes he Fenge canna ramem Tee ioe ay SSS Se ee ec ee Seer (Shc pores none ndie neeeesueayesmpnipaty a ete coer rom of ure ec 328, espe Ee he ea iT noire eck fe pie Th met wl end te ter wie Ge we Tp yh et at gil ihe ‘cling fan tie prt emit te meling lt ove ee ie, ‘manana gee st dey ee ees Su egsecrete ge eget fl tbe dee ‘ou epee dene iat ep log ie A) se he thetempee pat ate old eae, Arn Fee fe hs oat i heat Foe i ot tp ees na he he i Meera heen natn exe in he ees le BB). A al urate no be nel Ths hina pre bce dig ln oti aye ae (ig 32) naive hb dr nt eh el alvin wed ‘rege el Tete, het it be deel eke xh he ‘sce enpete pate i nti, Th eps pei ‘he ui wl te give, wil he grades nh Sl een ae. A racine ue nv fe eng om ce a exam eae te gone st Ta, eae pe ‘aban eg ie tn il sme ne pin ‘Seton cncos Ter tend pn a el ay op {dimple (Se 17). Bee een ene ea a ‘wert decline ue a Pray, hie ‘om tacoml at he mtg marca pre met wi eme “tse eee patents point nee he ge i ep ‘tan wil gift emer pce a ie, Gn by he a ax aii ey se aco ‘owen en 2.2 Solute Pep a » Paar Satu ere nal co fr abs beri mae ple Be ‘aes eng pit nv eg ire Dg seminoma oe wt pw aa eine a eer ‘Shi of hewwhen he ton sector i tn ty 1 ‘escent ined dye sede thine The fy eee sonny ye 8 seed fee 23.1 eslied dang» cus prin elie mena ine inden) prom ee gla atin alo cores we cata hp it lace fame mevng wh soli ies, he od aoa lie geri. Teo, ‘nposton ef he So sel nt, Co be ig send ie (ete tte sae ile pt ete et, Tee een ‘ebony yer een poly, C9. erent 6 = Graeen a, Masenmly. te ae, of he Row ae iii Hower meta prs ten be nt eeu the eat tay Bye (pent aR oo ‘Wisgh sepa te banieng argon ag alg WA bgt car ste nnn na om oyse ces sie conn te nme with me ‘are he penne Equi 3 eet eee bye ‘ite itimerty opin ee pow. ‘All lence to irs ees ra 4 = AGC) na he em Ath epee le fii hs are etiwanda em rcs ern net ne ‘te Ep an he sol a he nae Une a cots eta ce as ate ey ni at whic asa a they fsb. The acne ai aie se 4-00 & bs ying he ea ng tat ee ety, Cf = Cu ese es Bo, 14 sen fom he sve a ring th seo a ay, te ‘whem dunia ener she einen a compen Te), = miey-ep bn (6 te ert cared eel ay opt, “irenontp stows in ge ainda he eee orate conte i pu gin ge ep day lye The ier tempera ei shes an a ‘hn iy, eae es pen te ele ‘seyret finn of cond vole sane ee me see etn sty, ao woman ee th operate, Ty ‘ey tet fi Boh epee at i ene Ge ee ‘st ne nyse wh of pln wl creo oo ‘ods epee ere ception, Cy ow ge 34 2 eee come ES cenmveeaeereamene eae mae Gr conan ae Prim thao eh oh brn teen -@,, on atheist neice oi gy ete a) ‘emery ean inl eee Fe 33, Tse temper ove un et son epee, Teso 1 ete te certs tt ha ‘Sidiejaltonet tetuar asargh Ovsstowtnt dentommatesnieg oe Ecos Perper ‘teeing ne 8 an a ‘re epee rie te st eal eve a he diet epee ange al he ie an nd ‘ting te ccenation pen Cy ein ae mT he ‘res cooly ne o ) get pas, she Aycan emplaced by exon: mI oes 1.10 48.4 {rvs an AF, oy ak, Uf ecm ied eantenpenne pint (Gos Ge +) hd of he pee ‘ein ess no pi ie i. “le Ammar he per of eae ply He exp der st cons nl 32 et pa nel rd onenrns igh tempers mum be more i et pp serie ad eno Gnd pow Noe tne er of Spe ayzls er ede econ gowh pees «gen of 0K ‘Ditton Coticat er BSS may Pe a mw | com ‘Racecar yh le eng ny inne = Sofa no ay as en ee Neg el sat he ‘sad lhe erin win wi en ft ert ee Ineron cing heen te ial eed pag hey ‘np cae wafer rope, Hwee. at bree hi he epg hh ily eos ste ‘he Sito say way oly unex vt wich aoe oe oye ear dnt epoing ali f npe e , 3.4 Perturbation Anages Arete econo nse ste pms he eat ‘hee enn ince ieee gph ene ‘esd iin pon int yaa esi sy, ‘elem ne toh moa cng earings iio ty ‘seat opp thas ey relight de no Steep net cot inact ‘is ecto ne pred nsgpet 7, sl te pres dacsio ead ‘meetin poe pai ned ay asin Fe iy th te ory etna pros ex "39, wih vet esi apie ot a he rs ke engeemecemmenmet eagtgtraee eee Shas Ut etoupetemne ettttn ele Tepe nec ed ysis 2 = aca) pas ‘whe the ampli (2 a ne. The ape, ‘etn cnt oa fe he np a oli Fayence tan ln nena, eel oe mf epee dee da te trend ve mica bs este Ti+ ole ‘snp e ein eeabnswae n Tangs ops te ops () ma peso (he ee a sang ering tec pe Fy = mG 6-H KD eas ‘he cats Hp nd prensa not ened a be ‘ge ion 310 ry tan see - tee ca (Soe Ka opt ie a ch ates re men Aetnson eqn 10 Sc iste te epee coe ‘le seated ye pense oval ero, he enpow conceton dienes rene i nd dees canbe fn es [Doers eiring gla sie comet tot eaten Va CVRD 1, Ta reTy = 26 20 ot, 0, oa ig pin 1919325 stn a aoa Ol as, pa ga i te » ur ithe dee nin nso fd nein 3.12. The Seng (ghey etn 322 etn ical ean whch et sere ta anh ae tie dpc fem om a ‘inp on 473 sn te a ty ely een ‘Thiam el 20 ap spony 0 ore he iting ea and tate le flame abe 8+ shee dT te 8/6 Hn ig 27 fr a A hy, Hy caPr-Goma) aay ar 7 ae Dp fs ei Coma eer ae ESS ees ESSth pero drop a uly expe (<0) dt the elect of Be pena At ae beth mma ern dv oly reo ctsn ims. The wag, dee reed merle ‘eh tthe Kine of sity (e=0) mde condos of conan! tcl. The ie ete er nih ie tine 123 eet ten te send embers po bg ite) are m0 = aaa ‘inl me Steen pet in ind el ey ‘om Gl bk ete ean eet pet 8 exo 10,05) ‘ete, te ee epost vin fi ni, genio m0 nf sol wns he masse ‘meen pacer in. Tao be en ee ely eat Inet sae seed Osh arn oe cnn @ «mo, « an ‘a. weep cone V0: a= gy" pas “he er rebel he mang te te meg mart perce dso gh (7 a cote (7s) ening Dee Fd ecening Vo ST wl nea he ea ete wg ) Mle imi ge » ‘WAT Kon Roe Chan, Aa Meg 189) $2, Sabitty Try ‘WivMnion RF See uma Api yar 4 (86) 2, WwW Seek malo pd ys 5 (86) "Seki, our ef Ap Py 36 (889 28. RES, Jounal of Cyl Growth 3 (985) 7. [Rls Cyt Gro St RR Fam pen, Ono 78. Ard WX Act Mei IoertceStbty Experinents ‘ay, SR. Joual of yt Growth? (99 Ru Seats Eke Meat Tanaon (170 190. ‘in TS, 06 femal Cyl Gm 8 (7 409, ‘1A iain: oi wen innit ine ae oa jeremy Show at elon 31 ii yeti 398 32 nda ny econo ni sso ct i ewer sie pete eign ny, 23a he alana oh gman ed LA), oe eto sing ross 1, ieee can oo sy, 14 Desi e fs aga fom oon te btn ‘eet Choe 22 + OH FHIPD de ety se cnt alo be tri thine ‘enpers 62% an it nom at he meting pr Ale GP: Che (Melero mA Tt 8,{15 Wht he ni of iy, ft tov ay en $109 Une aac nec ern, 5.6 Cleaned wp» ao which ice 0 ‘abla pla ft ein 3S pth Yo Dt 117 y analogy wth figure 34, dw 4 an for E>] an dee te 2 seg apc of Maia St pete se te nau ‘ae of nih roi aie paar ert fan Pe we {Bey Bang ena pve star nee Cae ote tot het sly, (LD “R18 dm eee a ‘en her in os pat 4) 218 Feria A} 2m Fo RN emit tere oe te ‘eG need ecg econ eo (nice 119. te tna neni ron eon 315 th =) an ening Mii Sea eo (cumin A. gta Pe ater apton LB= Tides 47220 ie med te peepee Se eg 10K fore hm Dales 210 Cate Be i. eros high oso doing ones V vr, the wang te een he ‘hina age 7 Nee bin gation 258s ew etme ape 7eton AT) = G+ (Gy el” ‘ner sr cons, can be angie by compen eve ‘geo VD ee a ese en i 37 Dees ‘eae yee one enn fay? 2.1 tga at negro te legion 34 hich ‘espns se ge pn ets wih epee de {Ge km nd in ee tof ston ones ays onion iT pws ths bd io ‘Sane te vale of Cee he msimom an he mot pombe eg whe en ao ys ae mga ofthe ais ong pe =) wi wl eee ‘Seg Cate ay se lao fr per fl ad 4 ‘phe alone set Sd son ere in pei) 6 slateSOLIDIFICATION MICROSTRUCTURE: CELLS AND DENDRITES Nant tt eso scar whi pe ‘raat il imo grap ingle ave ia eas pape ‘scares The tot pet pot om, dh re be ind arr, be wee pinay ee the en Papa rae (coms wilt dered nent ge "Asov ince | denies ein crc fhe mew be nin of my mee loca ter sliicton The pomth af beth logs cn ede yale re os dere ot sentir1, denote pan wish oe oe tien ese tenner te uneng ule ome 2. eet ctin w pemi te fon fan cu nip nee the vale he mcrae adhe ering he oe eet [orb orth pow Gh ee of cal ve. (ine theca specs Mo ann mens te pie deve in ‘Ge Lng 186 Pek 98). "Wicd es arf ele ieee dexmie aneeon Pr Lm lan Cong Cae Ay Det ‘Sep? atone aor sd by ug 0 sate onthe Te eran ch in py ny 1 yoni mapa iy ate eal dent pow ee ‘cmon aro macy ageeen ee slept Senn ohh a son ae fd on aly win pw en vey. Tasos tenn mt he comspodingtunensleg. he als Sonne whe ay er te) le one ln thle eB lh dene ors wales with get ‘a ey tas, formed by repented bani, topeter make op se re (ean, ‘Wen ea ws ne yb ee ie ean pee rant hacen pow bey. pare melon ce npr talent jes eden ow nara stony ‘cats ta rent Be Fe 19). Tne eed pot ent ef be nde a srangl peel wh than hire ent cng) ee ied ne us ld {ald cc dion pn a he py pn eel ‘ote pin dame Acadia pcg, un ne bth 4.2 Morptobgy and Cetaeraphy of Dente “The frm of ede hepa with etek a we ple satin Reese wid lama lc owe ‘hep dein fhe perder has aoe. Ae pcan ‘lc asus hao se jee ty te tps Teton amseta pce ate bn pe SESSA UN aetiedai dene am te porn 0 ne sll a at om ol 43 [precoder aren aly ne ‘ete wih eh omy mt cereal ged oh ros, Celanese ch et he warn of (ig 3) ei inprat t nesa n sodnsSl oes dre dic gowth of tye G0 Feria a ‘gow sr sntos ha nel fig 176 he oe (Ge 17 ty dene le see 4 mmr eee ‘ere cl dois ae aly cyl mow gs perl th bw Beco Tey gow en cn wich Tio cnet oth oreonig paar inet AY gh pon es ect tite Sahel em abe oe epee ase yl ao i ‘nth oer hn deities ue eine as Wa pow oe ot sy te pane omens wich ach ol het fin eco oop i flow ce te orth oe Te icine wcrc cot ate 41), Bae etn por ‘ele he alae pers rein where bea ere thecnein a terooed mt Ie aye 0] ee ae nd thor the yt eet canes be tn hee “ena wife ene many eg wine Ne) al oe ei comps he ogi el ig 43) adn inp ener pei ‘edna pean ey nih rr ne ‘Stone pr tae oes ws ae eeetTo cee ogra ns aca