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METHODS
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
METHODS
Purpose: quick assessment of the
structure
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Non-Destructive Techniques
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
SURFACE HARDNESS
METHODS
Essentially, the surface hardness method
consists of impacting a concrete surface in a
standard manner with a given energy of
impact and then measuring the size of
indentation or rebound.
The most commonly used method employs the
Schmidt rebound hammer which consists of
a spring-controlled hammer that imparts on a
plunger.
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Schmidt rebound hammer
Watch the
video
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
PENETRATION RESISTANCE
TECHNIQUES
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Windsor probe
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Windsor probe
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
PULLOUT TESTS
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Maturity Tests
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
MATURITY METHOD
or in the limit
M (t ) = (Ta To ) dt
t
where ,t, Ta , and To are time interval, average concrete temperature during the time
interval Dt, and the datum temperature, respectively. Traditionally, -10C or 14F is
assumed to be the datum temperature below which there is no additional gain in
strength.. ASTM C 1074 recommends a datum temperature of 0 C or 32 F. When
concrete is made with ASTM Type I cement, the datum temperatureis expected to be
between 0 and 40 C (32 and 104 F)
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Maturity
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Initial Surface Absorption
Test
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Configuration of the Figg
test
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
STRESS WAVE
PROPAGATION METHODS.
The maximum displacement is the amplitude A, the
time between two successive wave crests is the
period T and the distance between two successive
wave crests is the wavelength .
Displacement
Displacement
A A
Time D istance
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Reflection and refraction
sin 1 V1 V1
= ic = sin
1
sin 2 V2 V2
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Methods
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Many receivers
Transient time
slope: 1/V
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Detect the presence of
layers
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Method to determine the
thickness of the layer
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Impact Methods
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Impact Methods
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Impact-echo
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Acoustic Emission
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Acoustic Emission
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Acoustic Emission
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Typical Result
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Resistivity
The relationship between current, i, and
potential, V, is given by Ohms law:
V
i=
R
where R is the resistance of the system.
Resistance is not a material property as it depends on the dimensions of
the system. The resistance is normalized to establish resistivity, , as a
material property
L
R=
A
where L is the length and A is the cross-section.
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Wenner array (a=c=b/2)
2 a V
=
i
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
CEB recommendations
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Corrosion Potential
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Covermeter
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Equipment I
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Equipment II
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Ground Penetrating Rada
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Method
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Example
To Find
Delamination
Infrared Thermography
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Effect of a flaw or
imperfection on the
temperature distribution
of a concrete slab
TOMOGRAPHY OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Tomography comes from the Greek
word tomos (slice) and it has the
goal of imaging an object by taking
measurements from slices of its
cross-section.
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
X-ray Computed
tomography
In computed tomography, the image of an object is
reconstructed from projections of the object.
Most commonly the projections are obtained by using
penetrating x-rays, although other modalities for
measuring projection data are also available.
A radiation source (x-rays or -rays) is rotated a full
360o around the structure under inspection, and at
each source position, the attenuation of the radiation
penetrating through the material is measured with a
linear array, or a 2D array of detectors at the
opposite side.
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Configuration
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Examples
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Examples
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Examples
Backscattering Microwave
Tomography
To obtain higher resolution, it is
necessary to employ electromagnetic
radiation with shorter wave-length,
leading to the use of microwave
frequencies in the range of 300 MHz to
300 GHz.
This frequency range corresponds to
wavelengths in the air of 1 m to 1 mm,
respectively.
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction
Microwave camera
CE
CE 165:
165: Concrete
Concrete Materials
Materials and
and Concrete
Concrete Construction
Construction