X l nc ni hi v cch chn h thng x l

nc
LN CP NHT CUI LC TH BY, 10 THNG 8 2013 21:31TH BY, 10 THNG 8 2013 21:04

Tags:
hi nc qu nhit
kim nh ni hi
l hi
ni hi

Cht lng nc cung cp cho l hi c ngha rt quan trng i vi vic m bo s an ton khi l vn hnh.
Ngun nc cp cho l thng ln cc tp cht tan v khng tan trong nc.

Nhng cht tan trong nc: nhng cht ny thng dng lng cc v c th phn hy thnh ion nh: Ca 2+,
Mg2+, Na+, K+,, Cl-, ,

Nhng cht khng ha tan lm cho nc b c. Nhng ht nh c kch thc <0,0001mm hu nh khng lng
ng m l lng trong nc.

X l nc ni hi (l hi)

c tnh ca nc:

Nc c: pH < 5,5 nc c tnh axit mnh.

pH = 5,56,5 nc c tnh axit yu.

pH = 6,57,5 nc trung tnh.

pH = 7,58,5 nc c tnh kim yu.

pH > 8,5 nc c tnh kim mnh.

Ngoi Ph, ngi ta cn nh gi cht lng ca nc theo cc ch tiu sau: cng, kim, kh kt,

cng ca nc l tng nng cc ion Canxi m Magi c trong nc. cng c th o bng milligram ng
lng trong mt lt nc.

kim ca nc l tng hm lng cc ion bicacbonat, hydrat l nhng gc mui ca cc axit yu khc.

kh kt l tng hm lng cc vt cht cn li sau khi chng ct nc, c o bng mg/lit.

Nc c a vo l tuy c x l nhng vn cn mt lng nht nh nhng cht tan v khng tan trong
nc. Trong qu trnh lm vic, nhng cht ny tr thnh pha cng tch ra khi nc di dng cu bm vo thit
b, nh hng n iu kin lm vic ca thit b.
 H s dn nhit ca cu rt b so vi h s dn nhit ca thp nn khi lm vic nhit vch ng tng ln rt nhiu,
s hp th nhit ca l hi gim i, lng tiu hao nhin liu tng. ng thi cu cn c tc dng tng n mn
b mt.

V vy, m bo s an ton cc thit b l hi cn:

Ngn nga to cu bm trn cc b mt t.

Duy tr sch ca l hi mc cn thit.

Ngn nga qu trnh n mn trong ng ng nc v hi.

m bo yu cu trn, nc cp l hi cn t yu cu ch tiu cht lng nht nh.

X l nc trc khi cp vo l:

Nhng phng x l nc:

Phng php lng lc: ty theo ha cht dng m ta c cc phng php sau

Phng php x l Ha cht dng

Vi haVi xa Xt Xt Xa Xt Vi
Ch dng viCaO + Na2CO3 NaOH NaOH + Na2CO3 NaOH + CaO

Dng vi:

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O.

Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3 + 2H2O.
MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2.
MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4.
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O.
Khi dng vi, d cng bicacbonat c kh, cng khng cacbonat khng c kh m ch thay i v tr gia
gc canxi m magie. kh khng cacbonat, ngi ta dng xa. Khi , trong nc ch yu l cng canxi
c tch ra nh Na2CO3 :
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O.
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH MgCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O.
MgCO3 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + Na2CO3.
MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl.
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O.
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl.
CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4.
Ngoi nhng cht trn, ngi ta cn dng natriphotphat Na 3PO4, baricacbonat BaCO3, barhidroxit Ba(OH)2,
barialuminat BaAl2O4,

Phng php trao i cation:

 Qu trnh lm mm nc bng trao i cation l qu trnh trao i gia cc cation ca cc cht ho tan trong nc
c kh nng sinh cu trong l vi nhng cation ca nhng cht khng ho tan trong nc to ra nhng cht
mois tan trong nc v khng to thnh cu. Nhng cht ny gi l cationit. C 3 loi cationit sau: Natri (NaR),
hydro (HR), amn (NH4R). Trong : R l gc ca cationit khng ho tan trong nc, ng vai tr ca mt anion.

Khi dng catinonit Natri, phn ng xy ng nh sau:

Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaR CaR2 + 2NaHCO3.

Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NaR MgR2 + 2NaHCO3.
CaCl2 + 2NaR CaR2 + 2NaCl.
MgCl2 + 2NaR MgR2 + 2NaCl.
CaSO4 + 2NaR CaR2 + Na2SO4.
MgSO4 + 2NaR CaR2 + Na2SO4.

Khi dng cationit Hydro:

Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HR CaR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O.

Mg(HCO3)2 + 2HR MgR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O.
CaCl2 + 2HR CaR2 + 2HCl.

NaCl + HR NaR + HCl.

MgSO4 + 2HR MgR2 + 2HCl.

Khi dng cationit amn:

Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NH4R CaR2 + 2NH4HCO3.

Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NH4R MgR2 + 2NH4HCO3.
CaCl2 + 2NH4R CaR2 + 2NH4Cl.
MgSO4 + 2NH4R MgR2 + (NH4)2SO4.
Na2SO4 + 2NH4R 2NaR + (NH4)2SO4. v.v

Khi trao i cation natri ton b cng u c kh, song kim v cc thnh phn anion khc c trong nc
khng thay i. Khi dng phng php trao di cation hydro, cng v kim u c kh nhng anion ca
cc mui to thnh axit, nc x l l nc axit s khng thun li cho vic cp nc l hi. V vy, nn dng
phi hp 2 phng php cation natri v hydro.

Trong qu trnh lm vic, cc cationit dn dn b kit ht cation. khi phc kh nng lm vic ca cationit ngi ta
cho chng trao di vi cht c kh nng cung cp cation. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh hon nguyn cationit.
thc hin qu trnh hon nguyn cationit natri ngi ta dng dung dch NaCl c nng t 6-8%, cactionit hdro
dng dung dch H2SO4 hoc HCl, cationit amn bng mui amn.

Phng php trao i anion:

Nguyn tc ging nh phng php trao i cation. y, anion ca mui v axit trao i vi anion ca anionit.

Hoahocngaynay.com
Nc ni hi v cc bin php x l
Vi muc ich lam tai liu tham khao cho cac ng nghip cung cng tac trn tau. Vic bin soan lai nhng ki n thc
c ban, ngn gn v thc dng v nc n i hi d a vao cac tai liu cua cac nha ch tao, nha san xu t, Internet (ch
yu cp n ni hi thp n trung p). Bi vit ch c tnh tham kho, cc qu trnh vn hnh thc t phi tun
th cc hng dn ca nh sn xut.

-I. Cac tac ng cua mi trng gy hai cho n i hi - Phia nc, hi:

N i hi se chiu nhng anh hng, h hong do pha huy bi n mon hoa hoc, cau cn gy ra va cac tac nhn nay
cung c chuy n tai theo hi nc hoc do bt bng si cun i gy tac hai ca h th ng nhn hi cng tac.

-1. n mon hoa hoc: Gy muc g, mon buc, nt va can tr trao i nhit.

+ Khi Oxy O2:

Fe + O2 => Fe2O3

Fe2O3 + O2 => Fe3O4 ( Mau en Co tac dung lam lp bao v ch ng acid thm nhp)

Do giau Oxy nn:

Fe3O4 + O2 => Fe2O3 (Mau o gy muc g pht trin can tr trao i nhit)
Cu + O2 => Cu2O (Mau Khng chng acid, gy muc g pht trin).Nhng
Cu2O + O2 => CuO ( Mau nu en Co tac dung lam lp bao v ch ng Oxy, acid thm nhp)

+ Khi Hydro H2: Chi i vi n i hi cao ap (trn 6Mpa), H2 tac ng vi Cacbon C cac t chc tinh th thep gy
v t nt t vi tai nut Carbon bi m t, khi co ng su t cuc b tp trung d n dn n nt vach n i, ng.

H2 + C (To, P cao) => CH4

+ n mon do Acid: (*)

-Khi CO2, SO2, H2S co trong khng khi khi hoa tan vi nc (H+ OH-) tao: H2CO3, H2SO4, H2S, cung nh
l ng nho cac Acid khac a sn co trong nc no tac ng vi Fe, Cu tao cac mu i, gy n mon khng nhng vach
ng n i hi ma con ca thi t bi nhn hi cng tac.

Fe + CO2 + H2O => FeCO3 + H2

+ n mon do mu i natri NaCl co trong nc c p hoc nc bi n n u bi ro t b u ngng.

NaCl + = Na+ + Cl-

Cl- + H+ <=> HCl tinh acid gy n mon.
+ n mon do gi mu i ng Cu++ (CO3 -- ,SO4 ++, Cl - ..) d n v t cac b u hm, b u ngng gy n mon Oxy ha
kh.vd:

CuSO4 + Fe => FeSO4 + Cu

+ n mon im do co gian cuc b tai cac vi tri lam v lp Fe3O4 bao v Qua trin
h t n i ang ngui qua nhanh
khng theo qui trnh t hm nng (xem phn tham kho); Cac tap ch t v c(cat, t), hu c(vi khu n, t bao)
tao c c pin gy n mon in hoa.

c bit g phn trn v st mt nc khi ni hi khng s dng trong thi gian di (Bo qun: in y nc vo
bu ni,cp d ha cht kh oxy va hoa ch t khac, ng kn van.)
-2. Cau c n n i hi: Can tr trao i nhit Tao ng su t nhit cao,cuc b gy nt ng, vach n i; lam t cho cac
c c pin Ion gy n mon in hoa.
Cac thanh ph n hoa hoc chinh gy cau cn co trong nc Nhom khi m th Ca++, Mg++, SiO2 tao nc cng,
c bit vi nc trn b. Co nc chng c t u tiu chu n s dung la t t nh t.

2.1 Cac h p ch t tao cau cn t n tai khi cac tinh th a vi CaCO3, a gan ga magie MgCO3 hoa tan, va cac mu i
khac (Vd. MgCl, CaCl2, ...) tac ng vi cac acid muc trn (*) tao ra:

- Mu i b n:

CaCO3 + H2SO4 => H2O + CO2+ CaSO4 (thach cao Hoa tan t t n u bam din h thi tao cau m m Khng ty
c bng acid, ch lm sch bng c hc)
MgCO3 + H2SO4 => H2O + CO2 + MgSO4 (Hoa tan t t, k t tua bam dinh n u mi trng giau Ca++)
MgCl2 => Mg+ +Cl-
Mg+ n u gp nhom OH- thi Mg++ + OH- => Mg(OH)2 ( k t tua dang huy n phu, khng k t tua n u mi trng giau
Ca++)
Cl- + H+ <=> HCl tng tin
h acid gy n mon.

- Mu i khng b n:

Ca++ + H(HCO3) => Ca(HCO3)2

Mg++ + H(HCO3) => Mg(HCO3)2

Di tac ng cua nhit cao:

Ca(HCO3)2 => CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 (cau cng bam thanh n i, vach ng - Ty c bng acid)
Mg(HCO3)2 => CO2 + H2O + MgCO3 (cau cng bam thanh n i, vach ng)
CaCO3, MgCO3 Khi b mt nhit cao t bam vao thanh n i, vach ng tao cau cng.

2.2 Silica (SiO2) : It gp, co mt s vung nc c bit, tao cau c c cng. Co th b cun theo hi bam vao thi t bi
cng tac Vd: canh tua bin. Vi n i hi cao ap acid silicic bay hi, bam din h tao cau c c cng, n mn kim loi.

-II. S kh i t ng quat h th ng nc n i hi : Vi tng loai n i hi cu th co th co nhng thay i hoc thm

bt cac chi ti t khac nhau.
Phn chia cac nhom nc cho n i ni:

a, Nc b sung (Make up Water): t ngu n c p la ket nc ngt (Fresh Water)

b, Nc ngng tu (Condensate): Bn ngn nc ngng (Howell)

c, Nc c p (Feed Water) = Nc b sung + Nc ngng tu: Bn ngn nc c p (Cascade)

d, Nc n i (Boiler Water): Trong b u n i.

e, Nc bay hi hi (Steam): Hi i cng tac.

Tuy thuc thi t k cac n i hi co th dung cac thi t bi c p hoa ch t theo 1 hoc 2 ki u loai nh trn hoc khng thi
chi tr c ti p vao ket.

-III. Cac bin phap giam thi u tac hai va cac loi hoa ch t c s dung ph bi n hi n nay:
1. Bin phap c hc:

- Loc Nc b sung (Make up Water) b ng bin

h loc trao i Ion lam m m nc (Softener), giam cau cn (hat loc
co kha nng tai sinh lai sau s dung).

- Nng nhit Nc c p (Feed Water) nn 80 oC u i khi O2, H2, CO2...

-Xa khng khi trong b u n i (in

h n i) khi mi t n i hi cho n khi th y hi nc tr ng a thoat ra ngoai.

- Ngan mt, xa ay.

Khi n ng Cl- (Chloride) cao:Gn mt; Khi n ng tap ch t cao - o b ng dn in (Conductivity) cao : Gan
mt v c xa cn ay.

inh
ky b t buc gan mt, xa ay: * M nho van*

Khoang 3 ngay 1 l n vi n i hi c ln quan trong va c bit khi cac loai n i hi dung nc trn b; khoang 5-7
ngay ngan mt lng nh trong 5 giy, xa ay lng nh trong 15 giy cho n i hi nho dung nc chng c t n
inh hoc a cm? trn knh thy (Xem khuy n cao cua cac nha ch tao). Do cac qua trinh hoa hoc xay ra lin tuc tao
k t tua ay n i, vang trn b mt nc, mu i c n phai xa i (qui trin
h gan mt, xa ay - xem VI). Thin
h thoang xa
ay, v sinh phin lc ( vi n), cac ket nc n u co th .
2. Bin phap hoa hoc - S dung hoa ch t:
Ham lng hoa ch t s dung trn 1m3 nc, cho 1 ngy phai tun theo hng dn cua nha
san xu t mt cach trit , nng d tha u c hi.
2.1 Ch ng n mon:
2.1.1 Kh Oxy (Oxygen Scavenger):
* Dung Hydrazine N2H4

N2H4 + O2 => H2O + N2

N2H4 cung tao mi trng co tinh ki m phia hi cng tac r t co li.

Tac dung phu co hai khi n ng qua cao:

N2H4 (To > 270oC) => NH3 cung O2, H2O tao mi trng co tinh acid

CuO + N2H4 (bay hi) = > Cu2O (mau , gi pht trin) + H2O + N2

Phng phap b sung:

- Hoa vi nc c p vao bin

h cha cho chay nho giot lin tuc vao ket Nc c p (Feed Water) (xem II). ng b
sung phai c m g n ming ht ca bm, su di mt nc hn 80cm (tranh tac dung tr c ti p vi O2 trong khng
khi) hoc ni trc tip vo ng ht ca bm.
- Hoa vi nc c p vao bin
h cha, dung bm ha cht i u khi n lu l ng bm lin tuc tr c ti p vao b u n i
(xem II).
Lu : Tuyt i khng c thng ton b mt ln lng dng cho c mt ngy vo kt

Nc c p (Feed Water).

* Dung Sodium Sunfit Na2SO3 (nhm Sunfit chi dung cho n i hi di 4Mpa)

Na2SO3 + O2 => Na2SO4

Phng phap b sung: Dang bt,dung dich

hoa tan va bm tr c ti p vao b u n i qua binh hoa ch t. (xem II)

* Dng Diethylhydroxylamine (hay N-ethyl-N-hydroxyl) R-N-(OH)-R: L ha cht tin tin c tnh kim, c kh nng
kh Oxy, chng n mn, chng kt dnh.

Phng phap b sung: b sung nh vi Hydrazine trn .

* Kt m tch kh theo nguyn l ht chn khng cho ni hi loi cao p.

2.1.2 Trung hoa Acid (Tao mi trng co tin

h ki m) trong:

a, Nc n i: (Boiler Water).

* Dung Sodium hydroxide NaOH hoc Potassium hydroxide KOH hoc Na2CO3

Phng phap b sung: vao ket Nc c p (Feed Water).

Tac dung phu co hai:

Vi n i hi cao ap(trn 6Mpa) tao lp mang bam vao thanh vach trao i nhit, n mon xung quanh bin dang tinh
th Fe gy nt v hin tng don ki m. Trng h p nay phai dung ch t kh ng ch :Coordinated PO4 va ham
l ng NaOH, KOH dung th p hn n i hi th p ap.

Vi n i hi th p ap: N ng ki m qua cao cung se bi don ki m nh trn khi co pH >> 12

Phng phap b sung: vao ket Nc c p (Feed Water)

* Dung Octadecylamine - hoa ch t tao lp mang bao v ch ng n mon, it gp.

b, Hi i cng tac (Steam) - Nc ngng (Condensate Water).

* Dung Morpholine C4H9NO: Ch t bay hi, c ch n mon, thng th y trong ha cht hn h p.

* Dng Ethanolamine hay 2-Aminoethanol,tn vit tt l ETA hoc MEA, [H2NCH2CH2OH] H2N-R-(OH): C tnh
kim Cht iu pH, d bay hi, trung ha cac acid do CO2, H2S

* Dng 2-Diethylethanolamine R-N-(OH) [ (C2H5)2NCH2CH2OH ]: C tnh kim, d bay hi.

* Dung Xyclohexylamine (nhom amin) C6H11NH2 : D bay hi, co tinh ki m cao (nay t dng).
* Dung lun Hydrazine N2H4 ( kh Oxy) co th bay hi va co tin
h ki m th p.
Phng phap b sung: C4H9NO;ETA+R-N-(OH) ;C6H11NH2 c th hoa cung N2H4, b sung nh vi Hydrazine
trn .

2.2 Ch ng cau c n: S dng nhom gc Phosphate

* Dung Na3PO4 < = > 3Na+ + PO43- Hoc K3PO4 < = > 3K+ + PO43-
Ca ++ + PO43- => Ca3(PO4)2 (k t tua dang huy n phu loai bo b ng xa ay )
Mg++ + PO43- => Mg3(PO4)2 (k t tua dang huy n phu loai bo b ng xa ay )
* Dng Disodium hydrogenorthophosphate Na2HPO4
* Dng Sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO3)6

Phng phap b sung: vao ket Nc c p (Feed Water), Bm trc tip

* Dung NaOH, KOH (xem 2.1.2)

OH- + Mg++ => MgOH (k t tua dang huy n phu loai bo b ng xa ay )
2.3 Kh, loai bo d u bi ro lot vao nc n i: Dung tao k t tua d u trong n i xa ra ngoai.
IV. Thng s nc n i hi: Cac thng s quan trong nh t cho n i hi n c trung ap di 6Mpa. Cac phng
phap th tun theo hng dn cua cac nha san xu t.
1, Nc b sung (Make up Water): o cng - HARDNESS (sau binh loc - nu c).
2, Nc n i (Boiler Water): Nc t t thi se kha trong va anh vang r t nhat nh khng mu.
a, N ng ki m Phenolphtalein (P) - P ALKALINITY (Phenolphtalein Alkalinity o bng ch s lng CaCO3
tng ng) ~ 100 300ppm (vi n i hi th p ap di 3 Mpa); ~ 100 130ppm ( vi n i hi trung ap di 6
Mpa).
(P) co pH > 8.3 co l i vi tao mi trng ki m, g m t ng cac thanh ph n Hydroxide Alkalinity OH-(co trong d
lng NaOH,KOH b sung cung nh Ca(OH)2 n u co) va 1/2 l ng Carbonate CO3--(CaCO3,MgCO3) v
1/3 l ng phosphate PO43- (d) vi cc cht c tnh kim khc.

y la thng s co ic h c n quan tm i u chin

h.

b, N ng ki m t ng (M) - M ALKALINITY (hoc Total (T) Alkalinity) co pH > 4.3. (M) cao khng co l i vi tao
mi trng acid. No g m t ng cac thanh ph n Bicarbonate HCO3- (Ca(HCO3)2,Mg(HCO3)2), Carbonate CO3--
(CaCO3,MgCO3) va t ng l ng Hydroxide Alkalinity OH- (co trong d lng NaOH b sung cung nh
Ca(OH)2 n u co.) v 2/3 l ng phosphate PO43- (d).

Tng quan c n phai duy tri la n ng M ALKALINITY phai nho hn 2 l n P ALKALINITY.

(M) < 2 x (P) Va 2 x (P) (M) = (OH-) ~ t ng d l ng ki m a b sung.

c, Nng Phosphate PO43+ ~ 20 40ppm (la d lng Na3PO4;K3PO4.. b sung):Nng th hin cao khi
nhit cao - Ly mu o khi ni hi cao ti s chun xc hn.
d, N ng Hydrazine N2H4 ~ 0.03 0.15 ppm (la d lng C2H4 b sung; duy tr <0,1ppm)
e, N ng Chlorides Max Cl- < 200ppm vi n i hi th p ap di 3Mpa, ~ 30ppm vi n i hi trung ap 3 - 6 Mpa.
Khi n ng Cl- cao b t thng ki m tra thm n ng Cl- cua nc ngng tu xem b u ngng co bi ro nc bi n
lam mat khng.
Max Cl- cao gan mt. Cl- cang th p cang t t
f, dn in(Conductivity) Max < 700: Max cao gan mt,xa ay Cond. cang th p cang t t.
(N ng Cl- va Conductivity la bi u hin cn cua s l n c p nc mi hoan toan (coi nh lng cu a bi thoat bi n
m t) va chu ky cho phep la 10 l n. Vd: Nc c p co Cl- = 15ppm sau 10 l n thi nc n i se co Cl- = 150ppm)
g, pH ~ 9.5 - 11 am bao tin h ki m va phai trong nc n i ch ng acid n mon- y la i m t i u. (S n
mon giam d n t pH =4 ->12 va tng r t manh khi pH << 4 hoc pH >> 12)
h, N ng Sunfit ~ 50 -150 ppm. o khi dung Na3SO4.
3, Nc ngng tu (Condensate): o pH ~ 8.3 9 (co do d lng C4H9NO, ETA, R-N-(OH), C6H11NH2,b
sung va N2H4 tao ra)
o N ng Chlorides Cl- - thng s rt nh 20 ppm.
-VI. Qui trinh gan m t, xa ay:

1. Chon thi i m dung hi it va n inh khng bi n ng nhi u, khi va dng t hoc dung n i hi khi xa la t t
nh t. C p vao n i l ng nc ti mc qui inh
i vai phut cho n inh
(vd: Bm t dng)

2. M tht nho van xa ay n i, van gan mt hm nong toan b ng ng xa ti van thoat man.

3. ong van ay n i, van gan mt. Xu ng m van van thoat man (hoc khng ng cc van kia m m van thot
mn v x lun).

4. Tr lai m nho van van gan mt trc (trnh gy xo trn lp b mt), sau khi hoan thanh gan mt thi m nho
van xa ay Hoc b sung lai nc n i i cho n inh
thi xa ay ( bc 1,) cho n khi k t thuc qui trinh.

* M nho van xa tranh gy hong sn, v van, bi n dang mn tau ch thoat man. Tinh toan lng xa theo thi gian
la giy(s)(Min 5-10-15s) hoc theo lng nc xa i ma theo doi c tng i a cm qua kinh thuy hoc o xac
thc t th tch ket b sung ( sau khi xa mi cho bm c p chay lai) . Khng gan, xa khi n i hi ang dung cho bm
lam hang vi tau d u tranh s c phai dng t ngt do m t nc qua nhanh, cham vao mc cc th p (Water LL
alarm).
** Cac b t thng khi hin tng ng, khung kinh thuy bi n mon lin tuc c n xem lai ch t lng nc n i( pH qua
cao?), chu ky xa v sinh kinh thuy.
*** Trc khi l y mu phai xa bo sach ng ng, lo mu.Mu nc n i n u khng co sinh han nn l y vao cac lo
chiu nhit mc y tran, y n p kin, nhung vao nc lanh lam ngui. Cac mu nc khac cung lam tng t
tranh ti p xuc lu vi khng khi.
**** Khi o pH bng giy qu phi c ch th mu ngay khi ly ra khi dung dch th. %
Bi vit do tc gi c Thch gi cho Hoahocngaynay.com

Khi thi ca l hi nh hng n mi trng

nh th no?
TH BY, 10 THNG 8 2013 21:12

Tc hi ca kh SO2, SO3
Kh SO2, SO3c sinh ra t qu trnh t nhin liu c cha lu hunh nh than, du FO, DO. Kh SO2 l loai kh
khng mu, khng chy, c v hng cay, do qu trnh quang ho hay do s xc tc kh SO2d dng b oxy ho v
bin thnh SO3trong kh quyn. Kh SO2, SO3 gi chung l SOx, l nhng kh thuc loi c hi khng ch i vi
sc kho con ngi, ng thc vt, m cn tc ng ln cc vt liu xy dng, cc cng trnh kin trc. Chng l
nhng cht c tnh kch thch, nng nht nh c th gy co git c trn ca kh qun. nng ln hn s
gy tng tit dch nim mc ng kh qun. Khi tip xc vi mt chng c th to thnh axit. SOx c th xm nhp
vo c th con ngi qua cc c quan h hp hoc cc c quan tiu ha sau khi c ha tan trong nc bt. V
cui cng chng c th xm nhp vo h tun hon. Khi tip xc vi bi, SOx c th to ra cc ht axit nh, cc ht
ny c th xm nhp vo cc huyt mch nu kch thc ca chng nh hn 2 -3 m. SO2 c th xm nhp vo c
th ca ngi qua da v gy ra cc chuyn i ha hc, kt qu ca n l hm lng kim trong mugim, amonic
b thot qua ng tiu v c nh hng n tuyn nc bt.
Hu ht dn c sng quanh khu vc nh my c nng SO2, SO3 cao u mc bnh ng h hp. SOxb oxy
ha ngoi khng kh v phn ng vi nc ma to thnh axit sulfuric hay cc mui sulfate gy hin tng ma
axit, nh hng xu n s pht trin thc vt. Khi tip xc vi mi trng c cha hm lng SO2 t 1 2ppm
trong vi gi c th gy tn thng l cy. i vi cc loi thc vt nhy cm nh nm, a y, hm lng 0,15
0,30 ppm c th gy c tnh cp. S c mt ca SOx trong khng kh nng m cn l tc nhn gy n mn kim loi,
b-tng v cc cng trnh kin trc. SOx lm h hng, lm thay i tnh nng vt l, lm thay i mu sc vt
liu xy dng nh vi, hoa, cm thch; ph hoi cc tc phm iu khc , tng i. St , thp v cc kim
loi khc trong mi trng kh m, nng v b nhim SOx th b han g rt nhanh. SOxcng lm h hng v gim
tui th cc sn phm vi , nylon , t nhn to , bng da v giy

Tc hi ca kh NO2
Nit dioxit (NO2) l kh c mu nu c mi gt v cay, mi ca n c th pht hin c vo khong 0,12 ppm.
NO2l kh c tnh kch thch mnh ng h hp, n tc ng n thn kinh v ph hy m t bo phi, lm chy
nc mi, vim hng. Kh NO2vi nng 100 ppm c th gy t vong cho ngi v ng vt sau mt s pht tip
xc . V vi nng 5 ppm sau mt s pht tip xc c th dn n nh hng xu i vi b my h hp. Con
ngi tip xc lu vi kh NO2khong 0,06 ppm c th gy cc bnh trm trng v phi . Mt s thc vt c tnh
nhy cm i vi mi trng s b tc hi khi nng NO2khong 1 ppm v thi gian tc dng trong khong mt
ngy, nu nng NO2 nh khong 0,35 ppm th thi gian tc dng l mt thng. NO2 cng gp phn vo s hnh
thnh nhng hp cht nh tc nhn quang ha v to axit, tnh cht quan trng ca n trong phn ng quang ho l
hp th bc x t ngoi ng vai tr quan trng trong s hnh thnh khi quang hc, c tc dng lm phai mu thuc
nhum vi, lm h hng vi bng ,v nylon, lm han g kim loi v sn sinh ra cc phn t nitrat lm tng s tch t
ca ht trong khng kh. Ngoi ra, NO2 l cht gp phn gy thng tng Ozon.
Tc hi ca bi tro v m hng
Trong phi ngi, bi c th l nguyn nhn gy kch thch c hc gy kh khn cho cc hot ng ca phi, chng
c th gy nn cc bnh v ng h hp. Ni chung bi tro v m hng nh hng n sc khe con ngi nh
gy bnh hen suyn, vim cung phi, bnh kh thng v bnh vim c phi . Bi khi c to ra trong qu trnh
t chy nhin liu c th cha cc hydrocacbon a vng (ging nh 3,4-benzpyrene) vi c t cao, c th gy ung
th. Bi gp phn chnh vo nhim do ht l lng v cc sol kh, c tc dng hp th v khuych tn nh sng mt
tri, lm gim trong sut ca kh quyn, tc l lm gim bt tm nhn. Loi nhim ny hin l vn nhim
khng kh thnh th nghim trng nht, cc nghin cu cho thy mi lin kt cht ch gia nhim khng kh ht v
s t vong, chng gy tc hi i vi thit b v mi hn in, lm gim nng sut cy trng, gy nguy him cho cc
phng tin giao thng ng b.
Tc hi ca kh CO
Kh CO l loi kh khng mu, khng mi v khng v, to ra do s chy khng hon ton ca nhin liu ch
carbon. Con ngi khng vi CO rt kh khn. Nhng ngi mang thai v au tim tip xc vi kh CO s rt
nguy him v i lc ca CO vi hemoglobin cao hn gp 200 ln so vi oxy, cn tr oxy t mu n m. Th nn
phi nhiu mu c bm n mang cng mt lng oxy cn thit. Mt s nghin cu trn ngi v ng vt
minh honhng c th tim yu iu kin cng thng trong trng thi d CO trong mu, c bit phi chu nhng
cn au tht ngc khi lng CO bao quanh nng ln. nng khong 5ppm CO c th gy au u, chng mt.
nhng nng t 10ppm n 250ppm c th gy tn hi n h thng tim mch, thm ch gy t vong. Ngi
tip xc vi CO trong thi gian di s b xanh xao, gy yu. Kh CO c th b oxy ho thnh cacbon dioxyt (CO2)
nhng phn ng ny xy ra rt chm di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri. CO c th b oxy ho v bm vo thc
vt v chuyn dch trong qa trnh dip lc ho . Cc vi sinh vt trn mt t cng c kh nng hp th CO t kh
quyn. Tc hica kh CO i vi con ngi v ng vt xy ra khi n ho hp thun nghch vi hemoglobin (Hb)
trong mu. Hemoglobin c i lc ho hc i vi CO mnh hn i vi O2, khi CO v O2 c mt bo ho s lng
cng vi hemoglobin th nng HbO2(oxi hemoglobin) v HbCO (caroxihemoglobin) c quan h theo ng thc
Haridene nh sau :
[HbCO]/[HbO2] = M * P(CO)/P(O2) .

y P(CO) v P(O2) la i lc thnh phn (hay nng ) kh CO v O2, cn M l hng s v ph thuc vo hnh
thi ng vt . i vi con ngi , M c gi tr t 200 300 . Hn hp hemoglobin v CO lm gim hm lng oxi
lu chuyn trong mu v nh vy t bo con ngi thiu oxi . Cc triu chng xut hin bnh tng ng vi cc
mc HbCO gn ng nh sau :

+ 0,0 0,1 : khng c triu chng g r rt , nhng c th xut hin mt s du hiu ca stress sinh l .

+ 0,1 0,2 : h hp nng nhc, khkhn

+ 0.1 0.3 : au u .

+ 0,3 0,4 : lm yu c bp , bun nn v lo mt.

+ 0,4 0,5 : sc kho suy sp , ni lu li .

+ 0,5 0,6 : b co git , ri lon .

+ 0,6 -0,7 : hn m tin nh .

+ 0,8 : t vong

Thc vt t nhy cm vi CO hn ngi , nhng nng cao (100 10.000ppm) n lm cho l rng , b xon
qun , din tch l b thu hp , cy non b cht yu. CO c tc dng km ch s h hp ca t bo thc vt.

Hoahocngaynay.com
Ngun Kiemdinhvn.com

Mt vi phng php x l nc cho ni (l) hi

1. Mc ch ca vic x l nc
S lm vic chc chn v n nh ca ni (l) hi ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng nc cp cho ni (l) hi
sinh hi.
Trong nc thin nhin c ha tan nhng tp cht, m c bit l cc loi mui canxi v magi v mt s mui cng
khc. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca ni (l) hi, khi nc si v bc hi, cc mui ny s tch ra pha cng di
dng bn hoc cu tinh th bm vo vch ng ca ni (l) hi. Cc cu v bn ny c h s dn nhit rt thp, thp
hn so vi kim loi hng trm ln, do khi bm vo vch ng s lm gim kh nng truyn nhit t khi n mi
cht trong ng, lm cho mi cht nhn nhit t hn v tn tht nhit do khi thi cng tng ln, hiu sut ni (l) hi
gim xung, lng tiu hao nhin liu ca ni (l) hi tng ln.
Khi cu bm trn cc ng sinh hi, cc ng ca b qu nhit s lm tng nhit ca vch ng ln qu mc cho
php c th lm n ng.
Khi cu bm ln vch ng s tng tc n mn kim loi ng, gy ra hin tng n mn cc b.
Ngoi nhng cht sinh cu, trong nc cn c nhng cht kh ha tan nh xy ccbonic, cc loi kh ny gy n
mn mnh cc b mt ng kim loi ca ni (l) hi nht l b hm nc.
Nh trnh by trn khng th dng nc thin nhin cung cp nc ngay cho ni (l) hi m cn phi x l
nc loi b cc tp cht c th sinh ra cu.
nh gi cht lng ca nc, ngi ta a ra cc khi nim v c tnh ca nc thin nhin nh sau:
cng, km, PH.
2 Cc ch tiu v cht lng nc
PH:
L mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng, c biu th tnh cht kim hoc acid ca nc.
Da theo PH c th phn nc ra theo cc loi:
PH<5,5 l nc c tnh acid mnh
PH=5,5-6,5 l nc c tnh acid yu
PH=6,5-7,5 l nc trung tnh
PH=7,5-8,5 l nc c tnh kim yu
PH>8,5 l nc c tnh kim mnh
Ty theo cp phn ly ca acid trong nc c PH khc nhau, c th gip ta kho st qu trnh hnh thnh cu cn
trong ni (l) hi, v cc anion c th lin kt vi cc ion kim loi hnh thnh cc cht c ha tan khc nhau.
Cng:
L ch tiu ht sc quan trng, n biu th tng nng cc ion Ca+ v Mg+ c trong nc v cng l kh nng bm
cu cn trn b mt truyn nhit, thng o bng cng c hoc cng miligam ng lng.
Da theo cng, c th chia nc thnh cc loi:
Nc rt mm, c cng <40H
Nc mm c cng bng 4-80H
Nc bnh thng c cng 8-160H
Nc cng c cng 16-300H
Nc rt cng c cng >300H
Km:
Biu th tng hm lng v gc mui ca nhng acid yu. km c nh hng xu n cht lng ca hi v tui
th ca cc b mt truyn nhit.
2. Phng Php X L Nc Ngoi L:
Phong php x l c hc:
X l c hc l s dng cc b lng v cc bnh lc c kh tch cc tp cht l lng ra khi trong nc. Tuy
nhin x l c hc ch loi b c cc tp cht c kh ra khi nc nh l cc ht bn c ng knh ln hn 10-
3mm hoc nhng ht keo sau khi kt hp chng li vi nhau.
Phng php x l bng ha cht kt hp vi lng lc:
Phng php x l ha cht dng
Vi ha--->> Vi ch dng vi
Vi xa--->>CaO + Na2CO3
Xt --->>NaOH
Xt Xa --->>NaOH + Na2CO3
Xt Vi --->> NaOH + CaO
Khi dng vi th xy ra phng trnh sau:
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH) -> 2CaCO3 + 2H2O.
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH) -> Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3 + 2H2O.
MgCl2 + Ca(OH) -> Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2.
MgSO4 + Ca(OH) -> Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4.
CO2 + Ca(OH) -> CaCO3 + H2O.
Ta thy khi dng vi ch kh c cng cacbonat bng cch lng lc cc kt ta, cn cng khng cacbonat
khng c kh m ch thay i v tr gia Ca v Mg. tip tc kh, c th thm sa ( phng php vi-sa )
phn ng xy ra nh sau:
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 -> CaCO3 + 2NaCl.
CaSO4 + Na2CO3 -> CaCO3 + Na2SO4.
Khi dng st th phng trnh xy ra nh sau:
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH -> CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O.
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH -> MgCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O.
MgCO3 + 2NaOH -> Mg(OH)2 + Na2CO3.
MgCl2 + 2NaOH -> Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl.
CO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2CO3 + H2O.
c im ca phng php xt l c sinh ra sa, n c th lm mm cng canxi. Nu lng sa sinh ra va
l tt nht, nu thiu th b sung thm thnh phng php xt-sa, Nu tha in th a thm vi, to thnh
phng php xt-vi.
Cc phng php x l trn ch thch hp s dng cho nhng ni (l) hi cng sut nh yu cu v cht lng
nc khng cao. Do trong ti ny ta khng s dng phng php ny.
Phng php x l nc bng trao i cation:
Nguyn l ca phng php ny l thc hin qu trnh trao i gia cc cation ca tp cht ha tan trong nc, c
kh nng sinh cu trong ni (l) hi vi cc cation ca ht cationit, to nn nhng vt cht mi tan trong nc
nhng khng to thnh cu trong l. Cationit l nhng ht nha tng hp c gc R ngm cc cation, khng tan
trong nc. Nh vy cc cation d ng cu cn c gi li, cn cc cation d ho tan th i theo nc cp vo l.
Trong k thut thng dng 03 loi cationit sau: cationit natri (NaR), cationit hydro (HR), cationit amn (NH4R).
Khi dng NaR th phn ng xy ra nh sau:
2NaR+ Ca(HCO3)2 -> CaR2 + 2NaHCO3.
2NaR+ Mg(HCO3)2 -> MgR2 + 2NaHCO3.
2NaR+ CaCl2 -> CaR2 + 2NaCl.
2NaR+ MgCl2 -> MgR2 + 2NaCl.
2NaR+ CaSO4 -> CaR2 + Na2SO4.
2NaR+ MgSO4 -> CaR2 + Na2SO4.
Khi dng HR th phn ng xy ra nh sau:
2HR+ Ca(HCO3)2 -> CaR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2HR+ Mg(HCO3)2 -> MgR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2HR+ CaCl2 -> CaR2 + 2HCl.
2HR+ CaSO4 -> CaR2 + H2SO4.
2HR+ MgCl2 -> MgR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ MgSO4 -> MgR2 + H2SO4.
Khi dng NH4R th phn ng xy ra nh sau:
2NH4R + Ca(HCO3)2 -> CaR2 + 2NH4HCO3.
2NH4R + Mg(HCO3)2 -> MgR2 + 2NH4HCO3.
2NH4R + CaCl2 -> CaR2 + 2NH4Cl.
2NH4R + MgSO4 -> MgR2 + (NH4)2SO4.
2NH4R + CaSO4 -> CaR2 + (NH4)2SO4.
2NH4R + MgCl2 -> MgR2 + 2NH4Cl.
- Khi dng NaR th ton b cng ca nc th c kh, song km v cc thnh phn anion khc trong nc
khng thay i.
- Khi s dng HR th km v cng ca nc c kh, nhng khi cc anion ca cc mui s to thnh cc
acid. Do nc sau x l c tnh acid nn khi cp cho ni (l) hihi khng c li. Do vy ngi ta thng kt hp
hai phng php trao i cation natri v hydro.
- Khi s dng NH4R th cng cng gim cn rt nh, nhng khi trong nc s to thnh cc mui amn, cc
mui ny khi vo ni (l) his b phn hy nhit to thnh cht NH3 v acid gy n mn kim loi, nht l hp kim
ng. Do ngi ta thng s dng kt hp vi phng php trao i cation natri.
- Khi lc nc qua bnh lc cationit hydro ton b mui ho tan trong nc bin thnh cc axit tng ng, acid
cacbonit phn hy thnh CO2 v H2O. Nc ra khi bnh HR s l dung dch ca acid sunfuric v clohydric, trc
khi vo bnh NaR th kh CO2 s b kh ct kh kh 9. khi dung dch ny qua bnh NaR cc acid s bin thnh cc
mui natri tng ng v nc lc ra khi bnh NaR s c cng v km b. Qu trnh ny xy ra phn ng nh
sau:
2HR+ Ca(HCO3)2 -> CaR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
2HR+ Mg(HCO3)2 -> MgR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
2HR+ CaCl2 -> CaR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ CaSO4 -> CaR2 + H2SO4
2HR+ MgCl2 -> MgR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ MgSO4 -> MgR2 + H2SO4
2NaR+ H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + 2HR
NaR+ HCl -> NaCl + HR
Sau mt thi gian lm vic, cc cationit s mt dn cc cation, ngha l cc cationit mt dn kh nng trao i. V
vy phc hi kh nng lm vic ca cc cationit cn phi cho chng trao i vi nhng cht c kh nng cung
cp li cc cationit ban u. Qu trnh c gi l qu trnh hon nguyn cationit.
hon nguyn kationit natri, ngi ta dng dung dch mui NaCl c nng 6-8%; i vi kationit hydro ngi ta
dng dung dch acid H2SO4 hoc HCl c nng 1-1,5%.
Trong qu trnh hon nguyn phn ng xy ra nh sau:
CaR2 + 2NaCl -> CaCl2 + NaR
MgR2 + 2NaCl -> MgCl2 + NaR
Hoc
CaR2 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + HR
MgR2 + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + HR

Phng php x l nc cp l hi
12/9/2011
E-mailBn in

X l c hc l s dng cc b lng v bnh lc c kh tch cc tp

cht l lng ra khi trong nc. Tuy nhin x l c hc ch loi b c
cc tp cht c kh ra khi nc nh l cc ht c ng knh ln hn
0,1-3mm v nhng ht keo sau khi kt hp vi nhau.
3.1 Nguyn tc x l nc l hi
X l nc l hi thng da trn 3 nguyn tc chnh l :

Kim sot cu cn, ngn nga cu ng trn b mt ng.

Kim sot n mn.
Ngn chn oxy ha tan gy oxy ha lm kim loi b h hi, b n mn,
gim dy.

3.2 Cc phng php x l

a) Phng php x l c hc
X l c hc l s dng cc b lng v bnh lc c kh tch cc tp cht l
lng ra khi trong nc. Tuy nhin x l c hc ch loi b c cc tp cht c
kh ra khi nc nh l cc ht c ng knh ln hn 0,1-3mm v nhng ht
keo sau khi kt hp vi nhau.

b) Phng php mng RO

Mng RO l mt mng mng lm t vt liu Cellulose Acetate, Polyamide hoc mng
TFC c nhng l nh ti 0.001 micron. Tt c cc mng ny u chu p sut cao nhng
kh nng chu pH v chlorine khng ging nhau.
Qu trnh:
Vi tc v p lc cc ln, dng nc chy lin tc trn b mt ca mng RO. Mt
phn trong s nhng phn t nc chui qua c nhng l lc. Cc tp cht b dng
nc cun tri v thi b ra ngoi. Vi cch thc ny, b mt ca mng RO lin tc
c ra sch v c tui th ti 2 - 5 nm. Cc loi tp cht khng qua dc l lc, b
dng nc ra tri trn b mt mng lc v thi ra ngoi.
Hiu sut loi b tp cht ca mng RO
Vi cu to c bit, mng RO (thm thu ngc) loi b hiu qu hu nh tt c
nhng g khng phi l nc

Bng 3.1 Hiu sut loi b tp cht ca mng RO

Nhm 97-98% Nickel 97-99%

Ammonia 85-95% Nitrate 93-96%

Arsenic 94-96% Phosphate 99+%

Vi khun 99+% Polyphosphate 98-99%

Bicarbonate 95-96% Potassium 92%

Bromide 93-96% Pyrogen 99+%

Cadmium 96-98% Radioactivity 95-98%

Canxi 96-98% Radium 97%

Chloride 94-95% Selenium 97%

Chromate 90-98% Silica 85-90%

 Chromium 96-98% Silicate 95-97%

ng 97-99% Bc 95-97%

Cyanide 90-95% Natri 92-98%

Ferrocyanide 98-99% Sulphate 99+%

Flouride 94-96% Sulphite 96-98%

St 98-99% Thic 98-99%

Ch 96-98% * Virus 99+%

Magi 96-98% * Insecticides 97%

Mangan 96-98% * Detergents 97%

Thy ngn 96-98% * Herbicides 97%

% TDS 95-99%

c) Phng php nhit

C s l thuyt ca phng php ny l dng nhit lm bc hi kh
cacbonat ha tan trong nc. Trng thi cn bng ca hp cht cacbonat s
chuyn dch theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
HCO3- CO32- + CO2 + H2O
Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Tuy nhin khi un nng nc ch kh ht kh cacbonat v lm gim cng
cacbonat ca nc, cn lng CaCO3 ha tan vn cn tn ti trong nc.
Ring i vi magi, qu trnh kh xy ra qua 2 bc. nhit thp (n
o
18 C) ta c phn ng:
Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Khi tip tc tng nhit ln cao, MgCO3 s b thy phn theo phn ng:
MgCO3 + H2O Mg(OH)2+ CO2 + H2O
Nh vy bng phng php nhit c th gim c cng cacbonat ng
k.
Lm mn nc bng phng php nhit thng c p dng cho x l nc
cp ni hi, v ta c th tn dng lng nhit d ca ni hi.
d) Phng php in thm tch
Phng php ny dng kh nc c cng cao.
 Nguyn tc qu trnh in thm tch l tch cc ion ra khi nc bng cch
y cc ion qua lp mng thm ion chn lc nh lc ht in.

e) Phng
php x l
dng ha cht
Loi b oxy ha tan: oxy ha tan c x l bng cc tc nhn kh
quen gi l
cc "cht kh oxy". Cc "cht kh oxy"c hai loi l:
Cht v c: ch yu l sunfit, hydrazin, carbchydrazit.
Cht hu c: hydro quinon, hydroxylamin, metyl etylxetoxim
Lm mm nc: C s ha hc ca lm mm nc l a cc ha cht
c kh nng kt hp vi cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ c trong nc to ra kt ta
CaCO3, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2 v loi tr chng bng cc bin php lng lc.
Dng vi ( Ca(OH)2): y l phng php thng dng nht kh
cng cacbonat. Cc phng trnh xy ra:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Dng vi kt hp vi sa: Khi tng hm hng cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ ln
hn tng hm hng cc ion HCO3- v CO32-, nu s dng vi th ch kh c
cng cacbonat cn cng non- cacbonat khng gim. gii quyt vn
ny ngi ta s dng thm sa.Qu trnh din ra nh sau:
Ca2+ + Mg2+ Ca(OH)2,
Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2
Cc phng trnh

MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 +

CaSO4
MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2

CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl

Dng Trinatriphotphat ( Na3PO4): Phng php ny dung khi cn s l lm mm

nc mt cch trit , m s dng vi v sa vn khng em li kt qu mong mun.
Ngi ta cho Trinatriphotphat vo nc kh ht cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ thnh cc dng
mui khng tan theo cc phn ng:

3CaCl2 + 2 Na3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6NaCl

3MgSO4 + 2 Na3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 3Na2SO4

3Ca(HCO3)2 + 2Na3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6NaHCO3

3Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Na3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 6NaHCO3

f) Phng php trao i ion

Phng php ny c thc hin bng nha trao i ion.Nha trao i ion c quyt
nh bi cc nhm c trng trong sn (khung) cao phn t ca nha v cc ion linh
ng. Cc nhm ny mang in tch m hoc dng to cho nha c tnh kim hoc
acid. Cc nhm c trng trong ionit ni vi cc ion linh ng c du ngc li bng lin
kt ion. Cc ion linh ng ny c kh nng trao i vi cc ion khc trong dung dch.
Loi nha trao i ion ny gm 2 loi:

Nha trao i cation (cationit): l nhng cht c c trng acid. Trong cu to

mng li ca nha c mang in tch m (nhm c trng mang in tch m) km theo
nhm c trng c mt cation linh ng c kh nng trao i vi cc cation khc trong
dung dch. Cc ion linh ng ca cationit thng l H, thng c gi l nha trao i
cation dng H. Nu thay H bng Na, nha c gi l Na-cationit
Cc nhm c trng ca cationit: -SO3H, -COOH, -OH(ca phenol), -PO3H

Cc nhm c trng cng nhiu, kh nng trao i cng tng, ng thi, ha

tan trong nc ca nha cng tng. Nu tng ni ngang trong cu trc ca nha
ionit th kh nng trao i, ha tan gim nhng trng s tng. C hai loi
cationit:
Cationit acid mnh: nhm c trng l SO3H, -PO3H c kh nng phn ly
thnh ion linh ng, t linh ng trong tt c cc mi trng trung tnh, kim, acid. Do
kh nng trao i ca chng khng b nh hng bi pH ca dung dch.
Cationit acid yu: nhm c trng -COOH, -OH phn ly yu trong mi
trng acid, kh nng phn ly mnh nn kh nng trao i ln.Trong mi trng acid,kh
nng phn ly thp, dn n kh nng trao i thp.

Nha trao i anion (anioit):

Cc nhm hot ng mang in tch dng, to cho anionit c tnh kim, cc anion
linh ng c th trao i vi cc anion khc trong dung dch.
 Nhm c trng: kim amin bc 1,2,3,4. Cc anion linh ng thng l OH, Cl.
Anionit kim mnh: nhm c trng l kim amin bc 4.Nhm OH dnh
vo nh lc tnh in. Anionit kim mnh c mc phn ly ion tt trong tt c cc mi
trng nn kh nng trao i ca chng khng ph thuc Ph ca mi trng.
Anionit kim yu: nhm c trng l kim amin bc 1-NH2, bc 2 =NH,
bc 3 N. Anionit kim yu ch phn ly trong mi trng kim yu

Cc phn ng c trng:
Qu trnh trao i vi cationit
RSO3H + Na+ + Cl- RSO3Na+ + H+ + Cl-

2RSO3 H + Ca2+ + 2Cl- (RSO3)2 Ca + 2H+ + 2Cl-

Hoc

RCOOH + Na+ + OH- RCOONa + H2O

C th xem y l qu trnh ho hc d th (lng-rn). Mc ion ho ph thuc

bn cht ho hc ca nhm hot ng, tnh cht dung dch bn ngoi

V d: nhm sunlfo: ion ho tt trong mi trng acid.Nhm -COOH, OH: trong mi

trng acid ion ho km hn
Cationit acid mnh: mc phn ly khng ph thuc pH
Cationit acid yu: thayi dung tch trao i theo pH
Mt c im khc: khi cationit trao i t n bo ho vi cation ny, th c th
trao i vi cation khc.

R-H+ + NaCl R-Na + H+ + Cl-

2R-Na + CaSO4 (R)2Ca + Na+ + SO42-

Sau khi bo ho, cationit c ti sinh bng acid

R-SO3Na + H+ R-SO3H+ + Na+
(R-SO3)2 Ca + 2H+ 2R-SO3H + Ca2+

Qu trnh trao i ca anionit:

- Anionit kim yu (nhm amin bc 1, 2, 3): ion ho khi pH<7

- Anion cha amin bc 4: ion ho trong mi trng acid yu, trung tnh, kim.
 - Anionit kim mnh c phn ly cao
R-OH + HCl R-Cl + H2O
Nguyn l ca phng php x l nc bng trao i cation

L thc hin qu trnh trao i gia cc cation ca tp cht ha tan trong nc, c
kh nng sinh cu trong l vi cc cation ca ht cationit, to nn nhng vt cht
mi tan trong nc nhng khng to thnh cu trong l.

Nh vy cc cation d ng cu cn c gi li, cn cc cation d ho tan th i

theo nc cp vo l.

Trong k thut thng dng ba loi cationit sau: cationit natri (NaR), cationit
hydro(HR), cationit amn (NH4R).
Khi dng NaR th phn ng xy ra nh sau:
2NaR+
Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2NaHCO3.
2NaR+ Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2NaHCO3.
2NaR+ CaCl2 CaR2 + 2NaCl.
2NaR+ MgCl2 MgR2 + 2NaCl.
2NaR+ CaSO4 CaR2 + Na2SO4.
2NaR+ MgSO4 CaR2 + Na2SO4.
Khi dng HR th phn ng xy ra
nh sau:
2HR+ Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2HR+ Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2HR+ CaCl2 CaR2 + 2HCl.
2HR+ CaSO4 CaR2 + H2SO4.
2HR+ MgCl2 MgR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ MgSO4 MgR2 + H2SO4.
Khi dng NH4R th phn ng sy ra nh sau:
2NH4R + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2NH4HCO3.
2NH4R + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2NH4HCO3.
2NH4R + CaCl2 CaR2 + 2NH4 Cl.
2NH4R + MgSO4 MgR2 + (NH4)2SO4.
2NH4R + CaSO4 CaR2 + (NH4)2SO4.
2NH4R + MgCl2 MgR2 + 2NH4Cl.
u v nhc im ca vic x l nc bng
cationit natri (NaR), cationit hydro(HR), cationit amn (NH4R).
- Khi dng NaR th ton b cng ca nc th c kh, song km v cc
thnh phn anion khc trong nc khng thay i. Anion ca cc mui s to thnh cc
acid. Do nc sau x l c tnh acid nn khi cp cho l hi khng c li. Do vy ngi ta
thng kt hp hai phng php trao i cation natri v hydro.
 - Khi s dng NH4R th cng cng gim cn rt nh, nhng khi trong nc
s to thnh cc mui amn, cc mui ny khi vo l s b phn hy nhit to thnh cht
NH3 v acid gy n mn kim loi, nht l hp kim ng. Do ngi ta thng s dng
kt hp vi phng php trao i cation natri.
- Khi lc nc qua bnh lc cationit hydro ton b mui ho tan trong nc bin
thnh cc axit tng ng, acid cacbonit phn hy thnh CO2 v H2O. Nc ra khi bnh
HR s l dung dch ca acid sunfuric v clohydric, trc khi vo bnh NaR th kh CO 2 s
b kh ct kh kh . Khi dung dch ny qua bnh NaR cc acid s bin thnh cc mui
natri tng ng v nc lc ra khi bnh NaR s c cng v km b. Qu trnh ny
xy ra phn ng nh sau:
2HR+
Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2 O
2HR+ Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2 O
2HR+ CaCl2 CaR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ CaSO4 CaR2 + H2SO4
2HR+ MgCl2 MgR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ MgSO4 MgR2 + H2SO4
2NaR+ H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HR
NaR+ HCl NaCl + HR

Sau mt thi gian lm vic, cc cationit s mt dn cc cation, ngha l cc cationit

mt dn kh nng trao i. V vy phc hi kh nng lm vic ca cc cationit cn
phi cho chng trao i vi nhng cht c kh nng cung cp li cc cationit ban u.
Qu trnh c gi l qu trnh hon nguyn cationit.
hon nguyn cationit natri, ngi ta dng dung dch mui NaCl c nng 6-8%;
i vi cationit hydro ngi ta dng dung dch acid H2SO4 hoc HCl c nng 1-1,5%.
Trong qu trnh hon nguyn phn ng xy ra nh sau
CaR2 + 2NaCl CaCl2 + NaR
MgR2 + 2NaCl MgCl2 + NaR
Hoc
CaR2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + HR
MgR 2+ 2HCl MgCl2 + HR
3.3 Cc ha cht chng n mn, cu cn v si bng cho ni hi
a) Cc cht chng n mn ni hi

Catalyzed Sulfite: l ho cht kh oxy trong nc cp v ni hi.

Kh oxy trong nc vi tc cc nhanh.

Hiu qu cao, ga thnh phi chng, khng nh hng n mi trng.

Amersite 61W:
 Tc ng kp va c kh nng kh kh oxy ho tan chng n mn, va c kh
nng th ng ho bo v b mt kim loi.

An ton nn c s dng trong thc phm, trong cc ni hi cao p.

c thm trc tip vo Deaerator, condenser hoc trc tip vo ni hi.

Amertrol 1100 ODT: L hn hp a chc nng, gm c kh kh oxy, ngn cn s
ng cn, chng n mn do PH thp.

C gc Phosphats s to phc vi canxi to thnh bn mm.

C Polyme gip ho tan cht rn l lng bo v b mt truyn nhit.

Cha gc sulfite kh oxi chng n mn.

Cha amin cn bng pH trong ni hi.

C cht ph bt gip ngn nga hin tng tng p.

b) Cht chng cu cn cho ni hi

Amertrol 1123: cha phosphate, polymer v cht ph bt dng ngn cn s
hnh thnh cn cng b mt trao i nhit, ci thin hiu qu lm vic ca ni hi,
trnh hin tng n ng, h hng thit b, ko di tui th ni hi.

Drewplus G-5170: l cht kim sot s to bt trnh hin tng bt, bn, cn
bn b cun theo ng hi i vo trong h thng gy nh hng n sn phm, thit
b.

C th thm trc tip vo Deaerator( H thng loi kh), Preboiler( H thng trc khi
un si) hoc Boiler( h thng un si).

Khi kim sot silica trong nc l trong gii hn cho

php v cc ch tiu x l nc l hi c kim sot
tt th vic hnh thnh cu silica s c hn ch, silica
trong nc c xu hng to hp cht Serpentin
(2MgSiO3. Mg (OH)2.H2O).
1. Tiu chun nc l hi:
 GII HN KIM SOT
M T V TR LY MU (Tiu chun: BS2486:
1997)
Nc Nc
Ch tiu VT Nc th Nc l Nc l
mm mm
pH 6.5_8 10.512
TDS mg/l <3,500
kim Phenol mg/l 300500
cng tng mg/l <3 <5
Clorid mg/l <300
Silica mg/l <200
Photphat mg/l 3060
Sunfit mg/l 3070
St mg/l <0.05 <4
Trong
Mu Trong sut
sut

2. ngha ca cc ch tiu trong nc l hi

pH:

pH thp hn 10.5 s lm tng nguy c n mn do axit tn cng

pH cao hn 12 s lm tng nguy c n mn kim (cn gi l n gin)

TDS: l tng cht rn ha tan trong nc. Khi TDS cao, cc cht rn ha tan trong nc c xu
hng to kt ta v sa lng xung y thit b to cn.

kim phenol v phosphate:

kim phenol, phosphate trong gii hn cho php th cng trong nc s c xu hng to kt
ta canxi hydroxit Apatit (3Ca3(PO4)2. Ca(OH)2). y l mt dng cn nc l lng, d a ra khi l
theo ng x y.

Khi kim thp v phosphate cao hn gii hn kim sot trong nc c xu hng to kt ta
phosphate.

Ca2+ + PO42- -> Ca3(PO4)2

 Fe2+ + PO42- -> Fe3(PO4)2

Khi phosphate thp v kim cao trong nc c xu hng to kt ta hydroxyt

Ca2+ + OH- -> Ca(OH)2

Fe2+ + OH- -> Fe(OH)2

Khi phosphate v kim cng thp trong nc c xu hng to kt ta theo cc phn ng sau:

Ca2+ + CO32- ->

CaCO3

Ca2+ + SiO32- -> CaSiO3

Ca2+ + SO42- ->

CaSO4

y l nhng hp cht khng mong mun trong x l nc l hi. c bit l phn ng to mui
silicate. y l loi cn rt kh x l.

pH v kim qu cao s gy n mn ng sut (n gin)

kim cao kt hp vi TDS cao, trong nc l s c xu hng v cc bong bng hi v gy nn

hin tng si bng v mi nc. Nc trong l b li cun theo hi, do gy nhim bn hi.

Cloride: Hm lng cloride trong nc l th hin mc c c ca nc l. L hi cn c vn

hnh vi mc hp l kim sot hm lng cloride trong nc l thp hn 300mg/l. Nu hm
lng cloride qu cao (nc l b nhim mn) c th s gy n mn l hi (n mn ng sut tng
t Hnh 3).

Sulphite: Sulphite c s dng trong x l nc l hi nhm loi b oxi ha tan theo phn ng
sau:

SO32- + O2 -> SO42-

Chng trnh x l nc l hi bng sulphite c p dng rng ri i vi l p thp v trung

bnh.

C ch n mn do oxi ha tan:

Hm lng st: Hm lng st trong nc l hi o c c gm:

St i vo t nc cp b c c li

St hnh thnh do l hi b n mn

St c kim sot thp hn 4mg/l hn ch s to thnh cc mui st, lm cho mu nc l c

mu nu v sa lng to cn.

Silica: Trong x l nc chi ph x l silica t nc cp rt c, hin nay khng my cng ty

Vit Nam c h thng ny v vic l hi b ng cu silicate th rt kh x l.
Khi kim sot silica trong nc l trong gii hn cho php v cc ch tiu x l nc l hi c
kim sot tt th vic hnh thnh cu silica s c hn ch, silica trong nc c xu hng to
hp cht Serpentin (2MgSiO3. Mg (OH)2.H2O).

Nhng g trnh by sau y c da trn sch ca thy C Thnh Long - HKHTN TpHCM:
- Ch th Tashiro c pha ch t cht ch th n l metyl (Methyl Red - MR) v mt cht mu
tr vi pH l xanh metylen (Methylen Blue - MB).
- Cch pha ch: Trn hai th tch bng nhau ca dung dch MR 0,2% trong ru etylic v
MB 0,1% trong ru etylic (tc t l l 2:1)
- C ch i mu: Ch th MR dng axit c mu , cn dng baz c mu vng. Khong i
mu l 4,4 - 6,2; pT = 5,5 (gn bng pKa = 5,0)
MB trong dung dch c mu xanh m (chm), khng i mu trong qu trnh chun axit-
baz. S c mt ca MB cng vi MR lm cho mu sc thay i khc hn.
+ Vi pH < 4,4: Mu chm + => tm
+ Vi pH > 6.2: Mu chm + vng => Lc
+ Vi 4,4 < pH < 6,2: Mu bin i phc tp. pH > 4,4 mu tm nht dn. Khi t pH = pT =
5,4 th mt mu v ngay sau chuyn sang mu lc nht.
Ta thy mu trung gian (mu cam) khng xut hin v s chuyn mu t tm => lc (hoc
ngc li) c tng phn cao, rt r rng. Gi tr pT = 5,4 v khong chuyn mu rt hp
5,2-5,6 => Ch th rt tt.

Hi vng lm bn hi lng!
Chc bn hc tt!