Comparative Anatomy of the

[CHAPTER 7:
Vertebrates: Mineralized Tissues: An Introduction to the Skeleton]

OUTLINE: o More or less parallel to the direction of

I. Functions of the Skeletal System force
II. Steps in the Formation of Skeletal Tissues o Characteristic of amniotes
III. Bone b) Periosteal Bone
Types of Bone based on structure: o Formed on the inner surface of
A. Compact periosteum which covers all except at
B. Spongy their articular surfaces
C. Dentin
D. Acellular SPONGY OR CANCELLOUS BONE
Types of Bone based on development:
E. Membrane a) Trabeculae provides maximum strength
F. Replacement o Haversian systems absent
IV. Cartilage b) Marrow in the trabeculae supports blood
A. Hyaline vessels, nerve fibers and adipose tissues
B. Fibrocartilage c) Endosteum has the capacity to deposit bone
C. Elastic and remodel it
D. Calcified ~ Flat Bones: core of spongy bone and marrow
V. Skeletal Remodeling sandwiched between two layers of compact
VI. Tendons, Ligaments, and Joints surface: sternum, scapulae, skull mem. bones
VII. Heterotropic bones
DENTIN
How is the skeleton relevant to comparative anatomy?
Because it is left behind in the fossil records - Same constituents as bone
- Odontoblasts are NOT TRAPPED in lacunae
I. FUNCTIONS: during osteogenesis because they RETREAT
as they deposit dentin
1. Supporting framework for the body - Leave behind protoplasmic processes called
2. Protection of internal organs dentinal tubules (canaliculi counterpart)
3. Muscle attachment/leverage for locomotion - Dentin forms only in the outer surface of the
4. Storage of minerals dermis
5. Hematopoiesis (bone marrow) ~ Placoid scales enameloid are odontoblast in
origin; scales of basal-ray finned and
II. STEPS IN THE FORMATION OF SKELETAL elasmobranch fishes and in teeth are dentin
TISSUES

1. Aggregation of mesenchyme to form blastema

2. Some mesenchyme cells become fibroblasts
3. Synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts
4. The fibrils aggregate to form collagen fibers
5. The fibers form dense collagen bundles that
are woven into network of dense CT
6. Deposition of minerals
7. Formation of cartilage or bone
ACELLULAR BONE - ASPIDIN
- RETREAT as they deposit dentin
- Leave behind NO protoplasmic processes
~ Flexible scales of modern fishes and the
cementum of the vertebrate teeth

III. BONE MEMBRANE BONE

- Matrix of collagenous fibers + hydroxyapatite - Bone deposited DIRECTLY within a

crystals + (water + mucopolysaccharide)
- Osteoblasts become TRAPPED by the bone
they have laid around them
- Lacunae contains osteocytes
- Canaliculi present. It houses the protoplasmic
processes extending from the osteocytes
REPLACEMENT BONE
COMPACT OR LAMELLAR BONE
a) Osteon or Haversian system present (thus,
vascularized)
o Blood vessels are responsible for the
configuration of haversian systems
membranous blastema through
intramembranous ossification
- Lacks haversian canals
~ dermal bones: bones of the lower jaw, skull,
pectoral girdles; periosteal bone
- Deposited where hyaline cartilage already
exists through endochondral ossification
- In ectotherms, chondrogenesus us throughout
life; in birds and mammals, centers cease
elaborating cartilage after sexual maturity
 Comparative Anatomy of the
[CHAPTER 7:
Vertebrates: Mineralized Tissues: An Introduction to the Skeleton]

It must be noted that in both kinds of ossification, the
immediate result is formation of temporary spongy
bone.
IV. CARTILAGE
- Directly continuous with the periosteum
- Holds the bone in their proper alignment in the
joint
~ Nuchal ligament is the longest ligament in
mammals

- Matrix of collagenous fibers + sulfated VS. Falcofrom cartilage = mesenteries; not

mucopolysaccharide skeletal structures
- Chondroblasts become chondrocytes after
being TRAPPED in lacunae Aponeuroses
- Canaliculi absent. Blood vessels absent
- Tendons and ligaments that are flat and wide
HYALINE CARTILAGE ~ gala aponeurotica of the mammalian scalp

- Precursor of replacement bone, hence least Sesamoid cartilages

differentiated
~ Found chiefly on the articular surfaces of bones - Mineralized nodules in tendons or ligaments
within the joints of tetrapods ~ patella

FIBROCARTILAGE 3. JOINT OR ARTHROSIS

- Thick, dense, collagenous bundles in the - Site where two bones or cartilages meet
interstitial matrix - Diarthrosis if freely movable, enclosed by
~ intervertebral discs of mammals synovial membrane; ~ hinge joints
- Amphiarthrosis if limited movement, no
ELASTIC CARTILAGE fibrocartilage; ~ joints between centra of
mammalian vertebrae
- Contains network of fibers in addition to - Synarthrosis if sutured thus immovable;
collagen fibers ~ joints in the roof of the mammalian skull
~ pinna of the ear, walls of outer ear canal,
epiglottis Ankylosis

CALCIFIED CARTILAGE - a condition where the suture was obliterated. ~

maxilla and premaxilla of humans
- Calcium salts deposited within the interstitial
substance of hyaline or fibrocartilage Symphysis
~ jaws of sharks
- joint in the midline of the body, bilateral bones
V. SKELETAL REMODELING with fibrocartilage

- Bone resorption and replacement maintains Mineralized Tissues and the Invertebrates
homeostasis - matrix of collagenous fibers + calcium
- Withdrawal of calcium is regulated by carbonate
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
- Skeletal repair Bone, dentin, and enameloid are restricted to
- Can occur in response to mechanical stress = vertebrates!
secondary haversian systems, thicker bones,
prominences enlarged VII. HETEROTROPIC BONES

VI. TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, AND JOINTS - develop by endochondral or intramembranous

- in areas subject to stress in amniotes
1. TENDONS ~ os cordis, baculum, os clitoridis, gizzard of
doves, tongue of bats, gular pouch, diaphragm of
- Connect muscles to bones camelsl syrinx of birds, upper eyelid of crocodiles;
- Directly continuous with the epimysium and tarsal plate in humans; rostral bone in snout of
periosteum swine; cloacal bone in some lizards

2. LIGAMENTS

- Connect bone to bone

- Less regular arrangement of collagen