T A N J U N G P U R A U N IV E R S IT Y

Civil Department Engineering Faculty

Teknik Pondasi III TKS 443

Dr.Ing. Ir. Eka Priadi, MT

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Tujuan: Mata kuliah ini diberikan agar dapat

merencanakan pondasi khusus pada kondisi
khusus dan pondasi dinamis/mesin

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Content:

1. Typical foundations
2. Subsoil sediments
3. Mechanical properties of soil
4. Compensated foundation
5. Ultimate load capacity of piles and piers
6. Stability of deep excavations for foundations
7. Ground surface subsidence
8. Introduction to earthquake problems in building
foundations

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Civil Department Engineering Faculty

References:

1. Das, B.M., 1990, Principles of foundation engineering,

PWS-KENT Publishing Company, New York.
2. Zevaert, L., 1973, Foundation engineering for difficult
sub soil conditions, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,
New York.
3. Bell, F.G., 1978, Foundation engineering in difficult ground,
Butterworths & Co. (Publisher) Ltd., Great Britain.
4. Prakash, S. and Puri, V.K., 1987, Foundations for
maschines: analysis and design, John Wiley & Sons,
Singapore.
5. Van Impe, W.F., 1988, Deep foundation and bored and auger
piles, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
6. Lundgren, R., 1978, Behaviour of deep foundation, ASTM,
Philadelphia.
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Chapter I - TYPICAL FOUNDATIONS

Dr.Ing. Ir. Eka Priadi, MT

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The art of designing the best and most economical foundations

for a project greatly depends on a careful investigation by the
foundation engineer.

A study should be made of the environmental factors and the

compatibility of the subsoil engineering conditions with the
type of foundation structure on which the loadings are to be
supported.

The foundation engineer should consider:

- the qualitative index;
- mechanical characteristics of the subsoil.

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In the design of a foundation, there are two important

mechanical items to be considered:
- first, the bearing capacity of the soil for the applied load;
- and second, whether the total and differential settlements.

As an example of total and differential settlements, the case of

widely spaced footings used for light flexible roofs may be
mentioned, where one may allow large differential settlements,
in contrast with other problems like installation of machinery or
equipment, where the differential settlements are often
restricted to very small values.

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Marvels of Civil Engineering

Fig. 1-2 Empire State Building (381 m)-New York

Fig. 1-1 Sears Tower (442 m)-Chicago

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Fig. 1-3 Taj Mahal-Agra India

Fig. 1-4 Hoover Dam (221m height, 379m length)

Nevada-Arizona United States

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Geotechnical Lessons from Failures

Fig. 1-5 Failure of the Transcona Grain Elevator

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1.1. Isolated Footings

The footings will work independently of each other. Therefore, it

is required that the differential settlements between footings will
not exceed the allowable total and differential settlement
requirements.

Single footing foundations will be used:

- soils of low compressibility
- differential settlement between columns controlled by
the superstructure flexibility

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Fig. 1-6 Single footings

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1.2. Continuous Footings

When it is necessary to control within certain limits the

magnitude of differential settlements between columns
supported on footings, and when soil deposits of medium or
low compressibility are encountered, it is recommended to use
continuous footings. They may be defined as resisting elements
joining columns together by foundation beams.

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Fig. 1-7 Continuous footings
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Continuous footings are
arranged by joining two or
more columns together with
beams. The vertical differential
displacements may be
controlled via beam stiffness.
The selection of the foundation
beams, either running in one
direction or the other along
column rows, depends largely
on the layout of the column
loads, and other functional
requirements concerning the
structural and architectural
design of the project.
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For heavier loads, and when

the project calls for stiffness in
both directions (namely, along
column rows A, B and C and
also along rows 1, 2 and 3), the
foundation is given stiffness
with beams in both directions.

This type of foundation using

continuous footings is
advantageous in soils of
medium compressibility,
where it is necessary to
control differential movements
between columns.
Fig. 1-8 Continuous footings

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1.3. Raft Foundation

When the loads are so large that continuous footings will

occupy close to 50% of the projected area of the building, it is
more economical to use a continuous mat covering the entire
area.

The total load in this case may be assumed uniformly

distributed in the area coverred by the building. The soil
reaction is determined on the basis of a safe bearing capacity.

The total and differential settlements may be investigated

considering the stiffness of the raft or foundation slab is a
matter of economy, compatible with the allowable differential
settlements.

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This type of foundation may be

used generally in soil deposits
of medium compressibility;
however, in certain instances,
the surface raft foundation
may be used in soils of high
and very high compressibility,
where large total settlements
may be allowed.

This type of foundation may be

used efficiently in reducing
differential setlement.
Fig. 1-9 Raft foundation

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Fig. 1-10 Mat and Raft foundations

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1.4. Compensated Foundations

In soil deposits of medium, high and very high compressibility

and low bearing capacity, compensated foundations are
indicated. This type of foundation requires a monolithic box
foundation. When the water table is close to the ground surface,
water proofing is necessary to use the buoyancy effect in
designing the foundation.

The volume of the concrete box forming the foundation

structure and basements will displace a weight of liquid that,
according to Archimedes principle, will contribute in floating
the foundation up to this value, reducing the load applied to the
solid phase.

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The load of the building will be

compensated by means of an
excavation sufficiently deep to
permit the obtention of the
necessary load capacity, and
the reduction of the vertical
displacements to magnitudes
that will be satisfactory.

For design, it is important to

know the basic concepts
related with the hydrodynamic
flow of water in the subsoil.
Fig. 1-11 Compensated foundation

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1.5. Compensated Foundations with Friction Piles

When a compensated foundation as described is not sufficient

to support the load with the allowable total settlement, in spite
of designing the foundation with sufficient stiffness to avoid
detrimental differential settlements within the foundation itself,
friction piles may be used in addition to the concept of
compensation.

This case may be present in deposits of high or very high

compressibility extending to great depth. The piles will reinforce
the upper part of the soil where a higher compressibility is
encountered. The applicability of this foundation calls for a soil
that varies from very high compressibility at the upper part of
the deposit, to medium or low compressibility at the bottom.

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The total settlement of this

type of foundations depends
greatly on the way the friction
piles are driven, their spacing
and length, the procedure
used to perform the
excavations, and the control of
the hydraulic conditions of the
subsoil.

To reduce total and differential

settlements one should
observe always the
fundamental concept of
minimum change in effective
stresses.
Fig. 1-12 Compensated friction pile foundation

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1.6. Point Bearing Pile Foundations

When the loads to be supported are higher than those a

compensated friction pile foundation can take, then it will be
required to find a deep-seated hard stratum of low to very low
compressibility and high shear strength, where piles can be
driven to point bearing.

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The first case is recognized

when the hard stratum of
convenient thickness is found
underlain by materials of
medium compressibility. In
these cases the piles should
be evenly distributed as shown
in Fig. 1-13.

Fig. 1-13 Point bearing piles

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The second type of pile

foundation is recognized when
the point bearing piles rest in a
firm deposit of low
compressibility extending to
great depth. (Fig. 1-14).

In this case, it is economical to

use groups of piles to solve
the foundation problem. The
columns will rest on single
footings supported on the
piles.

Fig. 1-14 Point bearing piles in groups

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Fig. 1-15 Piles can work one of two ways

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1.7. Pier Foundations

Pier foundations are used to support very heavy loads in buried

soil deposits of very low compressibility. Their load capacity is
a function of the mechanical properties of the soil under the
base of the pier, and of the confining stress of the bearing
stratum. Actually, the bearing capacity of such an element is
determined as a deep-seated isolated footing.

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Load 500 ton

Pier shafts diameters 1 m

Fig. 1-16 Pier foundations

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1.8. Sand Pier Foundations

The solution of foundations using sand piers or sand piles is

shown in Fig. 1-17. This type of foundation is used to increase
the load capacity of the soil by reducing its compressibility and
increasing its shear strength capacity properties.

This type of pile may be used in loose or medium dense sand

deposits. The improvement of the subsoil is a function of the
volume of sand introduced at the time these elements are
installed.

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Usually first a hole is driven in

the ground, then sand is
introduced and highly
compacted in layers, using a
heavy ram.

The sand element will take the

load because of the lateral
confinement given by the
subsoil.

Fig. 1-17 Sand piers

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