CODE OF PRACTIGE FOR THE STRUCTURAL USE 2011 410 he Ire» Zao Mate OB adi GA Yh ot BUILDINGS ‘DEPARTNENT14.2.9 14.2.9.1 142.92 143 14.3.4 14.3.2 14321 14.3.3 14.3.3.1 1433.2 14.333 Storage Stacking Febricated components, which are stored prior o being transported or erected, shall be stacked clear ofthe ground and arranged, so thet water cannot accumulate. They shall be kept clean and supported in such a manner as to avoid permanent distortion. Visible markings Individual components shall be stacked and marked in such a way as to ensure that they can be Kdentifed. WORKMANSHIP — WELDING General ‘Allwelding operations shall be consistent to one set of standard as given in Annex A1.4.1 ‘and shall be applied stictly throughout the whole course of development. Welding shall 'bo a metal arc process in accordance with other clauses given in this section and the requirements as given in Annex A141. In case of ambiguity, the more stringent requirements shall apply Joints shall be prepared in accordance with the requirements as given in Annex At.4 Precautions shall be taken to ensure cleanliness ofthe connection prior to welding, Welding of higher strength stee! is covered by this socion but account should be taken of the difference in procedures that will be requied for these materials and possible defects, €.g, weld metal hydrogen cracking, Welder qualification Contifcation of welder tost ‘Welder test shall be witnessed by a qualified welding inspector and certificates endorsed by an independent testing body. Welders shall be tested to meet the requirements as ‘ven in Annex 1.4. Welding procedure specifications Preparation of procedure specifications Welding procedure specifications (WPS) shall be prepared in accordance with the requirements as given in Annex A1.4.2 and made available to the Responsible Engineer. They shall comply wih the guidance to avoid hydrogen cracking and to provide adequate toughness in the heal affected zone. ‘Table 14.2a - Requirements for submission of welding procedure specifications [Weld Typo |Wold Size [Approval of Welding Procedure rie IButt Weld [s-4 mm INot necessary a mm [By a qualified welding inspector. Fillet Weld I<-4 mm INot necessary [> am [By a qualified welding inspector. Approval of procedure specifications and procedure tests ‘All welding procedure tesis shall be witnessed by a qualified welding inspector and al ‘Welding Procedure Approval Records (WPAR) shall be endorsed by a qualified wel Personnel. WPAR shail record all relevant information, including original mats certtiicates (showing the carbon equivalent value), mechanical tests data and non- destructive test results. Avellebilty of welding procedure specifications WPS shall be submitted for the approval of the Responsible Engineer prior to the commencement of the works. 208143.34 143.3. 143.4 143.44 14.3.4,2 1434.3 143.44 143.45 14.3.4.6 WPS shall be provided for the welders prior to the commencement of the works and shall ‘be made available to the concerned parties on request, Avoidance of lamellar tearing: requirement for through thickness properties ‘The welding procedures should be chosen so as to minimise the risk of lamellar tearing. If necessary, material with through-thickness properties shall be used, Guidance on the ‘choice of procedures and through-thickness grade Is glven in Annex At.4.1 Controtine segregation Ceniteline segregation is @ material deficiency that may exist within the centre of plate (concast) products and some sections. It can lead to local reductions in toughness and \weldabty that can cause cracking in tee butt and cruciform weld configurations. ‘The use of good welding practice and details may avoid this phenomenon, for example, + Avoiding tee, butt or cruciform welds in which the attachment plate is thicker than the through plate; * Minimising through-thickness tension especially al the edges of plates; * Dressing any cut edges to remove any areas of increased hardness; + Using smaller weld volumes; + Developing weld details and processes that minimise the restraint to welds; + Following the guidance on the avoidance of hydrogen cracking, Where itis essential to avoid this phenomenon, either adcitional tests shall be carried out or the continuous casting route shail not be used to produce the material Assembly Fitup Joints shail be ited up tothe dimensional accuracy required by the welding procedure to ensure thatthe qualty in clause 14.3.6.7 is achieved Jigs Fabrications assembled in jigs may be completely welded in the jig, or may be removed ‘ror the jig after tack welding. Tack welds ‘Tack welds shall be made using the same procedure as the main weld (single run) or the root run of multi-un welds. Alternatively, they may be made using a satisfactory welding procedure test based on the proposed length of tack weld to be used. The minimum length of the tack shall be the lesser of 4 times the thickness of the thicker part or 60 mrn, Tack welds, which are made by a qualified welder and found satisfactory by visual Inspection, may be Incorporated into main welds, ‘Where tack welds are made in circumstances other than those identified above, they must be removed, Distortion control The sequence of welding a joint or a sequence of joints shall be such that distortion is minimised. Fabrication or erection attachments ‘Welding of attachments required for fabrication or erection purposes shall be made in accordance with the requirements for a permanent weld. When removal of attachments is necessary, they shall be flame cut or gouged at a point not less than 9 mm from the surface of the perent material, The residual material shal be ‘round flush and the affected area visually inspected. When parent metal thickness is greater than 20 mm it shall also be checked by magnetic particle inspection, Acceptance Giitea are as set oul in clause 14.367. Attachments shall not be removed by hammering, Extonsion pieces Where the profile of a weld Is maintained to the free end of a run by the use of extension pisces, they shall be of material of a simitar composition, but not necessarily the same 209143.47 143.6 14.3.6 14.364 14.3.6.2 14.3.8.3 143.64 grade, as the component. They shall be arranged so as to provide continuity of Preparation and shall be removed after completion of the weld and the end surface of the veld ground smooth. Production test plates Where production test plates are required for testing purposes, they shall be clamped in line with the joint. The grade of material, carbon equivalent value, and rolling direction shail match the parent plate, but need not be cut from the same plates or cast. Non-destructive testing of parent material Unless agree with the Responsible Engineer, areas of material thicker than 25 mm in tee ‘and cruciform connections within 160 mm of the weld shall be ultrasonically inspected prior to welding. The qualified welding inspector shall report any laminations or any significant variations in attenuation, Non-destructive testing of welds (NDT) Scope and frequency of inspection Visual Inspection shall be carried out at all welds by a qualifed welding inspector (see clause 14.3.6.3). ‘The scope and frequency of inspection using non-destructive testing (NDT) shall be in accordance with Table 14.3a. Inspection requirements may be reduced at the discretion of the Responsible Engineer, based upon satisfactory performance in the initial production demonstrated against the requirements. Conversely, where testing inci ‘that weld qualty problems have occurred (in simitar materia's, assembly methods or welding procedures), non-destructive testing requirements should be increased and should be extended to non-mandatory components. Where the requirement for inspection I less than 100%, the joints for testing ehall cover all the different joint types, material grades and weld equipment. Apart from this the selection should be random. Record of testing Results of visual inspection, surface law detection and ultrasonic examination shall include the minimum requirement stipulated by the relevant standard and shall be available for inspections, Visual inspection of welds Visual inspection shall be made in accordance with guidance given in Annex 1.4.4 over the full length of all welds. Such inspection shall be performed before any required NOT inspection. ‘Any welds which will be rendered inaccessible by subsequent work shall be examined in accordance with the Code prior to the loss of access. A suitably qualified person for visual inspection of welds may be a welding inspector who ‘can provide evidence of having trained and assessed for competence in visual inspection of the relevant types of welds. Hold time before final NOT ‘Owing to the risk of delayed cracking, @ hold time period of at least 16 hours should generally be allowed before the final inspection is made of as-welded fabrications. This hold time should be reduced for thin materials whose yield strength is fess than 500 Nimm or should be increased for materials of combined thickness greater than '50 mm or of a yield strength over 500 Nimm’. Typical hold times conforming with this requirement are illustrated in Table 14.2b. The hold timo is the waiting time normally required after completion of welding. In high restraint situations (e.g. cruciform welds), the hold time might need to be increased; with evidence of continual satisfactory production, hold times might be reduced. For material with a yield strength greator than 500 Nimm hold time should be decided by a welding engineer and Table 14.2b should not be used. 200Table 14.2b - Itustrative hold times. Nominal Carbon Equivalent Value | 2t®<30mm | xt somm (cevy $0.40 None B hours 46 hours 40 hours" £0.45 8 hours 46 hours 40hours" | 40 hours 50.48 16 hours 40hours | 40hours® | 40 hours > 0.48 aohours —[4ohours® | 4ohours | 40 hours Toles ()- Where the figures ate in bot, generly, th stvice ofa welding engineer should be sought (2) The Carbon equivalent valus fs tat oF the parent material fo the Intemational Insitute of welding (IW) forma end is cablated ae fellows: Sie, OreMoev, Noe cev =. 6 5 (0) 3 bo conned eet x sauna Fee 4 abe toed Benet (not appscatio to Class 1H stool) (m4) Beh teeh Figure 14.1 - Combined thickness Whatever hold-time poriod is to be used shall be stated in the inspection records. 14.3.6.5 Surface flaw detection Where a closer examination of a weld surface is required in accordance with Table 14.32, magnetic particle inspection (MPI) shall be used equipment is impractical, dye penetrant inspection (OP!) may be used. Final surface flaw detection of a welded joint shall be carried out after completion of the weld in accordance with the hold time given in Table 14.2b, Where welding procedure requires an inspection after intial weld runs before further welding Is performed, such inspections may be carried out when the weld metal has cooled to ambient temperature. A suitably qualified person for surface flaw detection of welds may be a welding inspector ‘or a welder, who holds a valid certificate of competence in surface flaw detection of the relevant types of welds, from BA or a nationally recognised authority. 301 Hf magnetic particle inspectionTable 14.3a - Scope anil frequi \cy of inspection (NDT) PARTA VISUAL INSPECTION Prior to Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) all welds to be vieually Inspected by a suitably qualified person (See clause 14.3.6.3) PART B THICKNESS FOR MANDATORY NDT AND FREQUENCY OF TESTING (all dimensior WELD TYRE FULL PENETRATION PARTIAL PENETRATION ee Ra sl — ‘ ‘MPI [Thickness All thickness — All thickness: Frequency 700% zi “20% US [Thickness ina 10 ‘p28 Frequency, 100% an 20% WELD TYPE FILLET MPI_[ “Thickness: ‘Allthickness Frequency 10% WIS | Thicknoss Leg length 15 Frequen: 10% Notes: Longitudinal wells are those made paral withthe member ans. All other welds ae vansverse. ‘Tho siz of ft weld e Kendo’ in he table by We leg erat MBI” "Magnete Panicle Inspection (see clauso 14.2.8.) LUIS Ultrasonic Examinaton (se cause 14.3.5.) For steis with a yield siren greater than SOONImm* the frequency of testing should bo 100% unless agreed cohnervise Ly the Response Engineer, 30214.3.6.6 143.6.7 Utirasonie examination ‘Where ultrasonic examination (UIS) is required, it shall be made in accordance with the ‘requirement 2s contained in Annex A1.4.4. Recotds of the inspection procedure shall be kept, connection types and locations shall be clearly identified and shall be available for inspection uniess otherwise agreed by the Responsible Engineer. Uttrasonic examination of the welded joint shall be carried out after completion of the weld in accordance with the hold time given in Table 14.26. ‘Note: In addition to weld examination, through-thickness ultrasonic examination of the parent material may be necessary for weld geometries susceptible to lamellar fe Operators carrying out final ultrasonic examination of the weld shall hold a valid certiicate ‘of competence from BA or a nationally recognised authority, Acceptance enteria and corrective action Unless otherwise specitied, the acceptance criteria for welds shall mest the minimum requirement as contained in Table 14.3b. Welds that do not comply with the requirement shall be repaired, ‘The position of welds shall be within 10 mm of that shown on the drawings. The length of Weld shall be not less than that shown on the drawings and should not exceed the specified length by more than 10 mn Any repairs shall be carried out in accordance with approved welding repair procedures, ‘Any corrected welds shall be inspected again with increased hold times and shall meet the requirements of the original welds, In cases where fatigue can occur, acceptance standards more stringent than these minima shall be required. In such’ case, the Responsible Engineer shall specify the ‘additional acceptance requirements 303Table 14,3b - Acceptance criteria for wolds in stee! structures Foskie | Paamsr | wed |Pamlaorconaaoss] iis | Aciinncs | — Rada ‘ie weserce| ‘cher, | clon tor Tape | normal quay?* {rorconnnng ‘uae | (adamensons |" wade lover wa oie — pg —f= =o IE geometry [Weld type [Aa ee aa = 1D = exe! fog) [AI_—F= paTo-0 ft ost JAF SEO Coy tress Etcose [Bs i a —. as Hetero (al —lranevaze tw —oz en ose tee ona [onotcne) lose sre fea) ceed [sat —ranevexs 7 ze is a te a Es freongce —JBut-~ffassrene ——- —Ths018} lvoe fons: =f osoae E lente oo i a tes —gai— renee bat |v azo roar fe faetgnmen |x" [tenes = w fagbeeat fe Jenctenn it yet wy _Ineovoar |e Dnaseu?-—Jal—JTsseco usw — Thm 0087 — retiop ring Pn R rua rensese fy Iemsooe fe sno Wie ie ac lox feontutost Inv yen a jeutace —rsararoar— ors fotvrse in 4 cline lpeneafon fect [logins da___ is es [att —frneres Wo a 1 Sezrortoy |e longutnss «= ws ik ae20 00) iaacarnsen far = a i fea fa — pre kif = uteri Ne A ii bts i ears [rola srs CaO Ie accor ssn : eusutace fistnot fee far sso lk cones [penaveson, [OH eo fe brsaPr ates Joe pi cA iE it a i nga eal — fat —— pear] —T tc? len pea oistect ce fe fm i Hh NL Re or Ineo | fine R edges « on R I sagas ra ke se ioons 1 lee | " | E f= =n i | E Fares nr fe ato! 04Table 14.3b - Acceptance criteria for wolds in steel structures (cont'd) [Robestod eons lo As epactod on eravings ls Fora of xno aoe Tate 1432 Ios Geese amoatay [> Tncinese apple tomnenimmanberthsints et olin Ie Raterto engineer (esi. For mesnesses grater han 70 mn sae keno I, Noten 3b Whar porter fa cucontuty orale Ne Netpermateasopaesioascomunies nner | ine maiimurn peed va ellie ae fan O23 enn Sy Imedetetate by NOY eehoshTabet43s) | cae lk Rapat by eit te arroted procedure fe ihre nae than eo reguemeot given bot shal 9p. |= Greatarthan areata Le. etiss tt) ‘ihore a opair acess an approved procadre tat te weed fz ietmonerenitocavnctgearan) sang nerve taper, ae pn carorbncs [fy Leratot weit overuhien measuenentmayte | estan a ‘eeaged on) |p Sitjecto any ober ioatenatroquronens. ln Cenginorweitoverwncn te sreston's fF “Lap eno py ony fet aeded ascent hose length trae ne). ‘hs lengnuia dct nce er eaptparatet the wel ave [> Cemetar ers sy ony be scape Fi egal well fe los Sige sea tut wis feat dos el acon ita for kun anave'se eh JpP Paral penceaten but wot Table 14.3c = Definition of zones and weld orientation Talegerlee of fink pee ecoarding fo loealon ond orentaton in abuelure Frequency af teaing? (oe figure belo) Connection | Shop welds See table 14.38 “Swale See aie "Transveres bats web and Tenge plates btore assembly Member | Buitup See abe 14.28 zones, mombers | Traneveree flat welds at ends of ap joints Cong wade ‘Saotabe (asa ‘Secondary [eq for fring puis, sae vl, BUC ‘Soe bie 143 tachment | sutfeners ee. welds ‘ation af Zanes and weld onenaion : fc rete 1 130m “ BIR entries (Sicha gist NOTE: Allwalivin connacton zones tobe anlad as wanaverse "whore only par inspecton is requre, he mts far esting sll bo Saad oh a random baw, but ‘ensuring tat sampling covers the follwing variables as widely as possbie: jet ype, mateal grade and melding egulpment‘Table 14.34 - Characteristic defects of wolds in steo! structures Figura Figwe WUSz yy £ ‘iy ih ie ple the wel es vey ex Figure (i) Figur ip 308AL4 AL44 ALAA A112 Welding Welding Standards Aimerican standards AWS D1.1/D1.1M: 2010 AWS D1.3/D1.3M: 2008 Structural Welding Code - Steel Siructural Welding Code - Sheet Stee! UK European and ISO standards BS EN 440: 1995, BS ENISO 14341: 2011 BS EN 499: 1995, BS EN ISO 2560: 2009 BS EN 719: 1994 BS EN ISO 14731: 2006 BS EN 729-2: 1995 BS EN ISO 3834-2: 2005 BS EN 729-3: 1995 BS EN ISO 3834-3: 2005 BS EN 729-4:1995 BS EN ISO 3834-4: 2005 BS EN 756: 2004 BS EN 14171: 2010 Welding consumables. Wire electrodes and deposits for G28 shielded metal arc welding of non alloy and fine Grain sets. Classification (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO 14341: 2011) Welding consumables. Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels. Classification Welding consumables. Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels. Classification (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO 2560: 2009) Welding consumables. Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non aloy and fine grain steets Classification Welding coordination. Tasks and responsibiliies {Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO 14731 2008) Welding coordination. Tasks and responsibilities ually requirements for welding. Fusion welding of metalic materials. Part 2: Comprehensive quality Feguitements (Withdrawn inthe UK, replaced by BS EN 1SO 3834-2: 2005) ‘Qualty requirements for fusion welding of metalic tmeterials. Part 2: Comprehensive qualily requirements Quality requirements for welding. Fusion welding of metalic materials Part 3: Standard qualty requirements (Wndrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO 3834-3: 2005) Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic. ‘materials, Part 3: Standard quality requirements ‘Quality requirements for welding. Fusion welding of ‘metalic materia. Part 4: Elementary quality requirements (Withdraw in the UK, replaced by BS EN 180 3834-4: 2008) Quality requirements for fuston welding of metal materials. Pert 4: Elementary quality requirements Welding consumabies. Solid wites, solid wire-flux and tubular cored electrode-fux combinations for submerged are welding of non alloy and fine grain steels. Classification (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN 14171: 2010) Welding consumables. Solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electtodes and electrodefiux combinations for submerged arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels. Giassification 345AL42 AIA2A A122 A143 ALAA AIAB.2 ALAA ALAA BS EN 758: 1997 Welding consumables. Tubular cored electrodes for ‘metal arc welding with and without a gas shield of non- alloy and fine grain steels. Classification (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN 1S0 17632; 2008) BS EN ISO 17632: 2008 Welding consumables, Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas shielded metal arc welding of non- alloy and fine grain steel. Classification BS EN 1011-1: 2009 \Wolding - Recommendations for welding of metalic materials. Part: General guidance for ae welding BS EN 1011-2: 2001 Welding - Recommendations for welding of metallic materials. Part 2: Are welding offerte steels BS EN 22853: 1995 Welded, brazed and soldered joints - Symbolic representation an drawings Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) American standards AWS D1.1/01.1M: 2010 Structural Welding Code - Steel UK European and ISO standords BS EN 286-3: 1992 ‘Specification and approval of welding procedures for ‘metallic materials. Part 3: Welding procedure tests for the arc welding of steels (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO 1614-1: 2004+A1: 2008) BS EN ISO 15614-1: 2004 Specification and qualification of welding procedure for 4A1: 2008 metallic materials. Welding procedure test. Part 4: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys BS EN ISO 1614-8:2002 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for ‘metallic materials — welding procedure test. Part 8 Welding of tubes to tube-plate joints eee eee eee Welder Qualification Tests American standards AWS D1.4/D1.1M: 2010 Structural Welding Code - Steel UK European and ISO standards BS EN 287-1: 2004 Qualification test of welders. Fusion welding. Part 1 Steels Iso 9606-1: 1994 Approval testing of welders. Fusion welding. Part 4: Steels BS EN 1418:1998 Welding personnel. Approved testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance weld setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials BS 4871-3:1985 ‘Specification for approval testing of welders to approved welding procedure. Part 3: Arc welding of tube to tube- plate joints in metallic materials Bs 4872-1:1982 ‘Specification for approval testing of welders to welding procedure approval is not required. Part 1: Fusion welding of stee! Non-Destructive Test Methods Amorican standards AWS D1.1/01.1M: 2010 Structural Welding Code - Steet 346A144.2 UK European and ISO standards BS 3023: Part 1: 1988 Methods for ultrasonic examination of welds. Part 1 Methods for manual examination of fusion welds in feritic steels (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN 1714: 1998) BS EN 1714: 1998 Non-destructive testing of welded joints. Ultrasonic ‘examination of welded joints (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO 17840; 2010) => BS EN ISO 17840: 2010 Non-destructive testing of welds, Ultrasonic testing, ‘Techniques, testing levels and assessment BS EN 571-1: 1997 Non-destructive testing. Penetrant testing, Part 1: General principles BS EN 970: 1997 Non-destructive examination of fusion welds. Visual ‘examination (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN 180 17637: 2011) SS BS EN ISO 17637; 2014 Non-destructive testing of welds. Visual testing of fusion ‘welded joints BS EN 1290: 1998 Non-destructive examination of welds. Magnetic particle ‘examination of welds (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO 17638: 2008) —5>- BS EN ISO 17638: 2008 Non-destructive testing of welds. Magnetic particle testing BS EN 1435: 1997 Non-destructive examination of welds. Radiographic examination of welded joints BS EN ISO 9924-1: 2001 V Nondestructive testing. Magnetic particle testing. Part 1: General Principles ‘The abstracted essentials for typically used welding symbols are given in Annex C. A145 — Destructive test methods for welds BS EN 875:1995 Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials. Impact tests. Test specimen location, notch orientation and. ‘examination (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN : a 1S 9016: 2011) BS EN ISQ.9016: 2011" Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials. Impact tests. Test specimen location, notch orientation and examination BS EN 876:1995 Destructive tests on welds in metalic materials. Longitudinal tensile tests on weld metal in fusion welded Joints (Withdrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO. 5178: 2011) BSENISO 5178: 2017) Destructive tts on welds in metalic materials, - Longitudinal tensile tests on weld metal in fusion welded joints BS EN 896:1995 Destructive tests on welds in melatc materials, Transverse tensile test (Withdrawn inthe UK, replaced - by BS EN ISO 4196: 2011) BS EN 180 4196:2011 __Daatetv tests on weld n metic materia Pape Transverse tensile test BS EN 910:1996 Destructive tests on welds in metalic materials. Bend ———~.. teste (Witndrawn in the UK, replaced by BS EN ISO > 8173: 2010) BS EN 180 5173: 2010 Destructive tests on welds in melalic materials. Bend tests sar