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ఆధునిక భారత చరిత్ర
ఆధునిక భారత చరిత్ర
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#jT +& q s#T = n&T >T bs\ #sT +~ {
neXc\T yqT& ke s+>\ e+{sTT. yqT& n+f m&
n&e\ n<T. eTVq>s+q e+{sTT, eTq T+u\q
e+{sTT. ekeT+ qT+& | ke ]q esT eTq #]
=* |]De\ { { eTq T+u\ d\ n\y #s\
>+ #jT\qT me> *e+{sTT. d\ | eTsTTq |+&T>\T `
uVDT\ es\ e+>, nuVDT\ uH\|+&T> ` #]
|]X<q me> |j>|&sTT. $\ Vs dsD e
eekjT de+ n&T >T bs XS< ( |+#eT) \T> e
#s& + eTs= eTTKeTsTTq |]DeT+. {, de+ n&T >T
esZ\ + $T*bsTTq n\y, y > \| J$+, yqT
H>] de+ +>BdTq eT+, s +& >#]ksTT. { #] |]
X<&T \ >+<\jT+ e~* q $< n_q ~ uy
>& e~* |\ $Xk b+<\+{&T.23 s s \ |<]+ <|&\ e\
n~ dT\u+ < >T]k&T . uVDT\ y<+ b+~q< usrjT d+d
n d+dr]+#&q< d+kse+T\ uw n q<+ eTq d+d
d+ks+ n u$+#&+e\ >\| #jT\T $T*bsTTq
10 bNq us< X #]
s+>\qT e> #&&+ sT>T+~. <e\ #] <w |+
$<~&sTTq #] |]X<&T qq ue+e\ q+ n\y
>eTHseTsTTq $wj \qT $d]+# |e<+ e+< X+_ n+{&T.24
|&T X+_ d+# #] |]X<H |<$T{ |+>
#| e#TqT. bNq kVeT\qT |sedT <s\T q yTs
$Xd+#*. |< $Xw D <s+>, XdH\ X \ <s+> }V>H\T
#jT &+ eqTy*. kV <s\ qsTTH |sedT <s\ qsTTH
se+X\ qTeTD d+ X \ , d++<\ |]DeT+
#jT\ d+ y *. |]DeT+ n <X\ q e~*y[q ke
neXc\ qT+& > |q]]+#Ty*. n{ $T+, ese q de+
+~ bs\ #s eeVs d++<y T q neXc\qT C>>
(mTe+{ qque+ >, d+{yT + d+dsD eTqd + >
+&) |]o*+ Hd ] Z u |]d T \, kV |sedT <s\
deTqjT |s# *.
nqjT+H |< nse +eTeT+~. { |< |j +q
|* +> X+_ eTq <X #] >T]+ #jT >*q dbjTeTsTTq
rsH \TdTy*. bNq us< X #] n+d +> ]
eT+ q&+< X+_ s|+#&T. ] eT+ eT&T <X\ THsTT.
{, Vs dsD kq+ Vs #| & + . s +&+{ eT<
<X> =k] |X bwD edT+ ~. s +&T Vs b|~> >\
ds yd >e\T @s&&+ . eT&T, >e\ XeT $u q n_e~
#+~ n$ # es djT+ bwe TsTT u keT eed |H~ @s&&+ .
.|P.1000 b++ bs+ue TsTTq eT+ .X.1000 H{ =*
e+~. (|P] nsTT+< <T ` |{ |P] <T )
eT&T <X\ T n+THeT+f $ \eT+ eT&T dwe TsTTq
<X\ T> eHjT <T. n{ e+&e+f bNq us #]qT eT&T
\T> $u + e+&e#TqT. b++ <X e+f |
b++ eTT+<T <XH sTy <XH e+&~. >+> jTeTTH rs
b++ ds eekjT >e\T @s&TTq \+ <H +
Vs dsD JeH<s+> e+~.
|<`d<++ 11
nsTT y$ < eT+ e+~. #] n+d +> q&q
] eT+ m& & d++> bs+u+ <T . n~ #
bs+ue TsTT s b+\ $d] ++~. X+_ $esD eTq #]
\eT+H u>[+> >& |eVdT+~. Vs
n\esT = H>]\sTTq y eT |]ds\ $\ >&
Vs n\e] eT s#T HsT. < e\dq ke
sD ( d++<\qT) y deTLssT. |+CT
bs+ue TsTTq esT sT ~> ;VsY #], n& qT+& <D |<+
MT<T> ><e] rs+ #] n& qT+& |&e T{ < H , sTq ><e]
&Tq +< b+ $d] ++~. eT+ =*H{ de+ d+|T sD L
esTL dyT H qsTT+~. #] #d eTq |+# <$T+f
Vs d]+ J$+# q+ |\> |s# T q <X+ Vs
#d de+ HeT~> $d] +#&+ 25 n, >D\T ed+# u $T
eekjT >MTD ] eed $d] +#&+ us< X + yTTyT T<{
>=| ke $|e +26 n X+_ n+{&T. B $esD, |* \ $XBsD ,
sT yr n<j\ #<+.
$esD\T
1. Urvasi and Pururavas, Myth and Reality (hereafter referred to as
'MR') |J 67 b< d.
2. X+_ # <VsD\T me> \T>T bs & n+<Tu{
|d\$. {, eTq nqTesTTq <VsD {
#T+f u>T+T+~. |eTTK s#s TT H { VeT\>sT q
\ sejTD+ #, sT> <+ @qT>T\ |keq <T {
||+#+ @qT>T\T eTT+< y<\T HjT nHsT.
JeXgE\ |s+ @qT>T\T |j dH jTT>+ qT+& (n+f <<|
{ d+es\ qT+&) eHsTT. n|{ y<\T e d]<,
nd\T eTqTw\T sT . V<e&T y< $CH eTq |P\sTTq
~yqs\ n+<Cd bj&qTe\d +T+~.
3. Culture and Civilization of Ancient India (hereafter referred to as
'CCAI') Page 13, Page 51
12 bNq us< X #]
Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture, D.D. Kosambi on History and
Society (hereafter referred to as 'HS), Page 75
On a Marxist Approach to Indian Chronology, HS, Page 81
4. CCAI, Page 10
5. CCAI, |J 54, V<su< = >& | &T >&+
n >T]d q>s sD+ ns# + nse TeT+<y !
6. bNq $T d+>+ kV+ Te+{ s#q \THsTT. X+_
\DT& ss+ D $Xw + q yd+ The Origins of Feudalism
in Kashmir, HS, |J\T 115`126.
7. Introduction to the Study of Indian History (hereafter referred to as
'ISIH,) Pages 2-3
8. ISIH, Pages 3-10
9. Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 44
10. Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture, HS, Page 75
11. ISIH, Pages 2-3
What Constitutes Indian History, HS, Pages 68-69
12. CCAI, Page 10
13. What Constitutes Indian History, HS, Page 67
14. ISIH, Page 13
15. What Constitues Indian History, HS, Page 69
16. CCAI, Page 10
ISIH, Page 1
What Constitutes Indian History, HS. Page 69
17. CCAI, Page 11
18. ISIH, Pages 8-9
19. CCAI, Page 12, ISIH, Pages 9-10
20. ISIH, yTT<{ n<jT+
CCAI, yTT<{ n<jT+
21. Social and economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita, MR, Page 14
22. Science and Human Progress, D.D. Kosambi commemoration
Volume, Page 331
23. ISIH, eTT+<T e
24. Combined methods in Indology, HS, Page 5
25. CCAI, Pages 50-51
26. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 27.
13
2. Vs dsD
`Vs
Vs d]+#& Vs #jT & eT* eTsTTq
& e+~. & X \ q d++<\q >&
q&TT+~. Vs dsD |eTT neds+ e. +Te\qT
#+|& y{ #s + \e& e\dq |]s\T+f #\TqT. #+|q
+Te e+k > s Vs > \Te +#THsTT <
+&, T y*. se TsTTq k<H \ #d Vs dsD
$T>T\T +&<T . n+f n<q| e+&<T . de+ es$Z u q
e+&<T .
Vs #jT&+ nH~ s+&T $wj\q +<T
_qeTsTTq~. H> , |X e\T, bs, =&e*, >=&* yTT<q k<H \T
y*. $T>T\T >& k<sD+> e+T+~. n<q|
#+#TH b\ esZ+ e+T+~. Te+{ deC eTq+
eeT\T> H>] de+ n+{eTT. s +&T <X\ L d+~ <X> q&
|X bw deC\T k<sD+> esdZ e C\T e. nsTT $
deC\ +f d+|qeTsTTq$.
eTq <X+ H>] bs+ue TsTTq|{ qT+&, n\ d+U\T>
eq H>] deC\ #T n~ d+K Vs d]+#
$\THsT. H>]\T M Vs n\yT #jT &+,
yqT X$T\T> eT s#T e&+, < yH es$Z u qqT
|yX |&+ , eTq <X+ |< q #] eT+. eTq bNq #]qT
<++ X+_ <w H #k&T .
H>]\ $\ \|&q |&T eT&T |]De\T d+ue +.
{, H>]\T $\qT y yd d \ qT+& ]$TyjT &+ <s
> < \ |j >+ ud\T> +> BdTe&+ <s> y
yd d\qT eTT $T+#Te#TqT. <T \+ nyT],
d*j <X\ < ]+~. s+&T, $\ eekjT+ H]
14 bNq us< X #]
s\T> e] eT H>] de+ ~>Te u>+ X$T esZ+>
#sT e#TqT. eT&T, y>& es$Z u q |yX |{ =+<sT s \T,
=+<sT b\\T> yqT $u + <s eekjT deC $d] +|
CjT e#TqT. +<T yTT<{ < +f s +&e~, eT&e~ eTq <X #]
me> ]>jT X+_ n_bjT+. nDy + f \T|e&+
(assimilation) eTq #] |< q $wjT + n+{&T. nsTT \T|e&+
nH~ deq b|~ MT< <T. H>]\ ~| + +<. \T|H
eT+ k+d |P\ dyTq+ (cult syncretism) ]+~.
$\ <e\T H>]\ <e us\T> u\T> yVH\T>
nes\T> n+^]+#&sT . dyT q+ >& H>]\ |P\<
|#s TT.
eTq<X #] eekjT $dsD \|j>+ +f ke
d+q+, k+d dyT q\ <s me ]+<H~ X+_ ne>Vq
n+ eTTKeTsTTq $wjT+. n|&|&T eekjT $dsD X+
jTT+> ]+< >& n+{&T. n+f jTT<\ |j >+ me>
s> < ` ns+ . $\qT e\ e~>\T> s#T e&+ |X+yT q
d+q+ n ns+ <T. u \|j >+ +f ke nDy k+d
~|\ <s eekjT $dsD me> ]+< $XB]d n~
X+_ $Xw D q $esD neT+~.
$esD \TdTH eTT+<T Vs dsD MT< J$+# $\
>T]+ \TdTy*.
bNq #]qT eeT\T> |sedT XgE\T, #]sT\T, bs
jTT>+, =s jTT>+, +#T s jTT>+, qTeTT jTT>+ n $u ksT .
|eTTqT1 j sT #jT & |j +q |<s { $u q
#ksT . s |eTT j # yTTsT>eq b sjTT>+
n =+ dTeTsTTq |eTTT j sT#d keTs + n\e&q sT y
=s jTT>+ n n+{sT. s +{ eT< <Xq T eT< s
jTT>+ (mesolithic age) nq&+ <T . s, +#T, qTeTT V\ y&+
n\ysTTq <X\ qT j |s |\TksT . V\ y& s
|eTT y& >\& e\+ |eTT eTT&|< s+ H <T. s
Vs dsD
`Vs 15
|eTTqT | <=] sqT |<T qT |Te&+ <s j sT #ksT .
< u XeT, =+ |D eyT y*. > V\T |
d#+ > <=se . KC\ s|+ <=sTsTT. KC |]Xu| s
eTT&
V j sT #dT = < |eTTT #dT y*. B # XeT
y*, k+ |]Cq+ y*. de+ =+ eT+~ |P]\+ B
$j+#*. { Vs+ n<q| +&*. n<q|
#+#T= V\ j $j+# b\ esZ+
+&*. n+<T Vs dsD , @< yTs Vs #jT >\
deC\H V\ y&+ q&TT+~. Vs dsD = s jTT>+
n+eTeT+~.2
, |eTT eTT&|< s { #d #] \ $u q |P]>
Xdj T yTq ~ <T. |eTTT X \
u>+ eyT (bNq
\+ # eTTKyTq u>+). yTT+ X \ T d++<\T
*d > sjT + <T. C $$< V\ ke b >&
n|& |P]> ns+ neT+~. ke b qTeTTL, +#TL keT+
<T . qTeTT $ks+ > <=] #e V+ e&+e\ n~ X \
>DjTeTsTTq n_e~ k~dT + ~. s (< $TXeTeTsTTq +#T) $]
$> <=se { X \ n_e~ y{ >\ b d\+. n$
|< q+> |j >|& ~ => @s& b\es+Z jTT<\ j d+,
<e\ $>V\ j d+3 { yTT+ X\T,
d++<\q ` n+f ke u J$ sD duy <w e+#T=
bNq deC ns+ #dT y*.4
Vs dsD
| dV +> <=] Vs`<q+, |+&T, <T+|\T, +Te\T
d]+ y{& J$+# eqe\T q q >T+|\T> @s&sT. ~
sD
d+ neds+ . n++ f eTTK+>, |sp | s eT
d]bjT+ Vs+ d]+# be#T {, me d]+q y
d]+# bsTTq y eT +& |+#TH @sT neds+.
$T*bsTTq Vs \e +#TH |]s\ |]Cq+ ~eT \+
+&e { ~ uj T s+ .
16 bNq us< X #]
>T+| eedeTsTTq|&T <TsT (clan) neT+~.
eed + e&+ n+f (1) +& |+|+ s +& jTTeTsTTq
#s+> sb+<&+ , (2) + d++<\ uVw<+ (endogamy)
@s&&+ . n+f >T+| d |sTw\T >T+| #+<y] (s >T+|\
#+~q y]) \e&+ w<+ neT+~. y eT >T+| y]
eyT + d+|s + |Ty*. nsTT ~eT eTdT de+
>T+| yTT+ dV s d+|T +> Vs deTw> d]+ yTT+
d]+q < n+<] deT+> |+#T+{sH n_bj X+_
|\T# $eT]+#&T.5 ~eT de+ >T+| <s e+eTsTTq
deq+> u$+#&+ sk e+{ s#s TT\ |u eyT> e]dT <<+
<T.
b++ d+#s yd+ @ss#T = Vs dsD <s Jeq+
d+b~+#TH <TsT q Vs dsD qT |< q+> (|P]> be#T)
edTe |]$T+ #dT + ~. >T+| yTT+ <T+|qT > n&$
<H > +TeqT> d]+#&+ dwC #dT + ~. Vs
dsD cew eeVs+ <T (y $wjT + ~ $~yT ). nTe+|&T
dwC w H #\ dV eTsTTq $wjT +. <e\ dsD |D |]
< |sT>TT+~. $<+> <TsT q |> m+#Tq
Vs |<s+ (yTT>, <T+|>, |\ +>, +Te>) <TsT
V+ (Totam) neT+~. <TsTqT q <TsT VeTsTTq Vs
|<s+ e\+ uq`u d++<+ n+ $T+ < d++<+
e+< u$ksT . eT+ < n+X n, < eT k<s + e+<
nqT+{sT. < |PksT . eT++, Kq+, H+, >q+, n \
bdq qT+& |{sTT.6 bdq \eTsTTq~ nqTsD eT++.
m<Tq T y{&y&T m<Tu eTyd < M| uD+ >T#TqT yksT .
n{# d +>H m<T y k|\ + #+<TeT u$ksT qeT+
e\ eqd ds+ |+b+<&+ < u |jq+.7 ~ #
dwe TsTTq <VsD. ++ f # d+se TsTTq $ , s +&
nqTsD eT++ |{sTT.
sT y \+ $ <TsT Vs dsD e Vs
#|{ , eekjT de+ n&T >T kq+ e #]q|&T <TsT
Vs dsD
`Vs 17
V+ sT #T> +{|sT> $T*bT+~. sD+>H = >e\
+{|sT>\ T+u\T # e+{sTT. eTVsh ys (HeT*)
nH +{|sT $<+ > <TsT V+ qT+& e+<q X+_ n+{&T8
eTq e~> \dT\ |*, m<T, beTT yTT<q +{|sT+ {sTT. M
| &T j +Te\qT <TsT V\T> *q $\sTT e+&*.
H>] de+ y# y e+ yqT L\T> +>BdTq|&T
n$ +{|sj sTT. |, eT, s & ~s eekjT \dT\ >&
s# T > yTT |sT, # |sT, +{|sT> e+{sTT (s$, eT], y|,
eT yTT<\sTTq$.) # j b+\ |$yT q $> u$+#
&sTT { $ <TsT V\sTT e+&*.
nsTT $ <TsT H>] deC &&+ sT y \|
esT. y{ dV |]DeT+ yTT<{ esT, = <TsT *d >
>D+ (tribe) > @s&&+. $_qeTsTTq Vs|<s\qT d]+#
<TsT\T >D+> @s&&+ e\ sT d]+q Vs eTs=]
Vs+ esT+{sT. Be\ Vs+ y$ < + |] n~ |w s +
e&+ u |j q+. + jTe\ >& |&T esT
edT+ ~. n+es <TsT d |sTw\ eT eT< H | sT \
+ d++<\T w<+ . |&T >> @s& sT y <TsT d
|sTw\ |sd s + d++<\T w<e TesTT. <TsT +
n+]w<+ (exogamy) edT+ ~. <TsT ys+ d>r\T
nesT. nsTT > yTT+ uV w< b{dT + ~. n+f >
ysT eT > (s <TsT\) y]H | s >\ d+|s +
|T>&<T . > <TsT\ eT< >T+| $yV+ >& <X
bs+ue TeT+< X+_ u$k&T .9
eTs= $eTsTTq nue+ >& e+~. n+es @ VseTsTT
<TsT jTT |< q Vs+>, <TsT V+>, e+&+< n~ |&T
|P]> w<+ nsTTbT+~. < q&+ b|+ n nXu+ n ss \
w<\T neT\T eksTT. < |q <TsT y
y{&& d]+#& M\T<T . =k] n~ <TsT s< +
neT+~. $yTq esT n+ |eTTKyTq <VsD.
18 bNq us< X #]
y< \+ |< q+> >e+d u \T> eq sT\T eekjT\sTTq
sT y >e+k |P]> w~+#&+ 10 n X+_ n+{&T.
> e #]q <TsT\T eTT d]+q Vs |sd s+
e]& #dT +{sTT. Vs e]& >T+| + d++<\ |H~
n X+_ u$k&T . e]& s +&>, |+> sT>TT+~.
~ +& e]& (barter) <T. +<T deq $\Te\qT e]& #dT
e&+ nH #q<T . nsTT rdTq y&T u$ wT qsTTH >sy
u+ >+ \> +& ] k&q #s+, $Xd+ e+{sTT. ~ ybs+
+f s +& # dVeTsTTq e]& ` <TsT >\ T >&
$<+ > |sd s+ Vs+ e]& #dT =+{sTT.
neT<e\T
se TsTTq <TsT`> sD+ eq >D deC\ ke
eedq T |]o*+#*. eed s |eTTT | ys k<H \T
e. Vs+ |P]> | d+|< MT<H <s|& + ~. < yT +
d+#]d J$ksT. ds yd+ >, > e+&e. eed
e | | >T]+| <T . B ekeT+ nH+ f
e |< q e bs+|s (Matrilineal) eed nq+ dT. |
e q *< sH >T]+|> +& <s <T. |\\ qT H d
>
| >& |\
kj dT+ ~ { | <e> u$+#T+{sT.
sjTT>| <e\+ d . |X bwD e |sTw\ # |X d+|<
#] | keT de+ @s&q sT y eT><e e#sT. n|&T b
<e\qT = <e us\qT #XsT.
<e\qT neT <e\T (Mother Goddesses) n+{sT. n
uw\q <e\ |sT e d+# X+ n+eTesTT.
<f <e\ |\ kjT+ eq d++<+ nse TeT+~. \T>T
>+>eT, b#eT, yTd e T, q\eT, eTT\eT, |& * , yTT<\sTTq
|sT >\ <e\T n >e\q e+{sT. X+_ # $es+>
n< jTq+ #dq eTVsh < H b+| <e\ |sT \usTT (q\{
*) , &usTT (|jT yTq *) , n+usTT (neT*) yTT<\sTTq$.11
neT<e\ |P\T =*H&T d sV+#ysT. n+<T, |PC
Vs dsD
`Vs 19
d
\ <>sZ |sTw\T be{ M\T<T . neT<e\ |PCd\ + <>sZ
k<sD+> eq+ e+T+~.12 eq+ |sTw\T |y d s# < +
#ksT .
X++, keT+ d dV eTsTTq >TD\T e | k$T de+
*+q $\Te\ >T]+#& neT<e\ ds|yT <s q+. M
k<sD+> dwyTq s|+ e+&<T. H m+ e+ n+<+>
keT+> e+&<T . sMT< $+> # & e+T+~. yTqT eT+
#dT |\ kjT+ qTeT&+|Cd T e&+ d+ \T\T (+T \T\T
> qs\T\T>) ksT . * q +Te s $>V |PksT .
s<\T s+ uT |T+{sT. |&T \T\T ZbsTTH
neT<e\ $>V \ (VqTeT+T& e+{ =+<sT eT><e $>V \
L&) m\| & ms{ s+>T |Pd e+#TsT. H>]\ uVD eT+
n\yT nue+ #+~ msT| w<+ neT+~ uVDT\ |P\
k<sD+> ms{ |P\T y&sT . s \T\ V+> |{ |P
nsTTq sT y ms{ +eT qT<T{ MT< uT|T +{sT.
$\T H>]\ &q sT y neT <e\qT \ , bs
yTT<q uVD <e\ n+X> >T]ksT . nsTT b \D \T +
$T*bsTT. y&+`|T &+ nH >eT+ bs | s|+> >T]+#&
u`nsTT nH neT<e >T]+ #| >T& eT\ $>V + s\,
uj T + >=*| qT>T& , $s+> e+T+~> }s+| rdTbjT
e $>V+ e+ #{ +#T #dq bs $>V+ n+{&T
X+_.13 eTq <>sZ [, u <[, <Ts,Z >+>eT yTT<\sTTq |s bs
n+X> >T]+#& n+<sT <e\ >T\q & q&TT+~. e
$>V \ H#T= s& d&T >T >& $wjT + >eT+#e#TqT.
>T&|\ $>V + kq+ yTTsT ssTT e+T+~. >T& jT{ >&\MT<
e+ bsD esq \ b* n+<eTsTTq \ es \T+{sTT.
neT<e\ X+_ s +&T s\qT >T]k&T . =+<sT { <e\T.
M |PCd \T #sT e\T, y>T\T, q<T\T, \b\T ~s {eqsT\
<>sZ T +{sTT. { eqsT\ <e\qT n~H \ T> u$ksT .
s +&e s+ L&* <e\T, Vs dsD d+ >T+|\T> ]>
<TsT\T >D\T eTT d]+q Vs |sd s+ |+#Te&+
20 bNq us< X #]
d+ n|&| &T \TdT+{sTT. d \T = *u\ L&* d \T>
q&sTT. L&\T\ <>sZ neT<e\T+{sT. m+<T+f $\
Vs es+ <T |T&< ybs+ > =+ bNqeTsTTq
+& e]& (barter) > <T. $\T eT es
s +&jT TyT q #s+> sVksT . < |s y+ # <e\T
L&* <e\T. L&* <e\ |PCd \qT, n& eq esT\qT,
|]o*+ X+_ bNq #]qT ` Vs dsD qT+& Vs
]q |]De $es+> s|k&T .14 $esDqT sT y #<+.
Vs d]+ J$+# $ de| X\ e#
yTTyT T<{ esT, Vs \Te +# |]s\qT j sT #dT e&+.
~ Vs dsD Tb <Twuy +Z J$ >TD+>
yTsT>T |sTdT+~. +&\T, T\T jsT #jT&+ $<+>
yTT<\eT+~. M{ # deC\ d j sT #ksT . +&\T
Vs+ \ed+ ` n+f k<q+> $s$+#jTq&
<s q+> n$ neT<e\ |P\ eTTK u>eTesTT. |{ neT
<e\ |sTMT< ]| uH\ e+{ |+&T>\ +&\ |eTTKkq
eTT+~. uVD eT #+~q <e\ (\ , dsd ) |P\ L&
\X\T |&sT. <e\ |P\T d sV+#&+ , y~ s
+& \X\ |< q kq+ b e&+, >eT+#<> Z $wj \T. B
f <e\+ | &T $\ neT <e\ d+ || *
eHs sT y \+ H>]\ $\T &q sT y ` Vs
dsD e Vs de+ n&T>Tu>q e #]q sT y `
+>TuT V+> neT <e\qT H>]\ eT><e
us\T> d]+#&+ ]+< nse TeT+~. |]DeT+ yTT+ e&
us nsTTq bs dw+ > q|&T T+~. \ , dsd |P]> u keT
de| e T > e]bjsT > bs djT+> H <Ts,Z
[ yTT<\sTTq <e\ s|+ $ \D \qT dw+ > |<] dT+ ~.
H\T>T #T \T, s\T, s+ &d q H\T, yMT uVD <e\
\D \T e.
+&\T neT<e\ s +& |eTTKb eV+#&y T yT
neT<e\ |sb\T> |P\+<T+{sTT. bNq \+ qT+&
Vs dsD
`Vs 21
|{< +&\qT j sT#d y yT& u>+ <>sZ n\+sD
*ksT .
n~ dw+> d ddT+~. #bsTTq y ] * >s+
bsq qeT+ +&&+ e\ # bNq deC\ #bsTTq y
Xy\qT e>s d+ eTsTTq +&\ |P& |&sT.15 bXT\T
|{ Xe|{
|{ |P&TksT .
neT<e\ |]DeT+, H>]
neT<e\ |P\16 |]De\qT { bNq \| yTTyT T<{
ke $|e +17 ` Vs dsD qT+& Vs ]q |]DeT+
rsTqT\qT ss TT+#&+ X+_ |< ne\+_k&T . jTq #dq
sj \ $u~ +#e#THy jTq |j +q |< neT\
yTq ~. neT<e\ |P\T ]> d \qT $es+> |]o*k&T . n&
|sedT neXc\ d+ (s |eTTT, +& |+\T e>s ) yT &T.
n& |dT Hd ] Z d { y\ d+es\ |Ps| Hd ] Z d , u $T
jTT eekjT j>qT ss TTk&T . B{ |PqT sV+q
$\ Jeq $<H s]k&T . sT y neT <e |P
eq esT ke $|y ddT+ ~. H>] eekjT\T $\qT
+>BdT yqT Vs # d eekjT de+ \T|H
e k+d ||\ q+ |P\ e# esT. eT&T s\ esTqT
q |]X<q X+_ >T]k&T . {, neT<e bs n+X nsTTq
<Ts>Z H [>H >T]+| b+<TT+~. yT |P\qT MT< d\ T
|sTw\T sVksT . nsTT +<T >& >+ V+ $T*bT+~.
eTq uH\ |+&T> e+{~ u+>TSsT dMT|+ ]> s> Cs.
Cs |P\T sV+# |sTw\T d\ T <] ksT .18 s +&T, neT
<TdT\
<e kq+ eT><e &T |P\+<Te#TqT. <VsD V<su<
q>s+ edu{ + b++ #sT e MT< +HjT T& >T&
e+~. +HjTT& {eqsT\L mTe+{ d++<+<T. {
+HjT T&T neT<e kH $T+#& nqTe+#*. eT&T,
neT<e >T& | H >, =+< s+ > eT><e &T y*d yT
n us> >T]+| b+<e#T. |P\ ]q esTqT{ H>]
de+ $sy n< jTq+ #jT e#TqT.
22 bNq us< X #]
se TsTTq |]X<H |< k< + e& eTq #] dueyT
sD+. |]X<H |< m|& >& |]X<q $wjT + jTT dueyT
ss TT+#*. |]X<q #jT < due+ @$T{ *jT<T {, |]X<H
eT+H $wjT due+, $Xw D |< , s +& |sd s+ >] #s
ns+ nesTT. bX #] n< jTH nqTd]+q |< `d+|<jT
|sedT kV <s\ $Xw D `eTq #] d]b<q X+_ n_bj
yTT<{ e++#eTT. eTq #] n< jTH X+_ nqTd]+q |<
bXT\ #] |sbe#T. nyT]q d*jq qTeTT
y&+ *dq X C H>]\T +#T jTT> s jTT> #+~q
k |\qT V+k+> sXjT T\qT #d <<| Xw+ #XsT. eTq
<X+ H>] eekjT\T yTT<{ qT+& n\ d+U\T e&+ e\
$\qT +>BdTH yTs V+dqT |j + sT y yqT
eT de+ ]+ > k+d+> \T|HsT. \|j > <T\T
eT |j +#sT.19 z&bsTTq $\ VQX =+<] ` >D+
|<\ qT, |sVT\qT ` jT, uVD \ d]+ q
y]q+<] XS< |+#eT \T>, L* #d s+>+> essT.
<VsD c<T\T $\T > uVDT\ c< >+
e+~.20 M c< |sVT\sTTe+& uVDT\T> >T]+| b+~q
yssTT e+&*.
eT+ $ >D\ <TsT V\T, <e\T, #s\T
uVD eT+ ss \T> e #ssTT. y <TsT V\qT eT
<e yVH\T>, u \
T>, nes\T>, y~+#sT. y <e\qT
eT <e T+u\ #sTHsT. y s+& \eTsTTq
#s\qT @ seTsTTq y~ beD H eT #s\
\T|HsT. B d+ |sD\T dw+ #sT. <\ T *+#sT. V+<
<e beTT\T, T\T, |X e\T +&& dyT qyT sD+.
@ <e& n nes\q +Tu #dH $wjT +
ns+ neT+~. e& H MT~ >+> {<e . yT |{ e&
|yT jT+ +& >+>eT> d++> |P\+<T+T+~. e& yT&
beTT eTq |sD\ H>C> |\e& $\ <TsT V+.
Vs dsD
`Vs 23
e& us bs | sb\sTTq <TsZ, [, neT <e\ |]D
sb\T. =&T esk$T yVq+ HeT* (<TsT V+), eTs=
=&T~ @qT>T \, m\T yVq+ (<TsT V\T). e& yVqeTsTTq
q+~ # bNq \+ qT+&`<MT< m dy] #jT & e&
*+# |Ps+ qT+& ` $\ s<+.21 q+~ |{ e&
yVq+>H d++> |P\+<T+T+~.
$we beTT (~Xw &) MT< |&T +{&T. n< ~Xw &T q
|&> $we & *k&T . $we us \ deTT< eT<q + |{+ ~.
(yT dw+ > { <e). $we nes\T Ls+, eT+, esV+,
<TsT V\T. $ eT& |{ y{&& bDT. (n+ >
nes\T &]H d<+ sTEe #jT e). eTs= nes+ nsTTq w& T
|X bw \ <e&T. n k<sT &T \seTT&T ~Xw & n+X nsTTq
s\ |~ (n jTT<+ H>*). e] T<T& >& $we
nes+> |{ + u<T\ q < $<+ > \T| sy\ #ksT.
>, y eT, Ls, esV <TsT V\T >\ >D Je\> $\T
H>]\T e&+ +s<T . n+<TH T<T& nes+ nd+|Ps+ >
e+&bsTT u<+ d+ eT+> *bsTT+~.
uVD eT+ y<+ b+~q |P\ dyT qyT, mTe+{
y<+ #s\ neb\qT >& X+_ >T]k&T. d\
| eTsTTq ny~ #s\qT d+<s + <V ]k&T . sjTT>|
$\T eTT d]+q Vs yT> q\>>=&+ d+ s |eTTT
j sT #dT HsT. n$ s\T, s* s|+q $j>+qT m
esT\T eH |{ M{ sH j sT #ksT . +&\>
s |]s\T >& neT <e\ |sb\T> |]>D+|&sTT.
eTVsh n>es\ d\ T >& |\\ HeTsD + #d|&T s*
>T+&TqT # > n\+]+ j\ #T |s X+_ n+{&T.22
eT>y y~ #s nqTd]+ sV+# HeTsD d+ks+
neT <e |P\ neXc $T+ <T .
uVDT\ |sD\L es eed L \ |j >+ neds+ +&
H>] eekjT deC y|+| CjT &+ =*H&T |j qs
24 bNq us< X #]
eTsTTq b +&f n$ n+ \+> *bjsTT. |sD\
ny|T eTsTTq nd+< L , $T $T #jT >\ uVD s
< eT\+ n X+_ u$k&T .23 V+dqT keTsk`ke
k+d dyT H ` $\qT s#T e& |< q k<q +>
sb+~++~ uVD eT+.24 = $ >D ( <TsTqT,
+>BdTe& , |sD, uVD >)
s+& d++<eTsTTq esTqT, dw+#* e+~. eT+
nbseTsTTq >+<s> \jTeTsTTq uVD bsD ><\ T, nq+yT q
s\T de+ MT< us+> jssTT deC eTT+<T
q&e+& + |s# sTT. | { ke neds+ sT y >T~+&>
e] uVDT\ <s bwD | ++<TL |s us+>
j ssTT+~.
n<j eTT+#eTT+<T eTq sh+ eTTK >\ X+_
|< | + > nqsTT+ #<+. eTq sh+ n w& >\
yqT &q$ <=eT], e&s, msT\, jH~, ujT >\T. VQX
yT<sT \qT >& M #s e#THy . >\ T n >& =s jTT>|
Vs dsD #jT\qT |{ \+> * eHsTT. jH<T\T
m\T\q &T\q |Te&+ (y) |DT\T. jH<T\T
m\T\T |+<T\qT bwksT > y |+<T\ bwD +f y{
Te&+ |DT\T. eTq >e\ |+<T\T bNq \+qT+&
nX< Xu+ #d | deTse ++> sVdTH sTT. s T , H\sT
# |D \ b | jH<T\T #ksT . T\ j
msT\T, yT<sT \T |DT\T. (+&\> T\T>& Vs dsD <X
#+~q = sjTT>| |]XeT). e&s \ T s =&sT. \+>D
\\ me> e&s \ T |#ksT . <=eTs d\
e_#s+ #d
n\yT+~. e |< qeTsTTq sjTT>| >\ e_#s+ nH e
ns+<T. |#jT&+ <s |k$T H>] de+ Jeq+
d+b~+#Te#TqT { y <H= e> d]+#&+ Xs+
<T .
n{+ f eTTKyTq $wjT + >\ +{ _{wyt $Tq
>\ > >T]+#&+ . | d+|< @ ] d+ d +&&+ Vs
Vs dsD
`Vs 25
dsD nedse TsTTq jTeT+. nsTT H>] de+ d+ d
eedqT |yX|{ eT+> | d+|<qT =+<] d> esTdT+~.
_{wyt &T |yX |{q |T&< d++<\T e |P]#d me]
#+<~ @<sTTH e+f < |uT + d> |{ + +~. $<+ >
Vs dsD <=+>q +> e]+~. =s jTT>+ qT+& $\T
<=+>\T> H>] de+ |y +#sT. (>+ >&, _\T&s TTq
y uVDT\T <=+> nHsT. |> n# sejTD+ #| +
+> bjT+ >& #ksT. _\T\T |{ y{& J$+# $\T).
sjTT>| >\ +f =+#+ yTsT>sTTq$ >+&T, jT HjT|
=+&s &, #+#T yTT<\sTTq eekjT >\ T. M =+<] $wjT +
X+_ #| q k+d dyT q+ |{ yTT<\sTT+~. #+#T\T eTqT
eTT uVDT\ <e \ |s|+ nsTTq #+#T\ d+> u$ksT .
yTqT $we neseTsTTq qsd+ VQ&T e]+#&T. nsTT dyT q+
|]|Ps+ <q & <s q+> uVDT\ \ d$ y +s
sjT+& ]yTd+~. >+&T\T >& < $<+> eTT ;eTT&
V&+L |{q d+> u$ksT . nsTT V&+ >& ;eTT& <s |
nsTTq <|~ deq+ <T. ;eTT&T yT =+ \+ >&| y&T.
>\
~es @< yTs Vs n\yT |&sTT.
{ M eT w+ > sT . nsTT n_e~ |] M n&e\qT
|uT + #+#Te&+ M >& nys+> Hsd T \ T neTHsT.
n+<]+f n_e~ #+~q > \+u&\T. s < H +Cs\T
n |\e& > M XK. +Cs\T = Xu\T y T Vs
dsD e |X bw \jsT. yTT>sTT ke+ +B ]
eed @s&&+ <s b+\ es + $d] ++~. +Cs\T eT
|X e\ M|\MT< eT\T> dsT \qT syD #dysT. y\ d+K
eq +Cs syH\qT #d bXT\T Xs+ |{ + #sT. n+
yTT>sTT d _s\ >e\qT+& dsT \T nyTysT. eTq<X+
|T&< $<q+ d++> $s$ + e+f M \eTsTTq
es es+Z > j sjT ysT >, _{wt y&T jT{qT+& |T&
~>TeT #d s\T esZ\ sV<s yjT&yT , <X es se
|D \ qTK+ #jT &+ e\ M JeH<s+ k]> HXq+ nsTT+~.
26 bNq us< X #]
19e X+ e]< eekjT j>yTq yTu $T <X+ n+<Tu{
e+&&+ e\ M n~\T yTk>T n\yT|&sT. es+>,
+q>sY w (ms) H\ ysT Xq>, ~u< q\s >&
H\ | |+&ksT . nsTT $<+ > eekjT #jT & u $T
<=s y <=+>H \ n\yT |&sT .
$<+>, Vs dsD MT<> |XbwD MT<> <s|&
J$+# >\ qT y eTq H>] de+ b |y>, L\T>,
|< s T \T>, n{ $T+ Hsd T \
T> q \T|+{+~. H>]
us de+ nyT], d*j <X\> $\qT #+|jT&+
<T . eTC>, <=+>\T> q \T|+ e+~. | \
|j >+ neds+ +& ke ~| + <s d+q+ #dT +{+~.
nsTT | &T uVD |sD\T sV+q bqT |&T $Tq
bdsY & sVk+~. eTq<X Hu w& >\ T 7 XyT >
eTq C d+ 20 X+ y e+{sT.
$esD\T
1. jTT<\T>& | &T |eTTf. y{ +Te\ y +&
eTqTw\ y y&&+ yTT<\T|{q sT y n$ jTT<\jsTT.
2. nsTT X+_ |< |< #d V#]qT >TsT+ #Ty*. (< : lsih
|J 21). Vs d]d J$+# $\T eT dMT| H>]\
qT+& V\ y& HsT e#TqT. @ de+ XSq+ < T .
~ sH yqT >& H>]\qT #j*>, sH
nH~ = <Xu\T e#T. Xu\T >& e#T.
3. CCAI, Pages 28 - 29
4. ISIH, Pages 21 - 22
5. CCAI, Page 30, ISIH, Page 25
6. ISIH, Page 23
7. B +^w t Sympathetic Magic n+{sT. y u+
>Tek q sTT+{ &s Y ueTd (eTT>T\ Z T|{) < MT< qT
sdTq T> n_qsTTd q | de+> ]bT+< qeT&T>,
n< d+ MT< <s|& q # & MT< qeT+ e+ $d +>
Vs dsD
`Vs 27
e+~. +< b++ $ Vs dsD e Vs
#d eekjT de+ @s& eT+ 2500 d+es\ |Ps+
><e rs+ bs+u+ eTsTT+~. 25 Xu\T >& H nqTsD
eT++ MT< qeT+ bbe&+ X+_ #| neXc\ {.
nsTT # & MT< qeT+ |&e] ds eb>
>e\ =+<sT eT+>L |D \ qe s#s TT\L
nHjdyTq JeH<s+ nsTT+~. qe s#sTT\T dTK+>H
eHsT> eT+>qT e+ q+ n|&| &T (eTTK+> yT<,
s+>s& ) keTV+> >\
u&T T+{sT.
8. Combined methods in Indology, HS Page 12
9. ISIH, Page 22
10. ISIH, Page 22
11. nTe+{ neT <e |sT eTT+u sTT. yT |P\+<Tq
b++ |] |<< s TT eTT+usTT u+usTT q>s+ nsTT+~.
|&T < ] eTT+usTT #j \ edq |T{+ ~. VQX
eTT+u sTT q>s+ m&T+< y |T= |< mTq >T&
{ksy !
12. <VsD T\deq+, +<eq+, T\d +< neT
<e. #. Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, |J\T 42`81.
13. Pilgrim's Progress : A contribution to the Pre-history of the West-
ern Deccan Plateau, MR. |J 117.
14. $Xw D
X+_ #dq n s#q \q e+~. eTTKyTq yd+ :
At the Cross-roads : A study of mother goddess cult sites, MR,
|J\T 82`109
15. Urvasi and Pururavas, MR. |J 76
16. t Cult nH e
|P n+f e\+ |PC seT+ <T. +^w
nqTy<+> y&TTHqT. <e d++~+q bsD ><\ T,
s +&, eTV\T, n *dq yTT Cult n+{sT. \T>T
>& |P, s<q nH e\ $d ns+ e+~.
17. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 27
28 bNq us< X #]
18. Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 73
19. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS Page 29
What Constitutes Indian history HS. Pages 69-70
20. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS Pages 41 - 42
21. Social and economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita, MR, Page 28
22. ISIH, Page 49
23. CCAI, Page 166, ISIH, Page 45
24. |<q k<q+ eyT. d+|TsD +& dyTq+ k<+
<q & ny bsD ><\ nd+< <s q+.
<e& nes\T. yVH\T, us\T, T+ duT \T, u \ T,
|sd s+ \V+#T+{sT. #+|+{sT >&.
29
5. eTVus+ ` T<T&T
|q #| qT .|P. 600`300 eT< \+ eq esT\ s +&T
n+X\THsTT. { ` Vs #d eekjT esZ de+ q
>D eed \D \qT |P]> e~*+#T= H>] sC\ @sT <]
rjT&+. s +&T ` de+ $ deC\qT sT#T= Vs
<uT es eedq <eTsTTq n&e\ +&q >+>jTeTTH
jT\ ~>Te u> (s |<X , ;VsY sc\) y|+|Cj T &+.
X+_ +<T yTT<{ esTqT u< ~s uVDs eT\ <s+>,
s +&e esTqT eTVus+ <s+>, $e]k&T . m& & eT
kV d+|<j\qT |sedT neXc\q Hd]Z |]dT\q
deTqjT|s n< jTq+ #k&T .
#] eT+ dyT q+ sT>TH e+~. |X bw s
>D\q ssT \q +>BdT+H eHsT. eT de+ n&T >T
u>+ \T|+H eHsT. nsTT |&T = #] <X e+~.
< <s q+> b uVDT\ kq+ =y b<q e+~.
eTVus T~s|+ +~ u >T (useZ ) >r\T, u< d+|<j
sd+~ |< q+> X | (X|) >r\T.1 sT> <+ u >Te\T e\+
+<T&# z&+#& >D+> q&s #k+.2 X |\ e=d
DT\> M>& y< \+ jT s +& sV+#& nqsT\T>
u$+#&sT .3 sT y \+ ys @ >+ uVDT\ X|>+
# n\yTqT { #d4 ~ ssT\ qT+& $\ qT+&
|sVT\qT d]+q dyT q eT+ @s& >+ n ns+ neT+~.
eTVus+
eTq bsD kV+ #] m+ e+<H~ M& |X . B
de<q+ #] eTq+ #TH s#H { e+T+~. #]qT
= d+|Tq\ \sTT> ns+ #dT= bsD kV+ #]
76 bNq us< X #]
d+|T q\ qy\T d+ y n~ e<|j d neT+< X+_
n_bjT+. yTT+ bsD kVq+ e&ud e++> & #]
<=s< T . nsTT #]qT = d+|T q\ \sTT> ke d++<\
|]DeT eT+> ns+ #dT +f |]d =+ yTsT>T> e+T+~. |{
|sDyT nsTTH, n~ sjT&+<+f, |\T $d +> $Xd+#s+f,
n~ @< ke |]DeTe ||* + e+&*. ||\ q+
q<TqT> be#T. d++> e#T. n<T+> e#T.
nue+> L& e#T. B Xdj T +> n< jTq+#d < yqq
|]De\qT >T]+#&+ neds+ . n~ #jT & s]d $\Tyq
#] <s + n X+_ n+{&T. w& T nHy&T +>
b e#T. w& s<q e+~. n<= ke yde +. s<q
n \q <T . <X eTT+<T=+~. n+es |eTTK+>
eq +<T& |P eT+> D + bsTT+~. <+ |{ |sD+> ={
bsjT+& sD\qT n< jTq+ #d eTq #]qT =+sTTH ns+
#dT >\T>T+.
X+_ eTVus <q T # $es+> $Xw + , <> q&
< eT[+> eT&T d+|<j\ \sTT> $&>=&&T . eT&T d+|
<j\ yqTqTq #] |]De\qT C>> n< jTq+ #k&T .5
yTT<{~ sTb+&e\ jTT<+ .|P. 600 H{ sde+ Vs
n\yT #dT = ese edq T sb+~+#T= d+< , >+>jT\
eT< u> eekjT j>+#d $T+#T+~. >D eedq T #~+
HeT~> s#]\T @s&&+ yTT<\sTT+~. yTTyTT< s#]+
@ss#T q >D\ sT>D+ {. MT< sT>D+ jTT s#
e+X sT e+X+ nq&+ yTT<\T|{sT . us T & d+ nsTTq sT
eTVsE q |d T |* +> sT +> sT +> es& ~
|s+ e+~. n&e\qT (+>\+) eekjT \> es&
nedse TjT u XeTjTT n<T uVD s|+ |d T
nqT+f n~ #] |]DeTyT. $<+ > @s&q sTs+ s<
nsTTq VdH |s+ (& ) jTeTTH q~| u>q e+~. sT\ de+ >D
eed s|+ eq+\+ sE\, s#]\ e. >D #+~q
dCT\ (s +<T e\) >T+| (<TsT) > < n++ f q >T+|
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 77
> b+| d+|<q T eT&> nqTu$ +#~. nsTT d+|T q\
\sTT> ns+ #dT = bsD kV+ #] d+|T q\ sT\T
<dT\qT XS<T\T> +>BdT Vs n\esT n<q|
|+#Tq s |]d e]+~. n+es >Ddu #
mqT&q sE\T |&T => <=]q d+|<q T ds #dT |sVT\
n+& n_w \ sTT ksueT |{ + #THsT. ~ y dCT\
(<j<T\T) =+<] ++|sTT+~. y eT >& sC~s+
y{ y\ s&+, \V+#Te&+, n&e\ Vw]+#&&+,
jTT<+ #jT&+, n >& dVeTsTTq $wj. +<T se\T
z&bsTT b+&e\T > *#sT. eTVus+ se\ $|+> bs+ue TsTT
b+&e\ $jT^+> e]+< X+_ n_bjT+.6
nsTT sT jTT<+ eTVus+ e]+q+{ eTVd+>eT+
e& M\T<T . 18 sE\ bT kq jTT<+ 50 \\ eT+~
VT\js, 1,30,000 s< \, @qT>T\ n+ eT&T s T >Ts\
|j +#&jT Vd+ #TT+~. + |< mTq jTT<+
s>\+f <X Hu d+ 20 T +&\ n+#H yd , _{wt \+
< us< X Hu 20 T < X+_ >TsT #k&T .7 .|P. 600
H{ < >+> jTeTTH ~>Te jT\, sT |&e Ts k\, < H
|su $T MT<, Vs dsD | Vs <T . jTT<\T #jT &
sE\ se+X\ e. $ks+ > qTeTT y&+ k< |& <
b+\ esT s<T. eTVus < yTT+ & ` MTs{ ` eT<T s
b+ |]$TeTsTT+< X+_ n_bjT+.8 sTy \+
uVDT\T eT beTTU |+#Te&+ d+ eT q sE\q
se+X\q n+{ eTVus+ #ssT.
eTVus+ sT b+&e\ jTT<+ < eyT nsTT n+<T
w& b ns+ <T. jTT<+ #dq s +&T | \ | kjT+
#dq j<e |eTTKT&> e+&y& | , <e&T e\dq n> + <T .
{ & ys d+|<jT+ e #]+< X+_ u$k&T . sT>D+
yd d\ + & ` MTs{ b++ >, y <D +> eT<T s b++
jT<T>D+ (j<e\T) ed+#ysT. sT> <+ |+#>D \ j<e\T
sT . M sT\T be#TqT > y< \| sT\> M |X
bw \T. M <e&sTTq w& sT\ <e&sTTq +<T& eTT+<T
78 bNq us< X #]
qT+& XTyT. e], |X bw de+ |P]> HXqeTsTT eekjT
de+ ds | & d ] +<T&T q kH d+|Ps+ > j&T. w& T
|eTTK <e&j &T. |]De ||* +#~ eTVus+ w
b.
~ s +&e d+|<jT+>, eTVus+ eT&e d+|<jT+
$\~. X+qT& |+& #dTq >+>, n+, \|, w&T
dsd e &q nd+UyT q d\ T neT<e\ |sb\T. eTVus <
M =+<] # \eTsTTq b e+~. neT<e\T , eTV
us < # |eTTK+> <s q$T# $ V+ H>TbeTT. H>C
HXq+ #jT & qyTjTT&T jT+ #dT + &> jT s +& u>+>
yX + bjTqT&T #| q < eTVus+ . n< H>TbeTT $we |& nsTT+~.
\seTT& n+X nsTT+~. e& yT&qT n\+]++~.
eTVus <qT eT&T d+|<j\ \sTT> $&>=&
n+<T ||* +q #] |]DeT+ ns+ neT+~. sT >D #+~q
y & ` MTs{ b+| H>] sT\T. Vs ese ed, y
ke J$ b|~. y <D +> eT<T s b++ jT<T
>D #+~q |Xbw\THsT. #T (eTTK+> >+> jTeTTH
jT\) <e TsTTq n&e\THsTT. n&e\ $\THsT.
$\+<s H>C nsTT e+&&+ nd+ue +. e $& $&>
e+&q $ >\sTT e+&*.9 H>T\T H>C nH~ sT\T
M+<] keq |j >+> |j +q e. VQX M me
>\ T beTTqT <TsT V+> * eHj beTT |P #dy.
eT&T deC\ eT< s+s+ d+|TsD k e+&*. +<T&
w& |&<T. j<e\qT n++ #j\ +<T&T |jTd w&T
>esq |s n&+ |{ sk &T . j<e\L H>C |&< T . jTeTTH
q~ bjT e n&+ |&T q jTT& u\ w& T q * +<
= nD#k &T . ( #+|& X+_ >TsT# k &T ). H>sE nsTTq &T
+<T& dVT&T. nsTT +<T& |P+q sT\ ssTTq qyT
jTT&T & dV H>Cq+ n++ #j \ jT+ #k&T .
D+> kq d+|T sD re+>H ] e+&*. +<T n+eT
$jT+ sT\~ | <T . |X bw \sTTq j<e\T, $\sTTq
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 79
H>T\T, eekjT\sTTq sT\ & | <T . nsTT +>TuT
|* +> j<e\ $\ |P]> HXq+ <T . y >& eekjT+
HsTHsT. es eedqT y~+#sT. y \VqT\sTTq y
yTT+ > XS< s es+Z > e]bsTT sT\ <|& &sT . =+
\e+T\sTTq y |sVT\T uVDT\ #ssT. >DeTTKT\T
sE\jsT. y <eS #s\ y~ #s\ \>*d bjsTT.
sT\ +<T&T , j<e\ w& sujT u> e +T&j &T.
$\ H>TbeTT w& nq (\seTT&T) nsTT+~. $we |&
nsTT+~. u$T q |&> MT< yd ~Xw&sTT+~. sTy bqT
bqT e& yT&qT n\+]++~ d++> |{ |P\T n+<T
+{+~.10
w& sT\T n+> \ T e\dq neds+ @$T e+<q
|X edT+ ~. w& T e\+ jT<T>D+ <e& nsTT n+{ |eTTK
kH n+<TH y&T &T. w& T n|{ m+<s <e dyT q+
n X+_ u$k&T . jT<T>D+ sd+<T & uj eT<T sqT e~*
|&e T{ (<s ) e\d y[+<q |sD >< X+_ # beTTK+
k&T .11 s nH sd # d+~+#& sd+<T &T $&T. |sD\
|s+ eT>< b\&T. eT>< L eT<T sL eT< eq <s { #d,
>+>, jTeTTH jT\T <+ > n&e\ +& eq H&T eT>< L
eT<T sL jTT<+ ] e+& neX+ <T >, sd+<` w\ ys +
yTq $`j<e d+|TsDqT ddT+< X+_ n_bjT+.
d+|T sD j<e\T <HsT. eT<T sqT e<* |&e T{ e\d ysT.
$ds D eT+ y <e&sTTq w& |P\T >& $d] +#sTT. w&
\\qT C>> $Xw d n+<T nH d+|<j\ \sTT |dT + ~.
w& T neT<e\ XTe. |PqqT # neqTw+> #+b&T.
eTs= w& T neT <e\ # |jT yTq y&T. nd+UeTsTTq
neT <e\ dsk &&T. w& T H>C XTeq $wjT + jT
eTsq + < q U+&e <V q+ < q q&TT+~. += w& T
sT\ dVT&sTT e+&*. n #\T dTu<qT sT s
esT&sTTq nsTqT&T n|V]+#&T. >\+ n+<] n\]+q
u\w& sT jTT<+ XTe\+<] | |j >+ <s V
e]q w& nd\T b*< T .
80 bNq us< X #]
mH |P\ dyT q+> @s&q w& T s +&T #] |]De\
||\ q+. { ` sT <X <D q eq jT<T>D+ |&e T{ $d] +q
eT+ b++ |X bw \ |P\ w |P> dyT q+ #+<&+ ,
Be\, sT\T w& eT <e&> d]d #eT+~ |X bw \qT
+>BdT>\T>TsT.12 s+&e~, n+ eTTKyTq~, $\
neT <e\qT w& us\T> d]+#&+ <s $\ H>sD
<V<+ #jT &+. w& 16, 108 us\ ns+ sTT<. eT<T dMT|+
+<eq+ |{ +< (>T+|<e)13 nH <e |r d+es+
w& $yV+ #ksT . +< d+ + T\d #T. y~ d+|<jT+
=*H&T mTe+{ beTTK+ T\d #T |&T uVD d\
|P\ |eTTK kH * e+~. eT>y sV+# s +& T\d
n+> beTTK+ +&<T. nd\T w&T +<eq+ |y+#
>*>&+fH neT<e\ |P |X bw\ +bsTT+< ns+.
=*H&T eq+ eT>y |yX + w<+ . bsuT> |y +q yqT
neT<e *sT+T+~. neT <e\ |sTw\ $yV+ #d
y+H * ksT . n+<T d+ +> +<qT w& T |r d+es+
=> |[#dT +{&T.14
+< w& us\sTTq s $ d\ T sTD (usE
es` uE\T n|{+ $), C+e (m\T>T+{ <TsT
V+> >\ $ >D eTTKT es) , yTT<\sTTq y. +eT+~
$ neT<e\qT w& T |[ #dT H&+f < yqT s +&T _q
deC\ dyT q+ e+~. $\T |X bw \ ~| + y
dyTq+ #+~ Vs dsD e Vs #|{ d<+
neTHsT. sTT<] Vs , eekjT esZ deC,
de+ sD dyT q ese edq s + qT+& sT\T n+~
eT deC sT#T+{sT. nsTT |]DeT+ $jTe++>
k>\+f sT\T w& eT <e&> n+^]+#& d<+ y*. =>
sb+<TTq eekjT deC +<T& +f w& dss TTq <e&T.
w& T +<T&> |X \T\T s&T . w& <\ |X e\T b&
|Xe > * |Xe\T e. |> neT<e\ n+ |
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 81
bT&sTTq w&T $\qT +>BdT \T|e& #
nqTL\eTsTTq <e&T. +<T& ks + <T . $<+ > = <eq
= |P\q d]+#{ = |sD\ sjT& uVDT\T
m\| & d<y T . |PC+& m+> $d] d y n+ <jT+. y
b uVDT\T d<+ b = uVDT\T ($\ qT+&)
|T=#sT. = |sD\ uT = uVD >\ |T=#sTT.
uVD >\T d|s T \ qT <{ nd+U+> $d] +#sTT.
.|P. 300 H{ |]DeT+ # es $jTe++
nsTT+<q& n>+&sY \+ eq ^\ n_bj\T <s q+.
^\T +<T& eT &jkdt (Dionysos) q w& Vsdt
(Herakles) q b\THsT. ^\ VsH w&
> q\{y &T.
jTT e+{ V& nH beTTqT #+b&T. eTT e# |+CT
|\| b+\ n+<s VsdtH s~dTHs, &jkdt |P
=+&\ |]$TeTsTT+< ^\T nHsT. n+f eekjT de+ \|&
|\| b+\ +<T& kH w& T $T+#TH&, + |P]>
Vs #| |X bwD |< q+> e+&bsTTq =+& #]jT
eyT +<T& |< q <e&> >T]+| +< ns+ neT+~. #
eTTKyTq ^\ n_bj #]sT\+ $d]+#s X+_
$eT]k&T.15
nsTT sTb+&e jTT<+ < j<e\ w& <\ T #s &+
eTVus+ nsTTb<T . H>C nsTTq TsT $\ ]q d+|T sD ,
< n+eT |]cseTsTTq dyT q+, eTVus+ MT< \+> eTT<
yksTT. +<T w& $yVe&q nd+UeTsTTq neT <e\T
d]b<T . y+ VQX jTeTTq |&e T{ ~q eq $\
<e\sTT e+{sT. sT\ eekjT de+ <X $d] +#
e\d+~ sTq eq <e TsTTq >+> jTeTTH n&e\. n&
$\T H>C. M eekjT+ n\yT #jT&+, =+<]
XS<T\T> s#Te&+, =+<] es$uqqT |yX|&+
eTTKyTq #] |]DeT+. +<T ||\ q+> H> V+ eTVus+
\+> e #]+~. X+_ +f |PsyT dT+sY V|H e+{
82 bNq us< X #]
ysT eTVus+ H&T sb+~q < <, .|P. 400 qT+& d+
.X. 200 (VQX .X. 400) < esT\ #sT \ sT>T e#jT
s|+#sT.16 yTT<{ # q~> eq y jT+ nHsT. |sTqT
f n~ sT jTT<+ < n ns+ neT+~. nsTT X+_ $Xw D
|s+ n~ se\ $|+> bs+ue TsTT b+&e\ $jT^+> e]+~.
sT y |]q eT+ 25,000 |<\ us+ nsTT e] \ |<\
eTVus+ nsTT+~. dT+sY e\+ e $Xw D <s #dq ssD
X+_ #] $esD k&T . sT jTT<+ < j<e\ w&
<\ T e #ssTT. \eT+ w& <\ T eT] nsTT e] w&
eTV us+ eTTKT& nq+> m~>&T. nsTT s`j<e dyT q+
+f eTTKyTq |]DeT+ >+>`jTeTTH n&e\ eeksTsD e&+
# n& $\ V+ nsTTq H>TbeTT # |eTTK+> us
< |y++~. |dT s|+ eTVus < +<+ sT
jTT<+ <, H>C n++ #kq | #d qyTjTT&T #dq
jT+ n X+_ n+{&T. jT+ d+<s + yX + bjTqT&T #| q
< eTVus+ . s+ > #&&y T eTVus+ n+eT+> rdTq
sb nqT>TDyTq #+ n X+_ |< |< n+{&T.17
dyTq+ # $jTe++> ], eTVus < VQ
b#Ts+ b+~+~. sD+# sT y \+ uVDT\T n|{
b\ esZ\ nedse TsTTq uy\qT bUH\ s|+q |<X \
s|+q eTVus+ |yX |&T e#sT. $<+ > dT X +
=* Xu\ (u keTjTT>+ $s$ kq \+) eTV us+
|y +q |eTTK $wj \T, u keT de <s u~+# u> B Z ,
u keT s u~+# X+ |s +, yTT<{< w& # , s +&e
< ;w # #| +#sT.
eTVus+ H> ~s $ V\qT X+_ $Xw + # rsT
# d s + > e+T+~. C The Autochtonous element in the
Mahabharata nH~ X+_ $Xw D
|< |{e T nqqyTq <s q+.
& = <VsD\T eyT kqT.
VdH |s+ <>sZ ]q |sedT e\ s +&T bs\ +&
|+\T <=]sTT.18 +~ bs # yTTsT> *q +& |+\THsTT.
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 83
$ b+| $\ yk\qT dkjT X+_ u$k&T . |bs
# { &< s+>T +& |+\THsTT, y{uT qTeTT eTT& KC
]+q >TsT\ THsTT. $ b+ #sT = n& qTeTT y&+
Vs bs+_+q sT>D+ >TsT\ X+_ n+{&T. y eT
s< VdH |s+ (Vd n+f beTT n ns+ ) n |sT |Te&
f n~ H>C n$\ yd d\ eT yqT sT\T sT#THs
ns+ neT+~. Te+{ $ V\T eTVus+ < <++
eHsTT.
sTe+X+ usT& q eT\ |sTw&> #|+~. usT&T
<Tw+T& X +\L |{q y&T. X +\ yTq es. yTq n|sd,
X +\ L& X| < uVD+ n|sd> #| &+~. |> X +\qT
|+q DT& y<\ sd T &HsT.
sT b+&e*<] >sT ;w &T. eTVus+ w& sT y
eTTKT&T ;w &. nsTT ;w & * nsTTq >+> dw+ > { <e. yT
X+qT& $yV+ &TT+~ > H>] de| >VD +f neT
<e> |e]dT + ~. |{q |\\ +<] H djT+> #+|T+~. ;w &
bD++ > |]D$T+q n+ (neT) >& neT<e.
eTs= sT eTTKT&T <DT&T. $\T $< eq Hs ]q+
s \D + <T. $ \D +. &T q\{y &T >&. |> <DT&T
d |{q y&T &T. sTw Ms+ +& |&> n+<T+ |{&T .
+& neT<e V+. Te+{ <\ $ eT dkjT
> n<jT+ #X+. se\T >& dV +> |{q ysT sT. >+<]
&T | |+& e+< eTT\T #d e+< b\ |> y{+
se\T |{sT . b+&e\T >& b+&TsE |< T , <e |{sT .
b+&TsE e~ nd\T \eL&< X|+.19
eTVus+ H>TbeTT V+ >& # T> e+~. H>C
XTe> q& w& nq \seTT&T djT+> H>TbeTT (~Xw &)
n+X. n jTT<+ H>*. H>* jTT<+ nq&+ ns+ <T {
\seTT&T $`eekjT dyT H dk& ns+ #dT y*.
<DT& esT&sTTq nXeT H>TbeTT> \ eTD e+T+~.
< nqT rd ;eTT& n|C| &+ se\ z$T n+eT |T +.
84 bNq us< X #]
n|&T> b+&e\ s+ d+$T+#<T . nsTq T& us\ nsTTq
}\| H>q. nsTqT& yT d+<s+ H>eTD dVjT+
dT + ~.
q +& eTsD |rs+> H>C n++ #j \q |P
qyTjTT&T jT+ #k&T . mH beTT\T #bsTT. nsTT H>C
ds HXq+ nsTTbjT |\ d &H uVDT& #=se e\ jT+
bT+~. nsTT uVDT&T uVD +& H>d |{qy&T.
n+<T. qyTjTT& |sVT&sTTq keTXe&T >& H>d
|{q y&.20 H>C ds HXq+ +& jT+ $s$T+#&+<+f
eekjT deC $\L keTsd + ~]+< ns+ . $\T
eekj ese edq n+^]+#sT. =+<sT uVDT\, jTT\
njsT. n~ \T XS<T\sTT s deC +bjsT. nsTT
y <e sT\ <e *dbjsT. sT y \| V+<eT+
H>TbeTT |P # sb\ q&TT+~.
q|<\T
.|P. 600 H{ >+> jTeTTH jT\ |u >q Vs
bs+_+q sT\ eekjT de+ sT ~> |j D+#\+f
<e TsTTq >+> jTeTTH jT\ ~>Te n&e\qT eekjT j>+
#j *. n& $\qT +>BdTy*, y eekjT+ n\yT
#j *.
<e TsTTq n&e\qT eekjT j>+ #j \+f qTeTT $ks+ >
\u +y*. sT<X+ nsTTq & ` MTs{ b++ qTeTT n+ $ks+ >
<=s< T . eTq <X+ H{ H{ qTeTT $ks+ > <=] b++
;VsY sh+. n+f >+> jTeTTH jT\ ~>Te u>+. n& qT|
>qT\qT #sT H < >+> jTeTTH jT\T yTT+ > eekjT j>+
e. n+<, => @s& sT\ eekjT de+ >{> \<=
<T.21 esZ de+ @s& >& |{ + sT\ de+ >Deed
sb e<T\T< #k+. +<T |eTTK V+, jT \T\ s|+
n<q| d]+#&+ . qTeTT y&+ $d] + eekjT+ \yTq
|H~ MT< \&< >Deed HXqeTsTT s#]\T @s&e. {
qT| >qT\ nHwD, qT| |eTT $ds D , eekjT esZ de y|,
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 85
s#]\ $se+, <H={ sTdT= k>sTT. yTTyT T<{ s+>
|\e <>~Z qT| >qT\Tq <D ;VsY b+| eT><.
VQ $<e TeTsTTq |]DeT+ y~ #s\ eseTsTTq
ke k+d d+|T sD \ s|+ k+~ { B $e]+#&
uVD >+<\ +f u< ~s uVD es d+|<j\T u>
|j >|& sTT. esT\ ` eTTK+> >D eed $q+ nsTT
s#]\T @s&q |]De ` T<T& T #] |~. w& >
e\+ |sD |sTw&T T<T& T #] |sTw&T e&+ e\, uVD
d+|<jT+ +f =*H{ u< d+|<j yd$ <<+ # n~+ >
+&&+ e\, u< d+|<j #]+ > ns+ #dT e&+ |sD\
$Xw D n+ w+ > ss + > <T.
sT\T ;VsY qT| >qT\qT m{ #sTHsT, qTeTT
dV jT+ eekjT deC <e TsTTq qBjT n&e\ m{
|yX |{sT , >D eedq T |P]> e~*|{ H>] sC\qT m{ @ss#T
HsT, nH$ #&*.
sT\T .|P. 1000 qT+& >& & ` MTs{ b++ qT+& sT
|j D+ #d H eHsT. nsTT ~ >+> jTeTTH jT\ eT< u>+
>T+& <T, ys s +&T esZ\ >T+& { s q eq Ve\jT`Hb
d]V<T MT<T> ;VsY sh+ s =q< e n& qT+& {sT>
<D se&+. esZeT+{ >& sT\ eekjT yk\T
@s&sTT.22 s +&e es+Z > >+> jTeTTH q<T\ MT< |&e |j D+.
ysDd <>sZ |sedT e\ .|P. 800 #+~q yk\T jT
|&sTT. n|{ qB jT\qT eekjT j>+ #d yk\T
@ss#T e& e\dq qTeTT |]Cq+ >, qTeTT y&+ > e
{, q~ MT< & b++ qT+& ;VsY b++ < |j D+ #ks
nqTy*. $<+ > |j D+ #dq y es \T. q~ &Tq , ;VsY
b++q, .|P. 800 #+~q s neXc\T <=]sTT. $ |eTTT
e, ybsdT \ ~ b \T. es \T k\T sH+ <T sTEe>
b \uT <=]q +& |+\T # yTTssTTq$. n|{
sT\T n\esTq &< s+>T |+\Te. n+ yTTssTTq +&
|+\T j sT #dT q $\ # { s edTe \ j >
86 bNq us< X #]
es + > *d e+& neX+<T . { $ k $\ b \T
, ses \y nsTT e+&*. n+f, qB jTqT eekjT j>+
#jT & nedse TsTTq qTeTT |]Cq+ e TT+<, sT\T es
>+> jTeTTH q<T\ ~>Te u> |&e \ MT< $]$> |j D+#ysT.
eT+ +<|d+ qT+& X+_ <, X+_ qT+& ysDd <
qBrs yk\T @s&sTT. eT+H ysDd <>sZ >+>q~ e~*
<D y[ s>V+ (sCsY) b+| qT| >qT\qT #sT e#Tq
>& qTHsT. ;VsY b+| qT| >qT\T $<+> sT\
\u + njsTT.23 >qT\qT #+#Te& sT\T ;VsY b+|
$\ d+|T ]+q V\T |sedT eT\ eHsTT. >+>
<D q eq $Ts|P sY =+& >TV\ =s jTT>| $\T ydq
>TV \T eHsTT. y{ H\T>T >Ts\ s<+ MT< eq j<T &T
$w #+ e+{ jTT<+ H\MT< eq $\ jTT<+ #dT H &T.
s< \T, $w# +, sT\$ { j<T &T sT&T nsTT e+&*.24
|&T s +&T |]De\T bs+ue TjsTT. {, Ve\jT`Hb
d]V<T\ eq eekjT yk\qT sCsY qT| >qT\ \T|,
\Te> ;VsY sh+ q&u&T> T +& |j D+# es+Z @s&+~.
es+Z MT<T> sCsY qTeTT s syD nsTT Hb d]V<T #]
n& qT+& Ve\j\ n+#T MT<T> sT s< nsTTq VdH |s+
#], n& qT+& |+CT MT<T> yjTe d]V<TM T< eq \qT
#]+~. \ qT+& s <X\ m>TeT ~>TeTT\T k>sTT. sCsY
qT+& \ < y[q bNq es sV <] s |<+ nHsT.
bNq \| yTTyTT<{ |D\sTTq sCsY, b|+, yX*,
edT, Xed s |<+ MT<H eHsTT.25 yTTyT T<{ sC\sTTq
|\
eT><, d\ >& es+Z MT<H sb+<sTT.
|]DeT+ >, sCsY qT+& \u eTsTTq qTeTT >+>
jTeTTH jT\T eT+> Vs + se&+ s +&e |]DeT+.
$$< >\ T`=+<sT sT\T, =+<sT ssT \T, =+<sT nsTT+B B
#| ysT`|{ s |<X , ;VsY b+ HeT~> eekjTj>+
#jT k>sT. nsTT yqTy+H ds yd >e\T @s&< T . eekj
Vs dsD q *|q d+#s eekjT deC\T @s&sTT. =
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 87
>D+ d+#]+q b+ ( d+#s >D) q|<+ nHsT.26
jTEs< \| sT\>, $ >& ds yd >e\ deC\T e.
qTeTT y&, Vs HsT q|{ + >Deedq d+#s
J$ e~*|{ ds yd >e\qT > s#] eedq T > k~+#
<X sTT~.
$<+ > .X. 600 sT y yTT+ s us< X + >D eed L
esZ deC eT< d+ > eq deC\T # @s&sTT. d\ +> n
>& eekjT n\esTq deC. @M >& d+|Ps+ >
eekjT esZ deC\T e. ={ ese ed dw+ > |y ++~.
y~ s +&qT s+> #]dTH sTT. y~ s +& n]+# \T\
s|+ n<q| b\ esZ\T d]+#&+ sT>T+~. ={
s \D \T n+ dw+ > e. Vs # d s es+Z , n<q|
d]+# >D eTTKT\ b\es+Z , nH $u q eyT e+~.
={ >D du b #es D + s#]\T @s&TTHsTT. =
+ >D+ |< >Ddu # mqT& sE\ b\q eHsTT.
>D eed \D \qT |P]> < +d+ #d ds yd >e\q eekjT
esZ deC s#] eedq @ss#& + eTT+<Tq se +. .|P.
600`300 \+ |]DeT+ k+~. B |eTTK #] V+ eT><
nTq s|+ eTs ke+. #se T<X nX& |]b\q. y~ eT+
>Deedq T ds #dT +~ { esT y~ eseTsTTq sT>T
u ||* ++~. sT>TuT<s T<T& T eTTKT&T.
.|P. 600 H{ us |K+&+ yjTTe+ qT+& sT< `
|+CT qT+& ;VsY < ` s|+ rdTq q|<\ d+K 16 n
d+|<jT+. $ eTV q|<\T. $ ys q|<\T #H e+&
e+&*. M{ |< q+> eT&T> $u +#e#TqT. {, jTEs< \|
eeksTsD |* +> |+CT`& b++ @s&q q|<\T. s +&T,
sT\ sT $ds D |* +> Ve\jT ` Hb d]V<TM T< (s
|<+ MT<) @s& q|<\T. eT&T, sCsY b+| qTeTT |* +>
>+> jTeTTH jT\ @s&q q|<\T. |sD\q u<
d+|<jT+q |s=q q|<\ |sT +u, >+<s, sT, b+#\,
88 bNq us< X #]
eT<, eT, XSs dq, (|+CT`& ` eT<T s b+ #+~qe$), ,
Hs, ne+, e, yTT<\sTTq$ (>+> jTeTTH jT\$).27
|sD kV+q WV #]sT\ <Xu j T TyT q }V
>H\q eTV q|<\T ={ = d+|q s+>q,
y{ s<qT\sTTq Xed, |\edT, s>V+, nj<, ysDd,
sTT, X+_, VdH |s+, \ yTT<\sTTq$ d X s\ $\d
eTVq>s\>q e]+#&sTT.28 ~ nXj n >T]+#*. q
|<\T |{+ sC\T e, =+ H>] k~+q >D\T, n$
d+#]+q b+\T. n$ >D\T nq& <s q+ d\T\T, e><T \T
n VQe#q+ y&&y T q X+_ dk&T .29 q|<\qT rdd
$T*q b+eT+ <e TsTTq n&e\q, $\q +&e+~.
s us<X+ |s++ $d]+q q|<\T #T eq
$\H > eTeTT >& \V+#THsTT. qTeTT >+
+f me \u+ ne+~ { >+ +f jTT<\T me>
#jT >*>sT. me] qTeTT me> n+<Tu{ e+f y > *#sT.
eT+ >D\ sE\T \|& yTq sE\T >*>sT. jT
> * + > *#sT. >D eed |+< \qT +#T=HsT, ksueTT
\jsT. |sD ><\T e~* #] sTEe\T \ueTjT
s |<+ MT< (qT| >qT\ n+<Tu{) eq d\, eT><, *#$,
eT\ yTT<\sTTq >D\T $TsTT. y{ d\, eT><\ ~ |#s TT nsTT+~.
e] eT>< d\qT >& sT#T+~. us< X #] yTTyT T<{
ds d s+ nsTTq eT>< .|P. 530`470 eT< \+ sb+~+~.30
$T*q q|<\ @eTjsTT? = HeTsb\T +&
bjsTT. |sD\H | @ #] eT\q y{ |keq <T .
nsTT = e+ \ |sT> XDT\ |sT> e He\T> $T*
bjsTT. $ >D\qT es eed \> (n~+> XS<
\>) d+q+ #dTq eT*eTsTTq #] e $
<VsD\> q&sTT. $<V q|<+ bsTT+~> y< V \T nH
ybsdT \ XDT\T $TsTT. eT\ >D+bsTT eT\T\T n+f d >
yjeT+> |<] +# e nqTd]+#y nH ns+ $T*+~. eT><
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 89
>D #+~q e><T \T sE\ ] >q+ #dyjsT.31 <s Xk\
M+<] es k+s +e\ @s& d+s \> |s=HsT.32 nsTT
>D+ y+<s > e > d]+#s u$+#qs< T .
q|<\ d+|T sD jTT sjT ks+X X+_ $es+>H
s|+#>\ T>T&T. d+|T sD
eTTKb eV+q$ s |<+
MT< eq eT><, d\, *#$, eT\, q|<\T. e><T \T s |<+
yTT<\jT # qT| >qT\ \jTeTsTTq sCsYqT s<> *
eHsT. d\T\ s< Xed Hb d]V<TM T< e+~. s +&T q|<\
eT< qTq$ eT\, *#$ >D\T. M{ eT< ]q d+|T sD n+eT+>
$j ssTT+#~ qT| >qT\ MT~ ~|yT. nsTT ke
sD ( d++<\) d++~+q n+X+>& # eTTKyTq ~.
>Deed sD +|= s#] @ss#T>*q q|<
d+|TsD \Te>\T>TsTT. dH\T (Standing army) >\
ksueTT\T > \TksT >, >D|eTTKT\+ jTT< <sT\sTTq >D\T
> \ee. |&T $d +> \u + neq qTeTTqT jTT<\T> >
|eTTT> > deTse ++> $j+#Ty\+f ke sD+
( d++<\) esT sy*. >D de sD+ esT
|+< + > e+~. *#$, eT\ >D\T esTqT k~+# b jsTT.
n$ n|{ u> ~>C]bjsTT. => \u + nsTTq qTeTT <s+
>D |eTTKT\T >D+ keqT\# Vs #sTT+ |< mTq
n<q| d]+ eT d> d++ #dT +THsT. M <|&
>D d++< b|~> eHsTT. > n<j\ $e]+qT,
Vs |+|+ d+ ( jT \T\ d+) >D |eTTKT\ n]+#&+
nH >D #s+ s|+ n<q| dsD k+~. B +|=
H>] esZ deC @ss#& + >D |eTTKT\ |j H essTT+~.
n+<T >D\T eT>< # z&bjsTT.
ke sD+ esTqT k~+q e><T \T d\T\ >&
yTTyT T<{ sE\T $\T e&+ >eT+#<> Z $wjT + n X+_
uk&T . M >D |eTTKT\ d+ be&+ e\H >D sD #~+
H>] sC\q dH @ss# >*>sT. eT\, *#$, X >D\qT
90 bNq us< X #]
+>BdT>*>sT. eT>< sE _+_ksT&T XH> se+X #+~q
y& |sD d+|<jT+. XH> e+X uVD |sD\ #
Vq+> #ksT. |> H> nH~ y~ sT\T $\ y&q |sT
{ XH>T\T $\sTT e+&*. d\ sE |dqT $wjT +
>& n+. nqT qT qT e+ojTT&T> #|H&T>
>=|\T H&T mes n+^]+#< T . q+f # \VqT\ q
$<j T T\ nsTTq X\qT+& nqT $jT+ ] y eT >D+ d
e& w| & H>eTT+& nH $ d es #sT. H> nH~
$ HeT+ e&yT , eTT+& nH~ |{ ;VsY b++ eq
$ > |sT.33 $<+ > us< X + yTTyT T<{ ds d
sC\qT @ssq ksueTT*<s $.
>D eed >D |eTTKT\ du e+T+~. du q &
*+> sE> jT$TdT+~. y<kV+ |s=q sE\+
Te+{ >D |eTTKT > H>] deC\ sE\TsT. sE >Ddu
n_eT nqTd]+ q&T#Ty*. n+f nqT ksueTT&T &T, n
|]b\q ds d s+<T. >D d+|<j #~+ s#]\T
@s&&+ sE # \e+T&e&T. |&q T >D eTTKT\ du#
jT$TT&T |sVT\# n_w & e &T. n n~s $<+ >
n<T \D + b~+#&TT+~. n~ e+X bs+|s +> n | b
<q +sT \ d+$TdT+ ~. >+ > n|&T >D |eTTKT\+<]
deT+> n<q| |+#qs< T . n<q| |&T | + >
q #+<TT+~. q qT+& s |eTTKT\ d+$TdT+ ~. >+ >
jT\T\ s|+ |&T |qT\ s|+ d]k&T . |qT\ dsD
d+ n~s jT++> sb+~k&T . dH @ssTk&T .
|]b\q $<+ > ds d ksueT b+~ H>] s+ @s&T
T+~. eekjT esdZ e C nqT>TDyTq sjT s|+ sTT~.
esT\qT k~+#&+ sE\ |sVT\ n+& y*.
n+<Tq (_+_ksT&T, |dqT\ >) esTqT k~+q yTT
yTT<{ sE\T >D |eTTKT\ d+ $\sTT eT]+ neds+ .
y |cs e TsTTq se+X\T y*. y |P\T \
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 91
us T \ |sD\T *+#*. eTq<X+ n eT\\q q&
se+X\qT { #d uVDT\T \q\T #jT & m\| &
d+d<T ns+ neT+~.34 n+<T ||\+> dT\T d+b~+#T
HsT. _+_ksT&, |dq <s >& jTT<\ $jT+ sT
|< |Tq jTC\T #jT &yT uVDT\ <D > yTT+ >e
sTT#sT.35
=> eq s#] eed sVD <V<+#d = uy\
$\Te\ |T=#sTT. >Deed , s >D\ #+~q y] jTT<+
#jT &+, yqT Ves&+, <#Te&+, y d+|<q T HXq+ #jT &+,
n L& e+eTsTTq |qT. >D+ |\ e+ |sd s+ V
*+#T>&<T . <TsT #+~q ys+ dCT\ +< . y
@ $<+ >q V *+#L &<T . esZ de+ d\T ys. d
d+, s+ d+ TTe\qT >& #+|e#TqT. mTe+{ {\
qsTTH |j +#e#TqT. n~ s, jT <s +.36 dV qT\qT d
|sT \T (<s >+ <TsT #+~q yssTTq|{) <#Te#TqT.
<#T&&+ dV qT\ <s +, <#Te&+ d| s T \ <s +.
=> deC nedse TsTTq $e]+# XgsT\T |T
=#sT. >+<+ > eTq <=]q yTTyT T<{ s >+<+ {\T&
nsX g+ {\T&T e] eT>< seXeTsTTq eTsT\ #+~q
y&T. nsTT nsXk {, {\T&T & .|P. 600`300
\+ nsX g d\ qT b*q d\T #| q XgsT\T #eT+~
eHs ns+ neT+~. {\T& > M #eT+~ uVDT\T.
$wjT+ M |sqT { \TdT+~: us<E&T, jTqT&T,
|sXsT&T, Vd e>s. M BsZ#sjTDT&T, +\T&T,
$X &T, yTT<\sTTq XgsT\THsT. M jTT\sTT e+{s
X+_ u$k&T .37 n+f, qq b\esZ #+~q s +&T esZ\ qT+&
qq ke u~+# XgsT\T |T=#sT. nsTT
{\T&T | ys me] s#q \ d++> \u + <T . {\T&T
q d\qT |b~d M+<] n_bj\q |sT|sTH e++
yUk&T . B { => sb+<TTq ds d s#] n~s
92 bNq us< X #]
esZ deC nqT>TDyTq uy\T $d+> |T=#jT ns+
neT+~. uy\T mTe+{ d++<y T q #<q > |s|s+
nH eTTdT>T > +& s=>e+> n~s <V deT]+, <
rsTe& nedse TsTTq esZ\+{ X+> $e]+#sTT. nsX g+
# {\T&T, sE\T sesT\ \ | n|eT+ > e+&&+
m+ nedsy #| , yqTy+H sesT\T eT *< + &T\
m b #b&T .38 <+ | sj \ qT+& HsT q<qq&
<s q+> eT>< ssTTq _+_ksT& n =&T nC XTe U< T #d
+& e& #+|&T. nsX g+ jTT< + + $Tu< + |j >
$es+> #|+~. eT><sE C XTe *#$ >D ++
| j > + H z& k & T . eX s T & H uV DT& T eT> < qT+&
Vw]+#&qT q{d *#$ >D+ #] y y u< \T
*+ yH z&+#&+ nC XTe &&T&T.39
s#]\ $se+ eT>< #] q& ke s+>+ eq
esT\qT u< ~s y~ es <e\T # > |_+_ksTT.
qTeTT dV jT+ n|PseTsTTq |]eD+ Vs #d X
de+ d+b~+#T+~. nsTT # u>+ jTs +&
n]+# \T\ s|+ n>es\ #T \ b+~. eTTK+>, |X \T\T
eekjT deC # Vse TsTTq$. n+ , n<q|
$<+ > jT +& e< +& ybs $j> eTsTT ke
d+|< qTeT&dT + ~. <w uVDT\ y~ +T\qT es+#
eekjT`ybs esZ\T |&T eTT+<T=#sTT.
= de+ => eTT+<T= b >D eed #s\qT
es+q esZ\ sD ns+ #dT y*. eekjT\
ybsdT \ n+<s qysT sT. H>* |T= b\+ <Tq s
eekjT\ # d+|qT\T =+<sTHsT. eekjT<sT\T
|< q+> yX \T > XS<T\T M L*#ks >TsT+ #Ty*. n{> ,
MqT u keTT\T> >T]+#&+ k< +<T. n|{+ u $T deTw
jeqyT | e jeq+ <T . eekjT dC +<\T
(+^w t Kinship groups - sT y \| b*qT { eT& T+u\T
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 93
n #|e#TqT.) |<mTH u$T |Xd+|<q XS< d+|<q
eT&> *eHsTT. dC +<\ |<\ qT >V|T \T (b
>V |T \T) nHsT. y< \+ >V| nH~ e\+ s +& d++<y T q
e. >V s \qT #]+# e >V| nHsT. |&T >V| n+f
d+|q dCT\ +< |< nH ns+ e+~. (u< d+|<j
sdq b uw >V | nHsT). qq+> $s$ dq esZ eed
>V|T \T eTTKT\T. M >D eedj T T #s\ & & +
<T . dC +<\ |<\ T> eTMT< eq u< HH d++> eT
d+|<qT nqTu$+# pdTHsT.40 T<T& <]+q esZ\ M
|eTTKT\T.
Vs+ n<q| |< mTq k< + neTq<+f <
uT ke XeT $u q |sT>TT+~. VsyT ys neds\T
|sT>TsTT. eTTK+>, b\ esZ\T eekjT\ qT+& #+#Tq
n<q| q+ Vs+> uT +#sT . < ]\qT bw+ $d
edTe \qT j sT #sTT+#T+{sT. s b+\ es + <s &
\u + edTe \T | +#T+{sT. Bq+{ ds> es es+Z
$s$ ++~. es es+Z beTTK m+{< + f |< es \qT Xw
(|eTTKT&T) nHsT. b uw X{ nHsT. >V |T \ > Xw \ T
>& n<q| jT \T\ s|+ e< e& sd+ q y.
qq esZ eed eTTKT\T. T<T& nqT#sT \ |eTTKT\T.
b uw u< d+|<jT+ => $s$ +q eekjT
esZ de| |eTTKT\T> X{` >V |T \T q&sT. uVDT\ d+d
kV+q nsX g+q bs`Cq|<T \T nH esZ\qT |eTTK+>
|k$+#sT.41 bsT\T n+f n|{ => |T=dTq |D \ eTTKT\T
` n+f es \T, sdT\T, |sVT\T. Cq|<T \T n+f >MTD eTTKT\T.
b k+|<jT+ X{ ` >V | esZ\qT #dH d+d kV+
bs`Cq|< esZ\qT #dH $wjT + dwe TeT+~. >D eed $qyT
esZ eed @s&T+~. < esZ\T @s&TTHsTT. >D #s\ d+ \\T
+#T= eT cqTks+ d+|<q T $j+#Ty\ = esZ\T
$SsTTHsTT. d+|qT keq s \T >& >D #s\
94 bNq us< X #]
qT+& $eTT sTHsT. jTC\ |X \T\T n]+# #s+ y
Vs+ n #X+.
<+ y~ s +& esyT q <e\ <]rd+~.
T<T& , .|P. sT, nsTT<T Xu\ #eT+~ +<T bZHsT.
eTVMsT&T *dqy&. qT nX+*, eTK* >X\T&T,
|PsDT&T, jTqT&T, #s&T, yTT<\sTTq yHsT. M+<]
T<T& #] *be& >\ sD\ { T<T& T @ $wjT +
q n b+& $T+ b{+#&+ n X+_ n+{&T.42 u<
e< $T es+Z (The Middle way) n >& n+{sT. nsTT n++ f
eTTKyTq sD+, T<T& T y~ s +&qT es+#&+ uT qq
eekjTesZ deC nqT>TDyTq $\Te\q b|+ <<
|b~+#&T. qq eekjTesZ deC u<+ deT>yT q <s
d<++.
T<T& T , eTVMsT&T $TqV sT \T sdq >+<M eTq \u +
<T . M es\sTTq u<, Cq , uVD <s >+<\ M
n_bj\T> #| q$ eyT eTq \TdTqT. y n_bj\qT
|Ps|+ #jT &+ d+ e++#sT. { n$ m+es $XdjTy
eTq <T. nsTT *dq+es \+<]q ue
yesD+ |dT + ~. MqT y~ d+|<j #+~q |wsT\
b*d $wjT + dwe TeT+~. |wT \ T me \eT+ =+
eTT+<T (.|P. 800`600) #+~qesTTH #]+> < <X
#+~q$. qq eekjT esZ de+ $s$ dq <X #+~q$.
nsTT |wT \ T y~ eT+ u>eTsTTq$.
|wT \ eBdq |X \ eBksT. J$+ n+f
ns+ @$T{? #e ns+ @$T{? nH~ e+f < due+ @$T{?
yTT<\sTTq$.43 |X d+|< eT jTT<\ $jT+ deTLseT
| &T J$ u neds\T rs&+ d+ jTC\T #dq y |&T
J$+ d++<+ |X \T ydT H s+fH n<q|
esZ de+, e#jT +q #d rsT& =+ eT+~ +<
ns+ neT+~. nsTT esT d+|T sD L&T= q<H+ <T
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 95
<sq+> |X\ s+&T s\ de<H\T e#sTT. y~ d+|
<jT+ |wT \ `|se \ #s eTTK $wjT + >
= \T # es yd$ (u) <<+ >\ysT. |wsT\T
y~ s+& e\ |\+ <T+< < n #]+#+& <
<+> yU+# |jT + #ksT. = \T y~ s +&
e\ |\ + < T+< |<T . s +&qT <+> yU+#
<T . jTC\qT es+#sT. jTC\ d+<s + ]q nbseTsTTq
+T\T\ | M sdq # reeTsTT+~. n~ nV+k d<+
<]rd+~. Cq T\T m&< ys+f d Je\qT #+|&+ >& b|+>
u$+#sT. u<+ n+{ n b<T > nV+dqT s es+Z >
|b~++~. #] <Xq T+& eTq $T*bsTTq \yTq
<s + nV+d.
jTC\T wjqse T Vse T sd ]+#&+ n+f e\+
uVDT\qT es+#&+ <T. sd yTT+ >D de b|+
<<y T |L*bT+~. +<~ <e jT \T\qT n+<T+{s,
n+<T ||\+> d+|<q, |Xe\q { eqsT\q |w\+>
n+~ks n+es $Xd+#sT. |&T < kq+ = b|+
<<+ y*. .|P. 6e X| \ =+<sT nd\T jT|\ yT
<T, <e s , eT+#&\ T e, nH~ < , eTw #bsTTq
sT y (b|| D\ |yT jT+ +&) |+#u \ (>*, sT,
u $T, n, X+) *db& nHsT. nsTT ~eT (Primitive)
u y<+ +f |\+> e+~ s d<++. y<\> |wT \
> s d<++ <T .44 y<\ s \T n+f jTC\ d+<s + #]+#
seT+ n ns+. |&T => ys ns+ e+~. s\T n+f
>+ (VQX > q) #dq |qT\T n n$ u$ wY eT+ #&T \qT
ss TTk jT = d<++ e+~. d<++ eekjT de+H
k< + n X+_ u$k&T . eTq+ H\ Hf $q + yTT\ |
sTTdT+~. nqTue+ qT+& #dq |qT\T |]|+ nsTT |*
<]rkjT q d<++ |&TT+~.45 (nd\T s |]| + e&+, |\ +
e&+, nH e\H eekjT d++<yTq < e+~.) Vs
#jT @sT H y s d<++ dT]+# neX+ <T .
96 bNq us< X #]
.|P. 6e X+ eTT+<T=q = #q\+{ \+>
*bsTTq$ nV+k s d<+\T. sT y \+ uVD eT
\eTsTTq s +&T uy\ uVD es <e\ |{sTT.
u<+ s+& # eTTUyTq$. |XbwD kq+ eekjT esZ
de+, Vs dsD kq+ Vs , >D eed kq+ esZ
eed, @s&jT s +&T uy\ dksTT. u u> |X e\qT
yT|&+ d+ $j+ |X e+d+ & + +f, ny |X e\
kjT+ H> q qT| |eTTq |j + eekjT+ #d |~
sT HuqT bw+#e#Tqq u ydy nV+k d<++
||* ++~.46 s d<++ >D eed b|+ <<+ q esT
>& >DjT eTsTTq<. >D eed >& |qsq ueq e+T+~.
e #bsTTq sT y q <TsT VeTsTTq +Te> |&&T.
<TsT V+ beTT nsTT beTT> |&&T. +<T eT+ #&\
|d
< T , b| |D\ $T+ <T . <TsT qT+& += <TsT
J$+H<T, eTsDq+s+ >& es&+ k< +<T. s d<++
+<T _q+>, sujT q b+<ujT J$+ q #dq |qT\qT
{ e+T+< #| +~. eT+|qT\T #d q q < T+~. #&| q T\T
#d # q < T+~. ybsdT & T m+ me eT\<q + L&u&
n+ me u+ b+~qT, s &T m+ C>> eekjT+ #d
n+ me |\ + b+~qT, sujT q eT+ #&T \T eTq+ |&T
#dT H |qT\qT { e+{sTT.47
s+&T uy\ = deC m+> njT+f y{
uVDT\T >& <qb jsT. eT eTqT>& d+ M{ y~+#sT.
$\qT +>BdT+ y H>T beTTqT e& yT& ydq T,
u< <X+ qT+& bs<\T u<T\ nV+k s d<+\qT eTT
d++ #dT HsT. $ks+ > b#Ts+ b+~q w |se # s +&T
d<+\ #| + (n$ eT d++ e nsTe #T qe nqTeq+
>& sjT+&) |<X u> e BZ> eTVus+ |yX |{sT .
T<T& T b u> e BZ k< + njT~ <T. jT+& es+>
|{q nV+k d<++ $<+ > qyTjTT&T H>C V+k+>
HXq+ #jT & sT|Tq jT+ d+<s + yX + bjTqT&T #| q
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 97
< , V+k+& ysd T q nsTq T& V+d #jT &+ <s + n
w&T #d |<X+ u>+>, |yX|&+~.48
nV+k s d<+\qT |b~+#&+ eyT T<T& b nsTT
eH eTq<X #] T<T& T n+ |eTTKT&T nsTT e+&y&T. nsTT
T<T& T n& b<T . |X bwD qT+& eekj sT>TTq
H{ #] |]De T<T& T n D\ qT+& ||* +#&T.
T<T&T X>D #+~qy&T. X>D+ s|<+ MT<eq
>D\ {. T<T& sesT&Tnq&+ ns+ <T . X\ n|{
s#]+<T . >D eTTKT\ du eT & *+> sE> mqT
e#TqT. { T<T& T X eTTKT& =&T. T<T& >, Cq eT
bs+u &sTTq eTVMsT&T *#$ >D #+~qy&T. >D deC\
|{q sTT<s eT >D\qT e~*, >D +<* +#T _ e\sTT,
qq eekjT esZ deC nqTL\eTsTTq d<+\T #jT &+
>eT+#<> Z $wjT + n X+_ u$k&T . n+f deTse +T\sTTq e\
kq+ *+#>\ X >D eed sTT+~.49 n~ nekq <X e+~.
#] $|y |]De|& u<q d+~>+q
L&T= e+{sTT. |> => edq de+ esZ de+ (n+f <|&
MT<, nDy MT<, <s|& eed) e&+ u< L <T'U e
me e+T+~. T<T& T u< L c\L d+~+#&T. y{ y]+#
es+Z d+ y~&T. nsTT qq deC sd ]+ yq by\
nqT<T . de+ |]~H u<\ ysD esZ qTy\
|jT +#&T. n+<Te\H qq eekjT esZ de sD <V<+
#jT >\ = #q\q, uy\q, |yX |>* >&T. qq
deC |P]> H T = e+f T<T eqe+ |+ e+&~.
s>$T <<+ sd ]+ e+f #] @ beTTKeT +&bsTT
e+&y&T. |s>$T <<+ sd ]+#&+ n|{ T<T& #]+ >
k<+<T.50 = deC nysyTq $wjT+> y~d
de+q de+ @s& |]DeT eT+q eq u<q <T'U
|X$ T+|Cd , H>] deC +>H M\sTTq+ H>]+ #d+<T
T<T& T nHw+#&T.
nHw+q |< (H{ ksTT) # XdjTeTsTTq~. n
deTd\L sD y&+, sD* nue+ #d esZ ns+
98 bNq us< X #]
#dTe&+, T<T& |<.51 d+|<q dTU\q sTe&+ <T'U
u<\ L eT\+. <T'U sTT+#& m$T~ $<\ jTeT<e TsTTq
J$ >&b *. d\qT f de+ eq esT \TdT+ ~.
<=+>q+ #jTL&<T, sT\ d ++#L&<T, neT +
d++<\T |TL&<T . d+|< d+ d, jTeT<y T q +
#s\T (T+ eed) +f jTe\ ns+ <T . >D eed
>D #+~q d+|< n+<] eT& d. s >D\ d+|<qT
sTe&+, <=+*+#&+ |T qs\T. s jTe\T >& eekjT
esZ de+ neds\qT |_+_ksTT. n<\T &L &<T , V+d L&<T ,
d#y T q esZ nqTd]+#*, deC V *+# <jT+
d+b~+#L &<T , e>s . $<+ > jTeT<+ > J$d ns\+
s |\
+ |Pss TT d+ks #+ qT+& $eTT \_dT + ~. n~ sD+. sD+
n+f @$T{ n T<T& T dw+ > #| <T . sT y \+ sD
y<+T\T y+ b{|& XSqd > ns+ #dT HsT>, T<T& T
<e& >T]+N qT >T]+N @ se TsTTq < $wj \qT >T]+N
nd\T e{& < >eT+#*. T<T& T ke deTd\ ke
#sD |]cs+ #b&T`nsTT |]cs+ s d<++ #{
&e+~. X+_ T<T& sD ueq ys s+ > ns+ #T&T.
Vs d]+#&+ eHd, eekjT # d esZ deC |]DeT+
#+~q eqe\T eT b >D eedq T n+<eTsTTq C| + > $T>T\T
HsT. s us< X + yTTyT T< s#] k|+ q >D\ {
sT >D+ >, sT |\ XK (s sT>D+) >T]+
n+<eTsTTq |sD+ $T*bsTT+~. M eekjT yT<H\ ~
s+& yTsT |s +MT< <s e+eTsTTq J$+ >&T |THs, n&
d<+ #j *q neds+ +& u $T q+ H |w\+> |\ +
dT+ < (Vs @sT H y] < dsZ T \+), eT< es\
nHs>+ e+&e |sD+ #TT+~.52 esZ\T> $u+#& w
k< +> Vs #d J$+# eekjT\T, >D eed
s e T u< sV nHjdeTsTTq Vs dsD q n+<eTsTTq
\> >TsT+ #THsT. d ] by\q ]`n <X\q n
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 99
d+dT\q`$$< sb\ |< |< e+ neT+~. >D eed
$H <T'+q T<T& sD+ nu< d (undifferentiated state)
] eT\yTyq X+_ n+{&T.53
eekjT esZ deC T<T& T yde +> n+^]+#&T. nsTT
ese edq T es+#&T. de+ esZ $u q | T<T& T nu +s+
\|< T >, mesT @ esZ #+<TsH~ q ss TT+# ese ed
| nu +s+ *b&T.54 X+_ <VsD s# T > k&T . <X
yjTTe b+ |k$d, n& sT\T, <dT\T n s +& CT\TH
jT+. sT&sTTqy&T <dT&T e#Tq+. <dT&sTTqy&T sT&T
e#Tq+, n T<T& T nXjTqT&H uVDT y~+qT eT< eT
jT+ nH u< >+<+ dyX+ e]+#&+~.55
T<T& T y~ s +&qT es+#&+ , ese edq T es+#&+ ,
>q > \ $ e. T<T& uVD es> ns+ #dT+f
& q&<T . y~ s +& |X bw >D eed #+~+~. T<T&
n~ eekjT de+ $sy |< |+< e TsTT+~. <
T<T& T $jTe++> $eT]+#&T. es eed nTe+{~<T.
T<T& ke +q @ eekjT esZ de+ b|~> e+&+<
n< eekjT esZ deC sD d+> eTT+<T=+~ es
eed. < sTT+#&+ T<T& n+ dT\u+ <T. T<T& es
eed qq eekjT deC, + @ sD d+ <T.
deT* keT+ |eTTKT\q u< kV+ X{` >V | esZ\>q
d+d kV+ bs`Cq|< esZ\>q e]+#s | \ $u q
|s+ > |\e<T . <X qT+& #\+ < u<T\ ke +q,
uVDT\ es eed eekjT esZ de sD d\T> b{|& sTT.
eekjT esZ deC $\ |yX |&+ b{|& sTT. s +&
eT+H \|&sTT. e] djT+bw >e\T @s&&+ es
eed u< z&+#>* +~. e sT y n<j\ #<+.
jT s +&qT e<*| +& qq deC nqTL\ sD+>
es eedq T sb+~+q uVD eT+, u<+ <{ T jT
\T\qT e~*|{, u<+ qT+& qq deC nqTL\eTsTTq
100 bNq us< X #]
\D \qT d]+, n+eT+> u< z&+ \ $u H eekjT
esZ deC @ sD d+> \u{+ ~.
T<T& <>Zs d\e BdT=HeTT+<T eT]= $wj\T #&*.
u< <s + qq eekjT esZ deC nqTL\eTsTTq ke
n |q #X+. nsTT T<T&T nedseTsTTq
|b~+#&+ }sT, H>] de+ + #> k~+#
= $\Te\qT |b~+#&T. $\Te\T n|{ + dT<s
u$ wT |* +#ujT ;C\T> qq H>] de+ >s + eHsTT.
y{ <s d\T> H d+ <s\T> #] eTT+<T+#&+
>=| $wjT yT. BsjT+ nH u< >+<+ s +&T <\ qT X+_
+<T <VsD\T> #T&T.56 < |sVT&T sE
|\T d+|qT\T y\H, <=+>H \, <|&\ T s> +&\H jTC\T
#d m+e+ |j >+ < , s T \ $H \T, es \ |T&,
| #jT >\ y+<] | *d me] |qT y eT>T\sTT e+{s,
sT>TuT n\] e+&e, n+<s |qT\T #*k s KCH +&T>
e+T+< n+{&T. eTs= < Hs\q <=+>H \q n]&
\|j >+ m+ ss y <q<s \T L& n+ ss e T, Hs
eT\+ |<]eT T<T&T n+{&T. <>T\ deT+> J*d
y \+#>=+&s TT q|<\qT |&+ # +& +{s <~k&T .57 jT
\T\T + deTdb \+ + H>]+> +#>\>&+
nk<sDyTqq X+_ n_bjT+ @u$ +# | <T. => $s$ +q
esZ deC nqTL\yTq ke |b~d, n< deTjT+
de+ + # \+ < >T]+#u <s\qT T<T&T
|yX |{&T . uVDeT+ +<T _q+> esdZ e C m|{| &T
nedse TsTTq sD |s e TsTTq esT\qT deTLsTdH e+~.
> \ neds\qT $T+q <s\qT mq& |b~+#< T . u<+ ,
k+, de+ |#ksTT. V+<e+ \ ke eek|syTq
neds\qT $T+ e{& n~ e >T]+# | ke <s\qT
mq& |b~+#< T . u<+ , k+, d e +, |#XsTT. V+<e+
\ ke eek|s y T q neds\qT $T+ e{& n~ e
>T]+# | ke <s\ >T]+ <T.
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 101
$esD\T
1. ISIH, Page 127
2. n+<T Hy u >Te\T eT beTTU mes |+# +&
+&&+ d+ u> e BZ w& # eTVsT\
HqT u >TeqT
n #| +#sT.
Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavad-Gita, MR, Page 41,
b<d 7
3. ISIH, Page 104
4. The Autochthonous element in the Mahabharata, HS, Page 160
5. The Autochthonous element in the Mahabharata, HS,
Pages 142-166.
Social And Economic aspects of the Bhagavadgita, MR, Pages
12-41, CCAI, Pages 91-95, 114-120. ISIH, Pages 125-132. X+_
eTVus + beTTK+ #&T > jTq s#q\
sejTD+ |keq m& q&<T .
6. The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 165
7. Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavad-Gita, MR. Page 12-13
8. CCAI, Page 95
The Autochthonous element...,HS Page 163
9. The Autochthonous element...HS, Page 156
10. The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 156-157
11. The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 153-154
ISIH, Page 126
12. The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 154
13. CCAI, Page 116
14. Urvasi and Pururavas, MR, Page 57, Social and Economic aspects
of the Bhagavad-Gita. MR, Page 25
15. CCAI, Page 117
16. ISIH, Page 142, b<d 8
The Autochthonous element...HS, Page 143
102 bNq us< X #]
17. The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 144
CCAI, Page 92-93
18. The Autochthonous element...,HS, Page 165
19. eTq <>Zs VTy< <eT+ |*+> Te+{ q><\qT
n|V d+ #jT &+ n\yT nsTT+~. n+<T | <T >, nu
\q\T s|+H m+<T+& $e]+#>\>*. ndV
q\Tq y+ +&\q #sT eq q<T\q m+<T
|&sT? M qs \T m|&>& <e> sTw\T >
m+<TesT? +& {eqsT\T |{ >& neT<e\
|P\ |eTTK+> m+<THsTT? |P\T uVDT\ y~
+T d++<+ \D\qT m+<T *eHsTT? $
|< q+> XS< \ |P\T> m+<THsTT? eT& eT& +>
>T]d #\<T. n~ eT& yT nsTTq|{ m+<T *bsTT+<
$e]+#>\ >*. eekjT esZ de+ $\qT sT#T=
n&e\qT eekjT j>+ #d $\qT XS<T\T>q
|+#eTT\T>q \T|q eT+ \> |\>+> e #]q $
d+|<j\T> | nu \q\qT ns+ #dT eTT.
$<+ > $e]+#>* q|& e eT qyT yqT < |+#
>\T>T+. n|V d+ #jT &+ e\ me] |+#+ .
20. CCAI, Page 93
21. .|P. 1000`600 #+~q |sedT neXc\ &< s+>T
+& |+\ uT qT| edTe \T >& <=]jT #beTT.
nsTT M{ |eTT +f jTT<\T me. Material culture
and Social formation in Ancient India, R.S. Sharma, Page 60.
22. CCAI, Page 90
23. CCAI. Page 89
24. ISIH, Page 263
25. ICAI, Pages 136-137 | +.
26. |<+ n+f b<+. q nH~ bNq d+d+ >D
> y&q e. { q|<+ n+f d+#s >D+ >D+
d+#]+q b++ nq ns+ dw+ >H e+~. CCAI, | 122.
eTVus+ ` T<T& T 103
27. ISIH, Page 149-153
28. $XH< d HsjTD sdq |sD ys >+<e \ qT+& \T>T
|{< edTq #] qe\\T #<e +& (z| e+f)
29. CCAI, Page 122
30. CCAI, Page 131
31. ISIH, Page 154, CCAI, Page 130
32. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 32
33. ISIH, Page 160
34. The Basis of Ancient Indian History Page 37
35. CCAI, Page 128
36. sT jTT<e T|&T nsTq T& d+<V \ w |se de<H\
d+~> # > #|ksTT.
37. CCAI, Page 121
38. ISIH, Page 158
39. ISIH, Pages 161-162
40. CCAI, Page 101
41. ISIH, Page 153
42. CCAI, Page 105
43. CCAI, Pages 102-103
44. CCAI, Page 107
45. ISIH, Page 168
46. ISIH, Page 167
47. CCAI, Pages 107-108, ISIH Page 167
48. Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavad Gitas,
MR. Pages 16-17. ISIH, Page 167
49. ISIH, Page 160
50. ISIH, Pages 170-171
51. ISIH, Page 171
52. ISIH, Pages 125
The Autochthonous element...,HS Page 156
104 bNq us< X #]
53. ISIH, Page 171
54. n+<T eTq n+u< sYqT u<e T+ ]+ +~.
55. & T<T& T ^dt <X| ud eed >T]+ #| H & X+_
u$+#&T. ISIH, |J 169, On a Marxist approach to Indian
chronology, HS |J 85 nsTT sT y sdq yd+, VQX
us |K+&+ yjTTe b++ ^dTqT b*q ud eed
@s&+<y n+{&T. Combined Methods in Indology, HS, Page 21.
56. ISIH, Page 170
57. CCAI, Page 113
105
6. s|<+ ` <D|<+
.|P. sT`eT&T Xu\ eT< \+ #]qT +=+#+ $es+>
\TdTe#TqT.
qTeTT y&+ n\esTq eekjT esZ de+ >+> jTeTTH
jT\ @ $<+> $s$+ ds|&+B | n<jT+ #XeTT.
~+ > |&T k< eTsTTq Vs #| <>Z u>+ =~eT+~
< \ # #] es | edTe sTT+~. es + me> b\ esZ\
$d edTe\ es+. s|<+ MT<T> es+ ;VsY b+
\L <s |&e T{ <X\L *|+~. ybs+ eT>< sE\
\+ q <Xq T #], e] eT>< se+X+ nsTTq eTsT\ \+
qT+& eT+> D + +~.
s |<+ es y T , ;VsY qT+& <D
|<+ MT<T> < H
es| sb\T k>sTT. n|{ es $ b++> eq <H
|su $T es + |* +> qTeTT y& Vs n\esT+~.
n& $\ esZ $u q @s& eekjT H>] bs+ue TsTT+~.
.|P. 600 b++ ><e] jT bs+ueTsTTq |]DeT+
jT y+& |&e T eTVshL sTq +< b+ $d] ++~.
>+ > H>] de+ n& $\ eekjT+ n\yT#d
yqT q sT#T=, y #s\q |P\q q d+q+
#dT + eTT+<T k+~. = <eS |P\ uVD eT+
e #ssTT.
s|<+
eT><sE nC XTe d\qT sTT+q sTy eT><
keyT yjTTyq |+CT qT+& sTq ;VsY < eq H>]
deC\qT # es +> BdT+~. yjTTe d]V<T MT< eq
>D\T eyT yTT<{ eT>< +>< T . n>+&sY <+&j |* +>
>D\T \VqeTsTTq sT y y{ +>BdTe&+ k< + nsTT+~.
n~ e] eT>< sE\sTTq eTsT\ \+ ]+~.
106 bNq us< X #]
|< mTq $d]+q eT>< ke+ es+ |eTTK b
sV++~. b\ esZ\T d]+q n<q| ybs edTe sTTq
y $k\ |j >|& + ~. eT>< qT+& s |<+ MT<T> yjTTe
~X eq >+<s s< nsTTq \ edTe \T m>TeT njsTT.
n& qT+& |&eT{ dj, jTs|t, b+\ edTe\T ~>TeT
njsTT. ybs +<eTsTTq \ yTT<{ eT>< ke+
u>+ <T. >+<sL eT>< L eT< |+CT b+| >D\THsTT.
y{ z&+ eT>< \T|q y&T #+<>T | eTsT&T. eTsT\ \+
< \ eT>< qT+& d++>H e+~. =+\+ |]j s+
u>+>q =+ \+ d++>q e+~. k+yT \
ybs+ |eTTK kH *++~. kH $Xw + #&+ <s X+_
eT>< \| sjT ] #]qT eTTK+> eTsT\ (.|P. 3e X+
=* d+es\) eq esT\qT, # > $e]k&T .
$Xw D <s+ \ <=]q s +&T bNq \| HD\
b \T. b \T 1924 e\ jT|&sTT. +<T n&T>Tq
eq | + .|P. 317 #+~+<, s +&e | + .|P 250 #+~+<,
X+_ ssD .1 eTs se+X+ .|P. 312 n~s e+~ {,
yTT<{ | + HD\T eTsT\ |Ps| eT>< #+~q$.
s +&e | + eTsT\ #+~q~. { s +&T b \qT Xdj T +>
n< jTq+ #d eT>< sj ] #]qT ns+ #dT e#TqT. \H
= s b+\ \u eTsTTq HD\ b \qT>& (eTq sh+
neTse, s |<X U] |, s u& HjTqsY\
<=]q$) X+_ n< jTq+#d eT>< \| #]qT $e]k&T .
bNq \| HD\qT n< jTq+ #d Xk +^w t q$Tk{
n+{sT. \T>T |DXg+ nqe#TqT. HD\qT >D+ Xg+ dV jT+
n< jTq+ #d =| < (>D+ |DXg+ k{d q$Tk{ )
X+_ |yX |{&T . \ ~s b \qT >D+ |DXg+ dV jT+
$Xw+ # deTs+> #] |b~+#&T. q $XwDqT
beD+ > $e]+# yd+ The study and Metrology of silver punch-
marked coins n X+_ u$+#&T.2 nsTT yd+ sdq |<
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 107
dT\u+ > nse TjT~ <T. >D+ Xg+ qT+& d+d |<\ $Xw D
< n \> |\>+> *dbsTTq yd+ sTT~. |> keq bs &
dT\u+ > n+<Tu{ s |DXgy\ n_bj\qT $y<+>
(polemical >) |Ps|+ #jT &+ yd+ jTT |eTTK <X + e&+
e\ ns+ e&+ eT]+ w+ . X+_ ne\+_+q |DXg n< jTq
|< dT\u >V+> $e]+# yk\T The chronological order of punch
marked coins - I, II, III |DXg+ MT< X+_ sdq n yk\T Indian
Numismatics nq |sT d+\q+ #jT &sTT. n+<T eT&T
yk\ 8, 9, 10 n<j\T> eHsTT.
eTq <X+ qTeTT y&+ , qTeTT dV jT+ #d Vs
sT\ e#sTT > ybs d+|<jT+ e+ d+< H>] \+
qT+& n$q+> e+< X+_ n_bjT+. d+< H>] |< q+>
es H>]. d+< H>] sE\T sT , seTsTTq <y\j\T
e, ybsdT \ b \T e+ |sedT e\ n~ |]eD+
jT|&sTT. jTT<\T m+ yTTssTTqy HD\ \ |eD\T
n+ dTeTsTTq$. d+< H>] HXqeTsTTq sT y >& es
d+|<jT+ *+~, =qk+~.3 sT\T sT> <+ eT XTe\T>
#| q d+|qT\sTTq |DT\T es qq X+_ n_bj s +&e
n<jT+ #k+. |D nq |sT qT+& d+|< |D+ n HD\
|DeTT\T n ybsdT \ |D n |sT e#sTT. yTTV+C<s
HD , HD\ beD q T =*# | s >& <=]sTT. \
<=]q (eT>< #+~q) HD\ b \T d> Tq d]>Z <
eHsTT. ybs d+|<jT+ q | |eD\qT >& e~* | +&
n$q+> =qk+< B { X+_ ns+ #dT +{&T. yTT<{
eekjT+> nqT+<e TsTTq ybs+> *jT sT\T qTeTT
dV jT+ eekjT+ #jT &+ n\esT= ybs #|{ q |&T b
(d+< ) d+|<jH =qk+#sT. sT\T d#+ > mq& +&<
ssT \qT \T|+ bjs >TsT+ #T+f +<T Xs+ m+
e+ e+&<T .
es d+|<jT+ n< nsTTH, es + _qeTsTTq ke eed
k>T+~. yTTV+C<s sE\ s#]\ de+ >, eT><
108 bNq us< X #]
es + s#] eed u>+> k>T+~. eTs se+X+ e#d]
s#] eed u> \|& <X+ # uu>H de
eeV\+{ q sT#T+~. eT&T <X\ >\ & |DXg
n<jTq+ jT |&TT+~. yTTV+C<s HD\ MT< sE\T
se+X\ eTT<\T > V\T > e. ybsdT jT$T
|eD nqTd]+ HD\qT j sT#XsT. eT>< |]d e]+~.
us< X #] yTTyT T<{> sE\ se+X\ e#sTT. |&T
es \T sE HD\T eTT< ysTT+#sT. \ <=]q yTT<{
| + n HD\L s +&T y| eTT<\T HsTT. eTT+<T u>+
eq eTT<\T HD\qT eTT~+q sEq n e+X dksTT.
\ HD\T es + u>+> #ssTT. n& ybsdT \ T HD\qT
= d+es\ k] + yd + d]>Z eq |+ $wj
dd yqT u>+ eTT<yk sT. $<+ > eT>< #+<
yTT<{ \ | + n HD\L eTT+<T y| q eTT~+q se+X+
V+ +&>, yqT y| q beD q T dd { > n++ f
me > eTT<\THsTT. \ <=]q s +&e b e#d] (n+f
eTsT\ ) eTT+<T u>+ se+X+ V+ e+~> yqT u>+
eTT<\T e. |&T \ d+ b++ <T. n& #]q eT><
HD\T $<o HD\T e. y{ beD k es\T >
|]b\\T > VMT jTqeds+ <T . |&T \ (yTT+ |+CT
b++uT) eTs ke+ u>yT . sX+e+ eTT<eq HD\
(+ beD eH H) n& #eTD nesTT.
\ b \T s +&+{ $es+> n< jTq+ #d, eTT+<T u>q
eq se+X+ eTT<\q yqT y|q eq |PN eTT<\q $Xw+,
<s X+_ eT>< se+X\ #]qT s|+#>\ T>T&T. uVD
|sD\q u<, Cq ~s uVDs kV+q se+X\
|{ \ THsTT. n$ |sd s+ n $wj \q mu$ +#e. sE
= d+|<jT+ |sT+T+~. d+|<jT+ |s=q sE\T
=+<sT eTs= d+|<jT+ e+&sT4. =+<sT uVD |sD\
sE\sTT u< d+|<jT+ sd T \T5. { se+X\ nqTeTDq T
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 109
sTw + > \TdTe&+ wk < yT. nqTeTDq T ss TT+#&+ d+
X+_ HD\ MT~ eTT<\ $Xw D qT # dH+> |j k&T 6.
& eTTKyTq $wjT + @$T+f HD\ | |eD
ydH n$ \ eT+ HeT~> n]bsTT. | + HD\
me> n]bsTTq y{ b HD\T> >T]+#e#TqT. HD\ MT~
eTT<\qT { n$ @ sE eTT~+qy \TdT+f <s sE\, s
e+X\, nqTeTDq T \TdTe#TqT. me> n]bsTTq HD\qT
eTT~+q sE\T |PsT\T, e> n]q y{ eTT~+q y
<q+sT\T.
|< |j +#&+ s +&T +<T\THsTT. {, m+
KeTsTTq | |eD\qT { eTT~+H, HD\ sTe
* e+&e. <T +X\ eTT~+q HD\T dV + +>
sTe *e+&e. =~ V#T >TZ\T+{sTT. nsTT HD\qT n~
d+K rdT= d> T sTe + yd n~ |eD # dV+>
e+T+~. {, yTT<{ +~ n~>$ T+#\+f sE ydq
HD $&> # +&, sEydq HD\T (<=]q) yTT+ >
d> T sTeqT $yw D |j +#*. se TsTTq d> T sTe\
$XwD #jT& >D+ Xg+ dVjT+ y*. n+<TdyT X+_
|DXg n< jTq+ >D+ Xk |j +#&T.
s+&e~, eT<jTT>\ sE\ > bNq \| sE\T eTT
eTT~+q HD\ MT< eT ueT\T> |sT> ysTT+#< T . \
b\ HD\ eTT+<T u>+ #T, +Te\T, ~s V\
eTT<\THsTT. M{ qT+& HD\qT eTT~+q se+X+ @~ nsTT+B
sE mesT nsTT+B s]+#*. B >D+ Xg+ |s<T. +T
~s V\ <TsT d+\qT >T]+#&+, d+d b uw\
|<\ eT\qT $Xw+#&+ neds+. n+<T X+_ sdq |DXg
d++<e TsTTq yk\T n+ \> |\>+>`=+ >D+ Xg+, =+
|sD #s , =+ b d+|<jT $Xw D `e+& #<e & w + > e+{sTT.
& X+_ $Xw D ks+X | + > kqT.
$Xw D y+& HD\T eyT |eksTT. +>sT HD\T
es+ d+ d+|<q T <#Te& me> |j ksT . {
110 bNq us< X #]
y{ nsT>T<\ n+> e+&<T . n+f n$ #] e d+#e.
s ~s #e HD\ eTT<D beD e+&<T .7 y+& HD\T
eyT uj T j>yTq $. yTTV+C<s \+ qT+& eTsT\ \+
< y+& HD\T |eD eTT~+#sT. M{ s|D eTT\T nHsT.
M{ beD eTsTTq + 3.42 >eTT\T nsTTe+T+< X+_
n+#H.8
b\ <=]q | y+& HD eTT+<T u>q nsTT<T
eTT<\T+{sTT. M{ yTT<{~ (n+{q) dsT ueT. ~ n{
keq+ { B qT+& eTq+ \TdTH~ @MT e+&<T . s +&e~
sT }#\T (Spokes) eq #+. X+_ B w&s #+ n+{&T.
w&s #+ }#\ es ss \ d+ \T+{sTT. n$ HD eTT<
ydq se+X dksTT <VsD, s +&e \ HD\ | +
n HD\ w&s # *eHsTT. n~ eTs se+X+ w&s
#+. | + n HD\ se+X+ (eTs se+X+) #
eTT~+#&q$. eT&e eTT< >& se+X ddT+ ~. eTT<
k<sD+> eT&T nsTT<T sD\T (arches) +{sTT. y{ MT<
ueT +T+~. sD\T dsZ neX dksTT. {
sD\T MT~ ueT se+X+ < qT+& ~e+< ddT+ ~.9
<VsD |sD\ eTsT\~ #+<e+X+ nHsT. n+<T > Z T>
s +&e \ | + n HD\q eT&e eTT< eT&T sD\
sD\ MT< ns #+<s+ eHsTT. { eT&e eTT< >& s +&e
eTT<> se+X ddT+ ~.
H\T>e eTT< sE jTT d+ eTT< < n |sT @eTsTTH
d++<+ e+<y *jT<T. nsTT<e eTT< esT e+T+~. n~
+X\ n~|~ e#Tq b jTTesE~ e#Tq X+_
u$k&T . =k] >T+| HD\ nsTT<e eTT<> eq~ sT y
>T+| HD\ H\Ze eTT<> q&TT+~. n+f =\T jTTesE>
eq e sT y sj& ns+ . <VsD eTs #e] nX&
d+ eTT< nsTTq H\T>e eTT< n +& _+<TksT& HD\
nsTT<e eTT<> q&TT+~10.
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 111
$<+ > HD\ | + $$< HD\ @y$ sE
\+ eTT~+#&j eTT+<T u>+ nsTT<T eTT<\qT { >T]+#
e#TqT. sE # eTT~+#&q HD\ # #], m+eT+~
sE\T |]b*+#s n HD\ |\T #jT e#TqT. |&T |\qT
\eqTks+> neTs*. < |< , y{ d> T sTe +
yjT &+. d> T sTe e> eq |\T |Ps|$, me> eq$
<q +s $.
\e >T]+#& ys= |< >& e+~. yTT<{ \
| + HD\ eTT+<T u>+ nsTT<T eTT< yqT u>+
{ qT+& 20 < eTT<\THsTT. eTT<\T ueT\T e, e\+
# #dq T d+# >TsT\ T eyT . B nsy T $T{ |q #beTT. =*
H&T \ d++> e+~. eT>< qT+& ybs \qT #]q
HD\qT s#T> +yd eT me> n]b y{ eyT
#eTD |HsT. V+> yqT u>+ eTT<\T yksT.
$<+ > 12 d+es\ =k] + yXs X+_ }Vk&T .11
HD+ MT< yqT u>q m eTT<\T+f n~ n+ b< ns+.
$<+ >, yqT u>qeq |PN eTT<\ d+KqT { >& @ |
b< @~ sT y< \TdT+ ~. s +&T |< T \ <s #d \eT
sj T + ssD <]rdT+ < X+_ >D+ Xg|< T \ <s
s +<+> s|k&T 12.
s+ > | + <=]q HD\qT \eqT ks+> neTs
e#TqT. |&T y{ dV jT+ \| sjT , ] #] \TdT
e#TqT. eTT+<T u>+ H\T>e eTT< e] sE e]qT. eT&e
eTT< e] se+X+ e]qT. esT X+jTT+> V+k+>
] n|&T b eTT<\ MT<H \e++> = eTT<\T ydqT
q&TT+~.
|< X+_ \ <=]q s+&T HD\ b\L
nqsTTk&T . eT>< se+X\ >T]+ uVD u< Cq d+|<j\T
$u~ ksTT. uVD d+|<jT+ |s+ eT><q T |]b*+q =* s
e+X+ XH>e+X+. +<T #] *dq yTT<{ sE _+_ksT&T,
112 bNq us< X #]
n =&T nC XTe. u< d+|<jT+ B $u~dT+~. u<
d+|<jT+ |s+ _+_ksT&T nC XTe\ sT y nsTT<e sEqT
XH>T&T nH neT&T sT>TuT <s n~s+ qT+& =\+
qT se&T. XH>e+X+ n|{ qT+& bs+u+ neT+~,
_+_ksT& <T.13 \ <=]q yTT<{ | + u< d+|<jH
deT]dT + ~. | + n+ bNqeTsTTq HD\ eT&e eTT<
(se+X+ <TsTqT |P\qT d+#~) =eTT>\ +Te.
Cq d+|<jT+ nC XTeqT D &T nHsT. LDe TT n+f
d+d+ +Te =eT ns+ .14 sT y HD\ +<T _q+>
eHsTT. M{ kq+ nsTT<T sD\ MT< +Te |\ (Xe)
V+ e+~. V+ XH> e+X ddT+ <qT+f, _+_ksT&
bs+ue TsTT+~. ys se+XeT, XH> se+X+ eT< e+<
ns+ neT+~. |> Xe V+ eq HD\T s| HD\
MT< \e++> eTT~+#& e+&&+ >&15 u<+ d+|<jT+ #| qT
sT>TuT <s (V+k+>) se+X+ e]+< ddT+ ~.
uVD d+|<jT+ |s+ XH> s e+X+ e]y&sTTq q+~
( eTVq+~) eTV|< q+<T&H e #+~q e L\<d
q+<s e+X k|k &T . n *| yTT+ =$T~ eT+~ q+<T\T
(qe q+<T\T) |]b*ksT . \ yTT<{ b { #d Xe V
eT&e eTT<> >\ HD\ sT y, mTe+{ \|j > V\ +&,
nsTT<T sD\ MT< m<T (q+~) V+ >\ HD\T eksTT. n+f X
H>e+X+ e] <X =+<sT sE\T (se+X+ esT +&) q+~
eT e+X+s+> |{ + #THs ns+ . nsTT q+~ e+X sE\qT
z&+q qeq+<T\T =$T~ eT+~ e& ks+ <T . q+~ sE
sTy sE eyT eH&T. n sTy eTs#+<>T|&
HD\THsTT. { qeq+~ n+f =$T~ eT+~ q+<T\T n
= q+<T&T n ns+ #dT y*. XH>e+X+ e] sE\T eTTeTT
q+~ e+X+ sE\> |{ + #T>, yqT z&+q eTV|< q+<T&T
qeq+<T&T (= q+<T&T) nj&T. d s e TsTTq $wjT + @$T+f
Cq d+|<jT+q qeq+<T&T n+f = q+<T&H ns+ .16 ks+X+,
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 113
eT>< se+X\ #] >T]+ uVD |sD\+f u< Cq d+|<j\T
$XdjTeTsTTq$. eT>< sE\sTTq XH>T\T y~s eT\qT
<]+#s |sD\T yqT Vq+> #XsTT.17 { se+X+ >T]+
|sD\ #| q $wj \T $XdjT+ be&+ $+< T .
se+X\ #] ] #] >& |DXg n< jTq+ <s
\TdTe#TqT. \ yTT<{ | + <=]q 1175 HD\ 1059 eT><
HD. \ #+~q HD\T # e. \ \+ s# T >
|]j s+ u>+> eq|{ |]j HD\T >& # e>H
eHsTT. n+f \ sjT +> |]j u>eTsTTH >& ]+ >
eT>< |u e+H e+< nse TeT+~.18 \ <=]q HD\ eT><
#+~q$ + me> eHjT+f < ns+ , \ eT><\ ybs+
es| $T>T\T \ y| e+<. eT>< m>TeT neTq dsT\
esT> dsT \T \ HD\T ~>TeT neTHsTT. >D+Xg
|< T \ <s |]d 200 d+es\T n$q+> k+< X+_
s|k&T .19 ~ \ #] nTq <X.
\ <=]q s +&e | + (eTsT\ #+~q~) yTT<{
| + +f s +&T s\T> _q+> e+~. M{ se+X+ eTT<\
esT<T . n HD\ eTT+<T y| q eTT<\q w&s #+
e+~. eT&e kq+ eT&T sD\ MT< ns #+<s V+ (#+<
e+X d+#~) e+~. nsTT yqT y| q yTT<{ | + HD\>
|PN eTT<\T e. eTT< e+~. B ue+ ~es $e]+#eTT.
|&T \ eTs ke+ u>+ {, \ #]q HD\
beD |PN eTT<\T yd |d < T . e\+ k n~] q eTT<yd
#eTD $&T<\ #k&T .
s +&e & @$T+f eTs | + HD\T =* | e T+ d#y T q M
e, n+ beD+ > n#Tydq M e. yTT<{ | + +f M{ s
me. |> HD\ + & me. nC>> ndeTs+>
ydq THsTT.20 B{, eTsT\ eq s +&T ] |]De\qT
X+_ >V k&T . {, ke $ds D uT es + > u> $d] ++~.
n+ eTT+<T s |< |]$TeTsTTq es + |&T <D >&
114 bNq us< X #]
y|++~. <VsD, s us< X + <=]q n HD\ b \
q eTsT\ \| HD\ eTsT\ |Ps HD\ *d e+&>, <D
us< X + <=]q b \ e\+ eTsT\\| HD\T e+ eHsTT.
n+f s+ yks d++<\T = b+\ ybs d++<\T
@s&jT ns+ neT+~. +> $d] +q ybs HD\T |<
d+K nedse TesTT. { y+& s ~s V\T *| d#
Z+# |<T.21
b, HD\ + beD Z+<+f n~ es esZ\T
\VqeTjjT ddT+ ~. eTsT\ |Ps+ es XDT\T # \+>
e+&$. s |<+ MT~ ybs d#> sV+#$. B d#q>
HD\ eTT<D beD V#T> e+&~. eTsT\ es +
# $d] +q~> es XDT\T <HsTT. |uT + es + C+
#dT e&+ mesTT+~. {\T& nsX k { #d sE\T es \
MT< ss\ +\T |{ eT nBqT\T> e+#THsT. es XDT\
djT+ || D + +~. q\T~X ybs+ |]>=B s |<+ MT<
>T~| + d+b~+#Tq es XDT\T <q&+ dV yT. BuT
HD\ eTT<D beD >& <+~22.
es XDT <T, eT+> \ >& q |eTTK kH sTT+~.
| &T s +&T sC\ (|]j , eT><) eT< es| +<+> e+&q
\ |&T eTs ke+ esTeT\ |D+ nsTT+~.
*+> \ ]+> <+~. q +& nsTTq _+_ksT&T
s+ #dTq \+ \ n~]> eq jTTesE nX&T
sT>TuTqT nDydq T> u< d+|<jT+ < e+~. D + q
\ d ~ ddT+ < X+_ u$k&T 23.
uVD+ ` u<+
. |P. 6e X+ qT+& <D us< X + (yTTyT T<{ < H
|su $T MT<) >& qTeTT y&+ , Vs , bs+ue TjjT
X+_ n_bjT+. $ s +& s + qT+& e#sTT. y{uT uVD
u< eT\T >& <D e#sTT.
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 115
<D
us< X Hd ] Z + > s +&T> $u +#e#TqT. {, ms TTq
<H |su$T, s+&T deTT<rs b++. deTT<rs b++ s+&T
sTT|eH\ & u es b+<TT+~. bNq \+ ~ yTT+
<eTsTTq n&$ nsTT e+&*. dTX+ < & Vs>
H>] de+ > e X+_ n_bjT+. sT <X\ qT+& (VQX
eT\j qT+&) =] |+qT |yX |&+ k b++ (eTTK+>
|&eT{ k) Vs bs+ueTsTT+< X+_ u$k&T24.
|&e T{ k y =]\T # |eTTKeTsTTq$ >, dT | P s+
eTq<X ybs e & $wj \qT >T]+ sdq ^ ~s
s#s TT es =]# >T]+ sjT<T .25 nsTT $Xw D qT X+_
eTT+<T rdTb<T . jTq me> n< jTq+ #d+ ~ < H |su $T
b+H.
< H |su $T MT< n&$ k| + > |\> e+T+~ > H\
# >{~ . < eekjTj>+ #jT & $ks+ > qTeTT y&+
neds+ . sTesTTq H> neds+ (|{ eTq sh+ ~u<
y&q+ sTesTTq H> c y&sT ). .|P. 6e X+ s +&e
u>+ qTeTT y&+ , eekjT+, s +& s us< X + qT+& < H
|su $T #sT HjT X+_ n_bjT+26.
X \ esT sy\+f d++<\ (ke
sD+) esT nedse TsTT+~. >D eed kq+ eseZ ed sy*.
= ke sD+, <s d\ , d\ y*. B u<+
uVD+ s +&T w#k sTT. ~ s +& e\+ eT\T (n_bj\T)
e, ke sD d\q jTe\q eT | + #dT q
b|+ <<\ >TsT+ #Ty*. eekjT de y| s +&T eT\
y|> n+<T q&TT+~. y| |* +> s us< X | eekjT
esZ de+ & $\qT q s#T = yqT eekjT\qT
#d+~. esZ $uq, eseed, uVD u< eT\T, s+&,
jTe\T, & |yX |&sTT. n< deTjT+ ke dyT q+
|* +> & $\ |P\, <TsT V\, <e\, #s\
uVD eT+ |y +#sTT.
eT>< b+| qTeTT \u+ e&+ yTT<q H{ qT+&
s |<+ MT< |<m Tq ybs+ k+< #X+. s |<+ sCsY
116 bNq us< X #]
qT+& jT\T<] s~X> |\edT, Xed |D\ MT<T> \
#sT +~. n< \+ Xed qT+& <D es+Z @s&+~.
<D |<+ Xed qT+& \Te> <D
y[ >+> jTeTTH jT\
nj< , X+_ |D \qT#], n& qT+& |&e T{ ~> |j D+
$+< |s \qT qT=eq sTT #sT =, sTT qT+& <D
|j D+ qs<, |r q<T\qT <{ ><e rsq (|dT eTVsh)
eq |s H #]+~.27 s |< <D |< +H > eq Xed
d\T\ yTTyT T<{ s<. n~ Hb d]V<TM T< e+~. >+>, jTeTTH
jT\qT qTeTT dV jT+ eekjT j>+ #dq sT y d\T\T
eT s< Xed qT+& <D , qBrsq eq nj< essT.
eT>< s< >& n<$<+> sCsY qT+& qBrs |DeTsTTq
b| (b{) s* +~.
>+>, jTeTTH jT\T eekjT j>+ nsTTq|{qT+& n&
uVD u< eT\T |sd s $s< ue+ dV Jeq+ #dT H sTT. u<+
duy >T]+ > n<jT+ =+ #keTT. uVD+ d+> #&*.
uVD+ y< \| y~ eT+<T. jTC\T + sVdH eHsT
> de+ y{ y<+ bZ +~. nsTT qq eekjT esZ
deC sD d+> uVD eT+ eTT+<T q es eed
|&T \|&T +~. <uT s $\Te\q, n\yq qq
deC nqTL\eTjTq #q\T |T=dTH sTT. eT<bq+ |
e+kVs+|, esu e+ n+]k+~. T+ eed >& \|&
d d#jTT |esq| es |&T+~. esT\T me>
sTq >+>, jTeTTH jT\ s>, |&e T{ (|+CT) sT\T +
y< \+H{ n\yqT |P]> e<T\T<T . m&] d< XyT q |+CT,
jTTEs< \| |]De\qT <{ |<> eTT+<T b<T . qTeTT
y&+ *j>, >+> jTeTTH jT eekj +> j>yTq
b++. eekjT de+ deT>+> n& n_e~ #+~+~. &
uVDT\T y<e T+\q d#y T q d+d HsT =q& |&e T{
bsTT edH eHsT. nsTT |+CT b+| sT\ J$+ M
nHs+> q&&+ yTT<\sTT+~. $eTs eTVus+ sT & #
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 117
#| +#sT.28 eT<`>+<s`+u sC\ ese edq T b{+#&+ <T .
&T bsV+ #d y& eTT&T eekjT+ #k&T . eTs=&T d&T
e#T. eT+>* e#T. <+ = uVDT\ $&s + >q <s +
jTT neTD >q q&+~.29 |> |&e T{ d\ T # $#\$&>
|e]ks, eT>y deT+> eT<+ >TsT, e+d+ +{sT,
Vs+>+> H+ #ksT . y + d++<\ >& $ \D \T
# HsTT. eTVus+ nsTq T&T dTu <qT n|V ]+ |[#dT
H&T. b+&TsE d+ ;w &T =qT=#&T. = uVDT\T M{
nHseTsTTq >+<s ndTs $yV |< T \T> u$+#sT.30
M jTj>\+f eseed eTTK+. Vs
n\esT+Tq =*<X (n+f jTEs< \+) n<q|
b\ esZ\T #+#T=q& jT\T\T k<q +> |j >|& sTT.
nsTT \T\ | eekjT`ybs esZ\ re sdq se&+
k<q+ ke y< sTT+~. qq eekjT de+
n<q| #+#T=q& eseed n++f deTseTsTTq
k<q +> | #d+ ~. yX \ XS<T\ XeT#d uVD jT es\
de #j \, n~ y <s + n es< s + |b~++~. B ke
y<+ b+<&+ eTT+<Tq se +. nsTT < deTjT+ u<+ >&
= deC nqT>TDyTq |b~d eTT+<T=+~. jT
\T\qT sd++~ { yTT<{ eekjT`yD esZ\ eT<T
u< u>H \_++~. nsTT n< @ ke eT+ <T . eT><
\+ s +&T eT\L yTT+ MT< deqeTsTTq <sD \_++~.
nC XTeqT u< Cq >+< |wT\T >& >=|y&
b&sTT.31 nX& XdH\ u< XeTDT\L uVDT\L deq
>se+ #b&T.32
eTT+<T s +&T eT\ @~ \TdT+ <H~ n$ sV+#>\
eT&T sy \ MT< <s|& e+T+~. {, se+X\ eT< T b+<&+ .
s +&T, + n~ d+K $T* eq $\qT H>] deC
s yqT eekjT\qT #d e <V<+ #jT &+. eT&T,
Vs n\esTq = deC eTs= n&T>T eTT+<T
118 bNq us< X #]
rdTbsTT djT+ bw >MTD eedq n+eT+> u keT eedq
|yX |&+ . +<T yTT<{ s +&T $wj \ uVD+ u<+ deT+>H
b{|& sTT. eT&e se + uVDT\T ese ed (< |]D s|+
nsTTq \ eed) n+eT+> u<+ MT< $j k~++~.
$\qT H>]+#&+ s +&T eT\ <V<+ #dq rsTqT
n<jT+ #<+.
uVDT\T >+ > eTT HsT q eT+ +\ $\
<>]Z #ssT. <s Xk\T m+ e<+ TH $q+& $\ |P\T
sV+#ysT. =# y |sVT\ >+ eT eT+\T
H] eT \T|HsT. uVD >\T $<+ > n|]$T+> |]
bjsTT. y< \+ q\{ e sT&sTT e+&& M\T< u$+#>,
|wT \ uVDT\sTTq us us \ T q\{ =&T y\+f @
s\T #]+#*, \{ =&T y\+f @ s\T #]+#*. n
$e]+#sT.33
$ |sVT\qT uVDT\T> d]+#&y T , $ >D
eTTKT\T >qT \e+T\sTT yqT jTT\T> d]+ dse+Xy
#+<e+Xy *+ nedse TsTT n+<Td+ |sD+ >& sXsT.
y qT+& jT<+> ||\+ b+<sT.34 $ >DeTTKT\T
\e+T\T b yqT yTT+ XS< |+#eT \+>
s#T = eT eekjT de+ \T|HsT. $<+ > $
deC\ eekjT esZ de sD deTsTTq es eedq T
|yX|{sT. n+f qq deC nedsyTq d++<\qT
*+#sT. y qTeTT y&+ , eekjT+, HsT = eekjT\jsT.
y |PC edTe\T (#T>, |\T>, +Te\T>) uVD
eT+ |$ V\T> e #ssTT.
<+ uVDT\T <X |Ps+> (H>] y| d+) #Xs
u$+#qs< T . =~> m+sY|C eq jTTe&e&sTTH eT< <X,
>+<s bsTT H\T>T y< eT+\T HsT= e b+&+
$\qT eTu |{ q Jeq+ Hjd+> k+#Te#TqT. y~
#s\T m+> $d]d uVDT\ Jeq+ n+> <=sTT+~.
eT+H y eT *jT+& H>] y| &&sT 35.
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 119
eekjT de $ds D d+ es eedq T y|+|Cj T &yT ,
< deT+> eTTKyTq eTs= | >& uVDT\T #ksT. n~ $\
\eH n+<CjT&+,36 sTT|eH\ MT< <s|& eekj
\eq+ neds+ . Vs @sT= H y neds+ <T . uVDT\
|+#+>+ neds r]+~. & |+#>+ n+f X H\ sVQ\+
#dTH |d + n , +&sY n ns+ #dT y*. +&s>Y
<+ beTTK+ +&f eT <s bwD |j>|& eT&
qeT\qT uVDT\T |+#+>+ |yX |{sT . b |* X H\
* X H\ |+#+>+ sj*q n> + m+ e+ <T .
sE\qT (<T \qT) #+<T& { |&+ dT\u+ . #+<_++
|q$T qT+& neydL neyd qT+& |q$T eT |<
>T Z V#T e+T+~. \eH #+<eq+ n+{sT. Vs
@sT J$+# $\ \eq+ d]bT+~. nsTT #+<eq+
sTTe\qT d]>Z d+#<T , { n~ eekjT deC d]b<T.
sTTe\T dseH nqTd]ksTT. dsT& #+<T& > \T
+&e. { dseq+ |s+ +#&+ w+ . B =+ |D
y*. dsT&T u $T #T sT qT+& |&e Ts ]> (]qT
|+#) |<+ m\| & d]> q&H q e+&<T . qe] 14 H&T q&H
<D +> n+ <s+ e+T+~. n& qT+& eT+> s ]
sT H\\ sT y q& H s + > n+ <s+ e+T+~. sT
H\\qT s jTD+ n+{sT. n& qT+& eTs= sT H\\T (<D jTq+)
yq |j D+ yTT<{ kH #sT +T+~. |j D+ eT<+ >
sT>TT+~ { dsT& |<+ d]>Z m&T+< \TdT+f @ sTTe
nsTT+B #| e#TqT. +<Td+ dsT& |<+ |j D+# yTT+ &$
(<D + e] qT+& s + e] <) = u>\T> $u +, dsT&
|<+ @ $u>+ m+ \+ e+&B >&sT. dsT& |<+ @
$u>+ e+<q < { @ sTTesTT+B \TdT+ ~. $u q eTq
<X+ s +&T d+|<j\THsTT. 12 u>\T> (sX\T) $u +#&+
|< nsTT 27 u>\T> (q \T) $u +#&+ s +&e |< . +<T
s +&e~ eTq <X+ |{+ <, yTT<{~ ^\ |u e+e\ n\e&+<
120 bNq us< X #]
# eT+~> X+_ >& u$k&T.37 m{>sTTH+. <T\
sX\ q \ |]Cq+ eekjT $ds D # neds+ . |]CH
$\ n+<Cj T &+ >& uVDT\T #dq eTTKeTsTTq |qT\
{.38
<D|<+
u<T\ d+>. C < H |su $T b++ eekjT
de+ $d] +#&+ uVDT\ +f u<T\ T me b eV+#s
X+_ u$k&T .39 u<+ |#seTsTTq eT+ (missionery religion)
+T \T\qT nqTd]+# {$\ nV+dqT, e< $T esZ,
u~+#&+ u<T\ |< q se +. Bd+, +T \T*# $\T
J$+# b+\qT u< _ e\T yT = eT y ysT. u< es \T
<]+#sT. { _ e\T es esZ\qT nqTd]+, es +<\
&T>, $ b+\ ysT. es \T u< se\T {+ #sT.
_e\T |#s+ #dTe& nqTe> y J$+ >&|&
nedse TsTTq eT\<H *+#sT. $<+ > < H |su $T MT~
n&$ b+\ d+|qeTsTTq u< se\T, es L&\T\ @s&sTT.
es+ |ue+> & $ >\ esZ $uq @s&+~. >D
eTTKT\T d+|qT\jsT. eekj qTeTT y& _ e\ qT+&
es \ qT+& HsT HsT. = deC nedse TsTTq ke
>& _ e\ qT+& HsT HsT.
e +> $Xw + q yk\qT |]o*<+.40 Xed qT+&
<D q |s H < kq <D |< |q e]+#eTT. <D |<+ MT<
.|P. 600 qT+& es + q&+~. d\, eT>< b+| es \T dsT \qT
><e] jT rdT= & $\ $sTT+ y] qT+& (y
d]+q) edTe \qT =qT= ysT. eT+ $\ =+<sT
<q e+T\sTT, y esZ $u q @s&, y >& eekjT+, es +
HsT HsT. qTeTT < H |su $T MT< u>H <=sTT+~ >, qTeTT
y&+ s ~ qT+& HsT Hs X+_ n_bjT+.
d+<s + C <\ qT+& <+ X+_ s# T >
|k$k&T.41 ue] nH d\ uVDT&T <D |<+ MT<T> nX >D+
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 121
ed+# b++ nsTTq |s H e#&. n& nq n w\
+<eT\T d]+ + J$+#sT. eT+> n& eekjT+
yTT<\sTT |< >eT+ @s&+~. >eT+ qT+& d]+q d+|<
ue] eTVjT+ >& sV+#&+. nsTT y< eT+\ |]Cq+
d+| #+< q w\qT T<T& <>Z] |+| = |X\T
n&T>eTH&T. T<T& T q de<q+ ue] m+> d+| #+<&+f
nqT u<e T d]+ _ e nj&T. XyVqT\ <TsT V+
>Ts+ e&+e\42 nX\T XyVqT\T |P\sTTq >D Je\,
C < #| q $<+ > .|P. 6e X+ e] u>+ s ~
qT+& eq uVDT\ qT+& u<T\ qT+& eekj HsT=
H>]\js, eT+> M < H |su $T MT~ yTTyT T<{ s#]
k|+ #s X+_ yUk&T .
eTVsh u< $Vs\qT n< jTq+ #jT &+ <s X+_
$wj # > sTEe #k&T . |&e T{ qTeT\ >TV\ u<
$Vs\T # eHsTT. EHsY, s, Hd, n+ yTT<\sTTq$
|UeTsTTq$. $ eT]= uC, u&, s&, =+&D, sD , skY +u,
H ], yTT<\sTTq$.43 >TV\Tq b+\ bNq \| *u\T,
*u\ <>Zs q s |eTTT neXc\T (microlith deposits)
eHsTT. |eTTqT { n$ $\e \TdT+~. |Xe\ \T
rjT{, \T ek\T &, nedse TsTTq s |eTTTHsTT.
|{ b++ ed+# <H > sY nH >=s\ |sT nTe+{ |eTTH
y&sT. B{, u< $Vs\T s|P s+ n& |]d }V+#e#TqT.
=+& ~>Te b++ <e TsTTq n&$ nsTTe+T+~. =+& #]jT\ MT<
>=s\T ~s +Te\ eT+<\qT d |Xbw\T +&*.
Te+{ >\ T d+#s J$+ >&T | n|&| & |sd s+ Vs+
e]& #dT e&+ d+ \TdT=HysT. \TdTH |<X + s +&T
*u\ L&*> q&TT+~. Vs e]& ybs+> s +&
jTT+> k>TT+~. { L&\T\ <>sZ L&* <e\sTTq neT
<e\ |PC d \T+{sTT. Vs e]& ]> d+<s + neT
<e\ |<m Tq \T*e&+, * |X e\ s |PssTT |PjT&+,
122 bNq us< X #]
sT>TT+~. |&e T{ < H |eTTK neT<e\ |PCd \T Te+{
*u\ L&\T\ <>sZ eqT X+_ >eTk&T . >eTHseTsTTq $wjT +
@$T+f u< $Vs\T >& me> Te+{ L&\T\ <>sZ eHsTT.
B >\ sD u<e T+ due+ qT+& ns+ #dT e#TqT.
V+keTsTTq +T \T\T # $\qT d+d]+ y
H>]eTsTTq e< $T esZ H]+#&+ u< _ e\ |< q se +.
n+ bNq u< >+<eTsTTq dTb+ T<T&T, _e\T
s|P >e\> |D\> ed+#L&< =+&MT<,
XXq+ e<, >TV\, sj T +> ed+#\ nH&T. d]>Z y $\
|PCd\ X+_ >TsT#k&T. |> $yTq |P\qT >
uj T +se TsTTq s +&qT > #d _ e uj T |& L &<T nH&T
T<T& T . $eTsTTq |P\T nqTd]+# yqT d+d]+#&+ _ e\
se +. T<T& T djT+> | #X&T.44
de#sq+ dMTd eekjT $dsD u<eT+ b
ns+ neT+~. .|P. 600 H{ |&eT{ <H =+& #]jT\ MT<
$\T eddT H sT. >D\T d]+q Vs s +& jTT+>
es+ #dT =q L&\T\T |eTTKyTq neT<e\ |PC d \jsTT.
s\T\L $ s+&L +<\jsTT. eT><, d\ ~s
b+\ qT+& <D |<+ MT<T> eq es \T >& eT dsT \qT
neT&+ d+ $\ * u\qT nqTd]+ L&\T\ <>]Z
e e+&*. *u sT y \+ es esZ\jsTT. L&\T\T
n+>jsTT. es \ uT eq _ e\ dV + eT <s |#s
Te+{ s \T\ +<\H #j \ T<T <X+ . sD+>
u< $Vs\T >& neT<e\ |PCd \> *u\ L&\T\
<>Zs @s&sTT.
<+ = $eTsTTq |]De\ s|+ *bsTT+~. u<+
eT+> eTq <X+ q+bsTT+~. eTVsh u< >TV\T
$TsTT. @ neT<e\ |P\qsTT e+#\ u<+ |jT ++<
djT+> u<> T V\H n$ =qk>TTHsTT. neT<e\qT u< >TV\
s~+# H $ u< $Vs\q dV >& b e#TqT. EHsY
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 123
>TV TC<$ eTs= >TV eqy& s~ksT 45 HH*
>TV |s + > usTT s~ksT .46 nsTT | { u< |#s C| + >
EHsY <e*<s s \T\qT \sT . * e<\T+f <s+>
y*, > >TV eL&<T . n< $<+ > jTesTT nH <eqT u&
$Vs+q s >TVq s~ksT . s yT |PssTT @B <T
{, u< db H jTesTT $>V +> u$+ < yTT+{sT.
<#T |< D \T #ksT !47
s us< X + qT+& eq es + < H $ b+\
eekjT esZ deC @ $<+ > |yX |{+ B d+#sTT. es \T
eT dsT \qT & $\T d]+q V\T yTT<\sTTq edTe \
es+ #ksT. B |* +> $ >D eTTKT\T d+|qT >Deed
esZ $u q @s&+~. n< es \ qT+& qTeTT y& eekj
HsT e&yT sT ysTT.
es XDT\ uT <s |#s & eq _e\T
qq eekjT esZ deC nedsy T q ke u~+#sT.
n+, u< $Vs\T $\ H>sD + | y T q ]
b sV+#sTT. es \T |D+ d+b~+#Te&+ d+ _ e\
$Vs\T {+ , y dTK+> <s |#s+ #dT >\+<T eT\<H
*+#sT. * +> $Vs\T # d+|qeTsTTq ybs +<\jsTT.
es +<\ dsT \T ds| s #dq ><eTT\jsTT. u+\T>
|#ksTT. u< $Vs\T sV+q ] bqT #H #] qT+&
ns+ #dT e#TqT. #H $Vs\T u<+ eTV k+|T XK #+~q$
(~ eTVjq u< |Pss|+). |&eT{ eTVk+|T\T eTT
usrjT d+|<j nqTd]dTq T #| HsT. < { #H #]
$Vs\T @ ] b sV+#j |&e T{ < H $Vs\T >&
n< bqT sV+#jT u$+#e#TqT.48
$Vs\ d+|< #Teq $\ esZ deC eekjT
es \q |yX |{+ ~.49 $Vs\ dsT \T ds| s #dq $ >D
eTTKT\T d+|qT\sTT sE\T> essT.50 = deC nedse TsTTq
ke >& u< _ e\T u~+#sT. qTeTT y& eekj
n$\ n\yT #ksT.
124 bNq us< X #]
<sb+ es + u< q n$Hue d++<y T $HX
VTesTT+~. eekjT de+ @s&Tq = eekjT $ds D
(|q $e]+q $<+ >) <sb+ es + # &&+~. nsTT <X
<{ sT y <X djT+bw >MTD eed @s&&+ yTT<\T >H
<sb+ es + <+~. djT+bw >e\T eT neds\qT yT
rsTe&+ yTT<\T|{sTT. < es y T , es + eTT&|& e q u<
$Vs\T >& D+#sTT. u<eT >\ ke |H~ bsTT+~.
n+<T _q+> uVDT\ \ eed djT+bw >e\ d]>Z
n+~ { n~ \+ |+E+~. ysTT d+es\ |T sD nq+s+
u<+ bsTT uVDyT *+~. ~ sT y n<j\ <.
< H |su $T MT< eekjT de+ $sy u<+ >H
uVDeT+ >& <V<+ #d+ ~. <V<+ #dq |< yTT<{ #XeTT.
<s\T |&T #&*. |< qeTsTTq <s\T |&e T{ < H b++
neT<e\ |P\ eq |]De\T. neT<e\ uVDs D , y
|PCd \ kqu+ X+, eekjT de+ $s$ +q rsTqT # >
#|ksTT. $Xw D #dq s +&T yk\T51 X+_ nqTd]+# n< jTq
|< # { <s H\T.
< H |su $T MT<, |&e T{ qTeT\ |{ sT |eV+#
q<T\THsTT ` ><e], ;eT yTT<\sTTq$. qBjT\T bNq \+
<e TsTTq n&$ +&e+&*. n& Vs dsD | ys H{
k< + <T. & $ >D\T ed+ e+&*. =+&#] jT\ MT<
e+ n&$ |\> e+& | jT+&{ >=s\T ~s +Te\
bwD k< + neT+~. .|P. 600 H{ ms TTq =+&#] jT\ MT<
|X bw \THsT.
Vs d]+# n$\ <e\T neT<e\T. M+<] |sT
nsTT n X+ n+eTesTT. : TsTT, jTesTT, |s + >sTT,
usTT, dysTT, e>s . =+& #]jT\ >=s\q, |X e\q bw+q
|]bw\ <e eT>y ` y |sT $su, K+&u, eTVku,
Msu, u|PJuu, y yTT<\sTTq$. |{ MqT s~+# y
<H > sY\T nH >=s\ |sT \T M \j\T m&TH n$<H > sY\
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 125
e#sTT n k+> n+{sT. neT<e\T |sTw <w\sTT M d
<w\T. neT<e\ |PCd \ <>sZ |sTw\T b bDbjT+. n>
y&T ~s <e V#sT\T e&yT , yqT bd+#
u\T d\qT #&L&<T, bd+#|&T >E\ X+ dV+
$qL&<T.
|X bw \L jT\ n$\L d+|s + @s&&+
yTT< d+|T sD n+eT+> dyT q+ sT>TsTT. eT><e S neT
<e\ +\esT.52 nsTT keTsd + dT\u+ > <s < q &
>TsT> +\ <\ T # $+> e+{sTT. e] .|P. 6e X+
sT y s ~ qT+& qTeTT y&+ , eekjT+ se&+ uVD
eT+ >& |y +, +\T uVDs D #+<TsT. sTT\+
n~+> <TsZ \ n+X\T> >T]+| b+<TsT. eT><e
$su $s\T&sTT $we |s|+ nsTT Msu Msu<T&e&T.
nsTT eekjT de+ y| ]q |]DeT+ $\sTTH
|X bw \sTTH |P]> T&|T b<T . qq de+ XS<
\+> #ssT. n+<T V+> uVDs D #+~q nq+s+ >&
y <e |sT> b sb\T> b |P\T > b<T. eT
nH>]eTsTTq \D\qT e<T\T= $T*q y{ ` @syTq H
beD H ` uVD eT+ eT rdT=#sT.53 *u\
L&\T\ <>sZ neT<e\ \T\T sTT# $ d+|<jT+ uVD
eT+ ny~ #s |yX |{+ ~. uVD eT+ | k$T+
{ y~ #s+ |s T \ eyT |+&+ |&sT. nsTT bNq
kV+ = d+<s + e\ >& |+&+ |&+ nH #s+
|keq e+~. |> B * nHsT. |s T \ |+&+ +{ <>sZ |>,
e\ e+ \T\T }] jT L&\T\ <>sZ |{sT . XS< &
eT#{ + qT+&, uDT& Vs# ] + qT+& e\T\ |keqqT
e++ $eTsTTq ny~ #s eT\+ @eTsTTe+T+<
nq MTe+dH X+_ q #s qT bs+_k&T .54
$wj +=+#+ $es+>, |sedT neb \ <s+>, |]o*<+.
eTVsh cq~ rs+ |+&s|Y P sY nH |$ d\ + e+~. n& $s\ T&T
nH <e& $we |s|+> s~ksT. |dT+ |+&sY|PsY
126 bNq us< X #]
d+es+ s +&TksT rsj \ ysT . k] p H\, s +&ek]
nsY H\ eekjT\ d]>Z p` nsY H\H | me
+T+~. { #s+ eekjT de+ |{+~ e&
M\T<T . s| $ d+|<jT+ nsTT e+&*. rsj
|&e T{ b++ysT nqTd]+# uqT C>> $Xw + X+_ B uy
$e]k&T.
$\ ds yd+ +&<T . d+#s Jeq+ #ksT . +&, sT,
|X e\ yT, yT + Hd ] Z |]d T \T nqTL\+> eq b+\
bsT. |&e T{ qTeT\ esb + # |< mTq e+T+~. sTq
|su $T MT< e> e+T+~. es\+ |&e T{ qTeT\ <>sZ
Vs dsD w+ . yk\T @ss#T e&+ w+ . |X e\qT yT|e&+
w+ . n+<T# p H\ |&e T{ qTeT\qT e~* sTq eq qB
jT\ e\d ysT . e\d y[q u n+{ |&T |< |]DeT+
|sedT neXc\T HsTT. C neXc\qT f uqT >TsT|
e#TqT. neXc\T |< q+> q s|eTTT. neXc\ qTeTT
b e&yT +& |+\T >&e . n+f Vs \Te #dT e&
\T d+#T\T y&THs u$+#*.55 \T d+#T\T & e\dq
dTeTsTTq s |]s\T neXc\ eHsTT. u n+{
neT <e\ |PC d \THsTT. |{ |+&s|Y P sY y j\T e
neT <e\ |P\T #db sT. |PC d \ <>sZ s |eTT
neXc\T |< mTq e+&& { |PC d \T d+e] e\d
(+^w B booly trans humance n+{sT.) eT\ ns+
neT+~.
|&e T{ qTeT\ |PH b++ qT+& sTq cq~ jT
|+&s|Y P sY < uqT X+_ $es+> |]o*+#&T. p H\
|+&s|Y P sY jT\T<]q e\d, es\+ nsTTb>H ] nsY
H\ |+&s|Y P sY qT+& |&e T{ qTeT\ y[+~. yTT+ 400 yT
e\d |< |s q $\ J$+ |< q |T +. e\d
e] eT nsTTq |+&s|Y P sY |$ d\ + e&+ dV yT. sT y <X
n~ $su <y\jTeTsTT <q +s+ uVDs D #+~ yw e rs+ nsTT+~.
| &T |+&s|Y P sY y &+, |+&s|Y P sY qT+& ] se&+ nH s +&T
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 127
|jD\T |&T |+&sY|PsY H\T>T H\ s+&TksT y rs
j\T> e]+~.56
=+&#]jT\ | u>+, n&$ |\> eq#, eT><eqT
|P+q |X bw \THs #keTT. |{ <H > sY >=s\ |sT \qT
X+_ y ysdT \T> ns+ #dT +{& >& #keTT. M <e
eT><e > $ due+ >\y. |X bw \L +~ b+|
$\L eT< ]q |T sD |P\ eT< d+|T sD
> q&TT+~.
|TsD n+eT+> keTsd|P]eTsTTq > e]+< >&
|P\ |]De\qT { \TdT+~. <VsD, |Xbw\
eT><e&sTTq eTVku eTVcdTsT&sTT neT<e\sTTq C>TusTT
TsTT\ # #+|&&T. <e*<s <TsZ |sb\T. nsTT
eTVcdTs eTsH d+# s ueT\ dMT|+H eTVku n<
C>TusTT us > TsTT nqT#sT &> q&&T. eT dMT| >e\
eTVku nd\T us <+ {sT. eTVku $<+ > @ deTjT+
eTVcdTsT&T, e&T, nj&T ! C eTVku ( eTVu)~
# $+ <. qT y& nH >eT+ C>TusTT us . nsTT n&
s|P s+ #dte H nH #{ qT+& @&T>TsT q\qT n|V ]+ {
eTT+ #+|k&+. neT<e\ +& ys ~ ddT+ ~.
nsTT |P+q |X |sT \T neT<e\qT |P+q $\qT
|P]> T&|fj T <T . { e] keTsd |P]+> y& <>sZ
C>TusTT |[ #ksT. |> $\ ||P ]yT q C| \
V+> n< C>TusTT <TsZ s|+, eTVcdTsT&> u$+#&q
eTVkuqT #+|T+~.57
d+|T sD , keTsd +, s |PC d \ >& q&sTT.
|+&s|Y P sY b+&Ts+> $s\ T&T $su n |\e& $we us,
sKTesTT n |\e& \ . yT ys |sT +&&y T , |+&s|Y P sY
$s\ T& <y\jT+ e+&, ys q d+ <y\jT+ e+& d++>
|P\T n+<T+T+~. (y+fX sT& |<e >). |+&s|Y P sY $s\ T&
<y\jTyT yTT<{~ nsTTe+f \ ys |sT> ys |P\T >
ys <y\jT+> +&*q neds+ <T . nd\T $\ neT<e
nsTTq sKTesTT & yTT<{ <e nsTTe+&*. $suqT |P+q
128 bNq us< X #]
|X bw \T $\qT +>BdTq sT y M[<] |[#ksT.58
nsTT $\T +bsTTH |P]> HXq+ <T {, sKTesTT
d++>H |P\T n+<T+~. sTy <X eekjT+, qTeTT
y&+ , eq sT y s +&T |P\ uVDs D #+~ $su $we sTT
sKTesTT \ nsTT+~. nsTT eekjT deC rdT=q sT\T
& |\qT XS<T\T> +>BdTHs | HXq+ #jT <T {
<e b|s b|P\ $T*bjsTT.59 neT<e\+
$<+ > \ >H (n~+ >) eTVcdTs eT] nsTTq <Ts>Z H
e]b> eT><e y|Tu y|TXsT&e&T. |s H K+&u
e&e&T. eTVku @ deTjT+ eTVcdTsT& e& >&
ne&T.
eekjT de+ $se+ |P\ |]De\H , |PC d \
kqu+ X+ >& q&TT+~. y >e\T me> {eqsT\
<>sZ , qB rs\ e+{sTT. =*H&T qBjT b+\T <e TsTTq
n&e\T> e+& d+#s $ J$ nj>+> e+& e+&*. =*
H{ $ yk\T yTb++H e+&>\ e qTeTT y&+ *dq
sTy +~ ~ qBrs b+\ eekjT >e\T @ss#T
>\T>TsT. B >TsT> , =*H{ |Ps |{ >e\, >e
=+ <s+> msTTq# q&jT X+_ >eTk&T. n<
neT<e >eT+|\ =+#+ H>]eTsTTq >T& +T+~. <Ts>Z H
\ >H >T]+# &TT+~. |> <e >eT+ jT{ qT+& >eT+
e+< (#] |]De >TsT>) #|+{sT >&. eT><e
$wjT + >& n+. X+_ # e<VsD*k&T . TsTT nH neT
<e |eTTK |PC d\ + =+&H| P sY nH >eT+. nsTT TsTT =*H{
|PssTT =+&H| P sY nsTT<T yT <s+ ms TTq >TMT< eq
{+ <>sZ e+~. n& qT+& yTqT VsusTT nH d >eT+
rdT=+< #| +{sT. b\| #s neXw+ > TsTT
|P\T sVksT .60 #s+ # >\ e+~ ` n~ | k$T
de+ ekeT+ neXc ddT+ ~. $<+ > |PC d \T
yT b+\ qT+& qB rs b+\ kqu+ X+ #+~q nH <VsD\T
X+_ k&T .61
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 129
<H |su$T eeksTsD #]qT eTT+# eTT+<T, eTq
(+<T\) #]qT >T]+ s+&T e\T #|y*. qTeTT y&+
eekjT+ .|P. 6e X+ qT+& <D |<+ MT<T> ><e] rs
#]+<q X+_ n_bj #keTT. n& qT+& |&e T{ $d] +
eTVsh b++ $\ Vs n\e]q rsTqT >&
#keTT. n< deTjT+ = de+ sT L& $d] ++~.
T<T& deT*\sTTq |s H b+| nX\T (nX\T) nq& >Ts+
<TsT V+> >\ >DJe\T qTeTT y& eekj n\esT
HsT. y >D eTTKT\T XyVqT\sTT sT < H b+| =*
sC k|+ #sT. < H |su $T eekjT esZ de y|
u>+>
eq uVD, u< eT\qT s +&+{ deT+>H <]+#sT.62
{ eTq +<T \ #] \ XyVqT\ bs+u+ e&+
dV yT. nsTT Vs dsD qT+& Vs ]q @ $|y yT q
|]DeTeTsTT XyVqT\ sC sD+ nsTT+< |]DeT+ jTT
n< jTH =qk+# +&, #] n+ >& XyVqT\T \T`
#&T\T`|\e \T`n+ se+X\ nqTeTD> eTq |d \ sksT .
X+_ d+q |< nqTd]+#sTT |P]> ys #] sj*
e+T+~. X+_ n< jTq+ #dq |&e T{ < H> sT < H
#+~q \+>D >& neT<e\ |P\ |eTTK +<+. \+>D
#sT e\ \ T rjTT\#> <q +s \+> ]+q$ e#T.
{ eqsT\T> n$ # bNqeTsTTq$. #sTe\ |{
|eTTKyTq neT<e |PC +<\T. \+>D ]> uH\ |+&>
b\<>Z neT<e\ |+&>\ T <X+ # =~ d+KH e+{sTT.
V<su< VQdHk>sY Te+{ neT<e\ |P\ |eTTK
+<\sTT e+&*. |{ VQdHk>sY #T neT<e\ |PCeT+~s\T
nd+U+> eHsTT. #sT e |&e T{ ~q, u+usTT s \ T es+Z
ne\, |s +>T &$ Us u< yTsTTHs& MT<H <e T, |<e T,
>&\eT, b#eT, }sb#eT yTT<\sTTq |sT>\ neT<e\
|PCeT+~s\T d+ &qT eHsTT. +eT+~ <e\
b++ s~+#& e+&& M <T . eekjT de+ $d] +q
130 bNq us< X #]
eT+ M |P\ uT |PCd \T >& kqu+ X+ #+~ e+&*.
M |P\ esT\qT, |PC d esT\q, uH\ |+&T>
eq |]De\q, |sedT neXc\q *u\ esZ\q
C&+ n< jTq+ #jT &+ neds+ . Vs dsD qT+& Vs
]q esTqT $ dksTT. Vs d]+#&+ e #jT &+
yTT<\T |&+ #] |Ps<X (Pre-history) n+eTsTT #]
yTT<\eT+<qT+f +<T \ #] .|P. 6e X+ qT+& \+>D
yTT<\sTT+~. = Xu\ sT y > k \ & n&e\qT
eekjT j>+ #dksTT n~ m<> < T . 19e X+ w ><e]
q<T\ MT< _{wt y us\T f< & b++ n&e\T $T
eHsTT. bNq \+ d+> #| qeds+ <T .
#]qT \TdTe& n<jTq+ bs+_+#*+~
XyVqT\ XdH\ <T, b#eT |P\q uH\ |+&T>q.
n& eTq #] eT\+ <=sTT+~. |{< sdq +<T \ #]
|d\ @TL] \seTeT] +u+b{ dHsjTD\ e+{
e]dT\ |d \ dV ` dV e++sTTH <T . X+_ qT+&
+ b+~qT |+# +u+ b{ d HsjTD >] nd\T X+_
n< jTq |< ns+ <T .
$esD\T
1. Scientific Numismatics, IN, Pages 152, 154
2. ISIH, Page 184, b<d 4
3. The origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN Page 91
4. Scientific Numismatics, IN, Page 153
The study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN, Pages
69-70
5. The Study and metrology of Silver punch-marked coins, IN page 24
6. X+_ |< $esD+> *| yd+ :
The Chronological order of punch-marked coins-I : A re-examination
of the older Taxila hoard, IN, Pages 107-122
131
7. Scientific Numismatics, IN, Page 150
8. The chronological order of punch-marked coins-I, IN. Page 121
9. The study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins-I IN,
Page 67
10. The chronological order of punch-marked coins-I IN, Page 115
11. The study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN, Page 52
12. The study nd metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN,
Pages 46-47
13. ISIH, Page 176
14. The chronological order of punch-marked coins-I, IN, Page 121
15. The study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN Page 71
ISIH, Page 176
16. The chronological order of punch-marked coins-I, IN, Page 119
17. |sD\T #~y z| +f $XH< d HsjTD>] |sD ys
>+<e \ #~$ $wjT + ns+ neT+~.
18. The origin and development of silver coinage, in India, IN,
Pages 49-93
19. Scientific Numismatics, IN, Page 154
20. The origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN, Page 91
21. The origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN, Page 92
22. ISIH, Page 183
23. The origin and development of silver coinage in India, IN, Page 93
24. CCAI, Page 189
Pilgrim's progress : A contribution to the pre-history of the Western
Deccan Plateau, MR, Page 130
25. Dhenukakata, HS, Page 198
26. Pilgrim's progress......,MR, Page 114
27. CCAI, Pages 136-137 \ | + #&+&.
28. $eTs d |T&sTTq sT # #sTT+#&+ $+q X+_
n+{&T. Combined methods is indology, HS, Page 21
132 bNq us< X #]
29. CCAI, Page 119
30. Combined methods in Indology, HS, Page 22
31. Social and Economic aspects of the Bhagavad Gita, MR, Page 19
32. ISIH, Page 192
33. ISIH, Pages 134-135
34. What constitutes Indian History? HS, Page 70
35. ISIH, Page 134
36. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 29
37. The Study and metrology of silver Punch-Marked coins IN, Page 19
|{ sX\qT nqTd]+ #| Cc bX Cw+
n q \qT nqTd]+# < usrjT |< n n+{sT.
38. Cc >T]+ & s+&T e\T #|+f d]bT+~.
=*H{ eekjT de+ sTTe \TdTe&
sX\ q \ |]Cq+ nedeTsTT+~. nsTT beTTK+
sH \+<T\sTT sX\ q \ J$ Xd+# X \ T>
u$+#&sTT. ~eT \+ ssD d++<\ >T]+ dw
<X d>H d+ +>H eq~. VTe>, sD+>
u$ T+#&TT+~. sTTe d+# q \T J$ Xd+#$
njsTT. qeT+ uVDT\ u< jT+ e&+e\ |+
bw+#&+~. Cw+ | |j >+> sTEe #j *q
neds+ <T . n~ #] m+<T |{+ < ns+ #dT >* #\T
< MT<Tq $Xk |H~ bT+~. ~ Cc <T
@ eT& $XksTTH e]dT + ~.
39. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 114.
40. Pilgrim's Progress : A contribution to the pre-history of the Western
Deccan Plateau, MR, Pages 110-152
At the cross-roads : A study of mother goddess cult sites, MR,
Pages 82-109.
41. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 111;
CCAI, Pages 111-112.
42. Combined methods in Indology, HS, Pages 17-18
s|<+ ` <D
|<+ 133
43. The Buddhist Caves of Western India,
Times of India Annual numse, 1961
44. At the cross-roads...MR, Page 100
45. At the cross-roads...MR, Page 98
46. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 116
47. At the cross-roads...MR, Pages 96-97
48. CCAI, Pages 184-185
49. ISIH, Pages 268
50. The Buddhist Caves of Western India, Times of India Annual
number, 1986
51. ISIH, >& #&e#T.
52. At the cross-roads...MR, Page 86
53. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 141
54. At the cross-roads...MR, Pages 82-83
55. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 129
56. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Page 130
57. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Pages 122-123
58. At the cross-roads...MR, Page 86
59. d+ |+&s|Y P sY $s\
<y\j, \ <y\j *|
<y\jT+ #d e+&e#TqT. m >T+f uVDT\ n+
u+ { y | >& #jT <T .
60. Pilgrim's Progress...MR, Pages 115
61. Pilgrim's Progress MR, Pages 114-125
62. ISIH, Page 244
63. +<T \ d+d`#] (s+&T d+|{\T)
134 bNq us< X #]
7. eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T
Vs dsD qT+& Vs ]q |]DeT+ .|P. 300
H{ >+> jTeTTH jT\ =* e+~. Vs #d
eekjT esZ de+ s#]+ @s&sTT. n+ |&T jTEs<
\+ > yH\+ eekjT+`yd$ \+ d+#s+ nH |< bsTT,
# es ds eekjT+ @s&+~. n+f yTT<{ n<jT+ #| q
eT&T |]De\ s +&e~ >& s|+ rdT+~. >eT+ nH e
|&T d+#s dCT\ +<+ nH ns+ bsTT eekjT |< qeTsTTq
ds yd+ nH <T ns+ e+~. jT\T\ s|+ s \
qT+& n<q| |qT\ s|+ rdT+THsT. (nsTT b
#s neXw+ > |qT\ * nH~ { *bsTT+~). |D \
d+|qTq sE\T, Xw\ |sVT\T eHsT. >e\ u$T
|X d+|<\
qT eT&> *q dC eekjT +<\THsTT.
<+ H>] $d] +q b+\ nsTT + # u u>+
$\THsT. n&e\THsTT. n&e\ qTeTT y& eekjT
esdZ e C |yX |f se + + $Te+~. ~, ds eekjT
>e\T eTs= n&T>T eTT+<TbsTT djT+bw+ e\de+~. ~
yTT<{ n<jT+ #| q eT&e |]DeT+. eekj nqT+<e TsTTq
eekjTs n|&T n~+ > >eT+H sT>TT+~. qTeTT,
| e+{$ = | $T*q J$ neds\ >eT+H
j sesTT. B e\dq ke sD+ sb+<* e+~.
eekjT $ds D u<, uVD eT\T >+ > |#ksTT.
djT+bw >e\ $se+ e+ uVD eT |#s TT
nsTT+~. uVDT\ es eed eT]+ |]D+ #+~ \ eed nsTT
djT+ bw >MTD deC sD d+ nsTT+~. u<+ |
#jT b >, >MTD djT+bw + e\ <q <sb+ es +
uT qT >& < q |H~ sTT+~. u<T\ ke
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 135
>& eT>< deC q+>, djT+bw >MTD J$ <MT<
<s|& u keT eed L +~ <T. uVDT\T u keT eed
d]>Z n u uy *+, u> e BZ
w& #
#| + eTVus+
]+#sT. u<e T+ HXq+ e& X+s#sT& ] X
sD+ <T. djT+bw >MTD eed $se+ u< ke |H~
+&#d uVD eT b&+~. nsTT < H esTeT\\
eekjT esZ deC $d]+|#d |]DeTeT+ + #\+
k>TH e+~ { $ds D q sy >+ > sVd
eq u<+ # \+ *+~.
{\T&T ` nX&T
eT>< s+, < e]<X nsTTq eTs keC\ >T]+ ~es
#ksT |k$+#eTT. .X. 312 k|+ #&q eTs ke+ us
|K+&+ # yTs $d] ++~. yjTe ~X >+<s qT+& sTq
[+> <, <D q yTd sT < eTsT\ n~s+ #eTD nsTT+~.
bNq $T kV+ yTT]jsY dq+ eT<T s < e ] y[+<q
ndwy T q |keq1 eTsT\ >T]+# nsTT yTd sT qT+& + <D
>& eTs ke+ $d] ++< ns+ #dT y*.
nsTT |K+& y|e TsTTq ke+ n+THeT+f u u>
<T qeTH }V+#T>&<T . n~ ds eekjT >e\ +&
e+< u$+#L &<T . n|{ ke+ eT&T s\ u>\THsTT.
= ds yd >e\THsTT. = eekjT d+#s +<\THsTT.
# u>+ + qTeTT y&+ eekjT+ n&$ b+\ |X
bw >D\T eHsTT.2 eTsT\T < Hq sT us <X sTT+#sT
n+THeT+f & eekjT deC\ sC\ HjT sE\qT
eTsT\T z&+#s <T. eTsT\ deT*\ sT <D us
<X #+~q sEes sT . sC\T e. $$< <X\ |]D #+~q
>D\T eyT HsTT. nX& nV+d y| T~ eT[+q [+>
jTT<+ d+> n+<] *d+<. jTT< >T]+ nX&T Xdq+
#b&T > qT z&+q sE mes #| <T . jTT<+ \e T+~
#+| \ juy \ eT+~ #s| { #q #b&T > y sE | q
136 bNq us< X #]
nq<T . { #| <>Z HuqT bw+#>\ d n|{ [+> b+|
>D\T m~>sTT > + sC\ s#]\ @s&< T .3 <D us
<X+ >& n+. Xdq+ nX&T q s+ |]ds\ eq <X\qT
|k$d #&T\T, b+&T\T, djT|T\T, s|T\T, jTeqsE
n+jT&T (Antiochus), n sT>T bsT>T sE\T n+{&T.
yjTTy >T]+ #||&T sE\ |keq , <D us< X
e#|{ e+ #&T\T, b+&T\T n+TH&+f n$ sC\T e.
>D\ ns+ neT+~.4 yTT+ nX& XdH\ +{j d,t e>d,t
{$TjH, n>+&dt nH ^ sE\ |sTH sTT usrjT
sE |s <T .5
>D\T + n~ d+K +&&yT, eekjT+ n\e&q
b+\ dV + n|{+ ds eekjT+ ds <T . |X bwD
nqT+<e TsTTq eekjT+ $T* e+~. ds eekjT+ n_e~ #+~q
# >& >MTD XeT $u q + n|]D+> e+~. eTsT\ e]
sE\ < >e\ eekjTs neds\T (|eTTT, ek\T, e>s )
>e\H j sjT djT+bw eed $s$ +#< T . n|{ +
s \ eekjTse TsTTq neds\qT |D b+ e XDT\T, es
XDT\T, rsTdTH sTT. XDT\ eT>< s+ $s$ +q H{ qT+&
|D \ \yTq esZ\T> eHsTT. eTsT\ \+ eTq<X eq
yT>d dt eTq<X+ 7 esZ\qT >T]+#&T. y{ >MTD s \T {
>, e |yq ybsdT \ q *| |D b+ es+Z > #b&T.6
n< djT+bw >e\ $se+ sT y nsTTef e | yq
s T \q {> ( >MTD es+Z >) #| , es \qT ys > #| e+&y&T.
Te+{ ke+ n<q| # d\+>, |\>,
e+T+~. < #| <>Z yTT+ d]+#\+f |]b\q +B+>
e+&*. dT dsD s X+> e+&*. M\sTTq yTs eekjTs dsT \
es + >& +B+>H k>*. ||+ #+ n <X\q
<X `n+f qTeTT jTT> #+~q eekjT esZ de+ ds | & q =*
sE\ ` |< |< keC\T e#sTT. seTH ke+ qT+& eTs
ke+ < e #+~qy. $ |sT eyT keC\T, M{
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 137
|H~ nsTTq n<q| # |\qsTTq~. nsTT < yTT+ +B
+>q Ls+>q d]+ $j+#&+ e\ # seTsTTq
s#]\, q\T~X $d] +# ybs\ k>TsTT. ke n_e~
+=+#+ |s>$T+#&+ keC\ L*bsTT. s \ neds\T
deTse ++> rs\+f XeT $u q |s>*. eTq<X+ qsTT eekjTs
>MTD neds\ > & >eT+H s>& + yTT<\eT+~. e&+,
eT], eT], X* >e\H ds | & sT. e XDT\ es | XDT\,
eT sTT. |> n|&T < |sT>TT+~ { n<q|
dsD (dT ed\) +B+> k>qs<T. $+BsD
#+<&+ n|&T k< +. >eT+ ksTT u keTT\T, |q keT+T\T,
|q sE\T, eTVsE\T, #esT\T, ` b\esZ+ <=+s>
@s&>\ <T. +B b\q |&T bsTT +~y&T | y& dT #*+ ,
y& nedse TsTTq|&T q dH |+|+# |+<+ MT< |y&T +~
y& |]b\H djT+|| >T]k&T . ~ (d\ +>) u keT eed
\D +. >+>, jTeTTH jT\ eTsT\ |q + djT+bw >e\T
@s&, y{ b|~> ukeT eed sTy Xu\
sb+~+~. jTs| t seTH ke+ |q + u keT eed bs+u
eTsTT+~. sC\ es yDC\ m+ s+> e+f n+ >=| n
u$+# sTy #]sT\T <Xq T N{j T T>+ nq&+ <T . nsTT
#d s T qT n& q T eTTqT|{ +f |& qjT+ n+{sT.
q e\dq |eTT, >T&\ >eT+H <=sTsTT. nedse TsTT
|eTT qT >& jTT<\T j sT #dT e#TqT. qqT <#TH
y&T m& b|+ e+& sE , | + > q& <=s ne&T.
eTq <X+ yTTyT T<{ eeksTT s+ nsTTq eT>< $sy
n_e~ |DXg n< jTq+ dV jT+ X+_ $e]+q rsTqT +<{
n<jT+ #XeTT. q+<sE\ e#d] eT>< |< s+
nsTT+~. eTsT\ + $d] ++~. nX nTq <Xq T
#sT eT+> D + +~. |]De q&|q ] ys T <\qT X+_
Xdq kV eT\ <s+> $Xw k &T . +B s+ $s$ +
s X+> n<q| d]+ < +B+> es $j+q
138 bNq us< X #]
<Xq T {\T& nsX g+ <s+>q, +B s+ q n+sZ
ys T <\qT |]w]+#TH+<T $|\ |jT + #d HXqeTsTTq djT+
bw >MTD eed <] $&q <Xq T nX& XdH\ <s+>q
$e]k&T.
{\T&T m|&T |{&T m|&T #bj&T nH~ n+ eTTK+
<T. nsX g+ $e]+q de+ @ #+~+~ nH~ eTTK+.
nsXg+ =* eTsT\ sT\sTTq q+<sE\
#+~+<, H{ s n~ | yK n X+_ $es+>
s]k&T .7 {\T&T yTT<{ eTsssTTq #+<>T |& neT&q
d+|<jT+ >& +<T d]bT+~.
|\> $d] +q eekjT de+ qT+& n<q| s X+>
d]+#&+ , n<q| sC+>jT ++ |s yD +< eekjTs
dsT \ , es $j+#&+ , $ b+\ eekj
$d]+|CjT&+ nH eT&T sy\qT nsXg+ sC+> jT+
|u~dT + ~. @ se TsTTq n\+]eTsTTq sD > |<&+s+>
d++<eTsTTq #<q > +& #dq s#q nsXg+. |Ps
#sT\ n_bj\qT &] + ||+ # s#T |]b*+#
|<T\qT q >+<+ \T|T+< ~ s#sTT nH&T.8 <s+,
ns+ eT+ nH eT&+{ nsy T eTTK+. m+<T+f q s +&+{
n< eT\+ n >& s=>e+> nH&T. d+d kV+
se TsTTq s#q nk<sDeTsTTq~. sT y \| uVDT\
s dT\u+ > $T+>T&T |& < T . n+<T s#s TT nd\T |sT {\T&T
> n {\T&> u$+q <q +sT \T |sTqT {\T&>
ess X+_ n+{&T.9
de+ ] ds|+ $<+> e+~. >MTD b+\
|eTTKT\T Cq|<T \T. MqT u keTT\T nq& M\T<T . u $T
d+ d |{+ <T . >MTD b+\ u $T |X e\q deTw>
* eq dC +<\THsTT. y{ |<\ T Cq|<T \T. nsX g+
d ysd #]+q # u $T |keq b e& { ~ +
eT& d | d+ d < ns+ neT+~.10 Cq|<T \T #
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 139
eTTKT\T. |D b+\ |eTTKT\sTTq bsT\ +f Cq|<T \ >T]+#
sE me X< rdTy\ {\T&T nH&T.11
Cq|<T \ u eTT\ L*#dq XS<T\T nsd \T. M b\+
XeT#d, |+&+q |+ d>+ Cq|<T \ n|CbsT. XS<T\ qT+&
|+ d>+ rdTq Cq|<T \T sE dT> see+T #*+ #sT.
$T*+~ eT d++12 nsTT +<T+ eT \s |qT\T, qT\T,
VQeH\T, sE\ #*+ #ysT. M u eTT\T d u eTT\
ys +&$. $ |uT + < s+ eekjTj>+ #jT &q ;&T
u eTT\T, ;&T u eTT\qT mes $T+#T+& |uT yT XS<
L\qT |j + eekjT+ #sTT+#\q~ nsX g+ eTTKyTq
d#q\ {. XS<T m+<T+f, ysTTH n s\ <|& k< +
neT+~ { n+{&T {\T&T13 100 qT+& 500 < XS< s \qT
d u eTT\ |+|+#*. < y eekjT j>+ #j *.
nsTT XS< s \T ud\T sT, dT #*+ # s T \T. y d#
MT< e+ ss\ |]$TT\THsTT. T++ H>* +~
q u u>+ y J$ |s ++ (eyT ) y~ neT+~. <
neT&> <e|&> M\T<T . q|<\ |qT\T se
e+T> d u eTT\ H\Zee+T. d >e\ eeVs\qT |uT
<>T\ y< T \ |X y< T \ #dT+{sT.
d u eTT\ eekj {\T&T # beTTK+ k&T .
B sD+ ] |s+ > s=>e+> $e]k&T . q|<\ qT+& ed\T
#dT H se e+T |qTMT< |uT + < #|P s yq neds\
d+ |uT yT eeksTsD #|{ \+{&T. s sC\ MT< jTT<+
#jT &+ >& n+<TdyT . <X\qT \{ #jT &+, s#T e&+
yTT<\sTTq \\ +f eTTKeTsTTq~, s+ ;&T u eTT\
XS<T\qT |yX |{ y{ du eTT\T> es&+. jTT<\T +<TdyT
#j \H&T.14 [+> jTT<+ nX& dH\ +bsTTq \ju
y\eT+~ nX&T d u eTT\ |q s \T> jT$T+#&T.15 $<+ >
eekjT $ds D qT |_ ds Y |]XeT> sV+# <<+ {\T&T
m+ d+|Ps+ > |<] +#&+f, d >e\ mTe+{ nd+| >
n\& > #\s > +& n T~{\ #X&T. nd+| k<H \T
140 bNq us< X #]
>\e n& w<\T. d >eT ydT\sTTq XS<T\T jTT<\T
<] +#& M\T<T .16 @ se TsTTq > > b> > be&
M\T<T . u< XeTD\T > _ e\T > be& M\T<T . |sVT\
e+ =+ u $T dT $TqVsTT+| sTT >e\ y yk\T
@ss#sT.17 >MTDT\T ndV jTT\sTTH |MT< <w +B]ksT .
dT, XeT, d+|<, <q+, <s |sT>TsTT. n {\T&T nH&T.18
yTT+ s+ eekjT u u>+ n~ u>+ |uT
sVD XS< \T s T \T d<+ #dq d u eTTq X+_
n_bjT+.19 u u>+ $d m+{< + f <X+ u $T n+ sE
#+<TT+< deT* ^ |]o\\T u$+#sT.20 & >eT+#e\dq
eTTK $wjT + @$T+f eTsT\ \+< nd+*+> kq eekjT
$ds D |&T |uT s yq neds rs&+d+ d+\ |Ps+> `
|]XeT> ` k+~. n<q| # |\> eq <X
se TsTTq |_ |H H nyseTsTT+~. B |s ekH\qT sT y
#<+.
Cq|<T \ qT+& d u eTT\ qT+& dTq T d]+#*. < b\
esZ\ nedseTsTTq $d edTe\T> es*. dTqT d]+#
<>T\ = >e\qT eq+>H C^sT>H >e\ dTq T
y +#TH @sT (eTq <X+ u keT eed \eTsTTq
@sT) n|{+ k< +<T. < + # e> e+~.
|> Cq|<\q d u eTT\q $TqVsTTd + eekj +>
n&e\T # eHsTT. { n<q| # |\> e+~.
seTsTTq |+|\ |&|& e<T. <X dT n+
+BeTsTT |uT n+<*. d]+q <>T\ J+ eyT
<T+~.
eekjTs ybs >& < > |{+~. n<q|
ybsdT \ #T \ me> bL&<+ f ybs T~+
#j *. nsX g+ ybsdT \ >T]+N e| y] >T]+N # #eTsTTq
e\T nHsT. es & ++ (eTT\T) nHsT. es &T, e |y&T,
_> &T, qTTy&T, qT&T, M+ <=+>\T n |\e& <=+>\T
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 141
n {\T&T nH&T. q|<+ qT+& eTs= q|< dsT \T
rdTb jT\T<]q #{ rdTbsTTq #{ >& |qT\T ed\T
#XsT. @ edTe q =q#f neT& M\T<H sT. <ojT dsT \sTT
5 X+, $<o dsT \sTT 10 X+ q me u+ es \T b+<&
M\T<H &T.21 es \T $<+ > eT ke kH sTT |* +>
eTs\| s|D \T beD jjT > n<jT+ #keTT.
es \ MT< +\ T |&y T # ybs\qT |uT +
H djT+> #|{ + ~. => $s$ +q |D H>] V\sTTq
eT&T edH\T`p<+, e_#s+, eT<bq+ ` |uT + ~| +
q&#$ . n++ f # eTTKyTq ~, >qT\ MT<, KC\MT<, |uT
>T~| +. eekjT H>] qTeTT ~s V\ \eTsTTq
beTTKqT {\T&T >T]+#&T. KCH >qT\T eT\+, dH
KCH eT\+ { ||+#~|+ d+b~+#\+f >qT\ MT<
nesTTw y*.22 s <X\MT< jTT<+ #jT&+ >& ;&T
u eTT\qT #+#Te&+ eTTK b<\+ nsTT n& >qT\qT
#+#Te&+ s +&e bV+.
s |]XeT\qT >& = |uT yT q&|~. dTq T s T \ qT+&
edT s|+ (<q+, qH+\T, e>s ) ed\T #dysT. <H bT
rjT&+, |+& #jT &+, +\ qT+& qH rjT&+, yTT<\sTTq |]XeT
\ |uT yT sV+#~. nsX g+ M{ $es\T m+ D+> #]+#
&jT +f n~ s >+<+ <T. b eqTe n|dT + < X+_
n+{&T.23
$<+ > |uT s+>+ |qT\T ws> ed\T #jT &yT >
n eeVs, $d] +#\+f |]b\H jT++>+ # u>
e+&*. syD ks\ |ks ks\ # n|]D+> eq
sE\ sTeqT |uT+ yjT&+ wk<+. es\q
Cq|<T \q |uT n~s q n$ n]& + , dT\ T mes
m>yjT+& #&&+, dT\ueTsTTq $wj\T e. nsXg+
{\ ys T < yT eT\+. |uT + yTT+ >&# sT\ q&y*.
>&# sT\ MT< >&# sT\T, yMT< >&#
sT\T e+&*. dT m>y
142 bNq us< X #]
]q +> e+&*. nsTTq< < EsH\T ed\T #j *.
s sE\q >D\q +>BdTe& csDeTsTTq \|j >+
qT+& | yd+ < @ |< qsTTH |j +#e#TqT. dV+ +<T +
nH uy\ b\\ e<T . |\qT m+> yd+ #d nsTTH
&T d+b~+# e#TqT. nk<sDeTsTTq dT+\T nkT>
$~+#e#TqT. d#+ <+> $s\T eT V+, >&# sT\ &T
|< mTq $s\T qT q{+ <s |\# >& |<m Tq
|+#e#TqT. |uT+ qT |<q+#d _sT<T\q |\q
neTe#TqT. <y\jT dT\ qT u <|] # $TwMT< mT = be#TqT.
>&# sT\T = |PCd
\qT dw+ |\qT eTu |{ >T {k eT
$s\T d]+#e#TqT. | nsX g+ ]yT +& #jT &yT <T, eTsT\T
+> #Xs bD ysD uw+ sdq |+ * nH&T.24
nsX g+ $e]+q |< |]b\H jT++>+ +> q&
+< nH #s +f eTTK+, neqTweTsTTq d<+\ yqT
yTq ys T < + e+< >T]+#&+ .
eekjT+ $d] + ds eekjT >e\T eT] @s& =B
ys T < + eT]+ res+ nsTT+~. |]b\H jT++>+ MT< us+ #
|]+~. + me >e\ qT+& me <s+ qT+& dT ed\T
#j * e+~. meeT+~ MT< |s yD |{* e+~. ds eekjT
>e\T |]>=B |uT jT+D es+ y{ nedseTsTTq
eekjTs dsT \qT ds| s #jT &+ eT] +<T\qT m<TsT+~.
q s yq neds\d+ nsX g |uT yT d >e\ <s n~
uu>+ eekjT $dsDqT bV++~ { q us H
y|&T #dT+~. eekjT+ $d]+#=B V\ ds|s\ eT><
b+| >qT\T d]b<T . < H b+| >qT\ qT+& >& V\T
#j* e+~. n+f >qT\ +B sVD weTsTTbsTT+~.25
|]eD eTsTTq esT >TDyT q esT> |]D$T+#&+ nH
>] d eT>< s| d+u+ <VsD n X+_
n+{&T.26 >MTD djT+bw yT (eT], e&+ e |y XDT\qT
e~*|{ >e\ \> ds|&&yT) ysT< n+eT+>
|]w]+#>\ <T.27
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 143
nX&T sjTH{ ysT<\ us+ s+MT< \+>
|&+ ~. ds eekjT+ $d] k+~. $ b+\T eekj n\esT
+THsTT. {\eTsTTq \|j >+ <s +B+> |]b*+#&+
nk< + ne+~. ys T < |P]> |]w]+#&+ nX& #T \
<T . n+eT+> eed djT+bw >e\ sD |]DeT+ #+~q|&
n~ |]cs+ neT+~. nsTT |P]> nd+>+ >q neqTw+>q
j ssTTq eTs sC+> jT+ |]b\H =+ eqMjT+>
es |jT + nX&T #k&T. |UeTsTTq nX& eTq'|]esq
e q eT+ esTe&+ <T. eTq<X+ m+eT+~ sE\T uVD
u< Cq eT\ < qT+& < essT. |]esq M |U+
~ nX&T u<e T+ d]+#&+ #] d+|T q nsTT+<+f
n+<T sD+ n~ e eT+ e]& , ke sD+
yTT+> eq esT e&yT.28 esT |<q \D+ @$T+f
|]b\q \|j >+ kq+ <s + nH ueqq eT |yX |&+ .
<s + uVDT\ es< s + <T. n<{> (#\TuT eq yTs ) esZ
deC \u& + q sy sVk+~. nX& <s + u<T\
<s b*q ke . n+<T VQX nX&T u< ] T &sTT
u<T& j &T. nsTT & eT+ e]& b<q e&+ bsuT.
u<T&q sTy >& nX&T n eT\q deT+> <]+#&T.
& b<q ee\d+~ s eq esT, < b|~>
s+>+ edq esT, esT\ nqT>TD+> nX&
<s + nH ueq |{+ ~. n~ \D \ u< b*+< nsTTH n+<T
| + u<+ nq<>Z due+ @MT<T .29 nX&T q XdH\
|#s+ #d+ ~ u<e T+<T. k<sD d\ e. \|j >+
+f <s +, ke, qeTsTTqe |#s+ #k&T. n X+_
n+{&T.30
{\T&T n+{ s yq <w #dqf eT >& #k&T.
sC+> jT+ |< q ] <s+ nsTTq d >e\ _ e\T
be& M\T <H &T. n+f s+ n~ u u>+ qT+& _ e\qT
Vw]+#&T. |es eTTd*q+ e#< dqd+#& M\T
144 bNq us< X #]
<H&T. nX&T n+<T _q+>, @ eT+ yssTTH s+
m&sTTH ed+#e#TqH&T. {\T&T _ e\qT >&# s + d+
y&Ty\ d+#&T. nX&T n+<T _q+> uVDT\q
XeTDT\q >s$+#* n q Xdq+ #b&T. ke u<qT
+BeTsTTq \|j >+ <s eT |#s \T #d <s u<
<s \u{\ nX& |jT +.
#] neds k~+# eT+ nX&T < $T+ #
<s+ bj&T. n|{ <T, + # Xu\ < |uT\T
y~+#u <s\qT |{ + #&T. nd\T <s |#s XdH\qT
y&Te&+ nH< #] = $wjT +. nX& deT*\sTTq bX
sE\T eT >=|\T #Te& XdH\T |{ + #sT. nX& XdH\qT
|]j #e] nsTTq &]jTH XdH\ X+_ b\Tk&T . &]jTH
qTqT ^\sE, sC~sE, d\ <X\ sE, dT<s u eT+&
sE... n e]+#T=, q s#]+ <e&#&, <e& ]qT
nqTd]+ qT ||+ # # u{q n+{&T.31 nX&T n+<T _q+>
qTqT |jT <] n <yq+|jT (<e |jT yTq y&T) n e+
e]+#TH&T. sE> q sy XdH\ # <se++>
|{ + #&T. |\+ H _&\ T... n |\| H u< Hsy s &+
n~sT\T dV ]+#>\ +<T>qT <X\T C#dT H qT. n nH&T.
<X+|\ b (e>~) uwq yjTTe d]V<T b++ ^
nsesTT uwq XdH\T |{+#&T. eT>< ke+ $dsD
|* +> e>~ uwL uV *| <Xy |e TsTTq $ds D \_++~.
nsTT |\+<s < uw e{&T THs ns+ <T. es |]bH
eeVs\L uw e< eT+ nsTT+~. C |\T j b+\
nd+UeTsTTq uw\T e{&T THsT f XdH\+{ e>~
|{ + #&+ ]+~. |uT n~sT\T XdH\qT d+es eT&T
ksT |\ >{> #~$ $|+#*. y{ <X\qT nqTd]+
|]b\q k+#*.32
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 145
nX XdH\ eTTK $wj \T :
s+ +Te\qT #+|L&<T, JeV+d #jTL&<T. jT
\T\T, s ($) \T\T, w<\T. jTEs< \+ qT+& jT
\T\L >e+d u D L es+> kq n\& |&T yTTyT T<{
k]> sXdq+ y< b+~+~. |X bw de+ MT< eekjT
de+ q ~| H\=*+~.33
+<Te\q uVDT\q (u<) XeTDT\q >s$+#*. *
<+&T\q |<\q <]+#*. dVT\| <s+> e+&*.
d+b<qq KsTq $T b{+#*. n~sT\T eTqTw\L |X
e\L y< ks + *+#*. ue\T $+#*, &d+ #T H{+#*.
Hs $#sD HjT+> e+&*, c + > e+&*. eTsD $~+#&
y eT&T sE\T >&T e y*. eT&T sE\ y +<T $TT\T
k n~s qT+& e_ se#TqT. nTe+{ +<T$TTes
+f HsdT&T d+ q eTsDq+s kK+ d+ bsq\T
#dT e#TqT.34 C eq UB \ |\\ T+f n~sT\T y <q
dV jT+ #j *. UB \ eTd$ T+ b d+ \\T rdyj *. eTTd*
ysTT $&T<\ #j *. n $wj \q |uT ~sT\T m|{| &T
y~\T j sT#d sE ` n~ ssTTH |>\ sTTH ` *jTCj *.
<s deT+> s]+#+<T nX&T <s eTVeT\qT
jT$T+#&T. uVDT\T, u<T\ T, Cq T\T, nJe\T = eT+
eeVs\qT # u& = <s eTVeT& jT$T+#&T.35
|uT \T #| T\ #]+#e. |>, s#]+ nH~ {
e+&> sE |\+ H _&\ T nq&+ nd+>e TsTTq $wjT + nsTT
nX& <s |H\T m+es H&T neT\jsTT n #]+#&+ +f
= <s+ #] e+< >T]+#&+ eTTK+. |]b\q
\|j >+ ke b|~ y\q~ qeTsTTq <s +.
esZ de+ <s + #sD k< +<T. uVD eT+ #T \
<s + \ <s +>q eT eT& +>q |]DeT+#+~ \|j >
eT+ |ejTeTsTT+~.36 nsTT #sD k< + <s\
sT|j>+ e. @ u |]dT\T <s\qT #sD k<+
#jT >\y |]d T \qT n$ VksTT. nqTL\eTsTTq u |]d T \T
146 bNq us< X #]
@s&>\ s +&T dV ku\T eTT+< <s\qT |{ + #>\
>&+
>=|q+ nqT+f nX&T (T~& >) >=|y&.
nX& eTsDq+s+ 60 d+es\ yjTTe ~XqT+& <X+
MT~ <+&j \T bs+ue TjsTT. jTeqT\, X \, cqT\
] sT y sT <+& e#sT. M cqT\T eyT sC
k|+ #sT. n+<s |< mTq d+|<q T =\>={sT . n+ |Ps+ eT><
se+X\ b\q <\ # b>sTTq n<q| M b\
|&+~.
n++ f eTTKyTq |]DeT+ |H~ k>T+~. +B s+
HXqeTsTT >+> jTeTTH jT\ djT+ bw >MTD eed $s
$k+~. B <s+ #dT = q q sC\ se+X\ # e#sTT.
djT+bwe TsTT d+|<q ~+ > |+q qq >MTD
eed |&T >+ > +B sC eyT #eT+~
\s sE\q sC\q bw+#>* +~. jTT<\q <&T\q u] +#
>*+~.37 n<q| |&T ~es + |\> <T . |sq T{
#d = sC\T $\ H>sD |* +> @s&qe ns+
neT+~. eTsT\L >T|\ L eT< b*+q sE\ H> nH |sT
>\ sE\THs |sD\qT { \TdT+ ~. deTT< >T|& # z&bsTTq
eTT>TsZ T sE\T |sT H>< T & T , >D|H>T&T, H>dqT&T.38 |sD\q
.X. s +&e X| XdH\q |s=q eTs= se+X+ ;sT \T.39
M y[ nV< nH |Xbw \+ |P\T ` n+f |Xbw
>D Je\T> e+& eekjT H>]q T n\esT> M es$Z u q
@s& =+<sT n< >D+ |sT sC k|+#s ns+ #dTy*.
>s_ \T\T nH se+X+ @&T>TsT sE\TqT |sD\T #bsTT. _\T\T
|{ eq $ >D+. B { >s_ \ T\T >& $ <X qT+&
eekjT <X |]DeT+ #+~ q sC k|+q ysTT
e+&*.40
ks+X+, eTsT\ nq+s+ ` .|P. 2e X+ qT+& ` s
us <X+ djT+bw >MTD eed @s&&+ bs+ue TsTT+~. #
|\> eq n<q| ]q eTsTTq |< T \ <s d]+ +B+>
es $j+q ke+ q n+sZ ys T <\ e\ HXqeTsTT,
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 147
$+BeTsTTq >MTD djT+bw eedq #|{
+ ~. me
d+K <|& esZ\q sC\q $<o <&T\q u] +#>* +~. >+>
jTeTTH jT\ uu>+ yTT<{ n<jT+ #|q eT&e <XqT
n+<T+~.
< H eekjT $dsD
:
>+ > |&T L& < H |su $T >+> jTeTTH jT\
+f s +&T eT&T Xu\T yqT& e+~. .|P. 600 qT+& yTT<\sTTq
Vs eTsT\ nq+s+ > <H ds eekjT >MTD
deC (n+f yTT<{ n<jT+ #| q eT&T <X\ s +&e <Xq T)
n+<T<T . >+> jTeTTH jT\T ds # kse+eTsTTq$ >
< H |su $T n& & eyT kse+eTsTTq~ e&+ #]
n\d eT\+. eTsT\ nq+s \+ =* #sT q qq
eekjT de+ b|~> XyVqT\ s+ @s&+~.
XyVqT\T +< >D #+~qys MqT b kV+ nX\T
(nX\T) nq& { M~ >Ts+ <TsT V+ nsTTe+T+< ~
es #| HeTT. b+ XyVq, d+d+ X| ] , >Ts+ qT+&
$s$ +q nH ns kjT X+_ yd+ $esDeTsTTq
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eT ><e] rs+ =+<] n\e& e+T+<, * +> y y
q jTT<+ q sT \ +f deTsT\ sTT, Vs bs+ue TsTTq
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>& Vs >DjTeTsTTq |]De n+<T= yTTyT T<{
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nX& $ sC\T e. >D\ #k+.
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eT+ q #] beTTKqT eT+> T+~. < H +
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sVdH eHsTT. .|P. 6e X+ qT+& eekjT esZ de|
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< H $ b+\qT <{ |&e T{ qTeT\ jT\ >T+& rs
#s*. e es \ <q +~q neds\ d+ >& $\ e]&
]+~. eT+ $\ esZ $u q @s& y eekjT+
n\e&+~. |]DeT+ u<+ sV+q bq, * +> u<
|sedT neb \ | e TsTT |+# #] |]DeT+ V\q
~es =+ #keTT. u< $Vs\ es XDT\T, e |y] XDT\T,
|< mTq $s\T #sTT. $s\ |D+ b<\+ nsTT
<=+>\ qT+& sE\ qT+& es \T eT |T& b&Te& n<=
es+Z .42 $s\T u+ &b> $Vs\ e+&$. y{ _ e\T
e& sTT u+ eT neds\T rsTHysT. es \ esZ eT< +
Te+{ u+\T neds+ . $Vs\T Vs+ ~s neds\ d+
#dq KsT #TT|\ eq $\ XeT$uqq esZ$uqq
|yX |{sTT. <q + =+ d+b~+#Tq $ >DeTTKT\T qTeTT
y&, eekj, bV+ yTT b\es+Z > ds | & sT . qq
eekjT deC nedse TsTTq ke u< _ e\T |#s+
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ksTT k+~. XyVq s+ ] n_e~ u< $Vs\T
|eTTKyTq b eV+#jT X+_ u$k&T .43 |&e T{ < H
u<$ VsY >TV\>& < H |su $T qT+& |&e T{ rs <]rd
qTeT\ es esZ\ y+& eHjT X+_ $es+> s|k&T .44
^dT ~s <X\ ]q deTT< ybs+ esZ\MT<T>H k+~.
<q T+ nH |&e T{ rs+ ^ yd+ es \T |eTTKeTsTTq
s >TV # sD $s*#s >TV >&\MT~ s\qT
{ \TdT+ ~.
< H n|{ djT+bw >e\T eq& V+> e |
y XDT\T >& es \> u< $Vs\ |< mTq $s*#sTT.
djT+bw >e\ $se+ e XDT\T q+ \> e]
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 149
>e\ s sTT. |q e| y $s*# |d < T . <X
e+ sE\T, sC~sT\T, Xw\T, >V|T\ uT eTsT\T,
e&+>T\T, e\T, >+~ \T, y<T sT| #dy, K\T >& eT
XDT\ <s $s*#sT nq $wjT + Hd s y ] >TV\qT {
\TdT+~.45
XyVqT\ H{ HD\ bXd + n|{ ybs+ $d \T|
T+~. | + 20 y\ y+& HD\T <=]sTT.46 es
nqT+<+ > eq u< $Vs\T >& # d+|qeTjsTT. T<T
<X+ |s+ _ e _b , +{MT< >T& | ys d e+&L &<T .
uq+ n&T H | =qTL&<T . nsTT jTq nqT#sT \T
d] es \ $s\qT |T&> #dT = seTsTTq $Vs\
J$dTH sT. eT neds\ =qT+THsT. y $Vs\ >&\MT<
eq n+<eTsTTq X+>s \T u< XeTDT\ eT $s*q
es \ d+|<q d+d |_+_dTH sTT. nsTT <X + es
$ds D <s eekjT H>] y| sT>T+~. { u<e T+ q
ke |H~ |P]> <T . eekjT $ds D eT]=+ eTT+<T
bsTT djT+bw >e\T @s&d] u< $Vs\T eT ke bqT
e&yT deC ] us+> j sj sTT. < u<e T+
HXq+ | <T .47
djT+bw >e\T
eTsT\ |q + nq+s+ >+> jTeTTH jT\ djT+bw
>e\T @s&&+ yTT<\sTT+< nHeTT. $d] dTq eekjT H>]
+B eT>< keC d+u+ |&j T >, djT+bw >e\T
d+u |]cseTjjT >& #keTT. eTq<X+ ukeT
eed djT+bw >e\T |H~s e+{$.
eT>< \| s us< X + q XyVqT\ < Hq es
XDT e XDT\T >& \+> eHjTHeTT. eekjTs
e XDT\# #jT &, es XDT\ <s <s b+\ >+>
jTeTTH jT\ >e\ >& #s~. nsTT, syD |ks ks\T
# n|]D+> eq sE\ eed # |]$TT\T+{sTT.
150 bNq us< X #]
Vs |\> eq+es ~ k< +. ds eekjT >e\T $d] +#
=B sy T q $<q+ \Te<T. |>, XDT\ es y T eekjT
$ds D <V<+ #d+ ~ { eed q HXH q >s + H *
e+~. es + d+|s + @s& $ >\ T =+{ esZ $u q @s&
n$ >& eekjT de+ #ssTT. eT]= >\ T eTT e
es XD> essTT. $\T >\ qT+& \T> e]q
eT*eTsTTq #] |]De |{ #ksT |k$+#eTT.
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$\T es + d+|s + edTe qT d]+ nyT XD> e]
sT y n< edTe qT #d \+> essT. <VsD n+dT\ T
eTVus+ >D+, eTqTd # y< T \ XD, eTs=#
uVDT& yX d |{q d+s \+. jTT<\ y&+ *dq
$\ esZ$uq @s& n$ eekjT deC\T> e]b>,
jTT<\ y&+ *jT >D\T XDT\T> essTT X+_
d+<s + dr]k&T .48
yTT+ MT<, XDT\ <s >MTDT\ eekjTs neds\qT r]q
de+ q H <rdT+~. ds eekjT >e\ k+<
|]>=B n~ \ebsTT+~. eT+> eT\T >e\ s\&+
yTT<\sTT+~. djT+bw >e\T @s& +B sC #]+ >
neds+ +& #ksTT. |&T ke d+|< >& $ds D |* +>
|]+~ { q q sE\q, $<o <&T\q de+ u]+#
>*+~.
qq >MTD deC qq sD+ y*. |Ps<X
q ke sD n+~q u<eT+ B ><T. +
$ >D\ es+ <s eekjT+ $d]dq b+\
(<VsD < H |su $T MT<) eyT u< ke b +
$T*e+~. s us<X+ u< $Vs\T de+MT< us+>
j sj sTT. es \ $s\ n$ # d+|qeTsTTHsTT. sE\T
eT] $s* bwdT H sT. < H u< $Vs\ $s*q y
e |y >& #eT+~ +&> s us<X+ cqT\
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 151
s+ u< $Vs\ q $s\T n sE\M, < es \M
eyT . k+N db $s*q 407 eT+~ &qT eT+~ >&
e| y s X+_ >& &T.49 .X. 2e X+ < H
u<$ Vs\ eTsT\, ud\ $s*#sT> deT* s
us<X+ nTe+{~ }V+#&+ >& k<+< eTs=#
n+{&T.50
ke |H~ eq esT ||\ q+> u<e T+ N*
e+~. cqT\ \+ u<+ eTVjq`VqjH\T> N*bsTT+~.
eTVjq+ s us< X + d+|q $Vs\ eT+ nsTT+~. q
uwqT b qT+& d+d esT+~. seTsTTq |PC $<H,
+qq n\esT+~. < H + eekjT de+ $se+
q bqT u<e T+ Vqjq+ nsTT+~. n~ + =+yT s
T<T& T |#s+ #dq s&+s J$ nqTd]k+~. nsTT s `
<D $u q me\+ \Te<T . XyVqT\ nq+s+ < H >&
djT+bw >e\T $s$+#&+ &>& u<+ q bqT
sTT+~. eTVjq+ <D >& $d]++~. |UT&sTTq
eTVjq &T H>sTq T&T .X. s +&e X+ cq~ &Tq
J$+#&T.51
u<+ $<+ > q |H~ sTT+~. >, uVDeT+ e+
qq >MTD deC nqT>TDyTq esT\qT k~+ qT \|&+ ~.
uVD eT+ n #] <X\ q < | #d+ ~. V+<Te\ #s\
q+{ nH~> edTqe u$+#&+ e\ uVD eT q
|eTTK \D + $d]+#&T+~. jT\T\qT +< n+X+> *eq
y~ eT+ < =*H{ s|+. n~ |X bw ~eT deC +~.
Vs r <|q <s|& XeT<|& eq sT y ese ed $s
$++~. jT\T\T eT beTTU jsTT. es< s <s+
#dT q XeT <|& +< kH b+~+~. jTT\T jTT<\T #ksT ,
|]b\q kksT , jTC\T #ksT . uVDT\T jT s +& sVksT .
yX \T eekj, ybs sVksT . \T\ s|+ |qT\ s|+
n<q| s +&T n>es\ n|C| sT. XS<T\T jTT<\T
<] +# V>, u $T *e+& V> +& | eT&T es\
152 bNq us< X #]
deTw u T\T> (helots) > |#ksT . =*H{ eekjT deC
sD+ d]bsTT+~. XeT $u q n|]D+> e+&&+ e\ H\T>T
es\T d]bjsTT. nsTT ds eekjT >e\ d+K |]>=B d+|<
|s>& + , me neds\T rs&+ ]+~. neds\T rs& es
XDT\ e XDT\ e#sTT. $ >\ H>sD |* +> >D\T
e XDT\T> esjT #keTT. es \q e |y] yX \T
XS<T\T nqe#TqT> C XDT\T #Tss+ |]~ |P]>
eT&e. d+~ <X #T ss eed ds y<+ <T . de+
# |\+> eq u<eT+ < es++~. eT>< #+~q
nsX g+ uVD >+<y T nsTTH n+<T ke sD+ es\ |s+ >
$e]+#&< T . b\ esZ\qT bs`Cq|<T \T nHsT.52 e\
ns+ ~es #XeTT. n< \+ us< X >T]+ sdq yT>ddt
>& H\T>T es\T @&T esZ\T |+#sTT. eTq #s\ nH~>
edTH jT u$+#&+ e\ yT>dHd t s#q qT nu \ q> ={y j T &+
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ns+ #dT y*.53 XyVqT\ < H L& < |]d |dT + ~. u<
C <\ ><\ T T<T& \+ qT+& edTq d+|<jT+ e#T>
<\ yesD+ e+ XyVqT\ < H #+~+< X+_
n_bjT+.54 <\ q \| XdH\q >& ese ed ks
y| b+<< q $wjT + q|&T T+~. C <\ d+|q esZ X{`
>V |T \T nHsT. |< mTq neT| dsT \qT #dq e|
y XDT\THsTT. = >e\ >e XDT\ +&eHsTT.
>V |T \T es+ d+|qT\sTTq yX > y yD+ qT+&
eekjT+ e&+>+ < n sV+#sT. C < * <+&T\T
eT =&T @ e #|{ n #]+q <+ |k$+, ese ed
+> e+& e+f #s ks+ < X+_ n+{&T.
>+> jTeTTH jT\ djT+ bw >e\T @s&&+
yTT<\jH uVD <s + ds y|+ e&+ yTT<\sTT+~. nsTT
H\T>T es\ es eed |&T d]b<T. =*H{ eekjT de+
|&T # |]D #+~ # s\ edTe\qT #k+~.
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 153
sT\+<] {q XS<T\T nH H\T>e es+ #sjT&+
d<+ k< yT ( | #XsT >&) #] eT+ n+<s
k] e djT+bw >e\ #s < T { yde + n~ k< +
<T. ]+<$T+f = e XD q+ ]\T >e\ ds | & sT .
={ = \+ nsTT+~. MT< H>] de+ e #]q
>D\T >& XDT\T> HsT > \>H e#ssTT.
qq >MTD eed $se+ d+|qeTsTTq u< $Vs\T
mTe+{ bq sV+# b jjT #k+. uVDT\T n+<T
_q+> >e\H e ds | & sT . \ eedq T |+b+~+#sT. \T>
e]q $\ XDT\ <e\q <eq uVD]+ >T
{sT . >T |P\T sV+ eT bbdTe&yT , \eedq T
T ~+ #ksT. s +&q |P\q y~+# u<e T+ |qT\T
#jT b sTT+~. u<+ y| <= eTTK sD+.
$ >D\qT djT+bw >eT de+ \T|=H eT+
\T @s&sTT {, \qT >D\ \D \T n+THsTT. \
eed >\ s +&T |< q \D \ >D eed qT+& eqyq X+_
n_bjT+.55 {, \ eT d+ #s\T d+ <e\ |P\
|$ ~H\T +&&+ . >D\ |Ps #s\T & \ #s\T>
essTT. nsTT n$ uVDs D #+~ V+<eT+ u>+ njsTT.
y{ uVD] +#&+ <s $\qT \|j >+ neds+ +&
eekjT de+ \T| se&+ uVD eT+ sV+q
|eTTKyTq b nq X+_ n_bj #ksT |k$+#eTT.
eekjT de $dsD $<+> <V<+ #dq \DyT
nd+UyT q |P\L #s\L qeT\L $ u$ wT ]
|> <s k+d |s>eTH +eTsTT+~.56
\ eed +& s +&e |eTTK \D
+ |sd s+ d+|s + |q w<+ .
~ >& >Deed qT+& e+<. >D\ eT< dV |+ uq+> $yV
d++<+ > w<+ . uV w<+ >D de #s\ eTTKyTq ~.
n~ \eed >& d+$T++~. \+ y eTs= \+ *d
uq+ #jT sT. $yV d++<+ |TsT. nsTT >D\ eT< V#T
154 bNq us< X #]
>T <Z \
|d b >, \T esZ de+ u>+ e&+e\ y{ eT<
V#T >T \Z $e (d\ +> ] ksTT {) @s&+~. n+f >D\
eT< uV w<+ sT| \L deTyTq ~ >, \ eT< d+|s
w<+ ndeqeTsTTq~. +~ \+ d+|s +| w<+ . +~
y w< |y MT~ >se+=B b{ks | y w<+
+&<T.
>D\T eekjT de+ s +&T s\T> #sjTq X+_
n_bj ~es #keTT. jTT<\ y&+ *dq \eTsTTq
>D\ es$Z u q @s& jTT<\T *q >DeTTKT\T b\es+Z >
@s&sT . sT \T X$T \+> essT. jTT<\ y&+ *jT
\VqeTsTTq >D\T XD> H XS< \+>H e] XeT<|& +
bjsTT. yTT<{s + >D\ esZ $u q @s&\+f >D\ eT& +
q+#*. eekjT $ds D qT |_ ds Y |]XeT> u$+q {\T&T
$wj dw+> >T]+#&T. $\qT sE @ $<+> +>
BdTy #]d mT> & #b&T. >&# sT\T >D+ |y +
>D+ $u< \q <c @ $<+ > |yX |{ \TdTy*. >D+
eTTKT\T keq >D duT \ dV |+ uq+ #jT L&< $yV
d++<+ |T>&< s #>={*. n+{&T.57 >D\ d$Tw J$
HXq+ #d yqT ke+> +>BdTy\+f n+sH |yX
|{\q jTT + dw+ > #b&T. e\ + s=>e+>
#| +~ {\T& nsTTH V+<eeT+ {\ H{ qT+&
H{ < #]dH e+~.
& >eT+#e\dq eTTKyTq $wjT + @$T+f \eed L
jTEs<\| ese ed L >\ ke |H<T\T |P]> _qeTsTTq$.
Vs => n\e& <X , sT\ +bsTTq ssT \ #
XeT #sTT+ Vs+ #sTT+#Te& XS< es+ d]bsTT+~.
sT\ |* keq H b\esZ ysT #jT & yX \T, uVD
jTT\T nH $u q d]bsTT+~. djT+bw >e\ #Tss +
m+e+ #\<T. eekjT $ds D eT+ qq >MTD de+
@s& eT+H ese ed |yT jT+ +& nH XS<\T @s&sTT.
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 155
#] XgsT\ nqTeT q&e<T. MT< eTsTTq eekjT<sT\T,
e| ysT XS<T. yX \T es |]$TeTesT. XS<T\ d+K
n|]$T+> |]b>, yX \T n\ d+U\esT.58
= |]DeT+ uVDT\qT # +~ |{+ ~. #T ss
eed #+ qq deC m{ ]+# y ns+ <T .
> m+e+ e<T\Te&+ w y b <X
ese edq T
< = Xk\T sdysT. jT\T\qT e~*|{ 2500 d+es\T
<{H |{ y<e T+\ |sH e<\qf, ese ed \+ #*b sTT
\ eed @s&q|{ = eedq T b d\ #+H s+#
|jT + #ksT. H\T>T es\ $u qqT e~*| +& nd+UeTsTTq
\ ns+ #bsT.59 nk< + n|+# s ny|T eTsTTq
s + k~+qy&T eTqTe. H\T>T |< q es\ eT< esdZ + s+
]q |* +> \ @s&jT eTqTe \q #X&T. sT y
XgsT\T B =qk+#sT.
eTqT <s Xg+ qq >MTD deC $e]+# |< q kV
eT\+. eTqTd nsX g+ b*d = de+ \D \T ns+
nesTT. nsXg+ deC +B+> |]b*+#\ u~++~.
|uT <>T\T n $wj \q C+ #dT = |]b\q sVksT .
eTqTe n+<T _q+>, sE j\ XDT\ #s\qT <w
e+#T= sj\T #j\+{&T. $$< \ XDT\ n+sZ
eeVs\qT y e~d s+&T \ eT< d++<\qT eyT
sE jT+k&T .60 = >D\qT \> \T|=H eT+ $+BsD
nyseTsTT+~. nsX g+ s+ ds d s+. eTqTd s+
djT+bw >e\qT b|~> >\ q s+. |uT sVD
d u eTT\ |keq> >qT\|q |uT >T~| +> e. ]
s+>+ nsX geT+ s+> <T . d+|qTq bs Cq|< esZ\ |keq
<T . y+& HD\T bsTT sHD\T e#sTT. y+& HD\qT |sD+
nHsT ` n+f n$ nd\T $j>+ e nse TeT+~.61 <X qT+&
s| D eTT\T n+fH s HD\T nH ns+ e+~.62 |qT\T >& |&T
e>H eHsTT. nsX g+ |qT\T |+ H\>ee+T qT+& se
156 bNq us< X #]
e+T>, eTqTd se e+T qT+& |H +&e e+T eyT . |uT
<>T\# J+ >& y. C ~>Te ksTT #+~q <>T\
eyT q><T J*qT+~. |ksTT n~s = >e\ qT+&
d]+q |qT>, =+ u $T> J+> #sT.63 eTq <X+ u keT
eed ~ |< qeTsTTq \D +. B ;C\T eTsT\ |q + nq+s+
@s&q djT+bw >MTD de| =*sE\H n+]+qT eTqT
<s Xg+ <s \TdT+ ~.
\ eed uT \ + n s+>\ $d] ++~. Hs
{ e+T+~. n| e& { e+T+~. uVDT\
qT+& 24 X+, jTT\ +& 36 X+, yX \ qT+& 48 X+, XS<T\
qT+& 60 X+ e& rdTe#TqT. sTD>dT & T n| rs |+ n~
e \+ nsTT #] #d rs*. me \+ nsTT #
#sTT+#Te& M\T<T . nqT d+b~+q|& n| rsTk&T . djT+
bw >MTD de+ $s$ +#< \eed < , s s|eTsTTq
es eed ksyT q y<+ < nH+. n+<T eTs= <s q+>
nsX g+ >& uVD >+<y T nsTTq|{ n+<T Te+{ \ $e
<T.64
eTsT\ \+ es >& eekjT s+> #+~q < \qT
u keTT\T nq& M\T< #k+. >V |T \T, Cq|<T \T, n
|\Te& y dC eekjT +<\ eTTKT\T. u $T +<\
eT& d >, |uT sVD +sT u eTT\qT eekjT j>+
#dq d >e\ XS< s \ eT J$++ eyT u $TMT<
V e+~. qq (djT+bw) >MTD de+ d+> @$T{?
eTq <X+ eekjT de+ $s$+q rsTe\ u$T
eT& jeq+ # \+ *bsTT+~. >D\T eTT eekjT
j>+ #d H>* +~ q u $T eT deTw d >H *eHsTT.
{ >e\ |< q eekjT \T deTw d >H =qk>sTT.
nsTT >eT ys +sq T e+ me]ysT eT d+ XeT
H>* +~ #sT. u $T y d+ d e&+ <X
yTT<\sTT+~.
<T| me&T yTT<=& y&< nsTTqT u$T me&T eTT+<s
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 157
eekjT j>+ #d n~ y& neT+~ n eTqTe nH&T. deT*
u< kV+q n< n_bjT+ e+~. >eT+ |< q eekjT
>&, dC +<+ n+<s n+^]d $u +#e#Tq eTqTd
qT+& |s+ > s]+#e#THy q X+_ u$k&T .65
nsX k eTqT <s Xk m &\TH $wjT + e+
@u e+ e+~. s +& >& eT <s |H\ esZ duy sC+&
nDy duy s=>e+> #bsTT. sE \ |j >+ XS<T\
#, yX \# y $<T \T #sTT+#*. s +& es\T eT $<T \T
sV+#b ||+ #+ yTT+ nde d+ nsTTbT+~ n+{&T eTqTe.66
|uT eT |sVT& <sT&# q $~ sV+|#j T &+
eTesT. n< s>+f y |+#Te& n<q|
+&<T n X+_ yUk&T .
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1. ISIH, Page 187
2. CCAI, Page 143
3. ISIH, Page 205
4. ISIH, Page 199
5. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 31
6. ISIH, Page 193
7. ISIH, Pages 209-215
8. ISIH, Page 215
160 bNq us< X #]
9. ISIH, Page 215
10. ISIH, Page 226
11. ISIH, Page 223
12. ISIH, Page 223
13. ISIH, Page 232
14. ISIH, Pages 228-229
15. ISIH, Page 230
16. ISIH, Page 229
17. ISIH, Page 229
18. CCAI, Pages 150-151
19. Combined methods in Indology, HS, Page 10
20. CCAI, Page 149
21. ISIH/S/216-218
22. ISIH, Page 218
23. CCAI, Page 154
24. ISIH, Page 222
25. CCAI, Page 163
26. CCAI, Page 163
27. ISIH, Page 233
28. ISIH, Page 236
29. ISIH, Page 201
30. ISIH, Page 203
31. ISIH, Page 198
32. Combined methods in Indology, HS, Pages 3-4
ISIH, Pages 207-208
33. ISIH, Page 199
34. JeV+dqT w~+q eqeeT] s +&T |X e eTsD
q T e+ s<T #
j
T < X+_ $dTsT $ds +& +&& T .
ISIH, Page 207.
35. ISIH, Pages 198-209
eekjT $dsD
` djT+bw >e\T 161
36. CCAI, Page 165
37. ISIH, Page 248
38. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 32
39. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 33
40. The Basis of Ancient Indian History HS, Page 35
41. Combined methods in Indology, HS, Pages, 16-19
+< nH Xu \T>T nH ns+ sTT XyVqT\qT +<
sE\T nq&+ nss V +. #]qT eT <<+ , \ <<+
#&&+ m+ b 20e X| \T>T CrjTy< yq
|d] +|Cd <w #]qT #&&+ n+ | . u Hd ] Z
dV #] ns+ #|+f XyVqT\T <H sE\T.
y <HqT n+ |]b*+#s nH~ eTTK+<T, <H
|su $T MT< Vs bs+ue TsTTq sT y * +>
@s& yTTyT T<{ s+ y~.
42. Dhenukakata, HS, Pages 208-209
43. Dhenukakata, HS, Page 201
44. Dhenukakata, HS, Pages 199-200
45. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 47
46. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 47
47. ISIH, Page 270
48. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 32
49. ISIH, Pages 271-272
50. CCAI, Page 190
51. ISIH, Page 261
52. ISIH, Page 223
53. ISIH, Page 193
54. ISIH, Pages 267-277
55. CCAI, Page 170
56. CCAI, Pages 172-173
57. ISIH, Page 213
162 bNq us< X #]
58. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, 50
59. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 39
60. ISIH, Page 256
The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 43
61. On the study and metrology of silver punch-marked coins, IN,
Page 36
62. CCAI, Page 154
63. ISIH, Page 255
64. ISIH, Page 254
65. ISIH, Page 257
66. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 50
67. ISIH, Pages 273-274
68. ISIH, Page 258
On a Marxist approach to Indian Chronology, HS, Page 80
69. ISIH, Page 258
70. CCAI, Page 22
71. ISIH, Page 258
72. CCAI, Pages 173-174
73. CCAI, Pages 174-175
74. The Basis of Ancient Indian History, HS, Page 28.
163