=| yornes | Ukrainian RUMEMEEEIEEEER | 40: | all-around confidence category language conlent - learn to speak, understand and write ukrainian + progress quickly beyond the basics + explore the language in depth be where you want to be with teach yourself I Ezteach yourself ukrainian olena bekh and james dingley For over sixty years, more than 40 million people have leamt over 750 subjects the teach yourself way, with impressive results. be where you want to be with teach yourselfFor UK order enquiries: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0) 1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0) 1235 400454, Lines are open 9,00-18.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Details about our titles and how to order are available at www.teachyourself.co.uk For USA order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Customer Services, P.0. Box 545, Blacklick, OH 43004-0545, USA Telephone: 1-800-722-4726. Fax: 1-614-755-5645, For Canada order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 300 Water St, Whitby, Ontario L1N 9B6, Canada. Telephone: 905 430 5000. Fax: 905 430 5020. Long renowned as the authoritative source for self-guided learning - with more than 30 million copies sold worldwide — the Teach Yourself series includes over 300 titles in the fields of languages, crafts, hobbies, business, computing and education. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: catalogue record for this title is available from The British Library, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: on file First published in UK 2001 by Hodder Headline Ltd., 338 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH. First published in US 2001 by Contemporary Books, A Division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, 1 Prudential Plaza, 130 East Randolph Street, Chicago, IL 60601 USA. This edition published 2003. The ‘Teach Yourself’ name is a registered trade mark of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. Copyright © 1997, 2003 Olena Bekh and James Dingley In UK: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained fram the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP. in US. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Contemporary Books. ‘Typeset by Transet Limited, Coventry, England. Printed in Great Britain for Hodder & Stoughton Educational, a division of Hodder Headline Ltd., 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading, Berkshire. Impression number 10987654321 Year 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 A Nr IRE IE CONTENTS Introduction 1 Pronunciation 4 AoGpuii zeus! Ak Bante im’a? Hello! What's your name? 13 Introducing yourself and others. Greeting people and asking names. Simple statements and questions. Alyxe npnemno 3 Bamu no3snaiiomuruca Very nice to meet you 26 Simple description of a room. Further introductions and expressing appreciation. Some countries and nationalities. The plural. Counting from 1 to 4. Crisene, Bu maete cim’1o? Stephen, do you have afamily? 41 Offering things. Please and thankyou. Talking about your family. Saying goodbye. «Aasno! A reaeouyro 3 Jlougouna...» “Hello! I am calling from London...” 55 Making a telephone conversation. What is possible or necessary. Ukrainian surnames. Counting from 5 to 10. Ham tpe6a 3amMoBuTH HoMep y rotesi We need to book a room ina hotel 70 Finding your way around. Possession. Booking a hotel room. Changing money. Counting from 11 to 1 000 000. Sixuii B Y«paini knimat? What's the climate like in Ukraine? 83 Apologising. Saying what you like and how old you are. Talking about the weather and past events. Some time expressions and months of the year. 3{ Maio nu1aHH po3BHBaTH Toprismo 3 Yxpainoro J have plans to develop trade with Ukraine 97 Answering the question ‘where?’ Playing sports and musical instruments. More time expressions. Mu aeramo Yxpaincekumn Asianiniamn We are flying with Ukrainian Airlines 109 Expressing agreement. Talking about future events and travel. Ordinal numbers and years. Telling the time. Bam macnopt, 6yap aacka Your passport, please 127 Passport and customs control. More description of future events. Verbs of motion.UKRAINIAN INTRODUCTION Letters and sounds ‘The remaining twenty letters all differ significantly from anything in the in Ukrainian Ukrainian words Hinalinh alphabet: Letters English Word Transcription Translation i 2 Hy : i oe woe Prine Weiten Soand Word Mid) bE lyee] Es] f OK [zh] FO [yoo] U fy) II (shch] Aa fla a bus — aBToMoOinb [awtomobil‘] car 0 Bs viw* veal BixHd [veeknd. window _ r will Bu6pa ae yesterday Batter and sounds Ukraini: vd eee eee ie me inien rainian a Is Ee € e & let aépeno dérevo] Pe . Letters ee i Word Transcription ‘Translation Mutu i bit xuuira [knfha] book Winted Written Sound Word Th cd rcs ies penieas éicl «© Hlones, WO HS b bush Gar (brat) brother Ke KK k kitten Kir [keet] cat rr Tuh how = rapanit [harniy] beautiful Mu ium more Mdpe [mére] sea 1 mr g gang raHoK [ganok] porch Hn Jiu n net né60 [nébo] sky / nD F d do apyr [drooh] friend Oo Moo pot omipén oleevéts‘] pencil €t €e ye yes €srén [yewhén] Eugene Tn pn p spit manip papeér] paper a C2 zh ~—Ss measure xypuamicr [zhoornal’eést] journalist Pp Pf ft it roof pyuKa rodchka] pen 3 a 2 3 Z ZOO senéconii [zeléniy] green Ce Clos sell cond sel6] village Jt yee yeast bxa [yeézha] food Tr Jimt tat rato [tato] daddy Wit Uy — boy —sépamii—_ch6miy] black Vy y y oofw* tooth sy6 zoob] tooth Ma A41 Jamp 4m [l4mpa] lamp will yadpa wehéra] yesterday ® P f photo dro [f6to] photograph Xx XX kh loch xn —[cl6pohik] boy tin 4% ts tsar pena —_[tsérkva] church *The letter B is pronounced [v] before a vowel, and [w] before a Wy gen church tonoBix [cholovik] man, consonant or at the end of a word. Another example: the city of JIbnin husband in Western Ukraine is pronounced [l’veew]. Wm Ue wesh sine: Sia [shépka] dng Mh Joe 2 cme oper asus when tr i ich sh apm hose] bh You will find that the letters B and y can be interchanged in the same bE 6 _ awit [niz’kfy] Bi word (e.g. Buépa and ysépa above) when they have the same pronounciation [w]. There are certain rules that govern whether you use 1010 10 yoo youth ond [yoondk] young man. B or y; they will be introduced later. Rr hw ya yard sOnyKO [yablooko] apple11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 UKRAINIAN SL noxaxy Bam OygmnoK I'll show you the building 137 Describing the interior of a house or flat. Reading small ads in a newspaper. Becoming familiar with Ukrainians. Talking about your knowledge of foreign languages. Mu 3 apy3amm xoyemo noodigatu My friends and I want to have lunch 150 Addressing people. Ordering a meal in a restaurant. Getting to know Ukrainian cuisine. 416 xoris norysata Byam Kuepa I should like to walk the streets of Kyiv 163 A brief tour of Kyiv. More on directions. Being late. AT upusis nponosunii mogz0 crBopenis cnim-noro nigpuemersa I have brought proposals for the creation of a joint venture 178 Polite requests. Comparing things. Conducting business and shopping for clothes. AI xouy paKaNKaTH Jikaps J want to call out the doctor 192 Describing common ailments. The Ukrainian medical service. Further comparisons. x Bu yspanere co6i igeanbuy ypyauny? What's your idea of the perfect wife? 205 Describing people’s appearance and character. Conversational tactics — extracting information, exclamations, changing the subject. Tloisa upaoysae na nepmty Ko.sito The train arriving on track number one ... 218 Train travel. Talking about indefinite things and negatives. 3a waumx yoporux rocreii! Here's to the health of our guests! 231 Socialising and visiting Ukrainians’ homes. Major Ukrainian festivals. Giving orders. Alo noGayennn, Ycpaino! See you again, Ukraine! 245, Writing letters. More about possession and negatives. Wordbuilding. Key to the exercises 259 Ukrainian — English vocabulary 270 Grammatical index 299 INTRODUCTION Ukraine is one of the new countries on the map of Europe, but the language and history of the people who live there can be traced back at least as far as the tenth century, when Kyiv (still better known as Kiev) was already a well-established meeting place of trade routes and nations. In Ukraine it is possible to hear Bulgarian, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Russian and Yiddish. One language however unites all the people of Ukraine — Ukrainian, the sole official language of the Ukrainian state. Incidentally, Ukrainian forms of names of towns and rivers will be used throughout the book — hence Kyiv (Kiev), L’viv (Lvov, Lwéw, Lemberg), Odesa (Odessa), Dnipro (Dnieper). There are many reasons for learning Ukrainian. Intellectual curiosity about the language and culture of a ‘new’ European people is certainly one. At a more immediately practical level Ukraine is still waiting to be discovered as a tourist country. As Ukraine becomes strongerUKRAINIAN economically, the need will grow for foreign businessmen to have some idea of the language in order to do business there. Whatever the reason, we hope that you will enjoy the flavour of the Ukrainian language as much as you will enjoy the rich flavours of Ukrainian cooking. How to use the book The book is divided into eighteen units. With one exception, each unit contains dialogues, grammar notes under the heading ‘How the language works’ and illustrative material to back up what you have learned. Exercises of various types will give you a chance to test your knowledge. We are convinced that the best way to learn Ukrainian is to acquire as soon as possible the ability to read, however slowly and painstakingly at first, dialogues and texts that we hope are both interesting and lively, even to the point of being far-fetched! The tapes provide an extra opportunity to hear the material and practise your own spoken Ukrainian. The first half of the book contains units that may seem to contain an alarming amount of grammar. Don’t panic — it doesn’t all need to be learned at once! The information is there for continuous reference. We hope to have succeeded in presenting the kind of Ukrainian that will be accepted and understood anywhere in Ukraine. Once you have completed the 18 units, you will have a solid foundation on which to develop your knowledge. Ukrainians will be delighted that you have taken the trouble to learn something of their language. In Teach Yourself Ukrainian you will meet a number of characters closely connected with Ukraine. Stephen Taylor is the director of Hermes Clothing. He is interested in business opportunities in Ukraine and has already started to learn Ukrainian. His friend, Taras Koval, an Englishman with a Ukrainian background, has been teaching him the language, and together they plan a trip to Ukraine which will combine business with pleasure. Taras is married to Vira from Ukraine. Before his trip to Ukraine Stephen makes a useful contact when he meets an English lawyer of Ukrainian extraction, Iuri Morozenko. Stephen’s business contacts in Ukraine are Solomiia Koval’chuk, the director of a clothing company in Kyiv, and Ihor Stakhiv, the general manager of the company. You will also meet Thor’s wife Ol’ha and their three children, Natalka, Ostap and Olenka. Taras has a Ukrainian friend, Bohdan. During his trip around Ukraine Stephen meets his old friend, Andrew, an American journalist. —— PRONUNCIATION —— Alphabet You will first have to learn to recognise the Cyrillic alphabet which the Ukrainians use, and the sounds for which the letters stand. The Cyrillic alphabet has a long history and is closely linked to the spread of Orthodox Christianity. Other languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet are Belarusian, Russian and Serbian. ‘The Ukrainian alphabet has thirty three letters in all. ‘The first group of letters includes those which are either identical or nearly so in both shape and sound, and those which are identical in shape to their English counterparts but represent an entirely different sound: Ala] K Ik] CIs] B{ivorw] M([m] Tit] E [e] O[o] Y [oo] ME) Pry X [kh] I [ee] H [In] — 3 —UKRAINIAN Note on transcription: Letters within square brackets will always represent a transcription of the Ukrainian Cyrillic letters into the closest English equivalents that are given in this list. You will sometimes see combinations of letters in the transciption of Ukrainian words that Tepresent quite a different sound from that which the same letters would stand for in an English word. The Ukrainian word rait [hay] means “grove of trees’. The sequence [ay] has more or less the same sound as the letters ‘ie’ in ‘lie’ or ‘y’ in ‘my’. Stress © The stressed part of the word will also be marked in transcription by an accent mark [‘] over the vowel that bears the stress. Remember that the double letters [oo] and [ee] in transcription represent one sound. The stress mark will appear on the second letter, e.g. pyaxa [rodchka]. You have to learn the stress position of each new word in Ukrainian; there are no rules to help, unfortunately! Consonants and vowels We can now divide the alphabet into consonants: B6, Bs, Ir, Ur, Aa, x, 33, Wii, Kx, Jn, Mm, Hu, Un, Pp, Ce, Tr, Bh, Xx, Un, Gs, Wn, Wor and vowels: Aa, Ee, €e, Un, li, fi, Oo, Vy, FOr, Ax Note that the letters 9, Y¥, FO, A, listed as vowels above, in fact stand for the consonant Mu followed by the vowels E, I, Y, A. In other words these letters stand for two sounds. Here is the complete Ukrainian alphabet: Aa b6 Ba Ir Ir fa Ee Ce Kx 33 Un li fi Nin Kk Jin Mm HH Oo Mn Pp Cc Tr Yy Och Xx Uy 44 Li Lif bb Oro Aa INTRODUCTION Notes: 1 ‘The letter I] stands for a combination of two sounds: I + 4. Conversely there are some combinations of two letters that actually fland for one sound: JK for the ‘j’ sound in ‘jam’, e.g. 1 xoqay¥ [ya khojod] (7 go); JI3 for the ‘dz’ sound that can be heard at the end of the word ‘buds’, 6g. 43épraso [dzérkalo] (nirror). 2 You can see that several of the letters have exactly the same shape in both capital and small forms, e.g. Bs, Kx, Mm, Hu, Tr, in contrast to letters in the English alphabet which look like them, e.g. Bb, Kk, Mm, th, Tt, This similarity is preserved in some of the handwritten forms as Well, for example: PRINTED HANDWRITTEN _ | eapital small capital small / 5 i 6 K K Se ke |u ™ Ua a MW H KH a HT 1; TN ma Examples: KBITKA kbireae xir Kee BiKHO bento 3 Look at the handwritten forms of the letters JI, M, Sf when they are joined to preceding letters. PRINTED HANDWRITTEN capital small capital small ql n At L M u AL ae A a 2 He Here are some examples of these letters in various combinations; note the hook before the handwritten forms:UKRAINIAN 3eMILi GEMAR gamma 404th omipénb owiberys senénmit zene Semna [zemrA] the planet Earth 3emns [zeml'é] ground You will see that the handwritten form of the letter JI has exactly the same height as the corresponding handwritten forms of a, r, e, 2k, H, M, etc. s Make sure that you differentiate M and T in handwriting, e.g. PRINTED HANDWRITTEN Mama MAMA TaTo mamo mama [mama] mum The ‘soft sign’ As we said earlier, there are thirty three letters in the Ukrainian alphabet. However, if you count the number of letters that represent consonants and vowels, you will find only thirty two. There is one letter —» — that has no sound value of its own, but which has a direct effect on the pronunciation of the consonant that stands before it. Consonants Consonants can be pronounced either hard or soft. Take the Ukrainian letter 1; if you pronounce it with the tip of your tongue against your top teeth, you produce the hard sound. If you try to pronounce the same sound with the tip of your tongue against the palate, you will automatically produce the soft sound. Try the same thing with some other Ukrainian consonants: a, 4, u. First try to say the hard sound followed by the vowel a: Ta — 1a — 1a — Ha. Now try the soft equivalent with the same vowel sound, but look at how we write them together: Ta — 19 — ua — Ha. FAR - AR- A - HA < INTRODUCTION The difference between hard and soft consonants can also occur at the #id of words or in front of another consonant inside a word. Try to ei the vowel a before the hard consonants: ar — an — ay — an. low look at how we write the soft equivalent; try to read the following Hequeices; ATR — ast — alb — aHb. AUN - Cute - Cage - ates ‘The letter b is called the ‘soft sign’; it has no sound of its own, but is iid to show that the consonant that stands before it is a soft one. The "letter will be represented in transcription by an inverted comma [‘]. ‘Tit to make matters more complicated the soft sign normally appears as i Ordinary apostrophe [’] or as an acute accent [‘] or is omitted entirely When Ukrainian words (most frequently, placenames and personal Himes) are written in the Latin alphabet. The female first name Onpra Will appear as [61‘ha] as a guide to understanding the Ukrainian letters in this chapter, but would normally be written as Ol’ha, Olha or Olha. The Gity of JIspis appeas as [l‘veew] in our transcription system in this whapter, but normally looks like L’viv, L’viv or Lviv. In later units, When the transcription system is no longer being used, you will find O!'ha and L’ viv. Here are some examples of actual Ukrainian words: Jenb [den‘] day ges yurrrem [wehitel‘] teacher yonumnets qOubxa [don‘ka] daughter GOR Hey rh ee Note that the handwritten form of the soft sign looks something like the Hnglish ‘b’, but has a shorter downward stroke. HMSbKuit [niz‘kiy] low Vowels Let’s look again at the vowel letters that denote sounds beginning with hi [y]: « [ya], 10 [yoo], € [ye], f [yee]. When we read the letters in the alphabet, they denote two sounds: [y] followed by a vowel. This combination of sounds occurs very frequently in Ukrainian words: %6.s1yKo [yéblooko] apple youax [yoondk] young man €eréu [yewhén] Eugene joa [yéezha] foodUKRAINIAN Three of these letters (a, 10, €) can also be used to show that a consonant occurring before them is to be pronounced soft, e.g. Ta [t‘a], mo [l‘oo], ne [n‘e]. As you can see, the [y] sound before the vowel [a, 00, e] disappears. Now let’s have some more practice: ARH [yakiy] what kind of? 0668 [l‘oob6w] love FOpiii [yoéreey] George mupk [tsirk] circus aistbxa [l‘Al‘ka] doll aamnua [l4mpa] lamp The letter i is best described as lazy; it can only stand for the sounds [y] + [ee]. Let’s go over this ground again. How do we know when to read the letters a, 10, € as two sounds when they occur inside a word, and when to read them as one? They are read as two sounds when they occur after a vowel, e.g. noé3ia [poézeeya] (poetry), unia [sheéya] (neck). We also read them as two sounds when between a consonant and one of the letters a, 10, €, ¥ you see an apostrophe [’] (not the reverse one [‘] that we are using in the transcription to denote soft consonants!). This denotes that the consonant is to be pronounced ‘hard’ with a following clear ‘y’ sound before the vowel. Here are some examples: im’% [eemyé] name 3qop6s’s [zdorévya] health upem’épa [premyéra] first night of a play inreps’r0 [eentervyo6] interview Now let’s look at how these letters work together to form words. In Ukrainian we say most words just as we write them, and write them just as we say them. This phonetic principle in Ukrainian works most of the time. Pronunciation exercises Remember that the stress marks are intended as a guide to help you with pronunciation. They are not used in everyday printed texts, and you do not need to write them except as a means of helping you memorise the position of the stress in each new word that you meet. 1 Reading practice (a The first group of letters are close to their English counterparts in both shape and the sound that they represent. — 10 — INTRODUCTION A E 3 IT K M On. T Aa fa] Ee [ein let] 3a [z] li [ee] Ki (k] Mm [m] Oo [o] ce fs] Tr ( saMoK Micr micro ciM Kit This second group contains letters some of which look like English letters but in fact represent different sounds. B A u H P y x Bp ly, w] Aa [d] Mn fil Hu [n] Pp {r] Yy — [oo] Xx [kh] Pit puc Kapa BIciM ‘Typuct pyxa nic BYXO This third group contains letters that are quite unlike anything in the English alphabet. Brrexiunrneonwimmwa B6 [b] Tr [hin how] Tar [g in gang] €e [ye in yellow] OK [zh] it [yee] it ly] Jn) Tin [p] &p [f] Oy Its] Ua [ch] In [sh] Ty [shch] Or [yoo] Aa [ya] You have now seen all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet several times over! Here are some lists of words for you to = 4 —UKRAINIAN practise. How many can you understand already? The first group is the easiest; the third group may require some 1 guesswork, @ 5 Gap Ganx —haxe’ «= hic. «Safa. «=a JOBPM JIEHb! axTép — MeTpé Mama, Bisa cecrpa vénic r ee (6 AK BAIITE IM’? Gara — Gisuec Gisnecmén Gankon © GackerOdn —_iméxnia xaiwar renebéu romp mah ambaystitop éro Hello! What’s your name? Boxsdt Tpoméii6yc mumdn moxomq 2xypHamict kanenndp Kommdnia gupéxtop KAprka incruTyr yuisepeurér manip Komirvorep Amépuka pecropéa ndcnopr rapéox winierp napruép ampéca HOMep —aepondpT MoKyméuT apré6yc in this unit you will learn: eH eKoHOMika inéa intepp’¥o KoMépuia © amepukdnen Kpemit = namna_—sicb cron curapéra — MomoK6 ' how to introduce yourself Sande = cy coye BuO cocicka = BepMiliéu1b how to introduce members of your family how to greet people b how to identify objects (e.g. ‘this is my house’) ® how to ask simple questions using question words ® how to ask someone what their name is 2 Reading and writing practice (a) Now practise the handwritten forms of the Ukrainian alphabet. You have seen these words already. Example: [pyr Drege ®éTo pero ced aipwana BikKHO samna rs i B Kya ua CAGE ene Aianor 1 (Dialogue 7) sOnyKo © n0é3ia kit ia uupx 1068 xeirka népeno Taras has invited Stephen to his home. FOpiit MOpe Tapic J[66puii ners, Crisene!* Ipomy 3ax6nuTu. Crinen To6pineus, Tapace!* Ax cupapn? mrs [Mixyro, 466pe. A ak Ta? (6) Here are some names of towns and rivers in Ukraine. Some you may have heard of, others may be completely new. Practise reading and writing the names. Crisen [Kixyro, nenorauo. @ towns and cities pal ic Cindi, Oymb macKa. 3 en xe aaKyro. | Kus Jizzis Onéca Anta ae Tlomrapa Yxropoa, Uepxacu Xapxis AO6puii BeHD hello/how do you do? (lit. good day) Uepuiris Yopxd6unb = JIyupx 2Kurémap Ao6prneHe hello/how do you do? Binanus Tepuonim Cepacténonb Cimdepdmom npowy sax6guTn please oe in (lit. [1] ask [you] to come in, i) rivers fk cnpaBn? how are things? (lit. how things?) ree BgiKyto thank you (lit. [I] thank) Tuinpé Byr Tloxéup Tuicrep n66pe fine 42.— — 13 —UKRAINIAN ask tH? and you? (lit. and how [are] you?) HenoraHo not bad cinan sit down 6yAb ndcKa please Aypke Asixyto thank you very much (lit. very [much] [!] thank) *Special forms of the names Cripen and Tapac, used when addressing people: see unit 11. Later that evening Taras shows Stephen a photograph of his family in Ukraine. Muréaa is a Ukrainian male name; Mapia and Oxcdna are female ones. Here is a picture of Taras’ family with a friend. Te - Oxcdna Ie - Muxéza Ie — Exzpro Aianor 2 (Dialogue 2) Tapac Le — mili Gpat. Mord spyrs Muxéza. Bin axrép. Crises’ A xTo 11e? Tapée Ue —moa cecrpa. Ti im’a Oxcana. Crinen 51xé if npodécia? os Ae HELLO! WHAT’S YOUR NAME? Bond My3HKauT. A we TBOd MaMa? _ Tax. Ii ssyrp Mapis. Bond Matemdtux. on A To TaKdx TBili Opat? Hi. To mit apyr Enypro. Nyinen Bia yxpainens? Hi. Bin ue yxpainxenp. Bix amepukdnenp. A tiordé upopécia? Bin xypnasuicr. A ne — A. this my his name is (lit. him [they] call) he actor and, but who my sister her what she musician your yes her name is (lit. her [they] call) mathematician that also, too, as well no not Andrew (lit) a Ukrainian man IH ykpaineyp? is he Ukrainian?/a Ukrainian? AmepHKaHeyb (lit.) an American Npocécia profession (a) Npapga uv HenpaBga? (True or false?) Answer in Ukrainian. . 1 Ie moa cecrpé Oxcdna. Bond %xypuamict. 2 We mili par Muxona. Bia axrép. , — fetUKRAINIAN 3 Le moa mama. Ii im’s Mapis. 4 Ie mitt xpyr Engpwo. Bin yxpainenp. (b) Answer the following questions in English. 1 How does Stephen answer the question ‘How are you?’ 2 Who are the people on the photo? 3 What is the name of Taras’ brother? 4 What is his mother’s profession? Ak cyHKuionHye MoBa How the language works 1 ‘The’ and ‘a’ in Ukrainian There are no definite (‘the’) or indefinite (‘a’) articles in Ukrainian. 2 ‘Is’ in Ukrainian As you can see from the sentences in the dialogue, you do not need a word for ‘is’ in sentences like “This is my brother. He is an actor.’ There will be more about this in the next unit. 3 Asking simple questions In Ukrainian the words for the statement pin yxpainenp (he is Ukrainian) and the question Bin yxpainem,? (is he Ukrainian?) occur in the same order. In print the question is obviously marked by the question mark, In speech the intonation makes all the difference. In a question the voice rises and falls on the word that is important for the question: Bin yxpainems? Is he Ukrainian? Ukrainian makes frequent use of the little word a to introduce questions, e.g. from the dialogues a TH? (and you?) a xro we? (and who’s this?) a ne TBos MaMa? (is that your mother?) a ro TaK6x TBiii Gpat? (and is that also your brother?) a iioré upotpécia? (and [what is] his profession?). | HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? ls (ied to change the flow of the conversation, and to seek new infor- . It can sometimes be translated into English as ‘and’ or ‘so’ at pinning of the sentence. i also occur at the beginning of a statement, e.g. a We s (and that’s Nouns Houn is a word that refers to a person, e.g. boy — xuémamxK, sister — Hpi, journalist — awypuasicr, an object e.g. car — aBromo6inp, church 1, photograph — dro, or abstract concept, e.g. day — nemb, love BoHa BOHO goreKa 660 cectpa ope sauna BiKHO| [he words sin, can, Opar are masculine in gender; BoHd, OHLKa, ‘“erpi are feminine. The nouns denote either male (cus, GpaT) or female (q6npKa, ceerpa) human beings; the gender of the Ukrainian ouns therefore depends upon the sex of the person. Hé6o, mépe and 16 all denote objects and are therefore neuter in gender. So what ut mupK and amma? After all they both denote objects, but have not een included in the list of neuter nouns. \¢ issue here is that in Ukrainian gender is a grammatical principle that not restricted to the sex distinctions of the natural world. Gender is signed largely on the basis of the final letter of the noun in question. If ‘ou look again at the list above, you will see that masculine nouns end ; in a consonant, feminine nouns end in -a, neuter nouns end in -0 or -e. ‘Ending in a consonant’ also covers those nouns that end in a consonant a ayUKRAINIAN HELLO! WHAT’S YOUR NAME? Alo hipna pisswana. This is a beautiful girl. yords rdpua yipunna (a/the beautiful girl) by themselves are only i sentence. See what happens when the adjective comes after the followed by the ‘soft sign’, e.g. omipéyp. Feminine nouns can also end in -#, e.g. Kings. The personal pronoun six can replace any noun of masculine gender, and Bona any noun of feminine gender; Bono refers only to nouns of neuter gender. The girl is beautiful. Note: Some nouns ending in a soft consonant or 4, 2, wi are in fact femi- nine. Some nouns ending in -m are neuter. You have already seen one such neuter noun in this unit — im’s (name). When such problem nouns | occur in the dialogues the gender will be given in the word-lists: (m), (f), or (n). onal pronoun is a word that replaces a noun, for example: 6 Adjectives js is my son. Heis an actor. Le iit can. Bin axrdp. This is my daughter. She is a Le mos a6ubxa. Bond An adjective is a word used to describe a noun. Adjectives can denote ‘musician. MY3HKABT. the quality of an object (good, bad, beautiful, small, blue) or what the object is made of (wooden, woollen). fre all the personal pronouns of Ukrainian. The first person pro- ilisons . : refer to the speaker(s), the second person refers to the person(s) Adjectives change their form according to the gender of the noun they spoken to, the third person refers to the person(s) or thing(s) being accompany. Look at the following examples: Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Plural AKA aKa? aKe? rapHvit 6yavHoK rapva plpuvna rapHe Hé60 a ! ta Lesd senéHnit onipéy senéva nana senéve none a ou a pou: onKid oniBéyp cms néwna cline W860 ae ae ; BoHA she BOW they BOHO none field cnniia dark blue, navy You can see that masculine adjectives end in a vowel and a consonant (uii or iii), feminine adjectives in a or a, neuter adjectives in e or e. The adjective endings mii (m), a (f), and e (n) are called hard; the adjective endings iii (m), # (f), and e (n) are called soft. Two examples: hard endings: 66pniit, 66pa, WOOpe = soft endings: cumiit, cts, cue ssessive pronouns As a tule adjectives stand before the nouns which they accompany, as in [he possessive pronouns are: the sentence: Mili my, mine TBI your, yours —=! 1B — = 1 ==UKRAINIAN unit whose aKxuli what kind of? ‘You saw two examples involving the word miii in the dialogue: Mili OpaT my brother Mili pyr my friend You have already seen that the word for ‘my’ changes its form with feminine nouns: Mofi cecTpa Mos Mama my sister my mother The word will also change its form with neuter nouns: Mo€ im’ Moé ced my name my village The word for ‘your’ changes in the same way: TBiii, TBos, TBOé. The question word ‘whose?’ also changes like this: wnii?, ansi?, 4Hé?. ani? mila 6pat 4né? Moé im’A asi? Mos cecrpa Unii ue apromobims? Whose car [is] this? Uns To KuHa? Whose book [is] that? Now look at the following examples: Le iii [t[’s] mine. He moi fit’s] not mine. Mili aBToMoOinb my car AstomoOinp Mii. The car is mine. Le mili astomoOins. This is my car. As you can see, Ukrainian uses the same word iii for ‘my’ and ‘mine’. The same applies to TBiii. TBOE AO.nyKO your apple Lle raoé s6nyxo. This is AOayKo TBoé€. The apple is your apple. yours. — ig — HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? Cultural note: ‘you’ — Bu or tu? i Ww jom you know well, e.g. a relative or a close friend (like the ' Fronch tu). Bu is used when talking to several people or as a ‘polite form of address to one person whom you do not know | Very well, e.g. in official situations, in talking to older persons, {hose who occupy a senior position, etc. In writing the pronoun 4, when used as a polite form of address to one person, has capital letter: Bu. The corresponding possessive pronouns Alo Tei (TBOA, TBOé) and Baw (Bawa, Bawe). hen meeting a Ukrainian for the first time it is always advis- Ablo to use Bu and Baw. 10 the personal pronoun tu when addressing one person lOlins, pronouns and adjectives change their endings for number and ide, The case of a noun is determined by its function in the sentence. ns and pronouns are listed in wordlists and dictionaries in the nomi- ‘ive or ‘naming’ case. It most frequently occurs as the subject of a sntence, or as the description of the subject, e.g. A — anracin., Oxcdna My3m«anr, where the personal pronoun and all the nouns are in the Nominative case. Adjectives are listed in the form of the masculine nom- Native singular. ) Asking questions with question words ‘0? Wo? xTo? who? 10? what? We can make simple questions by adding question words: Xro we? Who is this? Ilo To? What is that? 10 How to say what your name is Moé im’s Tapac. Moé npissume Kozam. My (first) name is Taras. My surname is Koval. —] ————_ UKRAINIAN It is possible to say the same thing in the following way: Meué 3pytp Tapac Kozan. My name is Taras Koval. 3ByTb — [they] call The words Mené 3pyte literally mean ‘me [they] call’. Both Ukrainian phrases, Moé im’si and Mené spyts, are the equivalent of the English ‘my name is’. Meué spyTt ... Moé im’s ... Moé npissuue ... 11. How to ask what someone’s name is (a) informal AK TBOE im’A? What is your (first) name? (lit. how [is] your name?) Ax TB0é mpisBane? What is your surname? Ak Te6é 3ByTE? What is your name (and surname)? (b) formal/polite Ax Bawe im’s? Ax Bame npissame? Ax Bac spy? Te66 (from tH) you Bac (from BH) you BMPABH (exercises) 1 Read the dialogue again. Complete the table below by putting a cross (+) in the right box. okypHanict | mysnKaHT aKTop MaTeMaTuk Mapia, Euapio Mukéna OxcaHa et BB a HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? _ Now answer a few questions following the examples: Le 6par. To cecrpa. £ Le xsirxa. To BikH6. pyr, yultrenb, Mima, xu6m4HK, siIbKa, yonosix, s4mna, pono, TiswnuKa, raHoK, Mépe) Now some questions, saying ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in Ukrainian. ample: Le anromo6ims? — Hi, ue aepeso. (No, it’s a tree). (Yes, it’s a...) (Yes, it’s...) (No, it’s a doll.) (No, it’s a bush.) (Yes, it’s a...) (Yes, it’s a...) (No, it’s a pencil.) Le 4onosix? Le xtra? To xpirKa? To pyuxa? Le xnénuux? To uépxsa? Le s6nyxo? Name these people (choose their names from the list below). Imagine that you are meeting these people. How would you ask each of them what their names and professions are, and how might they reply? (i) Oxcdna Besmiuxo i Gi) Bugpro Kpéc6i (ii) Mapia Kosa (iv) Crinen TéiinopUKRAINIAN 5 Write out the following nouns in three columns, according to their gender. At the same time check that you know what they mean. Masculine Feminine Neuter sos0BiK «inka céune cOuue, somoBik, ximka, népepo, TanoK, BiKH6, xsirKa, xir, Hé60, XNONYHK, Kym, aBromoGim, 6yAfHOK, AIBYHHKa, AOnyxo, rowdx, dka, mpyr, Kuira, Mépe, onipéys, nanip, pyuKa, oro, uépxea, midmka, JibKa, WMpK, dMma, %«ypHaJucT, cecTpa 6 Choose the right form of the adjective to go with the nouns in the list below. Example: Bpar pucéxnii Bpar (pucéKuit, BUCOKa, BACOKe) KsitKa (rapauii, rapaa, rapue) Pyuxa (mili, Moat, Moé) A6nyKo (genéumii, 3enéna, 3eméne) Cend (xpacripuii, xpaciipa, KpaciiBe) BenwKknin big, great, large pacha beautiful, handsome yiKaenit interesting Tennant warm BucoKHi tall, high manéHbkuit Jittle, small crinéyp (m) chair 7 Answer the following questions, using adjectives from the list above: Example: Axi we GyniHOK? Le sesmixnii GyminoK. Axé ve i6nyKo? Le (small) Akad we KBiTKa? Le (beautiful) 51ké ne wdnka? Le (warm) Le (tall, high) Ile (interesting) Aké we népeso? Aka ue Kana? p44 — HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? Now do the reverse! Form simple questions from the sentences below: Example: Unit ne crinéus? (a) (b) Le mii crinénp. Tle moa naibkKa. Le mii onizénp. Le Moé 40myxo. Le moa xatira. Tle Moé (éto. Ie miii kit. NN NN Hind the correct answer from the list on the right. Ile ucéKe 7épezo? Ie répua gisaua? Ile rémne mépe? Tax, ue rapua qipwnna. Tax, We Ténse MOpe. Hi, ue 3enéuuii namp. Hi, ge wu3pKiti Kyu. Hi, ne Manénpxnit OyaHHOK. Tak, ue BucOKe DépeBo. Le nesmixuit OyaitoK? ‘We u6punit manip? Ile pucékuii Kyu? (a) You are in Kyiv. At a reception you are asked what your name is. What are the words that you are likely to hear? How will you respond? You are showing some photographs to a Ukrainian friend. Your friend asks if one of the people on the photo is your brother. What does s/he actually say? You reply that it is not your brother — it is a friend. How will you phrase your reply in Ukrainian? — 35 —