Giao trinh Bao v cac phn t chinh

trong h thng in

Bin tp bi:
PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
Giao trinh Bao v cac phn t chinh
trong h thng in

Bin tp bi:
PGS.TS. L Kim Hng

Cc tc gi:
unknown
PGS.TS. L Kim Hng

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/6c2bdeb4
MC LC

1. Ma s Rle
2. Chng 1: Bao v may phat in
2.1. A. Gii thiu chung v may phat in
2.2. B. Cac bao v Rle cho may phat in
2.2.1. I. Bo v so lnh dc
2.2.2. II. Bo v so lnh ngang
2.2.3. III. Bo v chng chm t trong cun dy Stator
2.2.4. IV. Bo v chng chm t mch kch t ca may phat in
2.2.5. V. Bo v chng qu in p
2.2.6. VI. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti
2.2.7. VII. Bo v chng mt kch t
2.2.8. VIII. Bo v chng mt ng b
2.2.9. IX. Bo v chng lung cng sut ngc
2.2.10. X. Mt s s bao v may phat in dung Rle s
3. Chng 2: Bo v my bin p
3.1. A. Gii thiu chung
3.2. B. Cc loi bo v thng dng bo v my bin p
3.2.1. I. Bo v chng s c trc tip bn trong MBA
3.2.2. II. Bo v chng s c gin tip bn trong MBA
3.2.3. III. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti
3.3. C. Tnh ton bo v Rle cho my bin p
3.3.1. Mc ch
3.3.2. I. Bo v qu dng in
3.3.3. II. Bo v qu ti
3.3.4. III. Bo v dng th t khng ca MBA trong mng c dng chm t ln
3.3.5. IV. Tinh toan cac bao v so lnh cho my bin p
3.3.6. V. Bo v so lnh khi c dng t ha nhy vt, hin tng qu kch t
MBA
3.3.7. VI. Mt s s bo v tiu biu cho my bin p
4. Chng 3: Bao v thanh gop
4.1. A. Gii thiu chung
4.2. B. Cac dang bao v thanh gop
4.3. C. Tinh toan bao v thanh gop
5. Chng 4: Bao v ng dy

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 5.1. A. Gii thiu chung v bo v ng dy
5.2. B. Cac loai bao v thng dung bao v ng dy trong h thng in
5.2.1. I. Bao v qua dong
5.2.2. II. Bao v so lch dong in
5.2.3. III. Bao v khoang cach
6. Chng 5: Phn phu luc
6.1. A. Gii thiu chung
6.2. B. Tng quan v Rle s
6.3. C. Rle so lch s KBCH130
6.4. D. Rle khoang cach Micom P44X
Tham gia ng gp

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Ma s Rle
Bng cc m s ca rle

2 Phn t thi gian

3 Chc nng kim tra hoc kho lin ng
4 Contactor chnh
21 Bo v khong cch
24 Chc nng qu kch t
25 Chc nng kim tra ng b
26W rle bo v qu nhit cun dy mba
26Q rle nhit du
27 Bo v in p gim
30 Rle tn hiu
32 Chc nng nh hng cng sut
32P Chc nng dao ng in
32Q Chc nng nh hng cng sut th t nghch
33 rle mc du ti mba
40 Chc nng bo v mt t trng
46 Rle dng cn bng pha
47 Chc nng thiu p th t thun
50 Bo v qu dng ct nhanh
50/87 Bo v so lch ct nhanh
50BF Chc nng t chi ct (s c my ct)
50G Bo v qu dng chm t tc thi
50F Chc nng bo v ng in vo im s c
51 Bo v qu dng c thi gian
51N Bo v qu dng chm t c thi gian

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51P Bo v qu dng pha c thi gian
52 My ct (MC)
52a Tip im ph thng m ca MC
52b Tip im ph thng ng ca MC
55 Rle h s cng sut
59 Chc nng in p cc i
63 bo v p sut tng cao trong mba
64 Bo v chng chm t c nhy cao
64r Bo v chng chm t c nhy cao cho cun dy rotor
64g Bo v chng chm t c nhy cao cho cun dy stator
67 Bo v qu dng c hng
74 Rle kim tra cun ct MC
79 T ng ng tr li (TL)
81 Rle tn s
84 B iu p MBA
86 rle kho trung gian
87 Bo v so lch
87b Bo v so lch thanh ci
87g Bo v so lch my pht
87l Bo v so lch Z
87m Bo v so lch ng c
87t Bo v so lch MBA
90 Chc nng t ng iu chnh in p
96B rle kh Buchholz

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Chng 1: Bao v may phat in
A. Gii thiu chung v may phat in
CC DNG H HNG V TNH TRNG LM VIC KHNG BNH
THNG CA MF

Cc dng h hng:

Ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun stator. (1)

Chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng 1 pha (i vi cc MF c cun dy
kp). (2)
Chm t 1 pha trong cun dy stator. (3)
Chm t mt im hoc hai im mch kch t. (4)

Cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca MF:

Dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi hoc qu ti. (5)

in p u cc my pht tng cao do mt ti t ngt hoc khi ct ngn mch
ngoi. (6)

Ngoi ra cn c cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng khc nh: Ti khng i
xng, mt kch t, mt ng b, tn s thp, my pht lm vic ch ng c, ...

CC BO V THNG DNG CHO MF

Tu theo chng loi ca my pht (thu in, nhit in, turbine kh, thu in tch
nng...), cng sut ca my pht, vai tr ca my pht v s ni dy ca nh my
in vi cc phn t khc trong h thng m ngi ta la chn phng thc bo v thch
hp. Hin nay khng c phng thc bo v tiu chun i vi MF cng nh i vi
cc thit b in khc. Tu theo quan im ca ngi s dng i vi cc yu cu v
tin cy, mc d phng, nhy... m chng ta la chn s lng v chng loi rle
trong h thng bo v. i vi cc MF cng sut ln, xu th hin nay l lp t hai
h thng bo v c lp nhau vi ngun in thao tc ring, mi h thng bao gm mt
bo v chnh v mt s bo v d phng c th thc hin y cc chc nng bo v
cho my pht.

bo v cho MF chng li cc dng s c nu phn I, ngi ta thng dng cc

loi bo v sau:

Bo v so lch dc pht hin v x l khi xy ra s c (1).

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 Bo v so lch ngang cho s c (2).
Bo v chng chm t mt im cun dy stator cho s c (3).
Bo v chng chm t mch kch t cho s c (4).
Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti cho s c (5).
Bo v chng in p u cc my pht tng cao cho s c (6).

Ngoi ra c th dng: Bo v khong cch lm bo v d phng cho bo v so lch, bo

v chng qu nhit rotor do dng my pht khng cn bng, bo v chng mt ng b,
...

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B. Cac bao v Rle cho may phat in
I. Bo v so lnh dc

BO V SO LCH DC (87G)

Nhim v v s nguyn l:

Bo v so lch dc (BVSLD) c nhim v chng ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun dy
stator my pht. S thc hin bo v nh hnh 1.1.

S bo v so lch dc cun stator MF; s tnh ton (a) v theo m s (b) (Hnh 1.1)

Trong :

Rf: dng hn ch dng in khng cn bng (IKCB), nhm nng cao

nhy ca bo v.
1RI, 2RI, 4Rth: pht hin s c v a tn hiu i ct my ct u cc my pht
khng thi gian (thc t thng t 0,1 sec).

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 3RI, 5RT: bo tn hiu khi xy ra t mch th sau mt thi gian cn thit
(thng qua 5RT) trnh hin tng bo nhm khi ngn mch ngoi m tng
t mch th.

Vng tc ng ca bo v l vng gii hn gia cc BI ni vo mch so lch. C th

y l cc cun dy stator ca MF, on thanh dn t u cc MF n my ct.

Nguyn l lm vic:

BVSLD hot ng theo nguyn tc so snh lch dng in gia hai u cun dy
stator, dng vo rle l dng so lch:

IR = I1T - I2T = ISL (1-1)

Vi I1T, I2T l dng in th cp ca cc BI hai u cun dy.

Bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi, dng vo rle 1RI, 2RI l dng khng cn bng
IKCB:

ISL = I1T - I2T = IKCB< IKR (dng khi ng rle) (1-2)

nn bo v khng tc ng (hnh 1.2a).

Khi xy ra chm chp gia cc pha trong cun dy stator (hnh 1.2b), dng in vo cc
rle 1RI, 2RI:
IN
ISL = I1T - I2T = nI > IKR (1-3)

Trong :

- IN: dng in ngn mch.

- nI: t s bin dng ca BI

Bo v tc ng i ct 1MC ng thi a tn hiu i n b phn t ng dit t (TDT).

Trng hp t mch th ca BI, dng vo rle l:

IF
IR= nI (1-4)

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 th vct ca dng in trong mch BVSLD (a) Bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi (b) Khi
ngn mch trong vng bo v (Hnh 1.2)

Dng in ny c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm, lc ch c 3RI khi ng bo

t mch th vi thi gian chm tr, trnh hin tng bo nhm trong qu trnh qu
khi ngn mch ngoi c xung dng ln.

s hnh 1.1, cc BI ni theo s sao khuyt nn bo v so lch dc s khng tc

ng khi xy ra ngn mch mt pha pha khng t BI. Tuy nhin cc bo v khc s
tc ng.

Tnh cc tham s v chn Rle:

Tnh chn 1RI v 2RI:

Dng in khi ng ca rle 1RI, 2RI c chn phi tho mn hai iu kin sau:

iu kin 1: Bo v khng tc ng i vi dng khng cn bng cc i

IKCBmax khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v.

IKB Kat.IKCBtt (1-5)

IKCBtt = Kn.KKCK.fi.INngmax (1-6)

Trong :

Kat: h s an ton tnh n sai s ca rle v d tr cn thit. Kat c th ly

bng 1,3.
KKCK: h s tnh n s c mt ca thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn
mch, KKCK c th ly t 1 n 2 tu theo bin php c s dng nng
cao nhy ca bo v.
Kn: h s tnh n s ng nht ca cc BI (Kn = 0,51).
fi: sai s tng i ca BI, fi c th ly bng 0,1 (c k n d tr, v cc my
bin dng chn theo ng cong sai s 10%).
INngmax: thnh phn chu k ca dng in chy qua BI ti thi im u khi
ngn mch ngoi trc tip 3 pha u cc my pht.

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 iu kin 2: Bo v khng c tc ng khi t mch th BI.

Lc dng vo rle 1RI, 2RI: (gi s MF ang lm vic ch nh mc)

ImF
ISL= nI (1-7)

Dng khi ng ca bo v:
Kat
IKB = nI ImF (1-8)

Nh vy, iu kin chn dng khi ng cho 1RI, 2RI:

IKB = max{Kat.IKCBtt; Kat.ImF} (1-9)

Dng in khi ng ca rle:

K(3).IKB
IKR = nI (1-10)

Vi K(3) l h s s . Sau khi tnh c IKR ta s chn c loi rle cn thit.

Kim tra nhy Kn ca bo v:

INmin
Kn = IKB (1-11)

Vi INmin: dng in ngn mch 2 pha u cc my pht khi my pht lm vic ring
l.

V bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn yu cu Kn> 2.

Tnh chn Rle 3RI:

Dng khi ng s cp ca rle 3RI phi ln hn dng khng cn bng cc i khi ngn
mch ngoi vng bo v. Nhng trong tnh ton th iu kin n nh nhit ca rle l
quyt nh. Theo kinh nghim c th chn dng khi ng cho 3RI:

IKS(3RI) = 0,2.ImF (1-12)

Ta tnh c IKRca 3RI v chn c loi rle tng ng.

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Thi gian lm vic ca 5RT:

Khi xy ra ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, c th xut hin nhng xung dng ln thong
qua lm cho bo v tc ng nhm do vy phi chn thi gian tc ng ca 5RT tho
mn iu kin:

t5RT > tct Nngoi (1-13)

t5RT = tctNng + t (1-14)

Trong :

tctNng: thi gian ln nht ca cc bo v ni vo thanh gp in p my pht.

t: bc chn lc thi gian, thng t = (0,25 0,5) sec.
Nhn xt:

- Bo v s tc ng khi ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun dy stator my pht.

- Bo v khng tc ng khi chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng 1 pha hoc khi
xy ra chm t 1 im trong cun dy phn tnh.

tng nhy ca bo v so lch ngi ta c th s dng rle so lch c hm.

Bo v so lch dng in c hm cun dy stator MF (Hnh 1.3)

Bo v so lch c hm:

S bo v nh hnh 1.3. Rle gm c hai cun dy: Cun hm v cun lm vic.

Rle lm vic trn nguyn tc so snh dng in gia ILV v IH.

Dng in vo cun lm vic ILV:

. .
ILV = I1T I2T = ISL (1-15)

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 Dngin hm vo cun hm IH:

IH = | I1T + I2T| (1-16)

Khi lm vic bnh thng hay ngn mch ngoi vng bo v: Dng in I1T cng chiu
vi dng I2T: |I1T| |I2T|

ISL = ILV = |I1T - I2T| = IKCB (1-17)

IH =|I1T + I2T| 2.|I1T|> ILV (1-18)

nn bo v khng tc ng.

Khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v: Dng in I1T ngc pha vi I2T:

|I1T| = |-I2T |

IH = | I1T - I2T | 0

ILV =|I1T + I2T| 2.|I1T| > IH (1-19)

bo v s tc ng.

Nhn xt:
Bo v hot ng theo nguyn tc so snh dng in gia ILVv IH, nn
nhy ca bo v rt cao v khi xy ra ngn mch th bo v tc ng mt cch
chc chn vi thi gian tc ng thng t = (15 20) msec.
Bo v so lch dc dng rle c hm c th ngn chn bo v tc ng nhm
do nh hng bo ho ca BI.
i vi cc my pht in c cng sut ln c th s dng s bo v so lch
hm tc ng nhanh (hnh 1.4).

ch lm vic bnh thng, dng in th cp I1T v I2T ca cc nhm bin dng

1BI, 2BI chy qua in tr hm RH, to nn in p hm UH, cn hiu dng th cp
(dng so lch) ISL chy qua bin dng trung gian BIG, cu chnh lu CL v in tr
lm vic RLV to nn in p lm vic ULV. Gi tr in p UH > ULV, bo v khng
tc ng.

Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v, in p ULV >> UH, dng in chy qua rle RL1
lm rle ny tc ng ng tip im RL1 li. Dng in lm vic sau khi nn chy qua
rle RL2, RL2 ng tip im li, rle ct u ra s c cp ngun thao tc qua hai tip
im ni tip RL1 v RL2 i ct my ct u cc my pht. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng
rle so lch tng tr cao bo v so lch my pht in (hnh 1.5).Rle so lch RU

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trong s c tng tr kh ln s tc ng theo in p so lch USL, ch lm vic
bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi, cc bin dng 1BI, 2BI (c chn ging nhau) c
cng dng in my pht i qua do cc sc in ng E1 v E2 bng nhau v ngc
pha nhau, L1 = L2, phn b in p trong mch nh hnh 1.5b.

Tr s in p t ln rle so lch RU ph thuc vo quan h gia cc in tr R1 v R2.

in tr R1, R2 gm in tr cun dy th cp v dy dn ph ni gia hai nhm bin
dng 1BI v 2BI, vi R1 = R2 USL = 0

Bo v so lch dng rle tng tr cao cho MF (a) S nguyn l (b) Mch in ng tr v
phn b in p trong ch lm vic bnh thng (c) nhm 2BI b bo ho khi ngn mch
ngoi v hon ton d) khi c ngn mch trong.(Hnh 1.5)

Khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v:

* Trng hp my pht lm vic bit lp vi h thng: Dng in qua 1BI l dng

ca my pht. Dng in qua 2BI bng khng E2 = 0. in p t ln rle so lch RU
hnh 1.5c:

I'' .(R1 + R2)

N
USL1 = nI (v RSL >> R2) (1-20)

Trong :

I''N: tr hiu dng ca dng siu qu khi ngn mch trn u cc my pht. I''N
= I(3)Nngmax = I(3)Nu cc MF

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vi:

nI: t s bin dng ca BI.

RSL: in tr mch so lch (gm rle v dy ni).

* Trng hp my pht ni vi h thng: Khi ti im ngn mch, ngoi dng

in do bn thn my pht cung cp I''NFcn c thm thnh phn dng in do h thng
v I''NH. Mch in ng tr v phn b in p nh hnh 1.5d. Gi tr in p t ln
rle so lch RU:

(I'' + I'' ).(R1 + R2)

NF NH
USL2 = nI (1-21)

m bo tnh chn lc, in p khi ng ca rle so lch RU phi chn ln hn

min{USL1; USL2}, ngha l:

Kat.I'' .(R1 + R2)

N
UKR = Kat.USL1 = nI (1-22)

Vi Kat = (1,15 1,2) l h s an ton.

Thi gian tc ng ca bo v thng: t = (15 20) msec

Nhn xt:
i vi cc MF c cng sut ln, hng s thi gian tt dn ca thnh phn
mt chiu trong dng in ngn mch c th t n hng trm msec, gy bo
ha mch t ca cc my bin dng v lm chm tc ng ca bo v khi c
ngn mch trong vng bo v. V vy cn phi s dng s bo v tc ng
nhanh trc khi xy ra bo ha mch t ca my bin dng, tc l: tbh > tbv,
vi tbv l thi gian ct ngn mch ca bo v; tbh thi gian bo ho mch t
ca BI.

Bo v khong cch (21):

i vi cc MF cng sut ln ngi ta thng s dng bo v khong cch lm bo

v d phng cho BVSL (hnh 1.6a).

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 S nguyn l (a); c tnh thi gian (b) v c tuyn khi ng (c) ca bo v khong cch
cho MF (Hnh 1.6)

V khong cch t MBA n my ct cao p kh ngn, trnh tc ng nhm khi

ngn mch ngoi MBA, vng th nht ca bo v khong cch c chn bao gm in
khng ca MF v khong 70% in khng ca MBA tng p ( bo v hon ton
cun h ca MBA), ngha l:

ZIk = ZF + 0,7.ZB (1-23)

Thi gian lm vic ca vng th nht thng chn tI = (0,4 0,5) sec (hnh 1.6b).

Vng th hai thng bao gm phn cn li ca cun dy MBA, thanh dn v ng dy

truyn ti ni vi thanh gp lin k. c tuyn khi ng ca rle khong cch c th
c dng vng trn vi tm gc to hoc hnh bnh hnh vi nghing ca cnh
bn bng nghing ca vct in p UFhnh 1.6c.

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II. Bo v so lnh ngang

BO V SO LCH NGANG (87G)

Cc vng dy ca MF chp nhau thng do nguyn nhn h hng cch in ca dy

qun. C th xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng mt nhnh (cun dy n)
hoc gia cc vng dy thuc hai nhnh khc nhau trong cng mt pha, dng in trong
cc vng dy b chm chp c th t n tr s rt ln. i vi my pht in m cun
dy stator l cun dy kp, khi c mt s vng dy chm nhau sc in ng cm ng
trong hai nhnh s khc nhau to nn dng in cn bng chy qun trong cc mch
vng s c v t nng cun dy c th gy ra h hng nghim trng. Trong nhiu
trng hp khi xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng mt pha nhng BVSLD
khng th pht hin c, v vy cn phi t bo v so lch ngang chng dng s c
ny.

Bo v so lch ngang c hm (a) v c tnh khi ng (b) (Hnh 1.7)

i vi MF cng sut va v nh ch c cun dy n, lc chm chp gia cc

vng dy trong cng mt pha thng km theo chm v, nn bo v chng chm t tc
ng (trng hp ny khng cn t bo v so lch ngang).

Vi MF cng sut ln, cun dy stator lm bng thanh dn v c qun kp, u ra

cc nhnh a ra ngoi nn vic bo v so lch ngang tng i d dng. Ngi ta c
th dng s bo v ring hoc chung cho cc pha.

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S bo v ring cho tng pha: (hnh 1.7, 1.8)

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi, sc in ng trong cc

nhnh cun dy stator bng nhau nn I1T = I2T. Khi :

|IH| = |I1T + I2T| = 2.I1T (1-24)

ISL =|ILV|=|I1T - I2T| = IKCB (1-25)

IH > ILV nn bo v khng tc ng

Khi xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy ca hai nhnh khc nhau cng mt pha, gi
thit ch my pht cha mang ti, ta c: I1T = -I2T

|IH| = |I1T - I2T| = IKCB

| ILV|= |I1T + I2T| = 2.I1T (1-26)

ILV> IHnn rle tc ng ct my ct u cc my pht.

S bo v so lch ngang theo m s (Hnh 1.8)

S bo v chung cho cc pha: (hnh 1.9)

Trong s BI c t gia hai im ni trung tnh ca 2 nhm nhnh ca cun dy

stator, th cp ca BI ni qua b lc sng hi bc ba L3f dng gim dng khng cn
bng i vo rle.

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 S bo v so lch ngang cho cc pha MF, s tnh ton (a) v theo m s (b) (Hnh 1.9)

CN: cu ni, bnh thng CN v tr 1 v bo v tc ng khng thi gian. Khi my

pht chm t 1 im mch kch t (khng nguy him), CN c chuyn sang v tr 2
lc bo v s tc ng c thi gian trnh tc ng nhm khi chm t thong qua
im th 2 mch kch t.

Nguyn l hot ng:

Bo v hot ng trn nguyn l so snh th V1 v V2 ca trung im O1 v O2 gia 2

nhnh song song ca cun dy.

* ch bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi:

U12 = V1 - V2 0 (1-27)

nn khng c dng qua BI do bo v khng tc ng (cu ni v tr 1).

* Khi xy ra chm chp 1 im mch kch t, my pht vn c duy tr vn hnh nhng

phi chuyn cu ni sang v tr 2 trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm khi ngn
mch thong qua im th 2 mch kch t.

* Khi s c (chm chp gia cc vng dy):

U12 = V1 - V2 0 (1-28)

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nn c dng qua BI bo v tc ng ct my ct.

Dng khi ng ca rle:

Dng in khi ng ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

IKB Kat.IKCBtt (1-29)

Thc t vic xc nh dng khng cn bng tnh ton IKCBtt tng i kh, nn thng
xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim:

IKB = (0,05 0,1).ImF (1-30)

IKB
IKR = nI (1-31)

t c th chn c loi rle cn thit.

Thi gian tc ng ca bo v:

Bnh thng bo v tc ng khng thi gian (cu ni CN v tr 1). Khi chm t im

th nht mch kch t th cu ni CN c chuyn sang v tr 2. Thi gian tc ng ca
rle RT c xc nh nh sau:

tRT = tBV 2 im kt + t (1-32)

Trong :

tBV 2 im kt: thi gian tc ng ca bo v chng chm t im th hai

mch kch t.
t: bc chn thi gian, thng ly t = 0,5 sec.
Nhn xt:
Bo v so lch ngang cng c th lm vic khi ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun
dy stator. Tuy nhin n khng th thay th hon ton cho BVSLD c v khi
ngn mch trn u cc my pht bo v so lch ngang khng lm vic.
Bo v tc ng khi chm t im th hai mch kch t (nu bo v chng
chm t im th hai mch kch t khng tc ng) do s khng i xng ca
t trng lm cho V1 V2.

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III. Bo v chng chm t trong cun dy Stator

BO V CHNG CHM T TRONG CUN DY STATOR (50/51N)

Mng in p my pht thng lm vic vi trung tnh cch in vi t hoc ni t

qua cun dp h quang nn dng chm t khng ln lm. Tuy vy, s c mt im
cun dy stator chm li t li thng xy ra, dn n t chy cch in cun dy v
lan rng ra cc cun dy bn cnh gy ngn mch nhiu pha.V vy, cn phi t bo v
chng chm t mt im cun dy stator.

Dng in ti ch chm t khi trung im ca cun dy my pht khng ni t l:

.Up
I(1)
= (1-33)
r + X2
2
q C0

Trong :

: s phn trm cun dy tnh t trung im n v tr chm t ( 1).

Up: in p pha ca my pht.
rq: in tr qu ti ch s c.
XC0: dung khng 3 pha ng tr ca tt c cc phn t trong mng in p

1
my pht. XC0 = 3.j..C0

Nu b qua in tr qu ti ch s c (rq = 0), dng chm t bng:

I(1)
= 3...C0.Up (1-34)

Khi chm t xy ra ti u cc my pht ( = 1) dng chm t t tr s ln nht:

I(1)
max= 3..C0.Up (1-35)

Nu dng chm t ln cn phi t cun dp h quang (CDHQ), theo quy nh ca mt

s nc, CDHQ cn phi t khi:

I(1)
max 30 A i vi mng c U = 6 kV

I(1)
max 20 A i vi mng c U = 10 kV

I(1)
max 15 A i vi mng c U = (15 20) kV

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I(1)
max 10 A i vi mng c U = 35 kV

Kinh nghim cho thy rng dng in chm t I(1)

max 5A c kh nng duy tr tia la
in ti ch chm t lm hng cun dy v li thp ti ch s c, v vy bo v cn
phi tc ng ct my pht. Phn ln s c cun dy stator l chm t mt pha v cc
cun dy cch in nm trong cc rnh li thp. gii hn dng chm t trung tnh
my pht thng ni t qua mt tng tr. Cc phng php ni t trung tnh c
trnh by trong hnh 1.10.

Nu tng tr trung tnh ln dng chm t c th gii hn nh hn dng in nh

mc my pht. Khng c cng thc tng qut no cho gi tr ti u ca tng tr gii hn
dng. Nu tng tr trung tnh qu cao, dng chm t b lm cho rle khng tc ng.
Ngoi ra in tr qu ln s xut hin hin tng cng hng qu gia cc cun dy
vi t v ng dy kt ni. trnh hin tng ny khi tnh chn in tr trung tnh
1
cc i da vo dung dn gia 3 cun dy stator my pht, thng yu cu: R 3C (
) (1-36)

vi C l in dung ca mi cun dy stator my pht.

Nu in tr trung tnh thp, dng in chm t s cao v s gy nguy him cho my

pht. Khi in tr trung tnh gim nhy ca rle chng chm t gim do in th
th t khng nh. Rle chng chm t s cm nhn in th ging trn in tr ni t
do vy gi tr in th ny phi ln m bo nhy ca rle.

Hnh 1.10gii thiu mt s phng n p dng ni t trung tnh my pht.

Phng n a: Trung tnh ni t qua in tr cao Rt (hnh1.10a) gii hn

dng chm t nh hn 25A. Mt phng n khc cng ni t qua in tr
thp cho php dng chm t c th t n 1500A.
Phng n b: Trung tnh ni t qua in khng c khng tr b (hnh 1.10b),
vi phng n ny cho php dng chm t ln hn khi dng phng n a, gi
tr dng chm t khong (25100)% dng ngn mch 3 pha.
Phng n c: Trung tnh ni t qua my bin p BA hnh 1.10c, in p ca
cun s MBA bng in p my pht, in p ca cun th MBA khong 120V
hay 240V.
i vi s c thanh gp cp in p my pht khi I > 5 (A) cn phi ct
my pht.
i vi s ni b MF-MBA thng I < 5 (A) ch cn t bo v n gin
hn bo tn hiu chm t stator m khng cn ct my pht.

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i vi s thanh gp in p my pht:

S hnh 1.11 c dng bo v cun dy stator my pht khi xy ra chm t. Bo

v lm vic theo dng th t khng qua bin dng th t khng 7BI0 c kch t ph t
ngun xoay chiu ly t 2BU.

S bo v chng chm t 1 im cun stator MF (Hnh 1.11: )

3RI: rle chng chm t 2 pha ti hai im khi dng bo v so lch dc t

2 pha (s sao khuyt).
4RI: rle chng chm t 1 pha cun dy stator.
5RG: kho bo v khi ngn mch ngoi.
6RT: to thi gian lm vic cn thit bo v khng tc ng i vi nhng
gi tr qu ca dng in dung i qua my pht khi chm t 1 pha trong
mng in p my pht.
Rth: rle bo tn hiu.

Nguyn l hot ng:

Tnh trng lm vic bnh thng, dng in qua rle 3RI, 4RI:
. . . . .
1 1
IR = nI (IA + IB + IC ) = nI IKCBtt (1-37)

Dng in khng cn bng do cc pha pha s cp ca 7BI0 t khng i xng vi

cun th cp v do thnh phn kch t ph gy nn. Dng in khi ng ca rle cn
phi chn ln hn dng in khng cn bng trong tnh trng bnh thng ny:

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IKR >IKCBtt

Khi xy ra chm t 1 pha trong vng bo v:

Dng qua ch chm t bng:

ID = (3...C0HT + 3...C0F).UpF (1-38)

Trong :

: phn s vng dy b chc thng k t im trung tnh cun dy stator.

C0F, C0HT: in dung pha i vi t ca my pht v h thng.
UpF: in p pha ca my pht.

Dng in vo rle bng:

I'D = 3...C0HT.UpF (1-39)

bo v c th tc ng c cn thc hin iu kin:

IKB I'D IKCBtt (1-40)

n gin, ta gi thit dng chm t i qua bo v v dng khng cn bng tnh ton
ngc pha nhau.

Khi s vng chm b, dng in chm t I'D nh v bo v c th c vng cht gn

trung tnh my pht.

Khi chm t mt pha ngoi vng bo v, dng in i qua bo v:

I''D = 3...C0F.UpF (1-41)

bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny, dng khi ng ca bo v phi c

chn:

IKB > I''Dq + IKCBtt (1-42)

y chng ta chn iu kin nng n nht l khi dng in chm t qua bo v v

dng khng cn bng c chiu trng nhau, ng thi phi chn gi tr ca dng in
chm t bng gi tr qu ln nht v chm t thng l khng n nh.

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Khi xy ra chm t 2 pha ti hai im, trong c mt im nm trong vng bo v.
Bo v s tc ng ct my pht nh rle 3RI. Trong trng hp ny rle 4RI cng khi
ng nhng tn hiu t 4RI b tr do 6RT.

Tnh chn Rle:

* Dng khi ng ca rle 3RI: Vic xc nh dng khng cn bng i qua bo v khi
ngn mch ngoi vng bo v rt phc tp v th ngi ta thng chnh nh vi mt
d tr kh ln, theo kinh nghim vn hnh thng chn:

IKB3RI = (100 200) (A) (pha s cp) (1-43)

* Dng khi ng ca rle 4RI: Dng khi ng ca 4RI c chn theo 2 iu kin:

Bo v khng c tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, khi :

Kat
IKB4RI = Ktv (3C0kqUpF + IKCBttmax) (A) (pha s cp) (1-44)

Theo gi tr dng in s cp b nht tng ng vi dng in khi ng cc

tiu ca 4RI (gi tr ny ph thuc vo cu to v nhy ca rle 4RI). i
vi cc rle thng gp gi tr ny khong:

IKB4RI = (2 3) (A) (pha s cp) (1-45)

T hai iu kin trn chng ta s chn c dng in ln hn lm dng in tnh ton.

* Thi gian lm vic ca rle 6RT: loi tr nh hng ca nhng gi tr qu ca

dng in dung khi chm t mt pha trong mng in p my pht, ngi ta thng
chn:

t6RT = (1 2) sec (1-46)

i vi s ni b MF-MBA:

Vi s ni b, khi xy ra chm t mt im cun dy stator dng chm t b v

vy bo v ch cn bo tn hiu, y ch cn dng s bo v n gin, lm vic theo
in p th t khng nh hnh 1.12.

Gi tr khi ng ca RU (UKRU) thng chn theo hai iu kin sau:

iu kin1: UKRU > UKCBmax

iu kin2: UKRUchn theo iu kin n nh nhit ca rle v thng ly
bng 15V.

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Thng chn theo iu kin 2 l tho iu kin 1.

Rle thi gian dng to thi gian tr trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm do qu

s c bn ngoi.

tRT = tmax(BV ca phn t k cn) + t. (1-47)

Mt s s khc:

MF ni vi thanh gp in p thng c cng sut b v s bo v thng da trn

nguyn l lm vic theo bin hoc hng dng in chm t.

Phng php bin :

Chm t trong cun dy stator MF (Hnh 1.13)

Phng php bin thng c s dng khi thnh phn dng in chm t t pha
in dung h thng I(1)H ln hn nhiu so vi thnh phn chm t t pha in dung
my pht I(1)F ngha l:

I(1)H >> I(1)F vi IF = 3.j..C.U

V dng chm t I(1) (hnh 1.13) ph thuc vo v tr ca im chm t, nn nu

xy ra chm t gn trung tnh ( 0) bo v s khng nhy, v vy phng php
ny ch bo v c khong 70% cun dy stator my pht k t u cc my pht.

Ngoi s nu phn III.1, sau y chng ta s xt thm mt s s bo v theo

phng php bin khc sau:

Trung tnh my pht ni t qua in tr cao R: (hnh 1.14a)

My bin dng t dy ni trung tnh MF qua in tr ni t R, cun th cp ni

vo rle dng ct nhanh (c m s 50N). Tr s dng in t ca rle ly bng 10% gi
tr dng in chm t cc i cp in p my pht. y l tr s t nh nht c tnh

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n an ton khi thnh phn dng in th t khng t h thng cao p truyn qua
in dung cun dy MBA ti my pht. nng cao hiu qu ca bo v ngi ta c
th t thm bo v dng cc i (51N) c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c tr s dng
in t khong 5% gi tr dng chm t cc i Imax cp in p my pht.

My pht ni t trung tnh qua MBA: (hnh 1.14b)

MBA ni t t trung tnh my pht in, va c chc nng nh mt khng in ni

t ca my pht va cung cp ngun cho bo v. Cun th cp ca MBA c ni vi
rle qu in p (59) song song vi ti tr Rt nhm n nh s lm vic cho MBA v to
gi tr in p t ln rle qu in p. Tr s in p t khong (5,4 20) V. S ch
c th bo v c khong 90% cun stator tnh t u cc my pht. Ngi ta cng c
th s dng phng n hnh 1.14c bo v chng chm t cun stator my pht. Cun
th cp ca MBA c mc thm ti tr Rt, in tr ny lm tng thnh phn tc dng
chm t ln khong 10A v trn mch th cp ny t bin dng ni vo rle dng cc
i (50N). Gi tr t ca rle ny khong 5% gi tr dng in chm t cc i cp
in p my pht. Dng in th cp ca BI chn 1A cn dng in pha s cp ca BI
chn bng hoc nh hn dng in i qua cun s cp ca MBA ni t.

S s dng in p sng hi bc 3: (hnh 1.15)

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Cc s bo v m t trn khng bo v c hon ton cun stator my pht khi
xy ra chm t mt pha. Vi cc my pht cng sut ln hin i, yu cu phi bo
v 100% cun dy stator khi xy ra s c trn, ngha l bo v phi tc ng khi xy ra
chm t mt pha bt k v tr no cun dy stator my pht. Mt trong nhng phng
php la chn y l s dng in p sng hi bc ba.

Do tnh phi tuyn ca mch t my pht nn in p cun dy stator lun cha thnh
phn sng hi bc ba, gi tr ca thnh phn in p ny ph thuc vo tr s in khng
ca thit b ni vi trung tnh my pht, in dung vi t ca cun stator, in dung
ni t ca cc dy dn, thanh dn mch my pht v in dung cun dy MBA ni vi
my pht in.

Trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng, nu o in p sng hi bc ba vi t cc

im khc nhau trn cun dy stator ta c phn b in p nh trn hnh 1.15b. y
k hiu UN, UF l in p hi bc ba khi my pht khng ti v UN, UF khi my pht
y ti.

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Khi xy chm t u cc hoc trung tnh my pht, in p sng hi u cc
khng chm t tng ln gn gp hai ln so vi ch tng ng trc khi chm t
(hnh 1.15c,d).

Nguyn l lm vic ca s bo v l so snh tr s in p hi bc ba trung tnh

my pht v tr s in p hi bc ba ly cun tam gic h ca 2BU. Rle le in p
2RU ni qua b lc tn s hi bc ba Lf3 v s tc ng khi c chm t trong cun dy
stator.

Nh phn tch phn trc, rle in p 1RU ch bo v c khong 90% cun

stator tnh t u cc my pht, y rle 2RU cng bo v c khong (70 80) %
cun stator tnh t im trung tnh. Nh vy s phi hp lm vic gia 1RU v 2RU c
th bo v c ton b cun stator my pht khi xy ra chm t mt pha.

Cc tng tr Z1, Z2 c chn sao cho ch lm vic bnh thng in p t ln

2RU bng khng, khi xy ra chm t cun stator in p t ln rle s ln hn nhiu
so vi in p t ca 2RU.

Phng php hng dng in chm t: (hnh1.16)

Phng php hng dng in chm t c th m rng vng bo v chng chm t

khong 90% cun dy k t u cc my pht.

Bo v c hng chng chm t cun dy stator thanh gp in p MF a) s nguyn l b)

th vct (Hnh 1.16 )

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Rle so snh tng quan gia dng in lm vic ILV v dng in hm IH theo quan
h :

I = IH - ILV (1-48)

Trong :

IH= IU+ I1 (1-49a)

ILV= IU- I1 (1-49b)

1
Vi IU l dng in ly t ngun in p U0; IDly t b lc dng th t khng.

T th vct hnh 1.16b ta c th thy rng, iu kin lm vic ca bo v c xc

nh theo du ca I, bo v s tc ng ct MC khi I > 0, ngha l IH>ILV iuny
c tho mn nu chm t xy ra trong vng bo v. ng K-L trn th vct
hnh 1.16b l ranh gii gia min tc ng v min hm ca bo v.

Nu chuyn mch kho K (hnh 1.16a) u vo in p U0 qua in tr R1 thay cho t

in C1 th s c th s dng bo v cho cc my pht c trung tnh ni t qua
in tr ln. Khi y thnh phn tc dng ca dng in tc dng s c so snh vi
thnh phn phn khng ca dng in khi trung im cun dy my pht khng ni t.

Nu thnh phn tc dng v thnh phn phn khng ca dng in chm t gn bng
nhau, ngi ta s dng s c tn gi l s 450 khi y kho K s chuyn sang mch
R2, C2 vi thng s c la chn thch hp.

Mt phng n khc thc hin bo v chng chm t cun dy stator my pht c

trung tnh khng ni t hoc ni t qua in tr ln lm vic trc tip vi thanh gp
in p my pht trnh by trn hnh 1.17.

Trong phng n ny ngi ta s dng thit b to thm ti th t khng. Ti ny c

a vo lm vic khi pht hin c chm t v lm tng thnh phn tc dng ca dng
in s c ln khong 10A, to iu kin thun li cho vic xc nh hng dng in.
Thit b to thm ti bao gm BI0N u vo trung tnh ca my pht, ti R ca BI ny
c ng m bng tip im ca rle in p RU0. Khi c chm t, in p U0 xut
hin, RU0 ng tc thi tip im ca mnh v duy tr mt khong thi gian t2 cho
s lm vic chc chn.

T s bin i ca BIG trong mch thit b to thm ti c chn sao cho thnh phn
tc dng ca dng in a vo b so snh pha xc nh ng hng s c. Hnh

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1.17b,c trnh by s nguyn l v th vct xc nh hng s c khi chm t
xy ra bn trong (hnh 1.17b) v bn ngoi (hnh 1.17c) cun dy stator my pht.

Khi chm t ngoi vng bo v, dng in tng I a vo b so snh pha:

I = IA- I(1)D (1-50)

Trong :

IA dng in c to nn bi thit b to thm ti.

I(1)D dng in chm t chy qua bo v.

Trong trng hp ny gc pha gia in p th t khng U0 v dng in tng I vt

qua tr s gc lm vic gii hn nn s khng c tn hiu ct .

Khi chm t trong cun dy stator MF ta c:

I = IA+ I(1)D

v gc pha gia in p th t khng U0 v dng in tng I nm trong min tc ng

ca bo v. Rle tc ng ct vi thi gian t1.

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 S bo v chng chm t cun dy stator MF c thit b to thm ti (a) th vct khi
c chm t ngoi (b) v trong (c) vng bo v. (Hinh 1.17)

S hnh 1.17c th bo v c 90% cun dy. Khi chm t trong vng 10% cn
li (gn trung im) bo v khng nhy. Tuy nhin, do in p phn ny ca
cun dy khng ln (khng vt qu 10% Up) nn xc xut xy ra hng hc v in
(chng hn do cch in b nh thng) rt thp nn cc my pht cng sut b ngi
ta thng khng i hi bo v ton b cun dy.

i vi cc MF ni b vi MBA, thng thng cun dy MBA pha my pht u

tam gic nn chm t pha co p dng th t khng khng nh hng n MF.

Vi cc im chm t xy ra trong mng cp in p my pht c th pht hin bng s

xut hin U0 u cc tam gic h ca BU t u cc MF, hoc u ra ca MBA
u vi trung im ca MF.

Vi cc MF cng sut ln, ngi ta yu cu phi bo v 100% cun dy stator chng

chm t ngn nga kh nng chm t vng gn trung im ca cun dy do cc
nguyn nhn c hc .

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Ngy nay bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t, ngi ta thng dng hai
phng php sau y:

Theo di s bin thin ca hi bc ba ca sng in p trung im v u cc

MF.
a thm mt in p hm tn s thp vo trung im ca cun dy MF.

* Phng theo di s bin thin ca sng hi bc ba (xem mc III.3.1) c mt s nhc

im:

Khi chm t vng gn gia cun dy, bo v c th khng lm vic v thnh

phn sng hi bc ba trong in p qu b.
in p Uab t vo rle s suy gim khi in tr ch s c ln.
S khng pht hin c chm t khi MF khng lm vic.Trong mt s
MF, thnh hi bc ba khng ln bo v c th pht hin c.

khc phc nhng nhc im ny ngi ta dng phng php a thm mt in p

hm tn s thp vo mch trung tnh ca MF.

* Phng php a thm mt in p hm tn s thp vo trung im ca cun dy

MF (hnh 1.18):

- Dng in I t ngun 20Hz sau khi qua b lc 1LF c phn thnh hai thnh phn
I chy qua BU0 ni vi trung tnh MF v IB chy qua in tr t RB. Thnh phn
I thng qua bin dng trung gian BIG v b lc tn s 2LF c nn thnh dng in
lm vic.

- ILV a vo rle so snh vi dng in hm IH cng do ngun 20Hz to nn thng

qua in tr t Rc, dng in hm c tr s khng i. ch lm vic bnh thng
(R= ) dng in I c xc nh theo in dung ca cun dy i vi t C nn
c tr s b do ILV < IH v rle s khng tc ng.

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 Khi c chm t, dng I c xc nh ch yu theo in tr chm t R ,
ILV>IH rle s tc ng ct my pht.
Cc b lc tn s 1LF, 2LF m bo cho s ch lm vic vi thnh phn
20Hz, ngoi ra b lc 1LF bo v cho my pht 20Hz khi b qu ti bi dng
in cng nghip khi c chm t xy ra u cc MF.

Mt phng n khc thc hin bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t l dng
ngun ph 12,5Hz (vi tn s cng nghip l 60Hz ngi ta dng 15Hz) c tn hiu
c m ha a vo mch s cp thng qua BU0 u vo mch trung tnh ca MF
(hnh 1.19a).

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, dng in I chy qua im trung tnh MF c

xc nh theo tr s in dung ng tr ca MF l C(hnh 1.19b).

Khi xy ra chm t, in tr chm t R c ghp song song vi C lm tng dng

in n tr s I> I (hnh 1.19c). Rle u ra s phn ng theo s tng dng in
v theo tn hiu phn hi c m ha.

Trn hnh 1.20 trnh by vic m ha tn hiu bng cch thay i thi gian pht tn hiu
v thi gian dng .Trong cc khong thi gian ny nhiu php o c tin hnh: M1,
M2 v M3 cho khong thi gian truyn tn hiu v P1, P2..P6 cho khong thi gian dng.
Phng php ny cho php loi tr c nh hng ca nhiu do dng in pha s cp
v php o c tin hnh ring cho tng na chu k dng v m s trnh c nh
hng ca nhiu c tn s bi ca 12,5Hz.

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S nguyn l (a) ca bo v 100% cun dy stato MF chng chm t dng bin php bm
tn hiu 12,5Hz c m ho v s xc nh dng in chm t I khi lm vic bnh thng
(b) v khi chm t (c). (Hnh 1.19)

Cc s bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t thng c s dng kt hp

vi s bo v 90% tng tin cy cho h thng chm t.

Biu bm tn hiu 12,5Hz c m ho thc hin bo v 100% cun dy stator chng

chm t. A- chu k hoy ng; B- thi gian pht tn hiu; C- thi gian dng; Thi gian o; E-
thi gian kim tra tn hiu phn hi (Hnh 1.20)

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IV. Bo v chng chm t mch kch t ca may phat in

BO V CHNG CHM T MCH KCH T CA MF (64)

i vi MF, do ngun kch t l ngun mt chiu nn khi chm t mt im mch

kch t cc thng s lm vic ca my pht hu nh thay i khng ng k. Khi chm
t im th hai mch kch t, mt phn cun dy kch t s b ni tt, dng in qua
ch cch in b nh thng c th rt ln s lm hng cun dy v phn thn rotor.
Ngoi ra dng in trong cun rotor tng cao c th lm mch t b bo ho, t trng
trong my pht b mo lm cho my pht b rung, ...gy h hng nghim trng my pht.

i vi MF cng sut b v trung bnh (my pht nhit in), thng ngi ta t bo
v bo tn hiu khi c mt im chm t trong mch kch t v tc ng ct my pht
khi xy ra chm t im th hai.

i vi MF cng sut ln (my pht thu in), hu qu ca vic chm t im th

hai trong mch kch t c th rt nghim trng, v vy khi chm t mt im trong cun
dy rotor bo v phi tc ng ct my pht ra khi h thng.

Bo v chng chm t mt im mch kch t:

C ba phng php c s dng pht hin chng chm t mt im mch kch t :

* Phng php phn th.

* Phng php dng ngun ph AC.

* Phng php dng ngun ph DC.

Phng php phn th: (hnh1.21)

Trong s bo v chng chm t cun dy rotor, ngi ta dng in tr mc song

song vi cun dy kch t, im gia ca in tr ni qua rle in p, khi c mt im
chm t s xut hin mt in th rle in p, in th ny ln nht khi im chm
t u cun dy. trnh vng cht khi im chm t gn trung tnh cun dy
kch t, ngi ta chuyn nc thay i in u vo rle tc ng.

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Phng php dng ngun in p ph AC:

Hnh 1.22: S bo v chng chm t 1 im cun rotor dng ngun in ph AC

Hnh 1.23: S bo v chng chm t 1 im cun rotor dng ngun in ph DC

S bo v c trnh by hnh 1.22. in p ngun ph xoay chiu thng bng

in p cun kch t.

34BG: bin p trung gian, ly in t thanh gp t dng.

35 RI: rle dng in, pht hin s c.
36RT: rle thi gian, to thi gian tr trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm
khi ngn mch thong qua.
37RG: rle trung gian.

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 52N: nt n gii tr t gi.
47CC: cu ch bo v.
48C: t in dng cch ly mch kch t mt chiu vi mch xoay chiu.

Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau:

- Bnh thng, pha th cp ca bin p trung gian 34RG h mch do khng c dng
qua rle 35RI, bo v khng tc ng.

- Khi xy ra chm t mt im mch kch t, th cp ca bin p trung gian khp mch,

c dng chy qua rle 35RI lm cho bo v tc ng i bo tn hiu.

S c u im l khng c vng cht ngha l chm t bt k im no trong mch

kch t bo v u c th tc ng. Tuy nhin do dng ngun xoay chiu nn phi chng
s xm nhp in p xoay chiu vo ngun kch t mt chiu.

Phng php dng ngun in p ph DC:

Phng php ny khc phc c nhc im ca phng php trn bng s hnh
1.23, nh b chnh lu it m ta c th cch li ngun mt chiu v ngun xoay chiu.

Ngun in ph mt chiu cho php loi tr vng cht v thc hin bo v 100% cun
dy rotor chng chm t. S c nhc im l s lin h trc tip v in gia thit
b bo v v in p kch t UKT c tr s kh ln i vi cc MF c cng sut ln.

Mt s s bo v chng chm t mt im trong cc MF hin i:

i vi cc MF c h thng kch t khng chi than vi cc it chnh lu lp trc

tip trn thn rotor ca my pht, in dung ca h thng kch t i vi t s tng ln
ng k v h thng bo v chng chm t ca cun dy rotor cng tr nn phc tp .

Cc s bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy rotor ca cc MF hin i

thng tc ng ct my pht ( loi tr xy ra chm t im th hai) v da trn mt
trong nhng nguyn l sau:

o in dn trong mch kch t (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p xoay chiu

tn s 50Hz.
o in tr ca mch kch t (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p mt chiu hoc
tn hiu sng ch nht tn s thp. Nguyn l o in dn ca mch kch t i
vi t ca MF c h thng kch t khng chi than trnh by trn hnh 1.24.

Ngun in p ph xoay chiu tn s 50Hz c t vo mch trung tnh ca cun dy

my kch thch xoay chiu ba pha v thn rotor ca MF thng qua cc vnh gp v

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chi than S1, S2. B lc tn s LF ch cho tn s cng nghip chy qua rle o in dn
RY loi tr nh hng ca hi bc cao trong php o.

in dn m rle RY o c ch yu xc nh theo in tr R v in dung C i

vi t ca mch kch t.

Trn hnh 1.25 trnh by qu o ca nt vct tng tr Z m rle o c cho hai

trng hp: Khi R = const, C = var v khi C = const, R = var.

Rle RY c chnh nh vi hai mc tc ng: mc cnh bo vi c tnh khi ng

2 v mc tc ng ct my pht vi c tnh khi ng 1. c tnh 1 bc ly mt phn
ca gc phn t th hai v th ba trn mt phng ta m bo cho bo v tc ng
mt cch chc chn khi c chm t trc tip (R 0).

S bo v hnh 1.24 c mt s nhc im l: s c mt ca chi than S1, S2 lm cho

tin cy ca s khng cao v tr s ca in tr tip xc c th nh hng n tr
s o ca rle. Ngoi ra bn thn h thng kch thch mt chiu cng c th nh hng
n s lm vic ca bo v khi in dung ca mch kch thch i vi t C ln, in
tr r R ln nht c th o c 10 k .

khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta dng s vi ngun in ph mt chiu hoc

xoay chiu vi tn s thp c dng sng hnh ch nht.

Hnh 1.25: c tnh bin thin ca tng tr i vi t ca mch kch t v c tnh tc ng

ca Rle o in dn chng chm t mch roto MF ng b. 1- c tnh ct; 2- c tnh
cnh bo.

Trn hnh 1.26 trnh by nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy rotor ca MF
c kch thch t ngun in t dng qua b chnh lu Thyristor dng ngun tn hiu
sng ch nht c tn s 1Hz.

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Cc in tr ph R1, R2 c chn c ch s kh ln so vi in tr RM to in p
UM t vo b phn o lng M.

Dng in do ngun in ph U to ra bng:

U
I= R + RM + R (1 -51)

R1.R2
Trong : R = R1 + R2

Lu rng RM << R v b qua in tr ca bn thn cun dy rotor, ta c:

U.RM
UM R + R (1-52)

Hnh 1.26: S nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy rotor MF dng ngun in p
ph 1Hz c dng sng ch nht (a), v dng sng t vo b phn o UM vi cc tr s in tr
khc nhau (b v c)

in dung i vi t ca mch kch t C mc song song vi in tr R s lm tc

thi tng tr s dng in I v in p UM thi im u ca mi na chu k ca
ngun in p U.

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in tr R c tc dng lm suy gim tr s ca I v UM. R cng b suy gim cng
nhanh, trn hnh 1.26b v 1.26c trnh by dng sng UM o c cho hai tr s ca R
khc nhau.

Bo v c chnh nh tc ng bo hiu khi in tr r R tt di 80k (mc

1) v tc ng ct my pht khi R < 5k (mc 2).

Bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch t:

Hnh 1.27: S bo v chng chm t th hai mch kch t a) S nguyn l b) S bo

v

Bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch t (hnh 1.27) c a vo lm vic

sau khi c tn hiu bo chm t mt im mch kch t. Thng bo v c t trn
mt bng di ng v c dng chung cho nhiu t my ca nh my. Bo v lm vic
da trn nguyn tc cu bn nhnh: Khi chm t mt im mch kch t, ngi ta iu
chnh cho cu cn bng nh ng h V. Khi cu cn bng ta c: r1 r3
r2 = r4 , do khng c
dng qua 1RI, bo v khng tc ng.

Khi chm t im th hai mch kch t s lm cho cu mt cn bng, c dng qua 1RI
v 2RT c in, sau mt thi gian 3RG c in i bo tn hiu thng qua 4Rth, ct my
ct ng thi ni tt cun dy ca 1RI trnh b h hng v t gi cho 3RG thng qua
mch t gi.

Cc phn t trong s :

3RG: rle trung gian, bao gm cc tip im:

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 Tip im a: a tn hiu i ct my pht.
Tip im b: bo v RI khng b chy (ni tt RI).
Tip im c: tip im t gi.
BIH: ly thnh phn xoay chiu ca nhiu tng cng tc ng hm cho RI.
9CN: cu ni, dng kho bo v khi sa cha hoc khng mun bo v tc
ng.
6N: nt n, kt hp vi ng h V iu chnh cho cu cn bng khi xy ra
chm t im th nht mch kch t.
5N: nt n, gii t gi sau khi bo v tc ng i ct my ct.
5CC: cun cn nhm hn ch thnh phn nhiu xoay chiu, trnh lm cho RI
tc ng nhm.
10CN: kho bo v khng cho ct my ct.

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V. Bo v chng qu in p

BO V CHNG QU IN P (59)

in p u cc my pht c th tng cao qu mc cho php khi c trc trc trong h

thng t ng iu chnh kch t hoc khi my pht b mt ti t ngt.

Khi mt ti t ngt, in p u cc cc my pht thu in c th t n 200% tr

s danh nh l do h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay ca turbine nc c qun
tnh ln v kh nng vt tc ca rotor my pht cao hn nhiu so vi my pht turbine
hi.

cc my pht nhit in (turbine hi hoc turbine kh) cc b iu tc lm vic vi

tc cao, c qun tnh b hn nn c th khng ch mc vt tc thp hn, ngoi ra
cc turbine khi hoc hi cn c trang b cc van STOP ng ngun nng lng a
vo turbine trong vng vi msec khi mc vt tc cao hn mc chnh nh.

Mt khc, cc my pht thu in nm xa trung tm ph ti v bnh thng phi lm

vic vi cc mc in p u cc cao hn in p danh nh b li in p ging trn
h thng truyn ti, khi mt ti t ngt mc in p li cng tng cao.

Qu in p u cc my pht c th gy tc hi cho cch in ca cun dy, cc thit

b u ni u cc my pht, cn i vi cc my pht lm vic hp b vi MBA s
lm bo ho mch t ca MBA tng p, ko theo nhiu tc dng xu.

Bo v chng qu in p u cc my pht thng gm hai cp hnh 1.28.

* Cp 1 (59I) vi in p khi ng: UK59I = 1,1UFm (in p nh mc MF). Cp

1 lm vic c thi gian v tc ng ln h thng t ng iu chnh kch t gim kch
t ca my pht.

* Cp 2 (59II) vi in p khi ng: UK59II = (1,31,5)UFm. Cp 2 lm vic tc

thi, tc ng ct MC u cc my pht v t ng dit t trng ca my pht.

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VI. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti

BO V CHNG NGN MCH NGOI V QU TI

Mc ch t bo v:

Chng ngn mch trn cc phn t k (thanh gp my pht, my bin p,...)

nu bo v ca cc phn t ny khng lm vic.
Chng qu ti do h thng ct gim mt s ngun cung cp.
Lm d tr cho BVSLD my pht in.

thc hin bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti ta c th s dng cc phng

thc bo v sau:

Bo v qu dng in:

Vi cc my pht b v trung bnh, ngi ta thng s dng bo v qu dng in c

kho in p thp (hnh 1.29). Bo v thng c 2 cp thi gian:

Cp 1 (2I) tc ng ct MC u cc my pht (nu ni vi thanh gp in p my

pht) hoc MC ca b MF-MBA. Cp 1 c phi hp vi thi gian tc ng ca bo
v d phng ca ng dy v MBA.

Cp 2 (2II) tc ng dng my pht nu sau khi ct MC u cc my pht (c thanh gp

in p my pht) hoc u hp b (MF-MBA) m dng s c vn tn ti (tc l s c
xy ra bn trong hp b hoc my pht).

Kha in p thp cho php phn bit ngn mch vi qu ti v cho php bo v lm
vic chc chn khi my pht c kch t bng chnh lu ly in t u cc my pht.
Trong trng hp ny dng ngn mch s suy gim nhanh chng khi xy ra ngn mch
ti u cc my pht. Trong mt s s ngi ta cn dng bin php m bo cho bo
v tc ng chc chn l ch ly tn hiu in p thp sau khi rle dng in tr v do
s suy gim dng ngn mch.

Dng in khi ng ca rle qu dng 50 (khi bo v qu dng c kho in p thp

27):
Kat
IK50 = KtvnI Ilvmax (1 -53)

vi Ilvmax l dng in lm vic ln nht qua cun th cp ca BI.

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Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti MF:

Qu ti gy pht nng cun dy stator c th do nhiu nguyn nhn nh my pht in

vn hnh vi h s cng sut thp, thnh phn cng sut phn khng vt qu mc cho
php, c h hng trong h thng lm mt hoc h thng iu chnh in p lm cho my
pht b qu kch thch. Cun dy rotor cmg c th b qu ti ngn hn trong qu trnh
iu chnh in p khi my pht y ti cng sut tc dng.

Thi gian chu ng qu ti ca cc cun dy my pht c gii hn v ph thuc vo

mc qu ti, kt cu ca my pht, h thng lm mt v cng sut ca my pht.
Thng cc nh ch to cho sn quan h gia mc qu ti (I* = I/Im) vi thi gian qu
ti cho php ca tng loi my pht in.

C nhiu nguyn l khc nhau c th c p dng thc hin bo v chng qu ti

cho cun dy ca my pht in: theo s o trc tip ca nhit cun dy, nhit
ca cht lm mt hoc gin tip qua tr s dng din chy qua cun dy.

bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti cho my pht ngi ta c th s dng s

hnh 1.30, thc cht y cng l mt bo v qu dng.

Trong :

24RI, 18RT; 25RI, 20RT: chng qu ti v ngn mch i xng.

26RI, 19RT; 27RI, 20RT: chng qu ti v ngn mch khng i xng.
32LI2: b lc dng th t nghch ( nng cao nhy cho bo v, thng
dng cho cc my pht c cng sut ln).

Tnh chn cc thng s ca rle:

Bo v chng qu ti i xng 24RI, 18RT:

Dng in khi ng ca 24RI:

Kat.ImF
IK24RI = Ktv.nI (1-54)

Thi gian tc ng ca 18RT:

t18RT = (7 9) sec (1-55)

Bo v chng ngn mch i xng 25RI, 20RT:

Kat.Kmm.ImF
IK4RI = Ktv.nI (1-56)

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t20RT = tmaxcc phn t ln cn + t (1-57)

Bo v chng qu ti khng i xng 26RI, 19RT:

Dng in khi ng cho rle 26RI c chn theo hai iu kin:

iu kin 1: IK26RI phi ln hn dng th t nghch lu di cho php I2cp:

IK26RI = Kat.I2cp (1-58)

i vi my pht in turbine nc: I2cp = 5%.ImF

i vi my pht in turbine hi: I2cp = 10%.ImF
iu kin 2: Rle phi tr v sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi.

T hai iu kin trn v theo kinh nghim ngi ta chn:

ImF
IK26RI = 0,1. nI (1-59)

Thi gian tc ng ca 19RT thng c chn:

t19RT = (7 9) sec (1-60)

Bo v chng ngn mch khng i xng 27RI, 20RT:

Dng khi ng ca 27RI chn theo cc iu kin sau:

iu kin 1: Bo v khng c tc ng khi t mt pha trong h thng ni

vi nh my.
iu kin 2: Bo v phi phi hp nhy vi cc bo v ln cn.

Trn thc t tnh ton dng th t nghch kh phc tp, theo kinh nghim ngi ta chn:
ImF
IK26RI = (0,5 0,6) nI (1-61)

t gi tr dng khi ng tnh c ta c th chn c rle thch hp.

Thi gian tc ng ca rle 20RT phi phi hp vi cc bo v ln cn:

t20RT = tmax cc phn t ln cn + t (1-62)

Kim tra nhy ca bo v:

nhy Kn ca bo v c tnh theo cng thc sau:

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 INmin
Kn = IKB (1-63)

Tu vo nhim v ca bo v m gi tr nhy ca bo v phi t yu cu. Khi lm

bo v chnh Kn 1,5 v khi ng vai tr lm bo v d tr Kn 1,2.

Bo v dng th t nghch: (hnh 1.31)

Dng in th t nghch c th xut hin trong cun dy stator my pht khi xy ra t

dy (hoc h mch mt pha), khi ph ti khng i xng hoc ngn mch khng i
xng trong h thng.

Qu ti khng i xng nguy him hn qu ti i xng rt nhiu v n to nn t thng

th t nghch 2 bin thin vi vn tc 2 gp hai ln tc ca rotor, lm cm ng
trn thn rotor dng in ln t nng rotor v my pht.

Dng th t nghch I2 cng ln th thi gian cho php tn ti cng b, v vy bo v

chng dng in th t nghch c thi gian tc ng t ph thuc t l nghch vi dng
I 2:

K1
t= (1-64)
( )
I2 2
K2
ImF 2

Trong :

2cp I
-K1, K2 l h s t l, K2 = ImF

Hnh 1.32: c tnh thi gian ph thuc (a) v c lp c hai cp ca rle 51

vi:

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 l hng s i vi tng loi rle c th.
I2cp: dng th t nghch cho php vn hnh lu di, n ph thuc vo chng
loi my pht, cng sut v h thng lm mt ca cun dy rotor.
ImF: dng in nh mc ca my pht.
I2
I*2: dng th t nghch tng i, I*2 = ImF

Bo v c th c c tnh thi gian ph thuc t l nghch theo quan h t = f(I2) (hnh

1.32a) hoc c tnh thi gian c lp 2 cp (hnh 1.32b): cp 1 cnh bo v cp 2 i ct
my ct.

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VII. Bo v chng mt kch t

BO V CHNG MT KCH T

Trong qu trnh vn hnh my pht in c th xy ra mt kch t do h hng trong

mch kch thch (do ngn mch hoc h mch), h hng trong h thng t ng iu
chnh in p, thao tc sai ca nhn vin vn hnh... Khi my pht b mt kch t thng
dn n mt ng b stator v rotor. Nu h mch kch thch c th gy qu in p
trn cun rotor nguy him cho cch in cun dy.

ch vn hnh bnh thng, my pht in ng b lm vic vi sc in ng E

cao hn in p u cc my pht UF (ch qu kch thch, a cng sut phn khng
Q vo h thng, Q > 0). Khi my pht lm vic ch thiu kch thch hoc mt kch
thch, sc in ng E thp hn in p UF, my pht nhn cng sut phn khng t h
thng (Q < 0) (hnh 1.33a,c). Nh vy khi mt kch t, tng tr o c u cc my
pht s thay i t Zpt (tng tr ph ti nhn t pha my pht) nm gc phn t th
nht trn mt phng tng tr phc sang ZF (tng tr ca my pht nhn t u cc ca
n trong ch Q < 0) nm gc phn t th t trn mt phng tng tr phc (hnh
1.33b).

Mt kch t MF a) thay i hng cng sut Q. b) thay i tng tr o c cc my pht.

c) gii hn thay i ca cng sut my pht. (Hnh 1.33)

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Khi xy ra mt kch t, in khng ca my pht s thay i t tr s Xd (in khng
ng b) n tr s Xd (in khng qu ) v c tnh cht dung khng. V vy pht
hin mt kch t my pht in, chng ta c th s dng mt rle in khng cc tiu
c Xd < Xk < Xd vi c tnh vng trn c tm nm trn trc -jX ca mt phng tng
tr phc. c tnh khi ng ca rle in khng cc tiu hnh 1.33b c th nhn c
t s nguyn l hnh 1.34a. Tn hiu u vo ca rle l in p dy Ubc ly u
cc my pht v dng in pha Ib, Ic ly cc pha tng ng. in p s cp UBC
c a qua bin p trung gian BUG sao cho in th cp c th ly ra cc i lng
a.UBC v b.UBC (vi b > a) tng ng vi cc im A v B trn c tnh in khng
khi ng hnh 1.33b.

Khi mt kch t, dng in chy vo my pht mang tnh cht dung v vt trc in
p pha tng ng mt gc 900. Hiu dng in cc pha B v C thng qua bin dng cm
khng BIG to nn in p pha th cp UD vt trc dng in IBC mt gc 900.
Nh vy gc lch pha gia hai vct in p UD v UBC l 1800 (hnh 1.34).

in p a vo cc b bin i dng sng (hnh sin sang hnh ch nht) S1 v S2 tng

ng bng:
. . .
U1 = a.UBC UD (1-65)

. . .
U2 = b.UBC UD (1-66)

. .
Gc lch pha gia U1 v U2 s c kim tra. ch bnh thng = 00, rle
khng lm vic. Khi b mt kch t = 1800, rle s tc ng. Gc khi ng c chn
khong 900. Cc h s a, b c chn (bng cch thay i u phn p ca BUG) sao
cho cc im A v B trn hnh 1.34b tho mn iu kin:
. . .
b.UBC > UD > a.UBC (1-67)

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S bo v chng mt kch t my pht in dng rle in khng cc tiu a) s nguyn l;
b) th vct; c) dng sng ca cc i lng (Hnh 1.34)

S bo v chng mt kch t my pht in dng rle in khng cc tiu a) s

nguyn l; b) th vct; c) dng sng ca cc i lng (Hnh 1.34)

Khi mt kch thch, gc pha dng in thay i, gc lch pha c kim tra thng qua
di ca tn hiu S3 = - S1.S2. Nu > k (hnh 1.34c) bo v s tc ng i ct my
pht trong khong thi gian t (1 2) sec.

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VIII. Bo v chng mt ng b

BO V CHNG MT NG B

Bo v chng mt ng b i khi cn c tn gi l bo v chng trt cc t. Khi my

pht in ng b b mt kch t, rotor my pht c th b mt ng b vi t trng
quay. Vic mt ng b cng c th xy ra khi c dao ng cng sut trng h thng
in do s c ko di hoc do ct mt s ng dy trong h thng. Hu qu ca vic
mt ng b gy nn s dao ng cng sut trong h thng c th lm mt n nh ko
theo s tan r h thng in, ngoi ra n cn to ra cc ng sut c nguy him trn mt
s phn t ca my pht. pht hin s c ny c th s dng nguyn l o tng tr
u cc my pht.

Trn hnh 1.35 trnh by c tnh bin thin ca mt vct tng tr o c trn u
cc my pht trong qu trnh s c v xy ra dao ng in trong h thng. ch
vn hnh bnh thng, mt vct tng tr nm v tr im A. khi xy ra ngn mch
mt vct dch chuyn t A n B, sau khi bo v ct ngn mch vct tng tr nhy t
B sang C v nu xy ra dao ng, mt vct chu k u tin s dch chuyn theo qu
o 2... Hnh vi ny ca vct tng tr khi c dao ng in c th c pht hin bng
mt rle vi c tnh khi ng nh trn hnh 1.36. c tnh khi ng c dng hnh
elp hoc thu knh 1 v dng in khng 2 kt hp vi nhau theo nguyn l v. Khi
c dao ng nu qu o ca mt vct Z i vo min khi ong im M v ra khi
min khi ng im N di c tuyn 2 (hnh 1.37) c ngha l tm dao ng (tm
in) nm trong min tng tr ca b MF-MBA, bo v s tc ng ct my pht ngay
trong chu k dao ng u tin.

Hnh trnh ca vct tng tr Z khi xy ra s c v dao ng (Hnh 1.35)

Nu tm dao ng nm pha h thng qu o ca mt vct Z s nm cao hn c

tuyn 2, khi y bo v s tc ng ct sau mt s chu k nh trc. Trn hnh 1.37 trnh
by s nguyn l ca bo v chng trt cc t, bo v gm b phn o khong cch
vi c tuyn thu knh1 kt hp vi b phnhn ch theo in khng 2 gii hn min
tc ng t pha h thng, b phn m chu k dao ng 3 ct my pht khi s chu k

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t tr s t trc. pha cao p ca MBA tng c t thm b phn nh hng cng
sut 4 thc hin chc nng ging nh b phn 2 v lm nhim v d phng cho b phn
ny. Thay v c tuyn tng tr kt hp 1 v2 trn hnh 1.36 ngi ta c th s dng c
tuyn hnh ch nht nh trn hnh 1.38 pht hin dao ng in.

c tnh khi ng hnh thu knh

pht hin dao ng in (Hnh S nguyn l ca bo v chng trt cc t
1.36) (dao ng in) (Hnh 1.37)

c tnh khi ng hnh ch nht

pht hin dao ng in (Hnh 1.38) Quan h gia mc qu ti v thi gian qu ti
cho php ca cc cun dy my pht (Hnh
1.39)

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IX. Bo v chng lung cng sut ngc

BO V CHNG LUNG CNG SUT NGC

Cng sut s i chiu t h thng vo my pht nu vic cung cp nng lng cho
Turbine (du, kh, hi nc hoc dng nc...) b gin on. Khi my pht in s
lm vic nh mt ng c tiu th cng sut t h thng. Nguy him ca ch ny
i vi cc my pht nhit in l Turbine s lm vic ch my nn, nn lng hi
tha trong Turbine lm cho cnh Turbine c th pht nng qu mc cho php. i vi
cc my pht diezen ch ny c th lm n my.

bo v chng ch cng sut ngc, ngi ta kim tra hng cng sut tc dng
ca my pht. Yu cu rle hng cng sut phi c nhy cao pht hin c
lung cng sut ngc vi tr s kh b (thng ch b p li tn tht c ca my pht
trong ch ny). Vi cc my pht in Turbine hi, cng sut khi ng Pk bng:

Pk = (0,01 0,03)Pm (1-68)

Vi cc my pht thu in v Turbine kh:

Pk = (0,03 0,05)Pm (1-69)

S nguyn l ca bo v chng cng sut ngc (Hnh 1.40)

m bo nhy ca bo v cho cc my pht cng sut ln, mch dng in ca

bo v thng c u vo li o lng ca my bin dng (thay cho li bo v thng
dng cho cc thit b khc). Bo v chng cng sut ngc thng c hai cp tc ng:
cp 1 vi thi gian khong (2 5) sec sau khi van STOP khn cp lm vic v cp th

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2 vi thi gian ct my khong vi chc giy khng qua tip im ca van STOP (hnh
1.40).

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X. Mt s s bao v may phat in dung Rle s

MT S S BO V MY PHT IN DNG RLE S

S bo v my pht in cng sut trung bnh ( 1MW):

Phng n 1:

S s dng cc bo v sau:

51: bo v qu dng c thi gian.

51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi gian.
46: bo v dng th t nghch.
49: rle nhit .
Phng n 2:hnh 1.42
51: bo v qu dng c thi gian.
51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi gian.
46: bo v dng th t nghch.
64: bo v chng chm t cun dy rotor.
32: rle nh hng cng sut.
40: rle pht hin mt kch t my pht in.

Hnh 1.42

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S bo v my pht in cng sut ln (> 1MW): (hnh 1.43)

S s dng cc bo v sau:

51: bo v qu dng c thi gian.

51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi gian.
46: bo v dng th t nghch.
32: rle nh hng cng sut.
40: rle pht hin mt kch t my pht in.
49: rle nhit .
87,87N: rle so lch chng chm pha v chm t.
27: rle in p thp.
59: rle qu in p.
81: rle tn s.
64F: chng chm t cun dy rotor.

S bo v b MF-MBA:

Phng n 1: hnh 1.44

87U: bo v so lch dc chung cho my pht v MBA tng p v MBA t
dng.
87T: bo v so lch dc MBA tng p v MBA t dng.
51: bo v qu dng c chnh nh thi gian.
51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi gian.
63: rle p sut dng cho MBA.
71: rle hi dng cho MBA.
64R, 64R2: bo v chng chm t 1 im v 2 im mch kch t.
51N, 59N: bo v chng chm t cun dy rotor.
87G: bo v so lch chng chm pha trong my pht.
49S: bo v qu nhit cun dy stator.
59: rle qu in p.
81N: rle tn s.
24: rle qu t. 78: rle kim tra ng b.
40: rle pht hin mt kch t my pht in.
21: rle khong cch
32: rle nh hng cng sut..
Phng n 2: hnh 1.45

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Hnh 1.43

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Hnh 1.44: S bo v b my pht v my bin p .

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Hnh 1.45: S bo v b my pht v my bin p .

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Chng 2: Bo v my bin p
A. Gii thiu chung
MC CH T BO V

Trong h thng in, my bin p l mt trong nhng phn t quan trng nht lin kt
h thng sn xut, truyn ti v phn phi. V vy, vic nghin cu cc tnh trng lm
vic khng bnh thng, s c... xy ra vi MBA l rt cn thit.

bo v cho MBA lm vic an ton cn phi tnh y cc h hng bn trong MBA

v cc yu t bn ngoi nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca my bin p. T
ra cc phng n bo v tt nht, loi tr cc h hng v ngn nga cc yu t bn
ngoi nh hng n s lm vic ca MBA.

CAC H HNG V TNH TRNG LM VIC KHNG BNH

THNG XY RA VI MBA

S c bn trong MBA:

S c bn trong c chia lm hai nhm s c trc tip v s c gin tip.

S c trc tip l ngn mch cc cun dy, h hng cch in lm thay i t ngt cc
thng s in.

S c gin tip din ra t t nhng s tr thnh s c trc tip nu khng pht hin v
x l kp thi (nh qu nhit bn trong MBA, p sut du tng cao...).

V vy yu cu bo v s c trc tip phi nhanh chng cch ly MBA b s c ra khi

h thng in gim nh hng n h thng. S c gin tip khng i hi phi cch
ly MBA nhng phi c pht hin, c tn hiu bo cho nhn vin vn hnh bit x
l. Sau y phn tch mt s s c bn trong thng gp.

Ngn mch gia cc pha trong MBA ba pha:

Dng ngn mch ny (hnh 2.1) rt him khi xy ra, nhng nu xy ra dng ngn mch
s rt ln so vi dng mt pha.

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 Ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun dy MBA (Hnh 2.1)

Ngn mch mt pha:

Hnh 2.2: Ngn mch mt pha

chm t Hnh 2.3: Dng in chm t mt pha ca MBA ni t
qua tng tr

C th l chm v hoc chm li thp MBA. Dng ngn mch mt pha ln hay nh ph
thuc ch lm vic ca im trung tnh MBA i vi t v t l vo khong cch t
im chm t n im trung tnh.

Di y l th quan h dng in s c theo v tr im ngn mch (hnh 2.3). T

th ta thy khi im s c dch chuyn xa im trung tnh ti u cc MBA, dng in
s c cng tng.

Ngn mch gia cc vng dy ca cng mt pha:

Khong (7080)% h hng MBA l t chm chp gia cc vng dy cng 1 pha bn
trong MBA (hnh 2.4).

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Trng hp ny dng in ti ch ngn mch rt ln v mt s vng dy b ni ngn
mch, dng in ny pht nng t chy cch in cun dy v du bin p, nhng dng
in t ngun ti my bin p IS c th vn nh (v t s MBA rt ln so vi s t vng
dy b ngn mch) khng cho bo v rle tc ng.

Ngoi ra cn c cc s c nh h thng du, h s dn, h b phn iu chnh u phn

p ...

Hnh 2.4: Ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong cng mt pha

Dng in t ho tng vt khi ng MBA khng ti:

Hin tng dng in t ho tng vt c th xut hin vo thi im ng MBA khng

ti. Dng in ny ch xut hin trong cun s cp MBA. Nhng y khng phi l dng
in ngn mch do yu cu bo v khng c tc ng.

S c bn ngoi nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca MBA:

Dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi v qu ti.

Mc du b h thp do nhit khng kh xung quanh MBA gim t ngt.

Qu in p khi ngn mch mt pha trong h thng in...

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B. Cc loi bo v thng dng bo v my bin p
I. Bo v chng s c trc tip bn trong MBA

BO V CHNG S C TRC TIP BN TRONG MBA

Bo v qu dng in:

Cu ch:

Vi MBA phn phi nh thng c bo v ch bng cu ch (hnh2.5). Trong trng

hp my ct khng c dng th cu ch lm nhim v ct s c t ng, cu ch l
phn t bo v qu dng in v chu c dng in lm vic cc i ca MBA. Cu
ch khng c t trong thi gian qu ti ngn nh ng c khi ng, dng t ho
nhy vt khi ng MBA khng ti...

Hnh 2.5

Rle qu dng in:

My bin p ln vi cng sut (1000-1600)KVA hai dy qun, in p n 35KV, c

trang b my ct, bo v qu dng in c dng lm bo v chnh, MBA c cng sut
ln hn bo v qu dng c dng lm bo v d tr. nng cao nhy cho bo v
ngi ta dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p (BVQIKU). i khi bo v ct nhanh c
th c thm vo v to thnh bo v qu dng c hai cp (hnh 2.6). Vi MBA 2 cun
dy dng mt b bo v t pha ngun cung cp. Vi MBA nhiu cun dy thng mi
pha t mt b.

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 S nguyn l bo v qu dng ct nhanh v c thi gian (Hnh 2.6)

Bo v so lch dc:

i vi MBA cng sut ln lm vic li cao p, bo v so lch (87T) c dng lm

bo v chnh. Nhim v chng ngn mch trong cc cun dy v u ra ca MBA.

Bo v lm vic da trn nguyn tc so snh trc tip dng in hai u phn t c

bo v. Bo v s tc ng a tn hiu i ct my ct khi s c xy ra trong vng bo
v (vng bo v l vng gii hn gia cc BI mc vo mch so lch).

S nguyn l bo v so lch MBA 2 cun dy (Hnh 2.7)

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Khc vi bo v so lch cc phn t khc (nh my pht...), dng in s cp hai
(hoc nhiu) pha ca MBA thng khc nhau v tr s (theo t s bin p) v v gc
pha (theo t u dy). V vy t s, s BI c chn phi thch hp cn bng dng
th cp v b s lch pha gia cc dng in cc pha MBA.

Dng khng cn bng chy trong bo v so lch MBA khi xy ra ngn mch ngoi ln
hn nhiu ln i vi bo v so lch cc phn t khc.

Cc yu t nh hng nhiu n dng khng cn bng trong bo v so lch MBA khi

ngn mch ngoi l:

Do s thay i u phn p MBA.

S khc nhau gia t s MBA, t s BI, nc chnh rle.
Sai s khc nhau gia cc BI cc pha MBA.

S nguyn li bo v so lch c dng my bin dng bo ha trung gian (Hnh 2.8)

V vy, bo v so lch MBA thng dng rle thng qua my bin dng bo ho trung
gian (loi rle in c in hnh nh rle PHT ca Lin X) hoc rle so lch tc ng
c hm (nh loi ZT ca Lin X).

Hnh 2.8 cho s nguyn l mt pha ca bo v so lch c dng my bin dng bo

ha trung gian. Trong my bin dng bo ha trung gian c hai nhim v chnh:

Cn bng cc sc t ng do dng in trong cc nhnh gy nn tnh trng

bnh thng v ngn mch ngoi theo phng trnh:

IIT(WcbI + WlvS) + IIIT(WcbII + WlvS) = 0

Nh hin tng bo ha ca mch t lm gim nh hng ca dng in khng

cn bng Ikcb (c cha phn ln dng khng chu k).

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Bo v MBA ba cun dy dng rle so lch c hm:

Nu MBA ba cun dy ch c cung cp ngun t mt pha, hai pha kia ni vi ti

c cc cp in p khc nhau, rle so lch c dng nh bo v MBA hai cun dy
(hnh 2.9a). Tng dng in th cp hai BI pha ti s cn bng vi dng in th cp
BI pha ngun trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng. Khi MBA c hn mt ngun cung
cp, rle so lch dng hai cun hm ring bit b tr nh hnh 2.9b.

S bo v so lch c hm MBA ba cun dy (Hinh 2.9)

Bo v chng chm t cun dy MBA:

i vi MBA c trung tnh ni t, bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy

MBA c th c thc hin bi rle qu dng in hay so lch th t khng. Phng
n c chn tu thuc vo loi, c, t u dy MBA.

Khi dng bo v qu dng th t khng bo v ni vo BI t trung tnh MBA, hoc

b lc dng th t khng gm ba BI t pha in p c trung tnh ni t trc tip
(hnh 2.10). i vi trng hp trung tnh cun dy ni sao ni qua tng tr ni t bo
v qu dng in thng khng nhy, khi ngi ta dng rle so lch nh hnh
2.12a. Bo v ny so snh dng chy dy ni t IN v tng dng in 3 pha (IO).
Chn IN l thnh phn lm vic v n xut hin khi c chm t trong vng bo v. Khi
chm t ngoi vng bo v dng th t khng (IO tng dng cc pha) c tr s bng
nhng ngc pha vi dng qua dy trung tnh IN.

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 S nguyn l bo v chng chm t MBA bng bo v qu dng in (Hnh 2.10)

Cc i lng lm vic v hm nh sau:

Ilv = IN (2-1)

Ih1 = IN + Io;Ih2 = IN Io (2-2)

Cc dng in hm c phi hp vi nhau v ln to nn tc dng hm theo

quan h:

Ih = k(IN I0 IN + I0) (2-3)

Vi IN: dng dy ni t; Io IA + IB + IC; k: hng s t l.

Kho st cch lm vic ca rle so lch th t khng:

Khi chm t bn ngoi: Iongc pha vi IN v bng nhau v tr s: Io = IN.

Gi thit chn k=1, lc Ilv = IN, Ih = IN+ IN IN IN = 2IN,Ih = 2Ilv.

Khi chm t bn trong, ch c thnh phn qua trung tnh: I0 = 0; Ilv = IN;

Ih = IN 0 IN+0 = 0.

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 S nguyn l bo v so lchth t khng c hm (Hnh 2.11)

Qua phn tch trn ta thy, khi chm t bn trong thnh phn hm khng xut hin.
Nh th ch cn dng chm t nh xut hin khi chm t trong vng bo v (vng gii
hn gia cc BI), bo v s cho tn hiu tc ng. Ngc li khi chm t bn ngoi tc
ng hm rt mnh.

Nu cun sao MBA ni t qua tng tr cao, rle so lch 87N c th khng nhy
tc ng, ngi ta c th thay bng rle so lch chng chm t tng tr cao 64N (hnh
2.12b). Rle so lch tng tr cao c mc song song vi in tr R c tr s kh ln.

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hay ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (vng gii hn
gia cc BI), ta c:

Io = Io IN (2-4)

Nu b qua sai s ca BI, ta c dng in th cp chy qua in tr R bng khng v

in p t ln rle cng bng khng, rle s khng tc ng.

Khi chm t trong vng bo v, lc I0 = 0 nn I0 = IN ton b dng chm t s

chy qua in tr R to nn in p rt ln t trn rle, rle s tc ng.

S nguyn l bo v so lch th t khng (Hnh 2.12)

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Bo v MBA t ngu:

Bo v chnh MBA t ngu cng l bo v so lch. Bo v da trn c s nh lut

Kirchoff, l tng vect dng in vo ra cc nhnh ca i tng bo v bng khng
(ngoi tr trng hp s s).

Bo v so lch MBA t ngu (Hnh 2.13)

Bo v so snh dng in thuc hai nhm: nhm BI ni vo u cc MBA v nhm BI

ni vo trung tnh MBA. Nu bo v ch dng mt bin dng t trung tnh MBA, cc
BI t u cc MBA c ni thnh b lc th t khng v ni n mt rle, khi
to thnh bo v so lch chng chm t bn trong MBA t ngu (hnh 2.13a).

Trong trng hp cun th ba (cun tam gic) khng ni vi ti, my bin p t ngu
dng lin kt h thng siu cao p v cao p. S bo v c th thc hin nh hnh
13b, cc BI c phi hp trn mi pha gn trung tnh (im cui ca cun dy MBA)
v dng 3 rle, lc bo v p ng chng ngn mch nhiu pha v mt pha bn trong
cun dy chnh MBA t ngu. S ny khng p ng khi s c cun dy th ba,
bo v cho cun dy th ba trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng dng bo v qu dng
in.

Bo v tt c cc cun dy MBA t ngu tng t nh bo v cho MBA ba cun dy

(hnh 2.14).

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S nguyn l bo v so lch MBA t ngu (Hnh 2.14)

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II. Bo v chng s c gin tip bn trong MBA

BO V CHNG S C GIN TIP BN TRONG MBA

C cc loi bo v sau:

Rle kh (BUCHHOLZ).
Bo v qu nhit.
Rle pht hin tc tng, gim p sut du.
Bo v dng du b iu p.

S dng loi no l tu quan im ca nh sn xut v tu tng c my. Thng c

dng ph bin l rle kh (hnh 2.15).

Rle kh Buchholz (96B):

Rle hot ng da vo s bc hi ca du my bin p khi b s c v mc h thp

du qu mc cho php.

Nguyn l cu to (a) v v tr b tr trn MBA ca rle hi(Hnh 2.15)

Rle kh c t trn on ng ni t thng du n bnh dn du ca MBA. Rle c

hai cp tc ng gm c hai phao bng kim loi mang bu thu tinh c tip im thu
ngn hay tip im t. ch lm vic bnh thng trong bnh y du, cc phao ni
l lng trong du, tip im rle trng thi h. Khi kh bc ra yu (v d v du nng
do qu ti), kh tp trung ln pha trn ca bnh rle y phao s 1 xung, rle gi tn
hiu cp 1 cnh bo. Nu kh bc ra mnh (chng hn do ngn mch cun dy MBA

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t trong thng du) lung kh di chuyn t thng du ln bnh dn du y phao s 2
xung gi tn hiu i ct my ct ca MBA.

Mt van th c lp trn rle: Khi th nghim rle, lp my bm khng kh nn vo

u van th. M kha van, khng kh nn bn trong rle cho n khi phao h xung
ng tip im.

Mt nt nhn th kim tra s lm vic ca 2 phao. Khi nhn nt th n na hnh

trnh, s tc ng c kh cho phao trn h xung (lc ny c 2 phao ang nng ln v rle
cha y du) ng tip im bo hiu (cp 1) ca phao trn. Tip tc nhn nt th n
cui hnh trnh, s tc ng c kh cho phao di cng b h xung (do phao trn h
xung ri) ng tip im m my ct (cp 2) ca phao di.

Da vo thnh phn v khi lng hi sinh ra ngi ta c th xc nh c tnh cht

v mc s c. Do trn rle hi cn c thm van ly hn hp kh sinh ra nhm
phc v cho vic phn tch s c. Rle hi tc ng chm thi gian lm vic ti thiu l
0,1s; trung bnh l 0,2s.

rle bo v qu nhit cun dy MBA (26W):

Nhit nh mc my bin p ph thuc ch yu vo dng in ti chy qua cun dy

MBA v nhit ca mi trng xung quanh. Tu theo tng loi cng nh cng sut
nh mc ca MBA m di nhit cho php ca chng c th thay i, thng thng
nhit ca cun dy di 95oC c xem l bnh thng.

Thit b ch th nhit cun dy c trnh by nh hnh 2.39 (tng t thit b ch th

nhit du).

o nhit cun dy MBA ngi ta thng dng thit b loi AKM 35, y l thit
b s dng in tr nhit c phn t t nng c cp in t bin dng pha cao v h
my bin p. Rle nhit cun dy gm bn b tip im (mi b c mt tip im
thng m, mt tip im thng ng vi cc chung) lp bn trong mt nhit k c
kim ch th.

Thit b ch th nhit cun dy (Hnh 2.40)

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C cu rle gm: ch th quay ghi s o, mt b phn cm bin nhit, mt ng mao
dn ni b phn cm bin nhit vi c cu ch th. Bn trong ng mao dn l cht lng
c nn li. S co gin ca cht lng trong ng mao dn thay i theo nhit m b
cm bin nhn c, tc ng ln c cu ch th v bn b tip im. ng thi, tc
ng ln c cu ch th v cc tip im, cn c mt in tr t nng. Cun dy th
cp ca mt my bin dng in t ti chn s my bin p c ni vi in tr t
nng. chnh nh cho phn t t nng, ngi ta s dng mt bin tr t t iu
khin cnh my bin p. Tc dng ca in tr t nng (ty theo dng in qua cun
dy my bin p) v b cm bin nhit ln c cu o cng cc b tip im s tng
ng vi nhit im nng, nhit ca cun y.

C 4 vt iu chnh nhit t tr s tc ng cho 4 b tip im. Ty theo thit k,

cc tip im rle nhit c th c ni vo cc mch, bo hiu s c nhit cun
dy cao, mch t ng m my ct c lp my bin p, mch t ng khi ng v
ngng cc qut lm mt my bin p.

Rle nhit cun dy hot ng 2 cp:

Cp 1: Khi nhit cun dy MBA 115oC s bo ng bng tn hiu n ci.

Cp 2: Khi nhit cun dy MBA l 120oC th bo ng bng tn hiu n ci
v tc ng i ct my ct c lp my bin p ra khi li.

Ngoi ra, rle nhit cun dy MBA cn c tc dng a cc tn hiu i iu khin h

thng lm mt cho MBA. V d i vi MBA lm mt bng qut thi th h thng qut
mt s lm vic khi nhit cun dy MBA t n mt trong cc gi tr 750C cun
cao, 800C cun h v 600C i vi nhit du. H thng ny s dng khi nhit
cun dy v du MBA gim 100C di cc gi tr khi ng trn.

Rle nhit du (26Q):

o nhit lp du trn s dng hai ng h. Mt ng h nhit du bo tn hiu

800C v mt ng h nhit du tc ng ct my ct 900C. cc ng h ny s
dng nguyn l cm ng nhit . Phn t cm ng nhit c b trong hp nh v
c t gn nh ca thng du ca my bin p.

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 Cch lp rle nhit trong my bin p (Hnh 2.38)

Rle nhit du gm c c cu ch th quay ghi s o, mt b phn cm bin nhit,

mt ng mao dn ni b phn cm bin nhit vi c cu ch th. Bn trong ng mao dn
l cht lng (dung dch hu c) c nn li. S co gin ca cht lng (trong ng mao
dn) thay i theo nhit m b phn cm bin nhit nhn c, s tc ng c cu
ch th v cc tip im. Cc tip im s i trng thi m thnh ng, ng
thnh m khi nhit cao hn tr s t trc. B phn cm bin nhit c lp
trong l tr bc kn, pha trn np my bin p, bao quanh l tr l du, o nhit
lp du trn cng ca my bin p. Thng dng nhit k c 2 (hoc 4) vt iu chnh
nhit c th t sn 2 (hoc 4) tr s tc ng cho 2 (hoc 4) b tip im ring r
lp trong nhit k. Khi nhit cao hn tr s lp t cp 1, rle s ng tip im cp
1 bo tn hiu s c nhit du cao ca my bin p. Khi nhit tip tc cao
hn tr s cp 2, rle s ng thm tip im cp 2 t ng ct my ct, ct in my
bin p, ng thi cng c mch i bo hiu s c ct do nhit du cao (B phn
ch th nhit nh hnh 2.39).

Trong :

1. B phn cm bin nhit.

2. ng mao dn (capillary tubo).
3. Kim ch th nhit .
4. Hai vt iu chnh nhit hai b tip im .
5. Hai b tip im rle nhit du .
Nhit mi trng s dng : -100C n 700 C.
Thang o : -200C 0 +1300C.
Thang iu chnh : -200C 0 +1300C.
Sai s ca tr s o c : + 30C.
Khong sai bit tc ng ca tip im : 10-14.

II.4. Cu to rle mc du ti my bin p (33):

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 V tr lp rle mc du ti my bin p (Hnh 2.41)

Rle mc du gm hai b tip im lp bn trong thit b ch th mc du, my bin

p c b i nc in p c ti (b iu p di ti) th thng gin n du c chia lm
hai ngn (hnh 2.41). Ngn c th tch chim phn ln thng gin n, c ni ng lin
thng du qua rle hi n thng chnh my bin p ( c th tch gin n du cho my
bin p). Ngn c th tch chim phn nh hn nhiu ca thng gin n, s c ni ng
lin du n thng cha b iu p di ti. Thng chnh my bin p v thng b i
nc c thit k ring r, khng c lin thng du vi nhau. V vy, c hai thit b ch
mc du lp ti hai u thng gin n o mc du ca hai ngn thit b ch th mc
du my bin p v thit b ch th mc du b iu p di ti.

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 Cu to ca thit b ch th mc du (Hnh 2.42)

C cu ca thit b ch th mc du gm hai b phn (hnh 2.42): B phn iu khin

v b phn ch th. B phn iu khin c mt phao (3), thanh quay (8) trc quay (9) c
lp nam chm vnh cu (4). B phn iu khin lp trn v my (u thng gin n) c
vng m. B phn ch th gm kim ch (6) lp trn trc mang mt nam chm vnh cu
(5). B phn ch th c lm bng nhm trnh b nh hng t trng nam chm v
chng nh hng ca nc.

Khi mc du nng h th phao (3) nng h theo. Chuyn ng nng h ca phao c

chuyn thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc (9) nh thanh quay (8). Khi quay t trng do
nam chm (4) s iu khin cho nam chm (5) quay sao cho hai cc khc tn (N v S)
ca hai nam chm i din nhau (hai cc cng tn c lc y, hai cc khc tn c lc
ht nhau). Do vy kim ch th quay theo nam chm (5), ghi c mc du trn mt ch
th. B phn ch th cng tc ng ng m cc tip im rle mc du a tn hiu
vo mch bo ng hoc mch ct ty theo tng thit k.

Bo v p sut tng cao trong my bin p (63):

Rle bo v d phng cho my bin th lc, ch danh vn hnh l R.63. Khi c s c

trong my bin p, h quang in lm du si v bc hi ngay, to nn p sut rt ln
trong my bin p. Thit b an ton p sut lp trn np thng chnh my bin p s m
rt nhanh (m ht van khong 2ms) thot kh du t thng chnh MBA ra mi trng
ngoi, p sut trong thng chnh s gim. Trong thit b an ton p sut c gn rle p
sut.

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 S khi ca bo v R.63 ti trm:

S khi bo v R.63 (Hnh 2.43)

tnh trng lm vic bnh thng, van a b nn bi l xo nn lm kn thng chnh my

bin p. Khi c s c bn trong thng chnh my bin p th p sut trong thng chnh
tng cao s ln hn p lc nn ca l xo, van a s chuyn ng thng ln, lm h thnh
khe h xung quanh chu vi van a. Kh s thot ra ti khe h vng m, lm gim p
sut trong thng. Khi van a di chuyn ln th cng tc ng ln ci ch th c kh bung
ln, ng thi tc ng tip im rle p sut gi tn hiu ti mch bo ng v t ng
ct my ct c lp my bin p ra khi li in. Khi p sut tr li bnh thng, mun
ti lp li MBA th phi nhn ci ch th c kh ( b bung ln) v v tr c, ng thi
t li rle p sut bng nt nhn.

Bo v p sut tng cao trong b i nc my bin p (R.63 OLTC):

Rle bo v tc ng theo p sut thng iu p di ti my bin p lc, l bo v d

phng cho my bin p. Ch danh vn hnh trn s bo v l R.63 OLTC (On Load
Tap Changer).

Cu to v nguyn l vn hnh ca rle tng t nh R.63 ni trn. Khi c s c

bn trong thng i nc my bin p th rle s tc ng v t ng ct my ct c lp
MBA ra khi li in.

S khi ca bo v R.63 OLTC ti trm:

S khi bo v R63 OLTC (Hnh 2.44)

Mun ti lp li MBA sau khi rle tc ng phi t li Rle kha trung gian R86.

Rle kha trung gian (86):

Rle kha trung gian R.86 thng c dng l loi kiu MVAJ-21 nh ch to GEC
ALSTOM.

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c im v ng dng ca rle nh sau:

Thit b ny dng ngt mch in vi an ton cao, c bit chng c th

dng ngt mch in hoc iu khin cc hot ng ng ngt do tn hiu
c gi ti t cc rle khc. Rle ny c th hot ng hai ch tc thi
hoc c thi gian tr hon.
Rle MVAJ c kh nng dp tt c s phng in do in dung.
Rle MVAJ l loi thit b bo v dng gim st s hot ng ca cc loi
rle bo v khc.

Nguyn tc hot ng:

Rle MVAJ-21 ch hot ng khi cc rle khc (c lin quan) lm vic. Khi rle bo
v chnh ca thit b hot ng th cng ng thi tc ng rle R.86 lm vic. R.86
hot ng s c lp ngun iu khin ca cc rle iu khin khc. Mun ti lp li s
lm vic bnh thng ca mch iu khin cc thit b th phi t li R.86.

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III. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti

BO V CHNG NGN MCH NGOI V QU TI

Bo v qu ti (BVQT):

C chc nng bo tn hiu qu ti MBA. Dng bo v qu dng in. MBA hai dy

qun bo v c b tr pha ngun (hnh 2.17), my bin p ba dy qun bo v qu ti
c th b tr hai hoc c ba dy qun. Bo v qu ti ch b tr mt pha v i bo tn
hiu sau mt thi gian nh trc.

Tuy nhin rle dng in khng th phn nh c ch mang ti ca MBA trc khi
xy ra qu ti. V vy i vi MBA cng sut ln ngi ta s dng nguyn l hnh nh
nhit thc hin bo v chng qu ti.

Bo v loi ny phn nh mc tng nhit nhng thi im kim tra khc nhau trong
my bin p v tu theo mc tng nhit m c nhiu cp tc ng khc nhau: cnh
bo, khi ng cc mc lm mt bng tng tc tun hon ca khng kh hoc du,
gim ti my bin p.

S nguyn l bo v qu ti (Hnh 2.17)

Nu cc cp tc ng ny khng mang li hiu qu v nhit my bin p vn vt

qu gii hn cho php v ko di qu thi gian quy nh th my bin p s c ct ra
khi h thng.

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Bo v dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi:

Thng thng ngi ta dng bo v qu dng in. V nguyn tc vi MBA ba cun

dy khi c ba cp in p u c th c ngun cung cp nn t mi cp in p mt
b.

Vi MBA ba cun dy v MBA t ngu mt trong cc b bo v dng in cc i

thng l bo v c hng ( m bo tnh chn lc gia cc bo v). nng cao
nhy ngi ta dng bo v dng in th t nghch (BVI2) km theo mt rle dng in
c kim tra p. Cc bo v chng dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi dng lm bo
v d tr cho bo v chnh ca MBA khi ngn mch nhiu pha MBA, n cn lm bo
v d tr cho bo v ca cc phn t ln cn nu iu kin nhy cho php.

S nguyn l bo v chng ngn mch ngoi (Hnh 2.18)

Hnh 2.18 cho s nguyn l bo v chng ngn mch ngoi cho my bin p t ngu.
Trong rle nh hng cng sut (RW) ch tc ng khi hng cng sut ngn mch
truyn t my bin p n thanh gp cao p, cn theo chiu ngc li th khng tc
ng.

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C. Tnh ton bo v Rle cho my bin p
Mc ch

C s tnh chn bo v rle cho MBA:

Cn phi bit cc thng s ca MBA do nh ch to cung cp trn nhn my

hoc trong cc catalogue:

V d vi MBA ba pha hai cun dy:

LoiMBA C iu chnh in p SBm

Thng s sn xut
Um cun dy
Uc Uh
Un(%) Pn Po Io(%)

Dng ngn mch ln nht, nh nht xut hin trong cc dng ngn mch.
Cc thng s, c tnh ca my bin dng in, bin in p.
Cc yu cu bo v rle ca MBA.

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I. Bo v qu dng in

BO V QU DNG IN

Cu ch:

Cu ch c chn theo iu kin sau:

Icc Kat.Im (2-5)

Vi Im: dng lm vic nh mc pha t cu ch; Kat h s an ton ly bng 1,2.

S liu tham kho t cu ch cho MBA cp in p 11 Kv

Cng sut MBA Cu ch

S (KVA) I (A) Im tct (s)
100 5,25 16 3
200 10,5 25 3
300 15,8 36 10
500 26,2 50 20
1000 52,5 90 30

Bo v qu dng in:

Chn my bin dng in cho bo v.

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nh mc th cp ca BI c tiu chun ho l 5A hoc 1A.

BI c chn c dng nh mc s cp bng hay ln hn dng nh mc cun dy MBA

m n c t. i vi MBA hai cun dy dng nh mc s cp v th cp MBA ph
thuc cng sut nh mc ca MBA v t l nghch vi in p. i vi MBA ba cun
dy dng nh mc ph thuc vo cun dy tng ng.
SBm
Ilv m = 3UBm (2-6)

Vi SBm: cng sut nh mc ca my bin p.

UBm: in p nh mc ca MBA.

Bo v ct nhanh:

Xc nh dng ngn mch s cp cc i chy qua ch t bo v khi ngn mch ngoi

(INngmax) ti im N1 trong hnh.

U1
INngmax = I(3)
N1 = (2-7)
3(xB + xht)

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 2
UN.UBm
trong : xB: in khng ca MBA, xB =
100.SBm

xht: in khng ca h thng.

Dng in khi ng bo v:

Ik = Kat.INngmax (2-8)

vi Kat l h s an ton, Kat = (1,3-1,4)

Dng khi ng th cp ca rle :

Kat.K(3).INngmax
s
IkR = nI (2-9)

K(3)
s : h s k n s ni dy ca BI.

Kim tra nhy ca bo v ng vi tnh trng ngn mch hai pha trn cc MBA pha
ni vi ngun trong ch lm vic cc tiu ca h thng (imN2).
INmin
Kn = IK 2 (2-10)

Thi gian bo v: t = 0sec.

Bo v qu dng c thi gian:

Xc nh dng khi ng ca bo v:
Kat.Kmm
Ik = Ktv .Ilv max (2-11)

y dng Ilv max dng lm vic max qua ch t bo v. Trong trng hp khng bit
c th ly Ilv max = IBm . Vi MBA ba cun dy dng Ilv max ly tng ng ca tng
cun.

Kat: h s an ton (1,1 - 1,2).

Kmm: h s m my (1,3 - 1,8).

Ktv: h s tr v (0,85 - 0,9).

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 K(3).Ik
s
Dng khi ng ca rle: IkR = (2-12)
nI

IN1min
Kim tra nhy ca bo v: Kn = Ik (2-13)

Yu cu Kn 1,5: khi lm bo v chnh.

y IN1min dng ngn mch nh nht qua bo v khi ngn mch trc tip cui vng
bo v (im N1). Dng ngn mch tinh ton l dng ngn mch hai pha nn:

U1
I(2)
N1 = 3.(x1 + x2)

trong :

- x1 :in khng th t thun tng n im ngn mch, x1 = x1B + x1ht.

- x2 : in khng th t nghch tng n im ngn mch, x2 = x2B + x2ht.

Yu cu Kn 1,2: khi lm bo v d tr (ngn mch cui vng d tr). Nu nhy

khng t yu cu, phi dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p (BVQIKU). Lc dng
khi ng ca bo v c tnh:
Kat
Ik = Ktv .Ilv max (2-14)

Khng k n Kmm v sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi cc ng c t khi ng nhng

khng lm in p gim nhiu v bo v khng th tc ng.

in p khi ng ca RU< :
Ulv min
Uk = Kat.Ktv (2-15)

Kat =1,2, Ktv =1,15, Ulv min: in p ti ch t bo v trong iu kin t khi ng ca

ng c sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi. Thng thng c th ly (0,7-0,75) Um .

Thi gian lm vic thng c phn thnh 2 cp:

Cp th nht ct my ct th cp:

tc1 = t(2) + t (2-16)

vi - t(2): thi gian tc ng ln nht ca bo v k n.

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- t: bc chn lc v thi gian (0,3 - 0,5)sec.

Cp thi gian th hai ct tt c cc my ct ca MBA:

tc2 = tc1 + t (2-17)

Bo v dng th t nghch:

tng nhy cho BVQIKU, ngi ta s dng kt hp vi BVI2 (hnh 2.19). Khi ,
bo v qu dng ch b tr mt pha chng ngn mch ba pha v nhy c kim
tra theo dng ngn mch ba pha th cp:

I(3)
N1min
Kn = Ik 1.5 (2-18)

Dng khi ng ca BVI2:

Kat
I2k = .IBm. Vi Kat = 1,2; Ktv = 0,85 (2-19)
Ktv

S nguyn l bo v qu dng c kim tra p kt hp BVI2 tc ng c thi gian (Hnh 2.19)

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II. Bo v qu ti

Bo v qu ti
Kat.IBm
dng khi ng ca bo v qu ti : Ik = Ktv (2-20)

K(3).Ik
s
Dng khi ng ca rle : IkR = nI (2-21)

Kat= 1,05; Ktv= 0,85

IBm: dng nh mc pha t bo v tnh theo cng sut nh mc MBA.

Thi gian t ca bo v:

t = tbv max + t (2-22)

tbv max : thi gian ln nht ca bo v ln cn.

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III. Bo v dng th t khng ca MBA trong mng c dng chm t ln

BO V DNG TH T KHNG (BVI0) CA MBA TRONG MNG C

DNG CHM T LN

Bo v I0 MBA mt pha ni t:

Dng khi ng s cp BVIO c chn theo hai iu kin :

Theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi:
Ik > Ikcbmax (2-23)
Theo iu kin phi hp v nhy vi cc bo v ng dy ni vo thanh
gp ca trm:

Ik Kat.3Iott (2-24)

Trong :

Kat: h s an ton khi phi hp c th chn Kat = (1,1-1,2).

Iott: dng th t khng (TTK) ti ch t bo v, ng vi dng ngn mch no gy ra

dng TTK ln nht.

Khi chn Ik theo iu kin (2-24) th iu kin (2-23) cng c tho mn, v vy
thng ch tnh theo iu kin (2-24).

nhy ca bo v:

Khi lm bo v chnh:

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 3I0min
Kn = IK 1,5 (2-25)

Ly (3I0min ) khi ngn mch trn thanh gp ca trm.

Khi lm bo v d tr: Kn 1,2. Lc dng 3I0min l dng b nht khi ngn mch cui
vng d tr.

in khng TTK ca MBA

Vi MBA hai dy qun in khng th t thun (TTT) bng in khng th t nghch

(TTN) bng in khng th t khng X1B = X2B = X0B .

MBA ba pha ba dy qun ni /Yo/Y loi ny thng c s dng vi cun ni vi

my pht in, cun Yo ni vi thanh ci cao p, cun Y l trung p 35KV thng trung
tnh khng ni t. Do vy tng tr TTK ca loi ny bng tng tr TTT ca cun Yo.
Nu t ni dy /Yo/Yo, vi cun c ti, in khng TTK ca mi cun chnh bng
TTT,

MBA t ngu in khng TTK ca mi cun chnh bng in khng TTT.

Up
I(n)
1 = (2-26)
(x1 + z(n))

Dng ngn mch (n) Zn In0

NM 1 pha(A) 1 x 2 + x 0 I1
x2.x0 x2
NM 2 pha chm t (B,C) 1,1 x2 + x0 x 2 + x 0 I1

Trong :

- n: dng ngn mch.

- Io: dng in th t khng.

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- z(n)
: Tng tr s c thm vo.

- x1: in khng th t thun ti im ngn mch.

- x2: in khng th t nghch ti im ngn mch.

- x0: in khng th t khng ti im ngn mch.

V d ta c s thay th tnh ton MBA hai cun dy ca hnh 2.20.

Xc nh dng th t khng khi ngn mch mt pha v dng th t khng khi ngn
mch hai pha chm t trn thanh gp (im N1 khi bo v lm nhim v bo v chnh).
Chn gi tr ln hn lm gi tr tnh ton dng khi ng, gi tr nh hn dng kim
tra nhy ca bo v. Khi bo v lm nhim v d tr dng 3I0min ly cui vng bo
v (cui ng dy di nht ni n thanh ci MBA t bo v).

Bo v I0 my bin p c hai pha ni t dng rle qu dng in:

MBA c hai dy qun ni t trc tip (hnh 2.21), dng 3I0 i nh hnh v. Trong
:

IoN2(1-2): dng 3Io do ngun I cung cp khi ngn mch chm t ti N2.

IoN1(2-1): dng 3Io do ngun II cung cp khi ngn mch chm t ti N1.

IoN1(1-1): dng th t khng tng cung cp n im ngn mch N1.

IoN2(2-2): dng th t khng tng cung cp n im ngn mch N2.

V th, cn t BVI0 c hng, thng c 2-3 cp tc ng.

Cp I: L BVI0 ct nhanh, phi hp vi BVI0 ng dy ni n thanh ci pha

t bo v: Ik I = KatKfmIk Iz max (2-27)

Trong :

Kat: h s an ton, Kat = 1,1.

I0 bv
Kfm: h s phn mch I0, Kfm = I0 dy .

I0 bv: dng I0 qua ch t bo v.

I0 dy: dng I0 qua ng dy c Ik Iz max.

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IkIz max: dng chnh nh cp 1 ca BVI0 ng dy c tr s ln nht trong tt c cc
ng dy ni n thanh ci MBA c bo v.

Thi gian chnh nh:

tI = tIzmax+t (2-28)

tIzmax: thi gian tc ng ca bo v ng dy c Ik Iz max.

Cp II: Chn phi hp vi cp 2 ca BVI0 ng dy, tnh tng t nh cp I

trn, thay k hiu I bng k hiu II.

Dng ngn mch vi t MBA c hai dy qun ni t (Hnh 2.21)

nhy cp I v cp II:
3I0min
Kn I = IK I 1,5 (2-29)

3I0min
Kn II = IK II 1,5 (2-30)

trong 3I0min ly vi ngn mch ngay trn thanh gp ca trm.

Cp III: L bo v qu dng in v hng, tnh nh BVI0 ca MBA c mt pha ni

t.

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IV. Tinh toan cac bao v so lnh cho my bin p

TNH TON CC BO V SO LCH

Bin dng cho bo v so lch:

Nh ni trn vi bo v so lch MBA s u dy BI c chn c th b

s lch pha gia dng in cc pha MBA do t u dy MBA gy ra. V d MBA
c t u dy /Y-11 th dng th cp lch 300 so vi dng s cp. dng in th
cp MBA khng lch pha nhau, ngi ta ni mch th cp ca BI ngc li, ngha l
pha ni sao ca MBA ngi ta ni BI theo kiu v ngc li. Mc ch l trnh dng
khng cn bng qu ln chy qua bo v so lch trong trng thi lm vic bnh thng
cng nh khi ngn mch ngoi c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm. S u dy BI
theo cc cch u cc cun dy MBA khc nhau nh hnh 2.22.

* V d cch chn my bin dng: my bin p hai cun dy Sm= 20 MVA, Um =110
Kv/ 6 Kv, t ni dy MBA Y/ -11.

+ Chn my bin dng cp in p 110 Kv, mch th cp BI ni nn dng in cun

dy bng dng in pha. Do vy dng in tnh ton chn BI pha cao p bng:

3.Sm 3
3.20.10
IsC = 3.Um = 3.110 = 181,8 A

Chn loi bin dng 200/5 A.

+ Chn bin dng pha h 6 kv. Mch th cp BI ni sao. Dng in tnh ton chn
BI pha h p bng:

Sm 20.103
ISh = 3.Um = 3.6 = 1937 A

Chn bin dng loi 2000/5 A.

Dng in th cp BI hai pha tng ng bng:

[ ].3 = 4,55A
IsC
ItC = nI

IsH
ItH = nI = 4,84A

chnh lch dng in th cp hai pha bng :

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ItC ItH 4,554,84
ItC .100 = 4,55 .100 = 6.4%

Gn y, trong rle so lch hin i ngi ta thc hin vic cn bng pha v tr s
dng in th cp cc pha ca MBA ngay trong rle so lch.

S ni dy mch th cp my bin dng ph hp vi t ni dy MBA: A, B, C: vect dng

in s cp pha A, B, C ca MBA.a, b, c: vect dng in th cp pha a, b, c ca MBA.(Hnh
2.22)

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Bo v so lch dng in c s dng bin dng bo ha trung gian:(Loi PHT)

Trnh t tnh ton:

1. Xc nh dng s cp tt c cc pha ca MBA hoc bin p t ngu c bo v.

Dng ny c xc nh tng ng cng sut nh mc (cng sut nh mc ca cun
dy khe nht) cn i vi MBA t ngu th tng ng vi cng sut truyn qua ca n.

Xc nh t s bin dng da vo dng in s cp va tnh trn. Theo cc t s bin

i ca t my bin dng tnh cc dng th cp tng ng trong cc nhnh ca bo v :
IIT, IIIT, IIIIT

i khi ngi ta chn t s bin dng ln hn gi tr tnh ton ca n c th chn s

vng dy ca BIG gn vi gi tr tnh ton ca n hn, do lm tng nhy ca bo
v.

Lp bng gi cc tr tnh ton trn:

STT Tn gi cc i lng
Gi tr bng s
cho pha
UC UT UH

Dng s cp cc pha ca MBA tng ng vi cng sut

1
nh mc
2 H s bin i ca BI
3 T ni dy ca BI
Dng th cp trong cc nhnh ca bo v tng ng vi
4
cng sut nh mc

Chn pha c gi tr dng in s cp ln nht lm pha c bn.

2. Xc nh dng ngn mch s cp cc i chy qua MBA khi ngn mch ngoi trong
ch lm vic cc i tt c cc pha ca MBA.

3. Tnh ton dng in khng cn bng s cp cha k n thnh phn I'''kcbtt do chn s
vng dy khng chnh xc gy ra.

Dng khng cn bng s cp ton phn tnh theo cng thc sau: Ikcbtt = I'kcbtt + I''kcbtt + I'''kcbtt
(2-31)

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Vi:

- I'kcbtt: thnh phn do sai s ca my bin dng gy nn:

I'kcbtt = Kkck.Kn.fi.INng max (2-32)

Kkck: h s k n thnh phn khng chu k trong qu trnh qu . i vi rle PHT

c my bin dng bo ha vi cun dy ngn mch, h s ny ly bng 1.

Kn: h s ng nht ca cc my bin dng, i vi bo v MBA thng ly bng 1.

fI: sai s cc i cho php ca BI, fI max= 10%.

INngmax:thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch chy qua MBA khi ngn mch ba pha
trc tip ngoi vng bo v.

I''kcbtt: thnh phn do vic iu chnh in p ca MBA c bo v gy nn.

I''kcbtt = UINng max + UINng max (2-33)

Trong :

U, U: sai s tng i do vic iu chnh in p cc pha ca MBA c bo

v ly bng na khong iu chnh cho tng pha tng ng. ng thi khi tnh s vng
dy ca my bin dng bo ha trung gian phi ly gi tr trung bnh ca in p pha
c iu chnh.

INng max va INng max: thnh phn chu k ca dng chy qua pha c iu chnh in p
ca MBA khi ngn mch ngoi tnh ton.

I'''kcbtt: thnh phn do vic chn s vng dy cc pha khng c bn khng ph hp vi

gi tr tnh ton ca chng gy nn:
WItt WI WIItt WII
I'''kcbtt = WItt .IINng max + WIItt .IIINng max (2-34)

Trong :

WItt, WIItt: s vng tnh ton ca cc cun dy my bin dng bo ha trung gian i
vi cc pha khng c bn xc nh theo yu cu cn bng sc t ng khi ngn mch
ngoi v lm vic bnh thng.

IcbT.Wcb = IIT.WItt = IIIT.WIItt (2-35)

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WI ,WII: cc s vng c chp nhn (s nguyn) ca cun dy my bin dng bo ha
trung gian cc pha khng c bn tng ng .

Biu thc (2-33) v (2-34) vit cho MBA ba pha v MBA t ngu. i vi MBA hai
cun dy cn b bt s hng th hai v phi ca cc biu thc ny.

4. Xc nh s b gi tr dng khi ng ca bo v Ik cha k n thnh phn I'''kcbtt.

Theo iu kin chnh nh khi gi tr tnh ton ln nht ca dng khng cn bng tnh
ton:

Ik Kat.Ikcbtt (2-36)

Vi Kat: h s an ton k n sai s ca rle v d tr, c th ly bng 1,3.

Theo iu kin chnh nh khi gi tr nhy vt ca dng in t ho khi ng MBA

khng ti :

Ik K.ImB (2-37)

Trong : ImB l dng in nh mc tng ng vi cng sut nh mc ca MBA (ca

cun dy c cng sut ln nht) v vi cng sut mu ca MBA t ngu cha k n h
s nhit i ho, ly theo pha c bn.

K: l h s chnh nh chn trong khong 1,0 - 1,3 khi tnh ton bo v my bin dng
bo ha trung gian.

Theo hai iu kin (a) v (b) ta chn gi tr ln nht lm gi tr tnh ton.

5. S b kim tra nhy c th xc nh xem c th dng rle PHT c hay khng

hay phi dng rle c c tnh hm loi

s b kim tra nhy cn xc nh dng ngn mch trc tip khi h hng xy ra
trn cc cc MBA trong tnh trng tnh ton. Tnh trng tnh ton y cn cp n
c ch lm vic ca MBA v c ch lm vic ca h thng.

H s nhy ca bo v xc nh theo cng thc:

IR
Kn = IkR (2-38)

trong Ir l dng trong cun dy rle. Dng ny ph thuc vo dng ngn mch v
s ni dy ca my bin dng. Trn hnh 2.23 v s phn b dng in trong mch
bo v so lch ca MBA 3 cun dy i vi mt s trng hp ngn mch khc nhau.

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 n gin, h s nhy c xc nh vi gi thit l ton b dng ngn mch ch
chy t mt pha n.

IkR: dng khi ng ca rle tng ng vi s vng pha c dng IR chy qua.

Nu h s nhy tnh c ln hn 2 th s tip tc tnh ton cho rle PHT theo trnh
t tip theo di y cn khng th c th khng cn tnh thnh phn Ikcbtt do iu
chnh in p gy nn vi gi thit l khi thay i u phn p ta cng s thay i i
lng t ca bo v.

Trong nhng trng hp khi khng tnh n thnh phn Ikcbtt m bo v vn khng
m bo c nhy cn thit hoc l phi bt buc k n thnh phn khng cn
bng th nn dng cc bo v c c tnh hm loi (xem mc 3).

i vi nhng trng hp ng th MBA vo mt pha in p no hoc khi MBA

ba cun dy (hay t ngu) lm vic trong tnh trng mt my ct pha no ct
ra th c th cho php ta h thp yu cu v nhy ca bo v so lch. Trong nhng
trng hp ny nu bo v khng nhy th cc bo v khc nh bo v rle hi,
hay bo v d tr ca MBA s tc ng ct MBA.

6. Xc nh s vng cun c bn ca bin dng bo ha trung gian, tng ng vi dng

khi ng ca bo v (pha c bn l pha c dng in th cp BI ln nht).
FkR
Wcbtt = IkRcb (2-39)

Trong : IkRcb l dng khi ng ca rle tnh qui i v pha c bn. N bng t s
gia dng khi ng s cp vi h s bin i ca BI pha c bn c tnh n s
ni dy, IkRcb = Ks.(Ik / nI).

Gi tr nI theo pha c bn.

FkR: Sc t ng (A-Vng) khi ng ca rle

Loi PHT-562 FkR = 60AV

Loi PHT-565 FkR = 100AV

V dng in pha c bn l ln nht nn s vng cun c bn ca bin dng bo ha

trung gian l b nht.

Ch thch hnh 2.23: S phn b dng trong MBA ba cun dy v rle so lch khi:

a: ngn mch 2 pha pha ngun.

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b: ngn mch 1 pha pha ngun.

c: ngn mch 2 pha pha cun sao.

d: ngn mch 3 pha cun tam gic.

e: ngn mch 2 pha pha cun tam gic.

(a) ngn mch 2 pha pha ngun, (b) ngn mch 1 pha pha ngun.

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(c) ngn mch 2 pha pha cun sao, (d) ngn mch 3 pha cun tam gic.

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 (e) ngn mch 2 pha pha cun tam gic - (Hnh 2.23:a,b,c,d,e)S phn b dng trong MBA
v mch th cp BI khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v

7. S vng ca cc cun dy cc pha khc, xc nh t iu kin cn bng sc t ng

trong my bin dng bo ha trung gian khi MBA lm vic bnh thng v khi c ngn
mch ngoi theo biu thc (2-35):

IcbT.Wcb = IIT.WItt = IIIT.WIItt

S vng tnh ton pha I:

I
cbT
WItt = Wcb. (2-40)
IIT

S vng tnh ton pha II:

I
cbT
WIItt = Wcb. (2-41)
IIIT

Wcb: s vng cun c bn ca BIG sau khi ly trn (v pha s nguyn gn nht)
tng ng vi s vng tnh ton thc t c c ca BIG.

Nu s vng tnh ton WItt , WIItt tnh theo (2-40) v (2-41) ra nhng s l th ly v s
nguyn gn nht pha ln hn hoc b hn, sao cho dng in khng cn bng tng Ikcb

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c k n thnh phn I'''kcb (do vic chn s vng dy WI v WII khng ph hp vi gi
tr tnh ton ca chng gy nn) trong mi trng hp ngn mch ngoi s khng lm
cho bo v tc ng nhm.

Cn ch rng i vi loi rle FkR= 100A th sai s do vic ly trn s vng dy gy

nn (thnh phn I'''kcb) ni chung s b hn l i vi loi rle c FkR= 60A.

i vi MBA ba cun dy khi s vng chp nhn ca ba pha khc nhau th pha c bn
s ni vo cun dy so lch ca BIG cn cc pha kia s ni vo cun dy cn bng.

i vi MBA ba cun dy khi s vng chp nhn hai pha no ging nhau v vi
MBA hai cun dy th pha c bn s ni vo mt cun dy cn bng no (hoc mt
phn ca cun dy cn bng v mt phn ca cun dy so lch) cn pha kia s ni vo
cun dy cn bng cn li. Cch ni ny cho php ta chn s vng dy pha c bn
gn vi gi tr tnh ton ca n hn.

8. Xc nh gi tr chnh xc ca dng khng cn bng s cp ca bo v c k n thnh

phn I'''kcbtttheo cng thc (2-31) v (2-34):

WItt WI WIItt WII

I'''kcbtt = WItt .IINng max + WIItt .IIINng max

Ikcbtt = I'kcbtt + I''kcbtt + I'''kcbtt

S ni dy rle PHT 565 thc hin bo v so lch MBA (Hnh 2.24.a)

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 S ni dy rle PHT 565 thc hin bo v so lch MBA (Hnh 2.24.b)

9. Xc nh gi tr chnh xc ca dng khi ng s cp ca bo v theo gi tr chnh

xc ca dng khng cn bng, tnh theo biu thc (2-36). Tnh i dng khi ng ny
sang pha th cp ca BI pha c bn.

Nu nh dng tnh i ny ln hn dng khi ng ca rle tng ng vi s vng

c chp nhn pha c bn th phi chn li s vng pha c bn v pha b hn gn
nht. Sau li tnh li s vng ca cc cun dy ca BIG cc pha cn li tng ng
vi s vng pha c bn va c chp nhn Wcb theo cc cng thc (2-40), (2-41).
C nh vy tnh cho n khi no dng khi ng ca bo v c k n thnh phn I'''kcbtt
bng hoc b hn dng khi ng ca bo v c chp nhn mi thi.

10. Xc nh cc dng ngn mch s cp v nhng dng th cp tng ng ca BI, ri

tnh h s nhy theo cng thc (2-38) hoc cng thc sau:
IR.W
Kn = Fk R (2-42)

IR: dng th cp mi pha ca bo v c k n du ca n dng ngn mch ang

kho st.

W: s vng ca cun dy BIG pha tng ng.

H s nhy Kn phi tnh cho tt c cc trng hp lm vic khc nhau ca MBA

c bo v cng nh ca h thng v mng in cung cp, khi c nhng dng ngn
mch khc nhau xy ra trn cc MBA c bo v.

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Khi dng cng thc (2-42) cn phi tnh s phn b ca dng s c v dng cc pha
ca mch bo v. Khi dng cng thc (2-38) cn xc nh dng trong my bin dng
BIG ca rle vi gi thit l ton b dng ngn mch ch chy mt pha cung cp dng
s c ln nht dng ngn mch ang kho st. Nu tnh ton s b th dng cng thc
(2-38) tin hn.

Nu nh nhy ti thiu nhn c trong tnh trng tnh ton b hn gi tr cho php,
ng thi gi tr tnh ton ca dng khi ng ca bo v li chn theo iu kin chnh
nh khi dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi th phi tnh ton li bo v vi
rle c c tnh hm loi ZT.

Bng tng hp gi tr tnh ton:

Gi
K hiu v cng thc tr
STT Tn i lng tnh ton
tnh bng
s
Ik
IkRcb = Ks n (Ik khi
1 Dng khi ng ca rle pha c bn I
cha k n I''''kcb)
S vng tnh ton ca cun dy my bin dng FkR
2 Wcbtt = IkRcb .
bo ha trung gian pha c bn
3 S vng pha c bn s b c chp nhn Wcb

Dng khi ng ca rle pha c bn tng FkR

4 IkRcb = Wcb
ng
S vng tnh ton ca cun dy my bin dng IcbT
5 WItt = Wcb IIT .
bo ha trung gian pha I
6 S b chn s vng pha I WI

S vng tnh ton ca cun dy my bin dng IcbT

7 WIItt = Wcb I .
bo ha trung gian pha II IIT

8 S b chn s vng pha II WII

Thnh phn dng khng cn bng s cp do vic

chn s vng pha I khc vi gi tr tnh ton ca '''' WItt WI
9 Ikcbtt = WItt .IINngmax
n gy nn trong trng hp ngn mch tnh
ton
Dng khng cn bng tnh ton pha s cp c
10 Ikcbtt = I'kcbtt + I''kcbtt + I'''kcbtt
k n thnh phn I'''kcbtt

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 Gi tr chnh xc dng khi ng ca s cp ca
11 IkRcb Kat.Ikcbtt
bo v
Gi tr chnh xc dng khi ng ca s cp ca Ik
12 IkRcb = Ks n
rle pha c bn I

S vng ca cc cun dy ca my bin dng Pha c bn WcbPha

13
bo ha cui cng c chp nhn I WI Pha II WII

Bo v so lch dng BIG c c tnh hm :

Ch dn chung:

1. Rle loi c mt cun hm nm trong my bin dng bo ho trung gian cho

php ta hm cc bo v bng dng in ly t my bin dng t pha no . c
tnh khi ng ca rle khi c hm Flv = f(Fh) ph thuc vo gc gia dng lm vic Ilv
v dng hm Ih. Trn (hnh 2.25) v c tnh gii hn tng ng ca cc gi tr hm ln
nht v b nht.

2. S ni cc cun dy trong rle v s bo v my bin p hai v ba cun dy

bng rle loi trnh by trn hnh 2.26a, 2.26b trong cun hm c ni ti pha
c dng ngn mch ln hn.

c tnh khi ng ca rle loi (Hnh 2.25)

3. Dng rle so lch c cun hm cho php ta khng cn chnh nh dng khi ng
theo dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi. Khi sc t ng do cun hm sinh

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ra s m bo cho bo v rle khng tc ng. V th bo v dng rle c cun hm
thng c nhy cao hn so vi cc bo v khng c cun hm (loi PHT).

Bo v dng rle -1 thng dng trong trng hp sau y:

- My bin p hai hoc ba cun dy c my ct trong mch t dng.

- My bin p hai hoc ba cun dy (hay bin p t ngu), ni vo h thng c cng sut
ln qua hai my ct.

- My bin p ba cun dy trong mt cun ni vi pha khng c ngun.

S ni dy rle -1 (Hnh 2.26a)

4. bo v khng tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi trong trng hp cun hm khng

lm vic (v d my ct ni vo cun hm ct ra) hoc khi ng MBA khng ti, cn
phi chn dng in khi ng theo cc iu kin nh i vi bo v PHT:

* Theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng tnh ton ln nht khi ngn mch
ngoi:

Ik Kat.Ikcbtt (2-43)

trong : h s an ton Kat = 1,5.

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Dng khng cn bng tnh ton Ikcbtt chn dng khi ng Ikmin c xc nh nh
rle PHT.

Ikcbtt = I'kcbtt + I''kcbtt + I'''kcbtt

I'kcbtt = Kkck.Kn.fi.INng max

I''kcbtt = UINng max + UINng max

WItt WI WIItt WII

I'''kcbtt = WItt .IINng max + WIItt .IIINng max

* Theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt khi ng MBA khng ti:

Ik K.ImT (2-44)

trong : h s K = 1,2 -1,5

* Theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch sau MBA t
dng (hoc khng in t dng). Nu trong mch t dng khng t bin dng cho bo
v so lch. Thng thng iu kin ny khng phi l iu kin tnh ton.

Trong hai iu kin (a), (b) h s an ton ly cao hn i vi loi rle PHT v trong rle
so lch loi khng c cun dy ngn mch, nh hng ca dng qu s ln
hn.

5. S vng ca cun dy lm vic ca my bin dng bo ha (cun cn bng v cun so

lch) tng ng vi dng Ikmin xc nh tng t nh i vi bo v dng rle PHT.
Theo cng thc (2-39), (2-40), v (2-41):
FkR IcbT IcbT
Wcbtt = IkRcb ;WItt = Wcb. IIT ;WIItt = Wcb. I
IIT

6. Cun hm ca rle nn ni vo t my bin dng no m bo c nhy

ca bo v ni chung cao nht. Mun vy phi lm sao cho:

Dng khi ng ca bo v cng b cng tt.

Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v (trong nhng trng hp kim tra nhy)
tc ng hm cng b cng tt.
Thc t chn c pha ni vi cun hm mt cch hp l cn phi xem xt
mt cch c th.

V d i vi cc s ni vi my tng p (hnh 2.27) c th chn t my bin dng

ni vi cun hm nh sau:

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S ni dy cc MBA tng p 3 cun dy (t ngu) dng rle so lch c cun hm (Hnh 2.27)

* i vi my bin p tng p hai v ba cun dy (hoc MBA t ngu) cc cp in p

u c ngun, trong mch t dng c t my ct cn trong mch my pht khng t
my ct th cun hm ca my bin dng nn ni vo t my bin dng t t dng
(hnh 2.27a).

* i vi MBA tng p ba cun dy c ba cp in p u c ngun cung cp, trong

mch my pht v mch t dng u c t my ct th cun hm ca rle so lch nn
ni vo tng dng in ca hai nhnh my pht v t dng (hai t my bin dng ca
hai nhnh ni song song) khi phi chnh nh dng khi ng ti thiu ca bo v
theo dng khng cn bng khi h hng trong my pht in (hnh 2.27b).

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* i vi my bin p tng p hai hoc ba cun dy ni vi h thng cng sut ln qua
hai my ct th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t trong mch
ca mt trong hai my ct ( hnh 2.27c).

* i vi MBA tng p ba cun y lm vic theo s b, pha in p trung khng

c ngun cung cp, trong mch t dng v mch my pht khng t my ct th cun
hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t pha cp in p trung (hnh
2.27d).

Sau y chng ta kho st mt s v d v cch ni cun hm trong bo v ca my bin

p gim p (hnh 2.28):

S ni dy cc MBA gim p 2, 3 cun dy (hoc t ngu) dng rle so lch c cun hm

(Hnh 2.28)

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* i vi cc MBA gim ni vi h thng c cng sut ln qua hai my ct th cun
hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t trong mch ca mt trong hai
my ct (hnh 2.28a).

* i vi cc my bin p gim, ba cun dy ch ni vi mt ngun cung cp (hnh

2.28b) khi c iu p di ti v dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin chnh
nh khi dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi ( c hai pha khng c ngun) ln
hn dng khi ng tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt th cun
hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t trong mch ni vi ngun.

Nu khi ngn mch ngoi mt pha no dng khng cn bng rt ln v dng khi
ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng pha ny
ln hn l dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho
nhy vt, cn khi ngn mch pha kia dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin
chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng b hn dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu
kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t
my bin dng t pha c dng khng cn bng ln hn. Cch ni ny cho php ta
chn dng khi ng ca bo v theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt.

* i vi MBA t ngu gim p ni vi hai ngun cung cp (hnh 2.28c) cun hm ca

rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t mt trong hai mch ni vi ngun.

* i vi MBA gim ba cun dy c hai ngun cung cp (hnh 2.28d) khi cun dy in
p trung hoc cun dy in p thp c in tr bng khng (r = 0) th cun hm ca
rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t pha c in tr bng khng. Tuy nhin
trong trng hp khi cng sut ca ngun pha no b hn so vi pha kia th nn
chn cch ni cun hm theo nhng ch dn mc trn.

* i vi cc MBA gim hai cun dy (hnh 2.28e) cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni

vo t my bin dng t pha khng ngun ca MBA. Cch ni ny lm tng nhy
ca bo v khi c ngn mch trong MBA v khi y cun hm s khng lm vic.

Trong trng hp chung c th chn cch ni cun hm mt cch hp l c th lm

nh sau: Ln lt t cun hm tt c cc pha ca MBA c bo v vi gi thit
l my ct t pha ny ct ra, xc nh dng khng cn bng tnh ton cc i
Ikcbttmax khi cun hm khng lm vic v dng khi ng ti thiu tng ng Ikmin
ca bo v i vi tt c cc phng n t cun hm khc nhau.

Phng n no c dng khi ng ti thiu Ikmin b nht s c dng v khi y

nhy ca bo v s cao nht. Nu nh hai phng n no cho gi tr Ikmin gn nh
nhau hoc hon ton ging nhau (khi iu kin tnh ton l iu kin chnh nh khi
dng t ho nhy vt) th nn chn phng n c tc ng hm t hn khi ngn mch
trong vng bo v tng nhy ca bo v.

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Cn ch rng c th c trng hp nu ni cun hm vi pha m khi ngn mch ngoi
pha dng khng cn bng tnh ton khng phi l ln nht th phi chn s vng
ca cun hm qu ln v khi ngn mch trong vng bo v nhy ca bo v qu thp,
trong nhng trng hp nh vy phi tnh ton li vi phng n ni cun hm vo pha
khc.

7. Khi cun hm lm vic nu c ngn mch ngoi bo v s khng tc ng. kim

tra tnh khng tc ng ca bo v (c hm) phi dng c tnh khi ng tng ng
vi tc ng hm b nht (ng cong II trn hnh 2.25)

tnh ton c n gin hn ngi ta c th thay th ng cong bng tip tuyn ca

n i qua gc to , khi ta thay th nh vy th d tr khng tc ng ca bo v
khi ngn mch ngoi s cao hn.

R rng rng bo v chc chn s khng tc ng nu nh khi ngn mch ngoi, im

biu din quan h Flv, Fh nm thp hn ng tip tuyn ny, ngha l:

IlvT.Wlvtt
Kat IhT.Wh tg (2-45)

Trong :

IlvT v IhT: dng lm vic v hm th cp tnh i v pha th cp ca t my

bin dng ni vi cun hm ca rle so lch.
Wh: s vng ca cun hm c s dng.
Wlvtt: s vng tnh ton ca cun lm vic pha c ni vi cun hm.
tg: tg ca gc ca ng tip tuyn vi c tnh khi ng thp nht qua rle
(theo s liu ca nh ch to tg 0,83)
Kat: h s an ton Kat= 1,5.

Mt khc ta li c :
IlvT Ilv
IhT = Ih

V khi ngn mch ngoi Ilv = Ikcbtt nn t (45) c th tm c s vng cn thit ca cun
hm:
Kat.Ikcbtt Wlvtt
Wh Ih . tg (2-46)

trong : Ikcbttv Ih : dng khng cn bng s cp tnh ton xc nh theo (2-31) v dng
hm s cp dng ngn mch tnh ton chn s vng ca cun hm ca rle so lch.

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Dng ngn mch tnh ton chn s vng cun hm theo biu thc (2-46) l ngn
mch ba pha xy ra trong ch khi I ln nht:
Kat.Ikcbtt
I = Ih (2-47)

xc nh gi tr ln nht ca I cn phi kho st nhng trng hp ngn mch

pha do tc ng ca cun hm bo v s khng lm vic. ng thi trong trng hp
chung tin hnh tnh ton cho nhng phng n lm vic khc nhau ca MBA v ca h
thng in.

Khi sc t ng lm vic do dng khng cn bng gy nn ln hn 100A c th dng

biu thc (2-46) v thay ng c tuyn khi ng bng tip tuyn ca n (tg = 0,85).
Khi sc t ng b hn 100A c tuyn khi ng thc t khc nhiu so vi ng tip
tuyn ca n, v vy nu tnh theo ng tip tuyn th s vng cun hm nhn c s
cao hn gi tr cn thit ca n. Mt khc vic xc nh tnh trng tnh ton s dng
ng cong thc t s gp kh khn v khi tng t s I theo (2-47) i vi c tnh thc
t th tg cng tng theo.

8. nhy ca bo v khi h hng xy ra trong vng bo v trong nhng ch khi

cun hm khng lm vic c th c trng bng h s nhy tnh theo cc cng thc:
IR
Kn = IkR

IR.W
hoc Kn = Fk R

Cc ch lm vic v dng ngn mch tnh ton cng nh h s nhy ti thiu cho
php cng chn tng t nh l i vi cc bo v rle PHT.

9. nhy ca bo v trong nhng trng hp cun hm lm vic (c dng chy qua

cun hm) h s nhy trong trng hp ny tnh theo cng thc:
Flv
Kn = Flvk.R (2-48)

Trong :

Flv: sc t ng lm vic ca rle khi ngn mch trc tip.

FlvkR: sc t ng lm vic khi ng ca rle trong iu kin khi bo v
gii hn ca min khi ng trong trng hp ngn mch kho st, nhng
khng phi ngn mch trc tip m qua in tr qu .

Sc t ng lm vic ca rle so lch xc nh theo biu thc :

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Flv = IlvT.Wlv (2-49)

Trong :

IlvT: dng th cp cc pha khc nhau c k n du ca chng dng ngn

mch trc tip kho st.
Wlv: s vng ca cun lm vic tng pha tng ng.

Khi c mt ngun cung cp, hoc tnh ton n gin ngay c khi c nhiu ngun
cung cp c th xc nh sc t ng lm vic theo biu thc sau:

Flv = IlvT .Wlvc (2-50)

Trong :

- IlvT: dng trong cun lm vic ca rle khi ngn mch trc tip (nu c nhiu ngun
cung cp th gi thit dng ch chy theo pha cung cp ch yu).

- Wlvc: s vng cun lm vic ca rle so lch pha c ngun cung cp (khi c nhiu
ngun cung cp ly pha c ngun cung cp ch yu).

Cc dng trong cc cun lm vic IlvT v IlvT trong cc biu thc (2-49) v (2-50) cn
phi xc nh c k n dng ngn mch v s ni my bin dng ca bo v. Sc
t ng lm vic khi ng ca rle FlvkR trong biu thc (2-48) xc nh theo c tnh
khi ng ca rle khi tc ng hm ln nht theo trnh t sau:

Xc nh sc t ng hm ca rle so lch Fh khi ngn mch theo biu thc:

Fh = IhT.Wh (2-51)

Trong :

IhT: dng trong cun hm ca rle so lch dng ngn mch ang kho st c
k n s ni dy ca BI.
Wh: s vng dy ca cun hm.

Trn mt phng Flv, Fh v im biu din tng ng vi Flv, tnh theo (2-49) v (2-50)
v Fh tnh theo (2-51) cho trng hp ngn mch kho st.

V ng thng OA, ng thng ny l qu tch nhng im tng ng vi dng ngn

mch kho st qua cc in tr trung gian khc nhau, bi v khi ngn vi nhng in tr
trung gian khc nhau s phn b dng in v quan h gia cc dng lm vic v hm
s khng thay i. im ct nhau gia ng thng ny vi ng cong khi ng ca

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rle tng ng vi tc ng hm ln nht (im A trn hnh 2.29) s l im biu din
gii hn tc ng ca rle, do sc t ng lm vic tng ng vi im ny s l
im lm vic khi ng FlvkR dng ngn mch ang kho st c in tr trung gian.

Xc nh sc t ng lm vic khi ng ca rle theo c tnh khi ng khi hm ln nht

(Hnh 2.29)

xc nh nhy ca bo v cn phi chn ng tnh trng lm vic ca h thng,

ca nh my in hoc trm v ca bn thn my bin p c bo v sao cho dng in
qua cun hm l ln nht.

H s nhy ti thiu Knhmmin = 2.

i vi trng hp ng th MBA hoc khi MBA ba cun dy (hay t ngu) lm vic

trong tnh trng mt my ct pha no ct ra th h s nhy ti thiu c th
cho php ly thp hn. Cn ch rng khi xc nh nhy ca bo v nn k n sai
s ca rle v bo v c th tc ng chc chn im lm vic tng ng vi dng
ngn mch kho st phi nm cao hn ng c tnh khi ng t nht l 10% so vi
tung ca n.

My bin dng ph cho bo v so lch:

Ngoi BI chnh ngi ta c th dng BI ph b lch pha, v hiu chnh dng khng
cn bng vo rle do cc u phn p do khc t s bin i gia MBA v BI chnh. i
vi MBA hai cun dy my bin dng ph c phi hp vi iu kin dng ph ti

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ln nht ca MBA (hnh 2.30). Vi MBA ba cun dy, chn BI theo cun dy c cng
sut nh mc ln nht (hnh 2.31).

V d: Cho bng vng dy theo u ni v s u dy my bin dng ph ca rle

so lch MBA ca hng GEC. Hy chn t s BI ph, s vng dy ca cun BI ph trong
bo v so lch MBA.

u ni 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 x-7 7-8 8-9 S1-S2

S vng T s bin i 1 /1 A 5 5 5 5 125 25 25 25 215

My bin p 3 pha: S = 30MV, 11/66KV, /Y.

Bo v so lch c dng BI ph (Hnh 2.30)

Gii:

30.103
Dng nh mc pha 11 KV: 3.11 = 1574,6 A

Cun dy MBA pha 11KV ni, BI ni Y, dng th cp vo rle (chn BI chnh 1600
/1):

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 1574,6.1
ITI = 1600 = 0,984 A

30.103
Dng nh mc pha 66 KV: 3.66 = 262,4A

Cun dy MBA pha 66KV ni Y, BI ni Y, dng th cp a vo rle (chn BI chnh

300 /1):
262,43.1
ITII = 300 = 0,875 A

b lch pha BU ph u Y/.

T s (66KV / 11KV) = 0,875 / 0,984 = 0,899.

Cun dy th cp S1-S2 l 215 vng.

S vng ca cun s cp BI ph nI c tnh:

0,984.215 0,984.215
0,875.n1 = 3 ; n1 = 3.0,875 = 139,6 140 vong

Chn hai u ni cun s cp BI ph l 2 v 6 (5 + 5 + 5 + 125) = 140 vng.

Kt hp bo v so lch v bo v chm t cun dy MBA:

Vng bo v cun dy MBA theo dng khi ng s cp (Hnh 2.32)

C th lin kt bo v so lch th t khng cun dy MBA v bo v so lch dc MBA.

T hnh 2.32 ta thy nu trung tnh cun sao ni t qua in tr 1 n v tng i, h
thng bo v so lch dc c tr s t 20% s pht hin chm ch 42% cun dy tnh t

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u ng dy. Yu cu s ca hai b BI cho hai h thng so lch khc nhau, BI ca
bo v so lch TTK ni sao, trong khi BI ca h thng bo v so lch dc th ni
pha cun dy ni sao MBA, dng hai b BI th tn km, c th dng mt b BI cho hai
h thng so lch theo cc cch sau:

Dng my bin dng ph tng.

Dng my bin dng ph Y/.

Phng php sau c dng rng ri hn v c th iu chnh dng khng cn bng cho
bo v so lch dc.

S BI ph tng:

BI ph tng c bn cun dy s cp ging nhau ni ti cc BI chnh nh hnh 2.33. Cc

BI ni i vi h thng so lch dc, dng a vo rle so lch dc l hiu dng hai
pha. i vi BI ph tng dng vo rle vn l dng tng pha, tng cc dng l 0 khi
iu kin cn bng cun th t ca BI ph l dng t trung tnh MBA, rle t cun
th BI ph s bo v chm t cun dy ni sao MBA, nh th s ny bo v so lch
dc v bo v so lch th t khng lm vic theo c tnh ring ca mnh.

S BI ph Y/:

Khi BI chnh ni Y pha cun cao MBA th t BI ph ni Y/ hiu chnh gc pha

nh hnh 2.34. Rle chng chm t c ni t pha s BI ph. Lu trong cc s
kt hp trn rle lm vic ng, khi chn BI chnh phi tnh n ti ca BI chnh, BI
ph v cc rle.

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V. Bo v so lnh khi c dng t ha nhy vt, hin tng qu kch t MBA

BO V SO LCH KHI C DNG T HO NHY VT, HIN TNG

QU KCH T MBA

Khi ng MBA khng ti dng in t ho nhy vt pha ngun, tng cc dng ny

khng phn bit vi dng ngn mch bn trong MBA. trnh tc ng nhm trong
trng hp ny c cc phng php sau:

Tc ng chm: Dng t ho l dng qu , tt nhanh nn c th trnh bng cch cho

rle tc ng c thi gian.

Vi cc bo v hin i ngi ta thc hic bin php hm ho tn bc 2. Dng in t

ho c th phn tch ra cc thnh phn bc 2, 3, 4, ... nhng trong thnh phn bc 2
ln hn c. Hn na trong dng in ngn mch dng in bc 2 khng c nn thnh
phn bc 2 c s dng n nh bo v chng li hin tng qu xung kch t ha
khi ng MBA khng ti, khi thnh phn bc 2 ln hn gi tr t, bo v s b kho.

Cn khi xut hin qu kch t MBA, c thnh phn sng hi bc 5 chim phn ln, thnh
phn bc 5 ny c dng cho mc ch n nh bo v. Bo v s b kho khi thnh
phn sng hi bc 5 ln hn gi tr t.

S so lch dng BI ph tng (Hnh 2.33)

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VI. Mt s s bo v tiu biu cho my bin p

MT S S BO V TIU BIU CHO MBA

Cc k hiu trn s :

50/51N: Bo v qu dng th t khng 2

50/51: Bo v qu dng in 2 cp
51N : Bo v qu dng th t khng
81 : Rle t ng sa thi ph ti
74 : Rle kim tra cun ct my ct
26Q: Bo v nhit du MBA tng cao
2 cp
26W : Bo v nhit cun dy MBA -
2 cp
33 : Bo v mc du MBA gim thp - 2
cp
Wh : My m in nng tc dng
Varh : My m in nng phn khng
cp
27 : Bo v in p thp
96B: Bo v hi ca dng du MBA
96P : Bo v hi ca dng du ca b
CA
66 : Bo v p sut tng cao trong MBA
66 OLTC: Bo v p sut tng cao trong
b A
A, V : Ampemet, Vnmet
W: Oatmet
Var :Varmet

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S bo v MBA 2 cun dy tiu biu (Hnh 2.34)

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Chng 3: Bao v thanh gop
A. Gii thiu chung
T VN

S c xy ra vi thanh gp rt t, nhng v thanh gp l u mi lin h ca nhiu phn

t trong h thng nn khi xy ra ngn mch trn thanh gp nu khng c loi tr mt
cch nhanh chng v tin cy th c th gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng v lm tan r
h thng. Vi thanh gp c th khng cn xt n bo v qu ti v kh nng qu ti ca
thanh gp l rt ln.

Bo v thanh gp cn tho mn nhng i hi rt cao v chn lc, kh nng tc ng

nhanh v tin cy.

NGUYN NHN GY S C TRN THANH GP

Cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c trn thanh gp c th l:

H hng cch in do gi ci vt liu.

Qu in p.
My ct h do s c ngoi thanh gp.
Thao tc nhm.
S c ngu nhin do vt dng ri chm thanh gp.

i vi h thng thanh gp phn on hay h thng nhiu thanh gp cn cch ly thanh

gp b s c ra khi h thng cng nhanh cng tt. Cc dng h thng thanh gp thng
gp nh hnh 3.1.

Mi s h thng thanh gp c chc nng v tnh linh hot lm vic khc nhau i
hi h thng bo v rle phi tho mn c cc yu cu . Cc dng h thng bo v
thanh gp nh sau:

Kt hp bo v thanh gp vi bo v cc phn t ni vi thanh gp.

Bo v so lch thanh gp.
Bo v so snh pha.
Bo v c kho c hng.

Trong loi 1, 2 ph hp cho cc trm va v nh 3, 4 dng cho cc trm ln.

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(Hinh 3.1)

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B. Cac dang bao v thanh gop
BO V THANH GP BNG CC PHN T NI KT VI THANH
GP

H thng bo v ny bao gm bo v qu dng in hoc bo v khong cch ca cc

phn t ni vo thanh gp, n c vng bo v bao ph c thanh gp. Khi ngn mch trn
thanh gp s c c cch ly bng bo v ca cc phn t lin kt qua thi gian ca cp
th hai.

S bo v dng in:

H thng bo v dng cc bo v dng in ca MBA, ng dy v bo v dng in

t thanh gp (hnh 3.2). Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp cn thc hin ct my ct
phn on trc sau mt thi gian tr cc my ct ngun ni vi thanh gp s c c
ct ra. Bo v t trn thanh gp cn phi hp vi thi gian ca bo v ng dy ni
vi thanh gp. Phi hp vi bo v ng dy:

tIMC = tIz + t

vi tIz l thi gian ct nhanh ng dy.

Cp thi gian th hai d tr cho cp th hai ca ng dy:

tIIMC = tIIz + t,

Thi gian ca bo v dng cc i ca phn t c ngun phi ln hn thi gian ca my

ct:

tMBA = tIIMC + t.

gim thi gian loi tr s c trn thanh gp xung mc thp nht, cn kho bo v
ca phn t ni vi ngun bng cc rle ca cc l ra cp in cho ph ti.

Nguyn tc thc hin kho rle dng (hnh 3.3):

Cc phn t ngun c bo v dng cc i c hai cp thi gian tc ng tH v tTG. Cp

thi gian tH c chn phi hp vi bo v cc phn t khc trong h thng, cn cp
thi gian tTG loi tr s c trn thanh gp, b hn nhiu so vi tH.

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Khi s c trn ng dy ra, bo v qu dng ca cc l ny gi tn hiu kho mch ct
vi thi gian tTG ca my ct ngun, ng thi a tn hiu tc ng ct my ct thuc
ng dy b s c. Thng thng s c trn ng dy ra s c ct vi thi gian t1,
t2 tu theo v tr im ngn mch. Nu cc bo v hoc my ct tng ng t chi tc
ng th sau thi gian tH bo v qu dng phn t pha ngun s tc ng ct my ct
pha ngun.

Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp bo v cc xut tuyn ra khng khi ng nn khng gi
tn hiu kho my ct pha ngun v thanh gp s c c ct ra vi thi gian tTG.

Dng rle nh hng cng sut kho bo v nhnh c ngun ni vi thanh ci:

Nguyn tc thc hin kho bng rle nh hng cng sut khi cc phn t ni vi thanh
gp c ngun cung cp t hai pha. Rle kho tc ng khi hng cng sut ngn mch
ra khi thanh gp. Khi ngn mch trn mt nhnh c ngun phn t nh hng cng
sut trn nhnh khi ng. Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp rle nh hng cng sut
khng khi ng v thanh gp c ct ra khi ngun.

Bao v dong in thanh gop dung RW khoa cac tac ng (Hnh 3.4)

BO V SO LCH THANH GP

Cc yu cu khi bo v so lch thanh gp:

S s lch thanh gp cn tho mn cc yu t sau:

Phn bit vng tc ng (tnh chn lc).

Kim tra tnh lm vic tin cy.
Kim tra mch nh th BI.

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Phn bit vng tc ng:

Mt h thng thanh gp gm c hai hay nhiu thanh gp khc nhau, khi c s c trn
thanh gp no h thng bo v rle phi ct tt c cc my ct ni ti thanh gp .
thc hin yu cu ny, mch th cp ca tt c cc BI ca mt thanh gp ni song song
v ni vi dy dn ph, t a vo rle bo v thanh gp , khi nhnh no c ni
vi thanh gp no th BI ca n s c ni vi dy dn ph ca thanh gp bng tip
im ph ca dao cch ly. m bo, tt c cc im trn thanh gp nm trong vng
bo v c gii hn bi cc BI.

Kim tra mch th cp BI:

Khi dy dn mch BI b t hay chm chp s gy ra dng khng cn bng chy vo

rle so lch c th rle hiu nhm a tn hiu i ct cc my ct. i vi bo v thanh
gp trong thc t vn hnh xc sut xy ra h hng mch th cp ln nn h thng bo
v thanh gp cn c b phn pht hin h hng mch th cp BI.

S phat hin t mach th dung rle ni ni tip (Hnh 3.6)

Mt trong nhng mch n gin pht hin t mch th cp l dng rle pht hin
t mch th BI (rle 95 hnh 3.7) t ni tip hay song song vi mch bo v thanh
gp (87B).

Kim tra tnh lm vic tin cy:

Bo v thanh gp lm vic nhm s gy thit hi to ln nn hot ng ca s phi

lun c kim tra. H thng kim tra phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:

- H thng kim tra phi thc hin bng rle khc lm vic c lp vi rle chnh (rle
K hnh 3.8a)

- Tc ng nhanh nh bo v chnh.

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- Ngun cung cp ca rle kim tra phi khc vi ngun cung cp cho bo v chnh.

- N cho tc ng khi ngn mch trong vng bo v v khng tc ng khi c ngn

mch ngoi.

S mach iu khin (Hnh 38a)

S mach iu khin (Hnh 38b)

Trong s trn c 3 vng bo v ring bit. Mi mch ni vi 1 b bin dng to thnh

vng bo v I, II v V. Mch iu khin my ct gm cc tip im ca rle phn bit
vng bo v ghp ni tip vi tip im ca rle kim tra.V d khi xy ra ngn mch
trn thanh gp I, lc ng thi tip im ca rle bo v cho thanh gp I v tip im
ca rle kim tra ng mi a ngun iu khin ct cc my ct ni vi thanh gp I.

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Bo v so lch thanh gp dng rle dng in:

Nguyn l so lch cn bng dng hay p thng c dng bo v thanh gp.

Bo v loi cn bng p (hnh 3.9): Cc cun th cp BI c ni sao cho khi ngn

mch ngoi v lm vic bnh thng, sc in ng ca chng ngc chiu nhau trong
mch, rle c mc ni tip trong mch dy dn ph.

- Khi ngn mch ngoi, cng nh khi lm vic bnh thng c dng ph ti chy qua,

cc s ETI,ETII bng nhau. V d ITI = ITIIv nI = nIInn:

ETI ETII
IR = Z

trong Z l tng tr ton mch vng.

- Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v cc s ETI,ETII cng nhau v to thnh dng trong
rle lm bo v tc ng.

S so lch loai cn bng (Hnh 3.9)

S nguyn l bo v so lch dng thanh gp c hai mch nh hnh 3.10. Vng bo

v c gii hn gia cc BI. Dng in khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi trong s
ny thng rt ln do:

S bao v so lch dung rle dong in (Hnh 3.10)

Dng t ho BI khc nhau.
Ti mch th cp BI khc nhau.
Mc bo ho ca BI do thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch gy
ra khc nhau.

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Thi gian suy gim ca thnh phn khng chu k c nh gi bng hng s thi gian
tu thuc vo loi phn t ni kt vi thanh gp b s c. Mt vi tr s tiu biu nh
sau:

My pht cc li c cun cm: 0,15sec.

My pht cc li khng c cun cm: 0,3sec.

My bin p: 0,04sec.

ng dy: 0,04sec.

T cc s liu trn ta nhn thy nu c my pht ni vi thanh gp, thnh phn khng
chu k ca dng ngn mch s tn ti lu hn v BI b bo ho nhiu hn.

Vi bo v so lch dng rle dng in nn s dng c tnh thi gian ph thuc phi
hp vi thi gian gim dn ca thnh phn khng chu k dng ngn mch.

khng b nh hng bi hin tng bo ho li thp ca BI khi ngn mch ngoi,

ngi ta dng BI vi li khng phi l st t (BI tuyn tnh, li khng kh). u im ca
BI ny l:

- Khng b bo ho.

- p ng nhanh v khng b qu .

- Tin cy, d chnh nh.

- Khng nguy him khi h mch th cp.

S bao v so lch cn bng ap (Hnh 3.11)

Tuy nhin khuyt im ca loi ny l cng sut u ra th cp thp v gi thnh rt

t. S dng BI tuyn tnh thng l s so lch cn bng p (hnh 3.11). Khi ngn
mch ngoi tng dng bng khng v in th a vo rle bng khng. Khi ngn mch
trong vng bo v, hiu in th sut hin qua rle tng tr v lm rle tc ng.

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Bo v so lch thanh gp dng rle dng in c hm:

khc phc dng khng cn bng ln ca bo v so lch thanh gp khi dng rle dng
in ngi ta cng c th dng rle so lch c hm. Loi rle ny cung cp mt i
lng hm thch hp khng ch dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi c dng
khng cn bng ln.

Dng in so lch Isl (dng lm vic) :

Isl = Ilv = ITI ITII (3-1)

Dng in hm IH:

IH = K(ITI + ITII) (3-2)

Vi K l h s hm, K < 1.

S nguyn ly bao v so lch co ham (Hnh 3.12)

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, hay khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, dng in
lm vic s b hn nhiu so vi dng in hm nn rle so lch khng lm vic. Khi
ngn mch trong vng bo v (v d ch c mt ngun cung cp n thanh gp), lc ny:

Ilv = ITI > IH (3-3)

nn rle so lch s lm vic.

Bo v so lch thanh gp dng rle tng tr cao (khng hm):

Rle so lch tng tr cao c mc song song vi in tr R c tr s kh ln.

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (im N2), ta
c:

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I = ITI ITII = 0 (3-4)

Nu b qua sai s ca my bin dng, th dng in th cp ca BI chy qua in tr R

c th xem bng khng.

S thanh gop bng rle so lch tng tr cao ( Hnh 3.13)

S thay th mach th cp BI (Hnh 3.14)

Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v (im N1) ton b dng ngn mch s chy qua in
tr R to nn in p t trn rle rt ln, rle s tc ng.

S (hnh 3.14) trnh by phng n thc hin bo v rle tng tr cao i vi thanh
gp. n gin, ta xt trng hp s thanh gp ch c hai phn t (G, H) v my
bin dng c thng s ging nhau. Rle c mc ni tip vi mt in tr n nh
RR, vic mc ni tip mt in tr n nh RR s lm tng tng tr mch rle nn phn
ln dng khng cn bng (do s bo ho khng ging nhau gia cc BI khi ngn mch
ngoi) s chy trong mch BI b bo ha c tng tr thp hn, ngha l RR c tc dng
phn dng qua rle.

Nu xem cc my bin dng hon ton ging nhau th RBIG = RBIH (in tr th cp
BI), dy dn ph c c trng bi R1H v R1G (hnh 3.14) v in khng mch t ha
xH, xG. ch ngn mch ngoi, nu cc my bin dng khng b bo ha th xH
v xG c tr s kh ln nn dng in t ha c th b qua, dng in ra vo nt cn

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bng nhau (nh lut 1 Kirchoff) do pha th cp BI khng c dng chy qua rle,
rle khng tc ng. Trng hp ti t nht l my bin dng t trn phn t c s c
bo ha hon ton, gi thit ngn mch ngoi nhnh H lm BI nhnh H b bo ha
hon ton (xH = 0)ngha l bin dng H khng c tn hiu u ra, tnh trng ny c
biu th bng cch ni tt xH (hnh 3.14). My bin dng G cho tn hiu u ra ln hn,
khng b bo ha.

Dng in ngn mch pha th cp ( INMT) phn b qua cc tng tr nhnh gm RlH,
RBIH v nhnh rle:

Dng in qua rle:

INMT(RlH + RBIH)
IR = RR + RlH + RBIH (3-5)

Nu RR c gi tr nh, IR s gn bng INMT, iu ny l khng cho php. Mt khc,

nu RR ln khi IR gim. Phng trnh (3-5) c th vit gn ng vi sai s cho php
nh sau:

I
NMT(RlH+RBIH)
IR = R (3-6)
R

UR = I .RR = INMT.(RlH + RBIH) (3-7)

R

Mun tng nhy ca bo v cn chn BI c in tr cun th RBI b v gim n

mc thp nht in tr ca dy dn ni t BI n rle.

Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp tt c cc dng in pha s cp u chy vo thanh gp,
pha th cp tt c cc dng in u chy vo rle, c th gy qu in p trn cc
ca rle. chng qu p cho rle c th mc song song 1 in tr phi tuyn vi rle.

Nhng yu cu c bn khi s dng s ny l:

- T s BI ca tt c cc nhnh ging nhau.

- in th th cp BI ln.

- in tr cun dy th cp BI nh.

- Ti dy dn ph nh.

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BO V SO SNH PHA

Bo v so snh pha dng in i vo v i ra khi phn t c bo v, v vy nn c

tn l bo v so snh pha. Pha ca dng in c truyn qua knh truyn so snh
vi nhau (hnh 3.14). lch pha:

= 1 + 2 = (3-8)

trong : 1, 2 l gc pha tng ng ca dng in i vo v i ra khi phn t c

bo v.

ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi gc pha ca dng in hai u
gn nh nhau nn 00. Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v, dng in hai pha ngc
nhau nn 1200. Trn thc t do nh hng ca in dung phn b ca phn t c
bo v nn trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi 1800, trnh
bo v tc ng nhm phi chn gc khi ng k ln hn mt gii hn no , thng
khong (300-600).

S nguyn l bo v so snh pha dng in ca bo v thanh gp hnh 3.16. Khi ngn

mch trn thanh gp (im N1) dng in s cp v th cp BI tt c cc phn t c
pha ging nhau (hnh 3.17a), thi gian trng hp tn hiu tc cho na chu k (dng hoc
m) ln (i vi h thng c f=50 Hz), thi gian tCmax = 10ms) cho bo v tc ng
(tC t).

Pha dong in khi ngn mach bn trong (a) va ngn mach bn ngoai (b) (Hnh 3.17)

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Khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v thanh gp (im N2), dng in chy qua BI ca
phn t b s c c pha ngc vi dng in trong cc my bin dngca phn t khng
b s c, thi gian trng tn hiu bng khng, bo v s khng lm vic (hnh 3.17b).

BO V D PHNG MY CT HNG

My ct l phn t tha hnh cui cng trong h thng bo v c nhim v ct phn t

ang mang in b s c ra khi h thng. V my ct kh t tin nn khng th tng
cng tin cy bng cch t thm my ct d phng lm vic song song vi my ct
chnh c. Nu my ct t chi tc ng th h thng bo v d phng phi tc ng
ct tt c nhng my ct ln cn vi ch h hng nhm loi tr dng ngn mch n ch
s c.

Khi xy ra s c, nu bo v chnh phn t b h hng gi tn hiu i ct my ct, nhng

sau mt khong thi gian no dng in s c vn cn tn ti, c ngha l my ct
t chi tc ng.

S nguyn ly bao v d phong may ct hong (Hnh 3.18)

T hnh 3.18 ta nhn thy, khi s c xy ra trn ng dy D3 nu my ct MC3 lm

vic bnh thng th sau khi nhn c tn hiu ct t bo v th my ct MC3 s ct
v dng in u vo ca bo v d phng s c my ct bng khng, mch bo v d
phng s khng khi ng. Nu my ct MC3 hng, t chi tc ng th dng in s
c s lin tc a vo mch bo v d phng, rle qu dng in c gi trng thi
tc ng, sau mt khong thi gian t no bo v d phng hng MC s gi tn hiu
i ct tt c cc my ct ni trc tip vi phn on thanh gp c my ct hng, cng
nh my ct u i din ng dy b s c D3.

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TM HIU VI S BO V THANH GP TIU BIU

S h thng hai thanh gp:

(Hnh 3.20)

S bo v hnh 3.20. Bo v gm hai b phn chnh.

+ B khi ng: C nhim v khi ng bo v khi xy ra s c trn thanh gp v a

tn hiu n b phn chn lc.

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+ B chn lc s c: phn bit ngn mch trong v ngn mch ngoi.

Trong R: rle khi ng, xc nh tng dng vo v ra ca thanh gp, phn bit ngn
mch trong vng bo v hay ngn mch ngoi.

R1: rle chn lc thanh gp I.

R2: rle chn lc thanh gp II.

K: rle kim tra t mch th.

* V d cch phn b dng trong bo v so lch h thng hai thanh gp. Trong F1,
D1 lm vic vi thanh gp I, F2, D2 lm vic vi thanh gp II.

+ Dng phn b pha th cp BI khi ngn mch ngoi hnh 3.20a, khi ngn mch trn
thanh gp I hnh 3.20b v khi t mch th BI hnh 3.20c.

S h thng hai thanh gp c thanh gp vng:

1RI: So lch thanh gp, ct my ct ni thanh gp I.

2RI: So lch thanh gp, ct my ct ni thanh gp II.

3RI: So lch chung h thng thanh gp dng khi ng bo v.

RIK: Rle kim tra t mch th BI.

(Bnh thng th cp bin dng 6BI c ni tc bng hp ni M5 v c th c ni

ti h thng bo v thanh gp I hay thanh gp II qua M3 v M4)

H: Con ni.

RG: Rle trung gian.

RT: Rle thi gian.

Th: Rle tn hiu.

6RG: Rle trung gian iu khin my ct MC6.

7RG: Rle trung gian iu khin my ct MC7.

3RG: Rle trung gian iu khin my ct ni ti thanh gp I.

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4RG: Rle trung gian iu khin my ct ni ti thanh gp II.

Khi ngn mch thuc thanh gp I, b phn khi ng 3RI tc ng lm cho tip im
3RI1 mch iu khin ng. V ngn mch thuc thanh gp I nn b phn chn lc
thanh gp I (1RI) tc ng nn tip im 1RI1 ng. Tip im 3RI1, 1RI1 ng dn
n 3RG c in s iu khin ct tt c cc my ct ni vo thanh gp I.

Mch kim tra t mch th my bin dng (RIK): Khi mch th BI b t RIK tc
ng dn n tip im KRI1 mch iu khin ng lm cho 1RT c in nn tip
im 1RT1 ng, 1RG c in nn tip im 1RG1 ng (tip im t gi), tip im
1RG2 m do s kho b phn bo v so lch khng cho tc ng, ng thi bo tn
hiu t mch th BI.

Mch kho bo v khi ng th my ct vng: ch lm vic bnh thng ch c

hai thanh gp I v II lm vic, thanh gp vng ch d phng. Trong trng hp no
(v d my ct mch ng dy cn sa cha) th thanh gp vng kt hp vi my
ct vng MC6 s thay th cho my ct ca mch bt k. Sau khi kim tra bng mt,
ngi ta phi ng in th xem my ct vng v thanh gp vng c kh nng lm vic
c hay khng. iu ny t ra yu cu l khi ng th my ct vng nu s c th ch
c php ct my ct vng m khng c php ct cc my ct thuc thanh gp I v
II. Khi a tn hiu ng my ct vng MC6 th 6RG mch iu khin c in, tip
im 6RG1 ng, a tn hiu ng my ct MC6. Tip im 6RG3 m cch li b phn
chn lc thanh gp I, II khng cho tc ng khi xy ra s c khi ng th my ct vng
(v rle trung gian iu khin my ct ni vi thanh gp I, II b cch li bng tip im
6RG3). Nu c ngn mch xy ra trn thanh gp vng b phn khi ng rle 3RI tc
ng, tip im 3RI1 ng lm cho 2RG c in, tip im 2RG2 ca n ng a tn
hiu i ct my ct 6MC ( v tip im 6RG2 c ng trc ).

Mch kho bo v khi ng th my ct ni MC5: tng t nh trn.

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 S bo v h thng hai thanh gp c thanh gp vng (Hnh 3.21)

Bo v so lch khng ton phn thanh gp in p my pht:

Cc my bin dng ch t trn cc phn t ni thanh gp vi ngun (mch my pht

in, my bin p, my ct phn on, my ct ni cc thanh gp).

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Thc cht bo v so lch khng ton phn l mt dng ca bo v qu dng in c
nhiu cp thi gian (thng l hai cp).

Cp th nht ca bo v:

L cp ch o bo v chng ngn mch trn thanh gp v trn cc on ni gia

cc phn t ni vi thanh gp. Khi cp th nht ca bo v tc ng cho xung i ct cc
my ct ni vi h thng 1MC v my ct phn on 2MC, my ct my pht in 3MC
(vi my ct 3MC c th ct hoc khng). i khi ngi ta khng cho ct 3MC v sau
khi ct 1MC v 2MC th ngn mch s tiu tan v 3MC li s gi cung cp cho
cc ph ti in p my pht. Nu ngn mch tn ti lu cp th hai s lm vic v ct
3MC.

Cp th hai ca bo v:

Cp th hai ca bo v l bo v dng cc i c thi gian, lm nhim v d phng

chng ngn mch trn cc phn t ni vi thanh gp khng c bo v so lch bc ly
khi bo v chnh ca phn t ny khng tc ng.

Bao v thanh gop in ap may phat (Hnh 3.22)

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C. Tinh toan bao v thanh gop
TNH TON BO V SO LCH DNG IN CHO CC THANH GP
CA NH MY IN V TRM BIN P

Vic tnh ton bo v so lch dng in cho cc thanh gp trnh by di y p dng

cho trng hp dng my bin dng c cng h s bin i.

My bin dng dng cho bo v thanh gp phi tho mn ng cong sai s 10%. Vic
th li theo iu kin ny cn tin hnh cho my bin dng ca phn t no m khi ngn
mch ngoi c dng in ngn mch ln nht chy qua.

Dng khi ng ca bo v chn theo hai iu kin:

iu kin 1: Theo dng khng cn bng cc i khi ngn mch ngoi:

Ik Kat.Ikcbtt (3-9)

Trong :

Kat: h s an ton xt n sai s ca rle v d tr cn thit c th ly Kat =

1,5. Dng in khng cn bng c tnh ton nh sau:

Ikcbtt = Kn.Kkck.fi.INngmax (3-10)

Kkck: h s k n nh hng ca thanh phn khng chu k trong dng in

ngn mch. Khi dng rle c bin dng bo ho trung gian (PHT - 562, PHT -
564) th ly Kkck= 1.
fi: l sai s tng i ln nht cho php ca bin dng ly bng 1.
INngmax: thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch ln nht c th, i qua bin
dng ca phn t tnh ton khi c ngn mch ngoi.

iu kin 2: Theo dng ph ti cc i khi t mch th my bin dng:

Ik Kat.Iptmax (3-11)

thng chn Kat = 1,2.

Khi t s bin dng ca cc s bo v chn nh nhau th Iptmax l dng in i qua

phn t mang ti ln nht vi gi thit l mch th cp ca my bin dng b t.

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Trong hai iu kin trn, iu kin no cho dng in khi ng khi ng ln hn th
chn lm dng khi ng tnh ton.

Khi dng h thng hai thanh gp th dng in khi ng ca b phn khi ng chung
chn theo biu thc (3-9) v (3-11). Dng khi ng ca b chn lc chn theo iu
kin dng khng cn bng ln nht khi ngn mch ngoi (dng chy qua my ct ni
khi ngn mch trn thanh gp bn cnh). Trong thc t c th chn dng khi ng ca
b phn chn lc bng dng khi ng ca b phn khi ng chung.

Dng khi ng ca rle kim tra mch th my bin dng c chn theo dng khng
cn bng ch lm vic khi ph ti cc i:

IkK Kat . Kn . fi . Iptmax (3-12)

Nu bo v thc hin theo s ni vo dng in pha th nhy c th c kim tra

theo biu thc sau:
INmin
Kn = Ik 2 (3-13)

vi INmin l thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch nh nht i qua bo v khi ngn
mch trn thanh gp.

nhy ca bo v chng t mch th c kim tra theo iu kin ph ti cc tiu.

Ipt min IkK (3-14)

BO V SO LCH KHNG TON PHN CHO THANH GP CP

IN P MY PHT.

S bo v hnh 3.23, bo v c hai cp thi gian: cp I l bo v dng in ct nhanh

khng thi gian, cp hai l bo v dng in cc i c thi gian.

Bo v cp I:

Bo v ct nhanh tc ng khi ngn mch xy ra trn thanh gp v cc on ni cc

phn t vi thanh gp.

Dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh chn theo dng ngn mch sau khng in ng
dy hoc bin p t dng c tnh n vic tng dng ph ti ca phn on c bo v
do mt phn on no bn cnh ngh lm vic, hay do thit b TD t ng chuyn
mt phn ph ti ca phn on khc sang.

IIk = Kat[INmax + Kpt(Ipt + I'pt)] (3-15)

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Trong :

Kat = 1,2 : h s an ton.

INmax: dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch sau khng in ng dy
hoc MBA t dng.
Ipt:dng ph ti tng ca phn on c bo v.
I'pt: dng in ph ti tng thm ca phn on c bo v do phn on khc
ngh lm vic hoc TD chuyn mt phn ph ti ca phn on khc sang.
Kpt: h s tnh n kh nng tng dng ph ti trn thanh gp khi ngn mch
sau khng in ng dy hay MBA t dng.

nhy ca bo v cp I c xc nh bng h s nhy khi c ngn mch trn thanh

gp c bo v:

I(2)
N min
Kn = 1,5 (3-16)
II
k

I(2)
N min: dng ngn mch trc tip hai pha trn thanh gp trong ch ph ti cc
tiu.

Bo v cp II:

Bo v cp II lm nhim v d tr cho bo v cp I v bo v ca cc phn t ni vi

thanh gp khi bo v chnh ca cc phn t ny khng tc ng.

Dng in khi ng ca bo v cp II chn theo 2 iu kin:

iu kin 1: Bo v phi tr v sau khi ct ngn mch sau khng in ng dy ni

vo phn on bo v, c tnh n trng hp ph ti phn on c bo v tng ln
khi mt phn on no ngh vic.
Kat.Kpt
IIIKB = Ktv (Ipt + I'pt) (3-17)

iu kin 2: Bo v khng c tc ng trong trng hp thit b TD t ng

chuyn ph ti ca phn on b s c sang phn on c bo v.

IIIKB = Kat(Ipt + KmmI'pt) (3-18)

Trong :

Ktv: h s tr v ly bng 0,85.

Kmm: h s t m my ca ng c, ly bng (1,2 -1,3).

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 Kpt: h s ph ti ly bng (1,2 -1,3).

Dng in khi ng ca bo v c chn theo gi tr dng in tnh ton ln nht t

hai iu kin trn.

nhy ca bo v cp II c xc nh bng h s nhy khi ngn mch hai pha trc

tip sau khng in ng dy.

I(2)
N min
Kn = (3-19)
III
k

Khi bo v ch lm nhim v d tr th yu cu nhy Kn 1,2. Trong trng hp

my ct t sau khng in ng dy v lm nhim v bo v chnh yu cu nhy
ca bo v Kn 1,5.

BO V SO LCH KHNG HON TON THANH GP IN P MY

PHT, DNG BO V CT NHANH PHI HP GIA DNG IN V
IN P

Bo v cp I l bo v ct nhanh phi hp gia dng v p, cn bo v cp II l bo v

qu dng cc i.

Bao v thanh gop in ap may phat (Hinh 3.24)

Bo v cp I:

Dng khi ng ca bo v cp I c xc nh theo iu kin m bo nhy khi

ngn mch trc tip gia hai pha ca thanh gp c bo v trong ch lm vic vi
ph ti cc tiu.

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 I(2)
Nmin
IKB = KnI (3-20)

Trong :

I(2)
Nmin: dng ngn mch khi ngn mch trc tip gia 2 pha thanh gp trong ch
ph ti cc tiu.
KnI: h s nhy ca bo v cp I, KnI = 1,5.

ngn nga bo v tc ng nhm khi t mch bo v in p, dng khi ng ca

bo v ct nhanh trong trng hp ny chn ln hn dng ph ti lu di cho php ca
phn on (Ipt + I'pt).

Ipt: dng ph ti chnh ca phn on c bo v.

I'pt: dng ph ti tng thm ca phn on khi TD chuyn ph ti ca phn
on khc sang.

in p khi ng ca rle p chn theo p cc tiu thanh gp khi ngn mch sau
khng in ng dy m dng qua bo v bng dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh.

3.IKB.xk
UKB = Kat (3-21)

Trong :

IKB: dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh.

xk: in khng ca khng in ng dy.
Kat: h s an ton ly bng 1,3.

Ngoi ra theo iu kin n nh nhit khi dng loi rle PH -520 (ca Lin X) v iu
kin chnh nh theo in p ch lm vic mang ti, in p khi ng ca bo v
cn phi tho mn iu kin sau:

0,2Um Uk 0,7Um (3-22)

vi: Uml in p nh mc ca thanh gp.

Nu UKB 0,2Um th khng dng c rle loi PH -520. Cn nu UKB 0,7Um th

phi ly bng 0,7Um v dng khi ng bo v ct nhanh cn phi gim bt theo biu
thc (3-21).

nhy ca rle in p c xc nh bng h s nhy khi c ngn mch qua in tr

qu Rq.

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 UKB
KnU = UR 2 (3-23)

vi UR l in p ln nht c th c trn in tr qu khi ngn mch trn thanh gp,

in p ny c th xc nh nh sau:

U = 1,05.l (3-24)
R

vi l l chiu di h quang tnh bng m. Khi mi xut hin h quang di ny bng

khong cch gia cc phn dn in.

* Bo v cp II:

Dng khi ng v nhy ca bo v cp II tnh tng t nh bo v cp II mc 2

ca phn II.

S BO V H THNG HAI THANH GP TIU BIU.

Hinh 3.25 S bao v h thng hai thanh gop

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Chng 4: Bao v ng dy
A. Gii thiu chung v bo v ng dy
Phng php v chng loi thit b bo v cc ng dy (Z) ti in ph thuc vo
rt nhiu yu t nh: Z trn khng hay Z cp, chiu di Z, phng thc ni t ca
h thng, cng sut truyn ti v v tr ca Z trong cu hnh ca h thng, cp in p
ca Z...

Phn loi cc ng dy.

Hin nay c nhiu cch phn loi cc Z, theo cp in p ngi ta c th phn bit:

Z h p (low voltage: LV) tng ng vi cp in p U < 1 kV.

Z trung p (medium voltage: MV): 1 kV U 35 kV.

Z cao p (high voltage: HV): 60 kV U 220 kV.

Z siu cao p (extra high voltage: EHV): 330 kV U 1000 kV.

Z cc cao p (ultra high voltage: UHV): U > 1000 kV.

Thng thng cc Z c cp in p danh nh t 110 kV tr ln c gi l Z truyn

ti v di 110 kV tr xung gi l Z phn phi.

Theo cch b tr Z c: Z trn khng (overhead line), Z cp (cable line), Z n

(single line), Z kp (double line)...

Cc dng s c v bo v bo v ng dy ti in.

Nhng s c thng gp i vi Z ti in l ngn mch (mt pha hoc nhiu pha),

chm t mt pha (trong li in c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h
quang), qu in p (kh quyn hoc ni b), t dy v qu ti.

chng cc dng ngn mch trong li h p thng ngi ta dng cu chy (fuse)
hoc aptomat .

bo v cc Z trung p chng ngn mch, ngi ta dng cc loi bo v:

Qu dng ct nhanh hoc c thi gian vi c tnh thi gian c lp hoc ph thuc.

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Qu dng c hng.

Bo v khong cch.

Bo v so lch s dng cp chuyn dng.

i vi Z cao p v siu cao p, ngi ta thng dng cc bo v:

So lch dng in.

Bo v khong cch.

So snh bin , so snh pha.

So snh hng cng sut hoc dng in.

Sau y chng ta s i xt c th cc bo v thng c dng bo v Z trong h

thng in.

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B. Cac loai bao v thng dung bao v ng dy trong
h thng in
I. Bao v qua dong

Bo v qu dng

Bo v qu dng c thi gian (51):

Bo v qu dng c th lm vic theo c tnh thi gian c lp (ng 1) hoc ph

thuc (ng 2) hoc hn hp (ng 3;4). Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c c tnh
thi gian c lp khng ph thuc vo tr s dng ngn mch hay v tr ngn mch, cn
i vi bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc th thi gian tc ng t l nghch vi
dng in chy qua bo v, dng ngn mch cng ln th thi gian tc ng cng b.

Bo v qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian c lp:

u im ca dng bo v ny l cch tnh ton v ci t ca bo v kh n gin v d

p dng. Thi gian t ca cc bo v phi c phi hp vi nhau sao cho c th ct
ngn mch mt cch nhanh nht m vn m bo c tnh chn lc ca cc bo v.

c tnh thi gian ca bo v qu dng c lp (1), ph thuc (2) v hn hp (3, 4) (Hnh 4.1)

Hin nay thng dng 3 phng php phi hp gia cc bo v qu dng lin k l
phng php theo thi gian, theo dng in v phng php hn hp gia thi gian v
dng in.

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Phi hp cc bo v theo thi gian:

y l phng php ph bin nht thng c cp trong cc ti liu bo v rle

hin hnh. Nguyn tc phi hp ny l nguyn tc bc thang, ngha l chn thi gian
ca bo v sao cho ln hn mt khong thi gian an ton t so vi thi gian tc ng
ln nht ca cp bo v lin k trc n (tnh t pha ph ti v ngun).

tn = t(n-1)max + t (4-1)

Trong :

tn: thi gian t ca cp bo v th n ang xt.

t(n-1)max: thi gian tc ng cc i ca cc bo v ca cp bo v ng trc n (th

n).

t: bc chn lc v thi gian c xc nh bi cng thc:

t = ER.10-2.[t(n-1)max + tn] + tMC(n-1) + tdp 2.10-2.ER.t(n-1)max + tMC (n-1) + tqt + tdp

(4-2)

Vi:

ER: sai s thi gian tng i ca chc nng qu dng cp ang xt (c th gy tc ng

sm hn) v cp bo v trc (ko di thi gian tc ng ca bo v), i vi rle s
thng ER = ( 3 5)% tu tng rle.

tMC (n-1): thi gian ct ca my ct cp bo v trc, thng c gi tr ly bng (0,1

0,2) sec i vi MC khng kh, (0,06 0,08) sec vi MC chn khng v (0,04 0,05)
sec vi MC kh SF6.

tqt: thi gian sai s do qun tnh khin cho rle vn trng thi tc ng mc d ngn
mch b ct, vi rle s tqt thng nh hn 0,05 sec.

tdp: thi gian d phng.

i vi rle in c bc chn lc v thi gian t thng c chn bng 0,5 sec, rle
tnh khong 0,4 sec cn i vi rle s t = (0,2 0,3) sec ty theo loi my ct c
s dng.

Gi tr dng in khi ng ca bo v IKB trong trng hp ny c xc nh bi:

Kat.Kmm.Ilvmax
IKB = Ktv (4-3)

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 Trong :

Kat: h s an ton m bo cho bo v khng ct nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi do

sai s khi tnh dng ngn mch (k n ng cong sai s 10% ca BI v 20% do tng
tr ngun b bin ng).

Kmm: h s m my, c th ly Kmm= (1.5 2,5).

Ktv: h s tr v ca chc nng bo v qu dng, c th ly trong khong (0,85 0,95).

S d phi s dng h s Ktv y xut pht t yu cu m bo s lm vic n nh
ca bo v khi c cc nhiu lon ngn (hin tng t m my ca cc ng c sau khi
TL ng thnh cng) trong h thng m bo v khng c tc ng.

Gi tr dng khi ng ca bo v cn phi tho mn iu kin:

Ilvmax < IKB < IN min (4-4)

Vi:

Ilv max: dng in cc i qua i tng c bo v, thng xc nh trong ch cc

i ca h thng, thng thng:

Ilv max = (1,05 1,2).Im (4-5)

Trong trng hp khng tho mn iu kin (4-4) th phi s dng bo v qu dng c

kim tra p.

IN min: dng ngn mch nh nht khi ngn mch trong vng bo v.

Khi yu cu phi ci t gi tr dng khi ng cho rle, gi tr ny s c tnh theo

cng thc:

K(3).IKB
s
IKR = nI (4-6)

Trong :

nI: t s bin i ca BI.

I(3)
(3) R
K s: h s s , ph thuc vo cch mc s BI K(3)
s = . i vi s sao hon
I(3)
T
ton hoc sao khuyt th K(3) (3)
s = 1, cn s s 8 th Ks = 3.

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Phi hp cc bo v theo dng in:

thng thng ngn mch cng gn ngun th dng ngn mch cng ln v dng ngn
mch ny s gim dn khi v tr im ngn mch cng xa ngun. Yu cu t ra y l
phi phi hp cc bo v tc ng theo dng ngn mch sao cho rle gn im ngn
mch nht s tc ng ct my ct m thi gian tc ng gia cc bo v vn chn theo
c tnh thi gian c lp. Nhc im ca phng php ny l cn phi bit cng sut
ngn mch ca ngun v tng tr Z gia hai u Z t rle m ta cn phi phi hp
m bo tnh chn lc. chnh xc ca bo v c th s khng m bo i vi cc
Z gn ngun c cng sut ngn mch bin ng mnh hoc ngn mch qua tng tr c
gi tr ln. Do nhng nhc im trn m phng php phi hp theo dng in thng
s dng bo v cc Z c cng sut ngun t bin ng v cho mt dng ngn mch.

Phng php ny tnh theo dng ngn mch pha v la chn gi tr t ca bo v sao
cho rle gn im s c nht s tc ng. Gi s xt ngn mch 3 pha N(3) ti im
N2 trn hnh 4.3, gi tr dng ngn mch ti N2 c xc nh theo cng thc:

c.Ungun
IN 2 = (4-7)
3(Zngun+ZAB)

Trong :

Ungun: in p dy ca ngun.

c: h s thay i in p ngun, c th ly c = 1,1.

Zngun: tng tr ngun, c xc nh bng:

U2
ngun
Zngun = SNM (4-8)

vi SNM l cng sut ngn mch ca ngun.

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c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong li in hnh tia cho trng hp phi hp theo
dng in (Hnh 4.3)

Chng ta nhn thy cc dng ngn mch pha sau im N2 (tnh v pha ti) s c gi tr
nh hn IN2(b qua trng hp ngn mch qua mt tng tr ln) do gi tr t ca
dng in cho bo v t ti A c th chn ln hn dng IN2. Trong trng hp tng
qut, gi tr ca dng in cp th n (tnh v pha ph ti) chn theo phng php phi
hp dng in s c tnh theo cng thc:
Kat.c.Ungun
IKn = m (4-9)
3(Zngunmax + n = 1 Z(n 1))

Trong :

mn = 1 Z(n 1): tng tr Z tnh t ngun n cp bo v th (n -1).

m: s cp bo v ca ton Z.

Kat = (1,1 1,3): h s an ton m bo khng ct nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi do
sai s tnh dng ngn mch (k n ng cong sai s 10% ca BI v 20% do tng tr
ngun b bin ng).

Chng ta thy do c h s an ton Kat > 1 nn bo v s tn ti vng cht khi xy ra ngn

mch ti cc thanh gp. u im ca phng php ny l ngn mch cng gn ngun
th thi gian ct ngn mch cng nh.

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Bo v qu dng cc i vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc:

Bo v qu dng c c tuyn thi gian c lp trong nhiu trng hp kh thc hin

c kh nng phi hp vi cc bo v lin k m vn m bo c tnh tc ng
nhanh ca bo v. Mt trong nhng phng php khc phc l ngi ta s dng bo v
qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc. Hin nay cc phng thc tnh ton chnh
nh rle qu dng s vi c tnh thi gian ph thuc do a dng v chng loi v tiu
chun nn trn thc t vn cha c thng nht v mt l thuyt iu ny gy kh khn
cho vic thm k v kim nh cc gi tr t.

Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong li in hnh tia cho trng hp c
tuyn ph thuc(Hnh 4.4)

Rle qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc c s dng cho cc Z c dng s

c bin thin mnh khi thay i v tr ngn mch. Trong trng hp ny nu s dng
c tuyn c lp th nhiu khi khng am bo cc iu kin k thut: thi gian ct s
c, n nh ca h thng... Hin nay ngi ta c xu hng p dng chc nng bo v
qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc nh mt bo v thng thng thay th cho
cc rle c c tuyn c lp.

i vi cc rle qu dng c c tuyn thi gian ph thuc c gii hn loi in c ca

Lin X (c) khng c cc ng c tuyn tiu chun thng nht, n thay i theo cc
rle. Trong tt c cc rle qu dng s hin nay ca siemens, ALSTOM, SEL, ABB...,
u tch hp c hai c tuyn c lp v ph thuc. Gi tr t dng ph thuc thi gian
c th c xc nh bng mt trong ba cch sau:

Di dng cc bng gi tr s dng - thi gian.

Di dng cc th logarit c s 10 (lg).

Di dng cc cng thc i s.

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Hin nay trn thc t tn ti nhiu tiu chun ng cong c tuyn thi gian ph thuc
ca bo v qu dng s nh: tiu chun ca u ban k thut in quc t (IEC), ca vin
k thut in-in t M (IEEC), vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K (ANSI)..., trong
tiu chun IEC (IEC255-3) thng c s dng nht. Tiu chun IEC255-3 bao gm
cc h c tuyn c dc khc nhau: dc chun (IEC255-3A), rt dc (IEC255-3B),
cc dc (IEC255-3C). Trong trng hp chung, cng thc xc nh thi gian tc ng
v tr v ca cc h ng cong nh sau:

K K1
tt = TD n ; ttv = TD 2 (4-10)
m 1 m 1

Trong :

tt, ttv: tng ng l thi gian tc ng v thi gian tr v ca bo v ng vi bi s

dng m.
IN
Gi tr m c xc nh bng cng thc: m = IKB
vi IN: gi tr dng ngn mch chy qua bo v.
IKB: dng in khi ng ca bo v c xc nh theo gi tr dng in ti,
c th tnh theo biu thc:
Pdd
IKB = (1,1 1,5) 3.U.cos (4-11)

Trong :

Pdd: l cng sut tc dng danh nh ca ti chy qua i tng c bo v.

U: in p dy danh nh ca li in.

TD: h s thi gian (Time Dial) ca mi ng cong trong b ng cong tiu chun
v l gi tr t khi ta chn ng cong trong b nh ca rle.

K, K1, n: cc gi tr ph thuc vo loi ng cong c tuyn c dc khc nhau. V

d tng ng vi cc tiu chun ta c cc gi tr sau: IEC255-3A: K = 0,14, K1 = - 1,08,
n = 0,02; IEC255-3B: K = 13,5, K1 = - 13,5, n = 1; IEC255-3B: K = 80, K1 = - 80, n =
2.

Di y s gii thiu mt s ng cong c tuyn theo tiu chun IEC255:

ng cong dc chun SIT (standard inverse time): hnh 4.5.

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 ng cong dc chun (SIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3A (Hnh 4.5)

0,14 1,08
tt = TD 0,02 ; ttv = TD (4-12)
m 1 m2 1

ng cong rt dc VIT (very inverse time) IEC255-3B: hnh 4.6

ng cong rt dc (VIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3B (Hnh 4.6)

13,5 13,5
tt = TD m 1 ; ttv = TD (4-13)
m2 1

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- ng cong cc dc EIT (extremely inverse time): hnh 4.7

ng cong cc dc (EIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3C (Hnh 4.7)

80
tt = TD 2 ;
m 1

80
tt = TD (4-14)
m2 1

Cn ch l cc h s thi gian t TD thng ch dao ng trong khong (0,05 3),

trn th cc c tuyn c cho vi gi tr TD bng (0,1 1). Ngoi ra tiu chun
IEC255 cn c cc h c tuyn khc nh h ng cong siu dc UIT, ng cong tc
ng nhanh ST (short time)... nhng t c s dng.

Bo v qu dng ct nhanh (50):

Chng ta nhn thy rng i vi bo v qu dng thng thng cng gn ngun thi
gian ct ngn mch cng ln, thc t cho thy ngn mch gn ngun thng th mc
nguy him cao hn v cn loi tr cng nhanh cng tt. bo v cc Z trong
trng hp ny ngi ta dng bo v qu dng ct nhanh (50), bo v ct nhanh c kh
nng lm vic chn lc trong li c cu hnh bt k vi mt ngun (hnh 4.8) hay nhiu
ngun (hnh 4.9) cung cp. u im ca n l c th cch ly nhanh s c vi cng sut
ngn mch ln gn ngun. Tuy nhin vng bo v khng bao trm c hon ton Z
cn bo v, y chnh l nhc im ln nht ca loi bo v ny.

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 m bo tnh chn lc, gi tr t ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh phi c chn sao
cho ln hn dng ngn mch cc i ( y l dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip) i qua
ch t rle khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v. Sau y chng ta s i tnh ton gi
tr t ca bo v cho mt s mng in thng gp.

Mng in hnh tia mt ngun cung cp:

i vi mng in hnh tia mt ngun cung cp (hnh 4.8), gi tr dng in khi ng

ca bo v t ti thanh gp A c xc nh theo cng thc:

IAK50 = Kat.INngoi max (4-15)

Trong :

Kat: h s an ton, tnh n nh hng ca cc sai s do tnh ton ngn mch, do cu to

ca rle, thnh phn khng chu k trong dng ngn mch v ca cc bin dng. Vi rle
in c Kat = (1,2 1,3), cn vi rle s Kat = 1,15.

INngoi max: dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ln nht qua bo v khi ngn ngoi vng
bo v. y l dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp B.

Bo v dng in ct nhanh Z mt ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.8)

Z c hai ngun cung cp:

Xt Z c hai ngun cung cp nh hnh 4.9, m bo cho bo v 1 (t ti thanh gp

A) v bo v 2 (t ti thanh gp B) tc ng ng th gi tr dng in khi ng ca
hai bo v ny ( IAK50, IBK50) phi c chn theo iu kin:

IAK50 = IBK50 = Kat.Max{IANngoaimax;IBNngoaimax} (4-16)

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 Trong :

IANngoaimax: gi tr dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp B
do ngun HT1 cung cp.

IBNngoaimax: gi tr dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp A
do ngun HT2 cung cp.

Bo v dng in ct nhanh Z c hai ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.9)

Nhc im ca cch chn dng in t trong trng hp ny l khi c s chnh lch

cng sut kh ln gia hai ngun A v B th vng tc ng ca bo v t ngun c
cng sut b hn s b thu hp li rt b thm ch c th tin ti 0. khc phc ngi
ta c th s dng rle dng ct nhanh c hng t pha ngun c cng sut b hn
(hnh 4.10). Khi chng ta c th chn gi tr dng in t ca bo v qu dng ct
nhanh nh sau:

IAK50 = Kat.IANngoaimax (4-17)

IBK50 = Kat.IBNngoaimax (4-18)

T hnh 4.10 chng ta thy chiu di vng ct nhanh ca bo v t ti thanh gp B

c m rng ra rt nhiu. Bo v ct nhanh l bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i ngha
l n ch tc ng khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng m n bo v nn khi tnh ton gi
tr dng in khi ng, trong biu thc khng c mt ca h s tr v Ktv.

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V l thuyt, thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh c th bng 0 sec. Tuy
nhin trn thc t ngn chn bo v c th lm vic sai khi c st nh vo Z gy
ngn mch tm thi do van chng st hot ng hoc khi ong MBA khng ti (dng
t ho khng ti ca MBA c th vt qu tr s t ca bo v ct nhanh) hoc trong
cc ch nhiu lon thnh phn sng hi khc vi sng hi c tn s 50Hz ln, thng
thng ngi ta cho bo v lm vic vi thi gian tr khong (0,05 0,08) sec i vi
rle c v (0,03 0,05) sec vi rle s.

Bo v dng in ct nhanh c hng Z c hai ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.10)

Do vng tc ng ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh khng bao trm c hon ton Z

cn bo v nn n khng th lm bo v chnh hoc bo v duy nht. Trong mt s
trng hp, v d trong mng hnh tia cung cp cho mt MBA (hnh 4.11a) lm vic
hp b (Z-MBA), c th dng bo v qu dng ct nhanh bo v ton b chiu di
Z nu ta cho n tc ng khi c s c bn trong MBA. Dng in t ca bo v c
chn theo dng ngn mch ba pha cc i khi ngn mch sau MBA (hnh 4.11a). i
vi rle qu dng ct nhanh s c tch hp c chc nng ca bo v qu dng thng
thng (khi ngi ta gi chc nng ct nhanh l ngng cao cn chc nng qu dng
thng thng l ngng thp) nn c th phi hp hai chc nng ny bo v cho Z
nh hnh 4.11b.

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Bo v qu dng ct nhanh cho s hp b Z-MBA (a) v kt hp vi chc nng bo v qu
dng thng thng theo thi gian ph thuc (b) trong rle s (Hnh 4.11)

Trn thc t bo v qu dng ct nhanh c th kt hp vi cc thit b t ng ng lp

li TL va c th ct nhanh s c va tng kh nng t ng ho trong h thng
in, m bo yu cu cung cp in.

Mt nhc im c bn khc ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh l n khng p dng c

nu dng s c qua bo v khi c ngn mch u Z pha ngun (v d ngun HT1
trn hnh 4.9 trong ch cc tiu nh hn dng s c khi ngn mch cui Z trong
ch cc i, ngha l: IN1min < IN2max. Khi ta c:

IN max IN min IN max

1 1 2
IN max I (4-19)
2 N 2min I N 2min

iu ny c ngha l bo v khng p dng c nu t s dng ngn mch khi c s

c hai u Z trong ch cc i nh hn t s dng u xa ngun trong ch
cc i (ng vi Zngun max) v ch cc tiu, tc l:

Nh vy, khi ngun in h thng bin ng mnh hay c dao ng in ln trong h

thng do ngn mch ngoi, bo v qu dng ct nhanh hoc s khng th tc ng hoc
s tc ng khng chn lc tu theo gi tr ci t ca n trong ch lm vic no.
Trong trng hp Z qu ngn, nu gi tr dng in khi ng IK 50 theo cng thc
(4-15) ln hn dng ngn mch cc i trong Z, tc l:

IN1max IK = Kat.INngoaimax (4-20)

vi IN1max l dng ngn mch cc i ti N1 do ngun HT1 cung cp khi c

ngn mch ba pha trn thanh gp A.

Khi chc nng qu dng ct nhanh s khng bo v c Z. Nh vy khi s dng

cp ct nhanh cn kim tra iu kin (4-19), nu khng tho mn iu kin trn th ch

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nn t cp qu dng ngng thp (qu dng thng thng) vi c tnh thi gian ph
thuc. Vic p dng cc cng thc trn cn ph thuc vo Z c cung cp t mt hay
hai ngun v bo v thuc loi c hng hay v hng. Nu gia hai ngun cung cp
(hnh 4.9) ngoi Z lin lc chnh cn c Z lin lc ph khc (mch vng) th sau khi
bo v mt u tc ng ct my ct, dng ngn mch qua bo v u cn li c
th tng ln v bo v s tc ng, ngha l vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh u
ny c th c m rng ra (hin tng khi ng khng ng thi).

I.3. Bo v qu dng c kim tra p:

Trong nhiu trng hp bo v qu dng c thi gian c th khng nhy v dng

lm vic cc i chy qua phn t c bo v c tr s qu ln, chng hn khi tch
mch vng ca li in, ct mt s Z hoc MBA lm vic song song, khi xy ra qu
ti... Trong mt s li in c ngun cng sut ngn mch yu, nu xc nh gi tr
dng in khi ng cho bo v theo cng thc:
Kat.Kmm.Ilvmax
IKB = Ktv (4-21)

nhiu khi khng th m bo iu kin v nhy. Khi nng cao nhy

ca bo v qu dng c thi gian ng thi m bo cho bo v c th phn
bit c ngn mch v qu ti ngi ta thm vo bo v b phn kho in p
thp (hnh 4.12).

B phn kho in p s dng rle in p gim 27 s phi hp vi b phn qu dng

51 theo lgic V. Khi c ngn mch, dng in chy qua ch t bo v tng cao
ng thi in p ti thanh gp b gim thp lm cho u ra ca b tng hp V c
tn hiu, bo v s tc ng. Cn khi qu ti, dng in chy qua i tng c bo v
c th gi tr tc ng ca rle tuy nhin gi tr in p ti thanh gp t bo v gim
khng ln do rle in p gim 27 khng tc ng, bo v s khng tc ng. Nh
vy khi dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p, dng in khi ng cho bo v c xc
nh theo cng thc:
Kat.Ilvmax
IKB = Ktv (4-22)

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 r rng khi nhy ca bo v tng ln do trong biu thc IKB khng
cn h s Kmm

in p khi ng ca b kho in p thp UKR< chn theo iu kin:

UNmax
nU <U Ulvmin
KRU < <
nU
(4-23)

Trong :

Ulvmin: in p lm vic ti thiu cho php ti ch t bo v.

UNmax: in p d ln nht ti ch t bo v khi c ngn mch cui vng bo v ca

bo v qu dng.

nU: t s bin i ca my bin in p BU.

Thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng c kim tra p chn nh i vi bo v qu

dng thng thng.

Bo v qu dng c hng 67:

i vi mt s cu hnh li in nh mng vng, mnh hnh tia c nhiu ngun cung

cp..., bo v qu dng in vi thi gian lm vic chn theo nguyn tc bc thang
khng m bo c tnh chn lc hoc thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v gn ngun
qu ln khng cho php. khc phc ngi ta dng bo v qu dng c hng. Thc
cht y cng l mt bo v qu dng thng thng nhng c thm b phn nh hng
cng sut pht hin chiu cng sut qua i tng c bo v. Bo v s tc ng
khi dng in qua bo v ln hn dng in khi ng IK v hng cng sut ngn
mch i t thanh gp vo ng dy. S nguyn l ca bo v qu dng c hng
c trnh by trn hnh 4.13a.

Ngy nay hu ht cc rle qu dng c hng s c tch hp thm nhiu chc nng
nh: chc nng ct nhanh, qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian c lp v ph thuc, nh
mt s rle qu dng c hng c c tnh chn lc tuyt i v tng i, ngha l
c th va m bo chc nng ct nhanh va ng vai tr nh mt bo v d tr. Mt
trong nhng rle va nu trn l rle qu dng c hng ba cp tc ng. hiu r
hn v loi rle ny chng ta s i phn tch chn thi gian lm vic v dng in khi
ng ca bo v qu dng c hng ba cp tc ng cho mt s mng in in hnh
trong h thng in.

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Mng in hnh tia c hai ngun cung cp:

Chng ta s xt tng cp tc ng cho s mng in hnh 4.13.

Bo v qu dng c hng cp I:

Bo v dng in c hng cp I lm vic nh mt bo v qu dng ct nhanh c hng,

do dng in khi ng IK 67 ca bo v rle cho cp ny c xc nh theo cng
thc:

IK 67 = Kat.INngoi max (4- 24)

V bo v cp I c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian tc ng ca bo v (tIt) c th

chn 0 sec. Tuy nhin trnh trng hp bo v c th tc ng nhm khi c st nh
vo Z gy ngn mch tm thi hoc ngn mch ngoi vng bo v c xung dng ln
ngi ta cho bo v tc ng c thi gian tr khong (0,01 0,05) sec.

Bo v qu dng c hng cp II:

Vng bo v cp II ng vai tr d tr cho bo v cp I. Dng in t ca rle IIIt

c chn theo s phi hp vi dng khi ng cp I ca bo v k tip (lin k) thng
qua h s phn dng Kpd.

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 Phi hp thi gian cc bo v qu dng c hng theo c tuyn thi gian c lp cho trng
hp Z c hai ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.13)

Xt bo v 1 t ti thanh gp A. Dng in khi ng cp II ca bo v ti thanh gp

A c chn ph thuc vo s phn b dng in ti thanh gp B.

Trng hp ti thanh gp B c r nhnh, dng in khi ng cp II ca bo v 1 xc

nh theo cng thc:

IIIK67 = Kat.Kpd.INT (4-25)

Trong :

Kpd: h s phn dng.

INT: dng ngn mch khi ngn mch sau MBA ti nhnh r thanh gp B.

Trng hp ti thanh gp B c ngun cng sut ni vo, dng in khi ng lc

c xc nh theo cng thc:

IIIK67 = Kat.KpdF.IIK(3) (4-26)

vi IIt(3): dng in t cp I ca bo v 3 ti thanh gp B; KpdF: h s phn

dng do ngun my pht ni vo thanh gp B cung cp.

Thi gian tc ng cp II c chn theo iu kin:

tIItBVi = tItBVi + t (4-27)

Thng thng thi gian t cp II bo v c chn trong khong (0,3 0,5) sec.

I.4.1.3. Bo v qu dng c hng cp III:

Thc cht vng ny bo v lm vic nh mt bo v qu dng cc i c hng d

tr cho cp I v cp II. Dng in khi ng cp bo v ny c chn theo cng thc:
Kat.Kmm.Ilvmax
IIII
K67 = Ktv (4-28)

Vi mng in hnh 4.13. chn thi gian lm vic ca vng bo v cp III, theo
hng tc ng chng ta chia ra lm hai nhm:

Nhm 1: gm cc bo v c hng tc ng t tri sang phi: 1, 3, 5.

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Nhm 2: gm cc bo v c hng tc ng t phi sang tri: 2, 4, 6.Thi gian lm vic
ca mi nhm c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang ging nh vi mt bo v qu dng
thng thng, ngha l thi gian lm vic ca bo v th n c xc nh theo cng thc
(4-1).

tIII
t = t(n 1)max + t (4-29)

Trong :

tIII
tn: thi gian t ca bo v th n ang xt.

t(n-1) max: thi gian lm vic ln nht ca cc bo v lin k trcbo v ang xt.

t: bc chn lc v thi gian, vi rle s t = (0,2 0,3) sec.

i vi rle s thng tch hp c hai chc nng ca qu dng c thi gian c lp v

ph thuc nn tu vo tng trng hp v tng ch vn hnh m chng ta s dng
mt trong hai hoc kt hp c hai c tuyn trn cho hp l. Trn hnh 4.13 trnh by
phng n phi hp thi gian tc ng cp III cho cc bo v theo c tuyn thi gian
c lp.

Mng in vng c mt ngun cung cp:

i vi mng in vng mt ngun cung cp (hnh 4.14) chng ta chn thi gian cho
bo v nh vi mng hnh tia hai ngun cung cp, nhng y thi gian tc ng ca
bo v 2 v 5 (t2, t5) khng cn phi phi hp thi gian vi bt k bo v khc v khi
ngn mch nhnh ngun (nhnh 7) th khng c dng ngn mch chy trong mch
vng.

Dng in khi ng ca bo v trong trng hp ny phi phi hp vi nhau gia cc

bo v cng hng trnh trng hp bo v c th tc ng nhm. V d vi mng
in hnh 4.14, dng in khi ng ca cc bo v phi tho mn iu kin:

It 1 > It 3 > It 5

It 6 > It 4 > It 2 (4-30)

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 Bo v qu dng c hng cho mng in vng mt ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.14)

Khi ngn mch xy ra gn thanh gp ngun th c th xy ra hin tng khi ng

khng ng thi, hin tng ny s lm cho thi gian ct s c tng ln. V bo v s
dng b phn nh hng cng sut nn tn ti vng cht m khi ngn mch ti gi
tr in p a vo bo v thp hn ngng in khi ng ti thiu v khi bo v
s khng th tc ng. Khi tnh ton dng in khi ng cho bo v trong mng vng
phi ch n cc trng hp khi c bt k mt my ct no m, mng s tr thnh s
hnh tia mt ngun cung cp, lc s phn b cng sut trong mng s khc v bo
v c th tc ng nhm.

Bo v qu dng c hng cho Z kp v phi hp thi gian cho cc bo v (Hnh 4.15)

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ng dy song song:

Khi cc bo v c trang b b phn nh hng cng sut vi chiu tc ng ng vi

lung cng sut i t thanh gp vo Z th khng cn phi hp thi gian tc ng gia
bo v 2 v 4 vi bo v 5 (hnh 4.15), v khi ngn mch trn Z D3 (im N3) cc bo
v 2 v 4 khng lm vic. Trong trng hp ny bo v 1 v 3 s phi hp thi gian trc
tip vi bo v 5:

t1 = t3 = t5 + t (4-31)

Ch cn t b nh hng cng sut cho bo v 2 v 4, thi gian tc ng ca bo v 2

v 4 c th chn nh tu (nhng yu cu t2, t4 phi nh hn t1 v t3).

Dng in khi ng ca cc bo v c chn phi am bo sao cho khi ct mt Z

th dng in lm vic ln nht qua cc bo v ca Z cn li khng lm bo v tc
ng, ngha l:

IK > Ilv max

hay IK = Kat.Ilv max (4-32)

Trong :

Ilvmax: dng in lm vic ln nht qua bo v khi ch vn hnh mt nhnh Z song

song.

Kat: h s an ton, Kat = 1,2 1,3.

Bo v qu dng chm t (50/51N):

ln ca dng chm t ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh h thng

in. Trong li in c trung tnh cch in vi t, dng chn t thng khng vt
qu vi chc ampe (thng 30 A). Cn trong li c im trung tnh ni t qua cun
dp h quang (cun Peterson), dng chm t c gim i rt nhiu. S nguy him
ca tnh trng chm t ca li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h
quang l in p hai pha cn li khng chm t tng ln bng in p dy v c th
chuyn thnh s c ngn mch nhiu pha ti nhng ch c vn v cch in trn Z.
Tuy nhin li ny khi xy ra chm t ngi ta vn cho php vn hnh nhng bo v
phi bo tn hiu nhn vin vn hnh tm bin php khc phc. V dng chm t ca
mng c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang c gi tr kh nh nn
i hi bo v dng th t khng phi c nhy kh cao.

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Trong h thng c trung tnh trc tip ni t, khi xy ra chm t mt pha cng chnh
l ngn mch mt pha, dng th t khng (TTK) phn ln n t im trung tnh ca
hai trm hai u Z, cn t cc trm khc th kh b. iu ny cho php m bo s
phi hp tt theo dng ca bo v TTK. Cc bo v trong trng hp ny thng c
phi hp theo nguyn tc phn cp nh i vi bo v qu dng pha.

Trong rle s tn ti ba dng s s dng bin dng i vi bo v qu dng chng s

c chm t. l cc bin dng pha mc theo s tng ba pha, bin dng TTK cho
bo v chng dng chm t ln v bin dng TTK c nhy cao.

S th nht thng dng cho li c trung tnh ni t trc tip hay qua tng tr
thp, khi dng chm t qua cc pha c gi tr ln nn gi l bo v dng TTK cho li
c dng chm t ln. Khi rle thng c ni vi tng cc dng pha t ba bin
dng ring bit nn c chnh xc thp.

Bo v dng bin dng TTK thng c s dng cho mi trng hp c s c chm

t, c bit s dng trong cc li c dng chm t b (li c trung tnh cch t
hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang).

Bin dng TTK nhy cao pht hin dng chm t thng c gi tr danh nh nh
hn nhiu so vi bin dng TTK cho bo v c dng chm t ln v c ni vi rle
s theo cc u vo ring bit.

Trong rle s ngoi cc bin dng ngi ta c th s dng thm cc bin in p vi

cc s khc nhau. S bin in p kiu Y0-Y0 thng xc nh chiu cng sut
ca dng ngn mch dng trong bo v c hng. Cn s tam gic h l xc nh
in p TTK, n thng lm vic kt hp vi chc nng qu dng chm t nhy cao
trong li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua mt tng tr.

dng TTK (I0) ch c th chy t im trung tnh ni t ca MBA pha ngun ti im

c s c chm t. Gi tr ca dng chm t c th xc nh theo biu thc:
E
I0 = Z0 + Z1 + Z2 (4-33)

vi: Z0, Z1, Z2: tng ng l tng tr TTK, th t thun (TTT) v th t

nghch (TTN) nhn t im s c.

V dng TTK khng th i qua cun tam gic ca MBA nn vic phi hp gia cc bo
v theo dng TTK s n gin hn rt nhiu so vi qu dng pha. Nu chn dng in
khi ng khng chnh xc th bo v qu dng TTK c th tc ng nhm nu s dng
s mc song song cc bin dng pha do s khng ng nht ca chng, n cng c
th ct nhm nu mch bin dng b t.

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 Vit Nam, trc y li c trung tnh cch t thng l li phn phi trung p nh
hn 35 kV nhng vi vic a li 22 kV c trung tnh ni t trc tip vo vn hnh
s lm cho cc loi bo v chng chm t li ny s a dng hn. Tuy nhin trong
cc rle s hin nay cc chc nng bo v ny c tch hp sn nn khng gy kh
khn cho vic s dng.

Trong cc s bo v Z cao p t 110 kV tr ln dng rle in c v rle tnh ca

Lin X c, ngi ta hay s dng bo v qu dng TTK bn cp vi c tuyn thi gian
c lp nh mt bo v chnh.

Trong :

Cp I l cp ngng cao ct nhanh, c xc nh theo iu kin chm t cui Z

hay ch khng ton pha ca my ct Z ang bo v.

Cp II v III l cp ngng cao c thi gian, xc nh theo iu kin phi hp vi cp

mt ca Z ln cn, theo dng chm t sau MBA hoc theo ch khng ton pha
ca my ct z ln cn cng nh cc iu kin bt thng khc nh dao ng in, s
khng ng b...

Cp IV l cp ngng thp c thi gian xc nh theo iu kin dng khng cn bng

trong dy trung tnh BI khi c ngn mch ba pha sau MBA hay cp in p thp MBA
t ngu.

Vic s dng nhiu cp bo v TTK theo trng phi Lin X c nh trn xut pht
t mt thc t l trong s bo v khng c kiu c tuyn ph thuc vi thi gian
tc ng khc nhau cho cc dng chm t khc nhau. Do vy, kiu bn cp s cho c
tuyn dng bc thang c cht lng bo v tt hn so vi loi hai cp c tuyn c lp,
nhng vn khng t c cht lng nh ca loi bo v qu dng TTK vi c tuyn
ph thuc. Mt khc, do trong cc bo v Z rle s thng c km theo chc nng
pht hin cc s c chm t nn bo v qu dng TTK bn cp ch ng vai tr nh
bo v d phng hoc c th thay n bng mt bo v qu dng TTK hai ngng.

Chc nng qu dng chm t trong rle s thng c hai ngng l ngng cao v
ngng thp. Ngng cao ct nhanh thng c xc nh tng t nh cc rle c
in. gim thiu xc xut ct nhm do cc cc my ct khng ng thi, ngi ta
thng gii hn thi gian tc ng ca cp ct nhanh khong di hai chu k tn s
cng nghip i vi cc my ct mt pha. Cn cp ngng thp cng c th c dng c
tuyn c lp hay ph thuc, trong nn s dng loi c tuyn th hai tng kh
nng bo v. Khi s dng chc nng qu dng chng chm t trong rle s, ta cn phi
phn bit hai loi bo v vi cc gi tr t c xc nh xut pht t nhng c s lp
lun khc nhau. Bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln thng c hiu
chnh theo dng khng cn bng cc i v dng th t khng i qua ch t bo v.

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Cn bo v dng TTK cho li c dng chm t b thng xc nh theo dng in
dung. Sau y chng ta s ln lt xt cc loi bo v ny.

Bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln:

c tuyn c lp hai cp:

Cc rle qu dng s do c ng dng a nng nn thng c tch hp c hai cp bo

v l ngng cao v ngng thp. iu ny c th thy r trong cc loi rle do Chu
u sn xut.

Trong ch ti bnh thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi, trong dng tng ba pha th
. . . .
cp ( IT = Ia + Ib + Ic) chy qua rle thng cha thnh phn TTK v dng khng cn
bng c trng bi s khng ng nht ca cc bin dng pha v do ti bt i xng:
. . . . . . .
. .
(IA + IB + IC) (IA + IB + IC) 3.I0
IT = nI = nI IKCBT (4-34)

Trong :
. . .
IA,IB,IC: dng in ba pha s cp chy qua i tng c bo v.

nI: t s bin i ca bin dng BI.

.
IKCBT: dng in khng cn bng th cp, ph thuc vo thnh phn sng hi c trong
dng ngn mch, s khng ng nht v sai s ca BI. Dng khng cn bng th c th
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
. .
1
IKCBT = nI .Kn.KKCK.fi.INngoaimax (4-35)

KKCK gi l h s khng chu k.

fi: h s sai s (mc t ho) ca cc bin dng (fi = 0,05 0,1).

Kn: h s ng nht gia cc bin dng Kn (Kn = 0,5 1).

.
INngoaimax: thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch ngoi ln nht.

1. Gi tr t ca bo v ngng thp (I0>) c chn theo 3 iu kin sau:

I0> = Khc.(3.I0 - k.fi.I1) (4-36)

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 Trong :

Khc: h s hiu chnh, Khc = (1,5 2).

k: h s c ci t trong rle s tnh n thnh phn sai s cc i do dng th t

thun I1 qua rle trong ch ti bt i xng.

Dng in t th cp ca bo v cn phi chn ln hn dng IKCBT ni trn.

2. khng c tc ng i vi dng lm vic ln nht chy trn Z do ti bt i xng,

ngha l:

3. phi tc ng khi c chm t cui Z lin k vi nhy va (bng 1,12 i

vi rle s) m bo vic d phng xa. V d rle t ti thanh gp (TG) A phi tc
ng khi c chm t mt pha ti TG C (hnh 4.16), tc l gi tr dng in khi ng
ca n phi tho mn iu kin:
3.I0C
I0 > A 1,15

3.I0C
I0 > A 1,15 (4-37)

Phn cp thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu dng pha v qu dng TTK (Hnh 4.16)

Gi tr dng in t cp ngng thp c chn theo gi tr ln nht tho mn 3 iu

kin trn v thng c ly trong khong (0,2 0,8) dng danh nh ca bin dng.

Thi gian tc ng tt cp bo v ny c phi hp nh i vi bo v qu dng

pha. Tuy nhin nh ni phn u, bo v TTK thng xt bt u t MBA c cun
tam gic hoc cun sao khng ni t, nn bo v qu dng TTK cp ngng thp trc
MBA ( y l trm C hnh 4.16) c th t loi ct nhanh. Do vy bo v TTK vi c
tuyn c lp thng c thi gian tc ng nh hn so vi bo v qu dng pha t trn
cng mt trm, tuy vy iu ny c th s khng ng i vi MBA t ngu.

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Gi tr t dng ngng cao (I0>>) c chn theo cc iu kin sau:

1. Theo iu kin dng TTK cc i khi c chm t ngoi vng bo v:

I0>> = Khc.3.I0ngoi max (4-38)

H s hiu chnh Khc c cho bng (1,15 1,2) i vi rle s.

2. Theo iu kin khng ton pha (KTP) tm thi do my ct ng mch khng ng

nhp hay do trnh t TL mt pha ca bo v trn Z ang xt:

I0>> = Khc.3.I0KTP (4-39)

Vi I0KTP l dng TTK cc i qua bo v trong ch khng ton pha.

Gi tr dng ngng cao c chn theo gi tr ln nht t hai iu kin trn.

Thi gian ct nhanh ca bo v ngng cao thng chn bng 0,05 sec.

Bo v qu dng chm t ba hay bn cp:

Trong mt s loi rle theo trng phi M, c bit l cc loi rle bo v tng hp
Z nh SEL-321 (SEL) hay ALPS (GE Multilin), cc chc nng bo v qu dng TTK
vi c tuyn c lp nh mt bo v d phng c th c ti ba hay bn cp c hng.
Tuy nhin khc vi rle ca Lin X, chng cn c tch hp thm c tnh ph thuc.
iu ny cho php rle bo v Z vi cc thi gian tc ng khc nhau tu theo cu
hnh ca li v v tr s c m loi bo v hai cp vi thi gian c lp khng thc hin
c.

Cc cp I v IV thng c chn ging nh cp ngng cao v thp cp trn.

Sau y chng ta s xt k hn cc cp II v III l loi bo v qu dng ngng cao tc
ng c thi gian v ch gii hn vi dng c tuyn c lp.

Cp II: dng khi ng cp II ca trm B (hnh 4.17) c chn theo cc iu kin sau:

1. Suy ra t dng tng ba pha qua bo v khi c chm t sau MBA t ngu ca bo v
lin k v pha ti ( cp in p thp hn), tc l ti im N1:

III0> B = Khc.3.I0N1 (4-40)

y h s Khc c th ly bng 1,15 i vi rle s.

2. T iu kin phi hp vi cp mt ca bo v lin k:

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III0> B = Khc.3.I0Btt (4-41)

Trong :

Khc c th ly bng 1,1.

I0Btt: dng TTK tnh ton, c xc nh theo dng TTK qua rle B khi c chm t ti
im tnh ton N2 trn Z lin k CD, N2 l im m dng tng ba pha qua rle C bng
gi tr dng in t ca n (hnh 4.17).

3. Theo iu kin hiu chnh t dng tng ba pha ca ch khng ton pha trong Z
lin k, hay dng KCB khi c dao ng hay s mt ng b cc my pht (trong trng
hp thi gian tc ng ca bo v ln hn 1 sec).

Cp III: c s dng khi cp II t ra khng nhy (yu cu Kn 1,2) khi c chm

t mt im hay chm t kp ti cc v tr nhy cm cp III, c chn ging nh cp
II, ngoi ra cn c iu kin tnh ton theo dng KCB trong dy trung tnh cc bin dng
khi c ngn mch ba pha sau MBA thng hoc MBA t ngu ni vo TG ca cc trm
hai u Z c bo v.

Cc cch tnh vng II ca bo v qu dng TTK 4 cp (Hnh 4.17)

Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c phi hp ging nh i vi bo v qu dng pha

thng thng.

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c tuyn ph thuc:

Phng php phi hp cc bo v qu dng TTK theo c tuyn thi gian ph thuc
tng t nh i vi bo v qu dng pha. Tuy nhin cn ch l i vi bo v qu
dng TTK cn c mt s loi c tuyn ph thuc ch c cho bo v chm t nh c
tuyn thi gian tc ng lu, c tuyn kiu RI...

Bo v qu dng th t khng cho li c dng chm t b:

Cc dng t ca bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t b thng c gi

tr nh v chng khng chu nh hng ca cc dng in ti m chu tc ng ca cc
dng in dung. hiu r hn v bn cht ca dng chm t lin quan n dng in
dung, sau y chng ta s xem xt ch s c ca h thng in c trung tnh cch t
khi chm t ti mt im.

Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) trong iu kin
bnh thng (Hnh 4.18)

Trong li in xoay chiu vi ch lm vic bnh thng, trn cc pha ngoi cc

dng ti cn c cc dng in dung xc nh bi in dung i vi t phn b theo dc
chiu di Z. Nu khng c dng ti, in p ca tt c cc im trn li c th coi l
bng nhau v dng dung khng ny rt nh do vy s st p do chng gy ra c th b
qua. Khi in p cc pha so vi t tng ng s bng in p pha UA, UB, UC v
cc in dung phn tn ca cc pha c th thay bng cc in dung tp trung CA= CB=
CC = C (hnh 4.18a). Cc vct dng IA, IB, IC v p s c dng i xng nh trn hnh
4.18b. Nh vy, tng cc vct dng v p s bng khng v khng c dng chy qua
t.

Khi c mt pha no chm t, in p cc pha so vi t s thay i. V d khi pha A

chm t trc tip, in p UA ca n s gim xung 0, cn in p hai pha kia s tng
ln ti in p dy UBA v UCA. V in p dy khng thay i nn in p cc pha B,
C so vi t s tng ln 3 ln, cn in p im trung tnh N ca h thng so vi t s
bng - UA.

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Dng chm t ti im s c khi s bng: (hnh 4.19)
. (1) . (1) . (1) .
ID = (IB + IC ) = 3..C.Upha (4-42)

Khi tnh ton dng ny ngi ta thng xt n in dung (C) ca li theo in dung
n v c (F/km) i vi tng loi dy dn, do cng thc (4-42) c th vit thnh:
. (1) .
ID = 3..c.l.Upha.10 6 = a.l (4-43)

Trong :

l: tng chiu di ca li in ni vi nhau trc tip khng qua MBA (li c cng cp
in p).

a=3CUpha10-6 v in dung n v c ph thuc vo loi dy dn trn khng hay cp

ngm... thng dao ng trong khong rng. Tuy nhin, khi tnh ton s b chng ta c
th ly gi tr trung bnh no . Nu thay = 2..50 rad/sec vo (4-43) th c th tnh
gn ng:
. (1)
U.l
i vi Z trn khng: ID = 350 (A) (4-44)

. (1)
U.l
i vi Z cp: ID = 10 (A) (4-45)

Vi U l in p dy ca li ang xt.

Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) trong iu kin
bnh thng (Hnh 4.18)

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 Khi tnh dng dung khng chnh nh gi tr t cho rle cn phi ch l dng dung
khng ca Z c bo v s chy qun bn trong phm vi Z ny m khng qua ch
t rle (hnh 4.20). Do cc cng thc (4-43), (4-44), (4-45), trong gi tr tng
di ng dy l khng c tnh n chiu di Z c bo v. iu ny cng c ngha
l, nu xut tuyn ca MBA hay my pht ch c mt Z th y khng c php t
bo v qu dng TTK c nhy cao.

tnh ton gi tr chnh nh cho bo v TTK v d ng dy AB (hnh 4.17), ta c

th xut pht t dng dung khng tng cc tiu IC min ca cc Z bn ngoi cng ni
vo trm t rle khi c chm t ti im N1 theo cng thc:

ICmin l l )
AB
0> = Khc = a.( Khc
(4-46)
I

Trong :

khc = (1,2 1,5).

l: di tng ca li ni vi nhau trc tip khng qua MBA cung cp cho TG trm
trong cu hnh ngn nht ca li.

Ngoi ra, nu rle l loi v hng th n khng c php tc ng khi c chm t

ngoi Z c bo v (im N2), tc l khi c dng dung khng t hng Z c bo
v chy qua rle theo chiu ngc li. V vy gi tr t ca rle phi tho mn iu
kin:

I0> = Kat.a.lAB (4-47)

vi Kat = (2 2,5)

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 Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) khi c s c
chm t (Hnh 4.19)

Nu y l mt xut tuyn, th di lAB phi c coi l tng cc on Z cng cp

in p v pha ti so vi im t rle, khi Kat c th chn nh hn t (1,5 2). Tuy
nhin, nu rle l loi c hng th khng phi kim tra iu kin (4-47).

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II. Bao v so lch dong in

Bo v so lch dng in (87)

Gii thiu chung:

Ngy nay Vit Nam bo v so lch dng in khng ch s dng bo v my pht,

my bin p m n c s dng kh ph bin bo v li truyn ti. nng cao
nhy ca bo v so lch dng in cc hng ch to rle s pht minh ra loi rle
so lch dng in c hm, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca h thng truyn tn hiu
m loi rle ny dn khc phc c cc nhc im c bn ca mnh bng phng
php so snh tn hiu dng in hai u Z thng qua cc I1SI2Sthit b truyn tin thay
cho vic dng dy dn ph.

S nguyn l ca bo v so lch c hm (Hnh 4.21)

iu ny khng nhng nng cao tin cy m cn nng cao nhy ca bo v. Trn

thc t c nhiu m hnh s nguyn l ca rle so lch c hm, mi hng c th a
ra mt m hnh khc nhau sao cho t h c th ch to ra phn cng v chng trnh
ho c cc thut ton logic ci t vo b nh ca rle. Trn hnh 4.21 trnh by
mt trong cc dng s nguyn l ca bo v so lch dng in c hm.

y chng ta khng i su vo cu to ca rle so lch dng in m ch t nguyn

l lm vic ca n chng ta s ng dng bo v Z trong h thng in. T s
nguyn l trn hnh 4.21 ta c:

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi: Dng in so lch ISL
(chnh l dng lm vic) ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

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. . . . .
ISL = I = I1T I2T = ILV

. . . .
1
= nI .[(I1S I2S) (I1 I2)]
. . . .
(4-48)
1
nI .(I1S I2S) IKCBT IKCBT

Dng in hm:
. . . . . . .
1
IH = I1T + I2T = nI .[(I1S + I2S) (I1 + I2)] (4-49)

Trong :

IKCBT: dng khng cn bng th cp BI, gi tr ca dng ny ph thuc vo sai lch

gia cc BI v thnh phn khng chu k trong dng in chy qua i tng c bo
v. Dng khng cn bng th cp c th c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
. .
IKCBT = Kn.KKCK.fi.INngoaimax (4-50)

I1S, I2S, I1T, I2T, I1, I2: ln lt l dng in s cp, th cp v dng t ho ca BI.

nI: h s bin i ca cc BI.

Trong ch ny dng in vo cun hm IH ln hn dng vo cun lm vic ILV nn

bo v khng tc ng (hnh 4.22a).

Khi c ngn mch trong vng bo v:

Trng hp Z c mt ngun cung cp: gi s HT2 trn hnh 4.21 c ct ra. Khi :
. . . .
1
ILV = I1S = nI .(I1S I1) (4- 51)

bo v c th lm vic ng trong trng hp ny th gi tr dng in khi ng ca

bo v ILV phi chn ln hn gi tr dng in hm IH, ngha l:

ILV = IH/KH (4- 52)

Vi KH l h s hm, thng chn KH = (0,2 0,5).

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Gii hn di ca h s hm c chn cho min c dng ngn mch b nng cao
nhy ca bo v, cn min c dng ngn mch ln thng chn h s KH cao
ngn chn bo v c th tc ng nhm.

Trng hp Z c hai ngun cung cp: (hnh 4.21)

. . . .
Dng in I1S ngc hng vi I2S nn I1T cng s ngc hng vi I2T. Khi :
. . . . .
1
ISL = nI .[(I1S + I2S) (I1 + I2)] (4-53)

. . . . .
1
IH = nI .[(I1S I2S) (I1 I2)] (4-54)

Nh vy, trong trng hp ny dng ISL >> IH (hnh 4.22b) do bo v s tc ng.

nhy ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

INmin
Kn = It87 (4-55)

Bo v so lch dng in c tnh chn lc tuyt i do yu cu nhy ca bo v

Kn 2. i vi rle in c m bo c yu cu v nhy ngi ta phi s dng
cc bin php nhm hn ch thnh phn dng khng cn bng nh mc ni tip vi cun
dy rle mt in tr ph, s dng my bin dng bo ho trung gian... Cn vi rle s
do c trang b b lc s c th lc nhanh c thnh phn sng hi khc tn s c bn
50 Hz trong dng s c kt hp vi chc nng kho khi c sng hi nn rle so lch s
c nhy kh cao.

th vct dng in khi c ngn mch ngoi (a) v trong (b) vng bo v (Hnh 4.22)

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Nh ni trn, bo v so lch c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian tc ng ca
bo v khng cn phi phi hp vi cc bo v khc, tc l v nguyn tc bo v c th
tc ng khng thi gian.

Sau y chng ta s xt mt s phng n ng dng nguyn l so lch bo v cho

mt s Z trong h thng in.

Bo v so lch dc cho Z n:

bo v Z n mt hoc hai ngun cung cp ngi ta thng s dng bo v so lch

dc c hm. T nguyn l so lch chng ta nhn thy: c th so snh dng in hai
u Z th ngoi Z truyn ti chnh ra phi b tr thm Z dn ph truyn tn hiu
dng in gia hai u Z cho bo v so lch dc. ngy nay, i vi rle s ngi ta
thng thay th dy dn ph bng vic truyn tn hiu thng qua ng dy thng tin,
iu ny khng nhng nng cao tin cy, nhy ca bo v m cn tng kh nng t
ng ho trong h thng in c bit l khi h thng scada c a vo s dng. Trn
hnh 4.23 trnh by nguyn l bo v Z dng rle so lch c hm truyn tn hiu dng
thit b truyn tin.

Bo v so lch dng c hm truyn tn hiu hai u bo v bng phng php truyn tin (Hnh
4.23)

i vi cc Z c chiu di ngn (< 25 km) ngi ta vn s dng dy dn ph truyn

tn hiu dng in gia hai u ng dy (hnh 4.21). Khi gim bt s lng dy
dn ph dng trong s ba pha ngi ta dng phng php cng dng in pha thng
qua cc my bin dng cng (hnh 4.24). H s bin i pha trong my bin dng cng
phi c chn sao cho dng in u ra khng b trit tiu i vi bt k mt dng
ngn mch no. Chng hn vi s hnh 4.24, t s vng dy gia cc cun l: W1 :
W2 : W3 = 2 : 1 : 3 v dng in u ra ca my bin dng l:

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. . . .
Ira = 2.Ia + Ic + 3.IN (4-56)

.
vi IN l dng in chy trong dy trung tnh ca t my bin dng u hnh
sao.

Bo v so lch Z song song:

Bo v so lch ngang c hng c dng bo v cho Z song song ni vo thanh

gp qua cc my ct ring (hnh 4.25). Bo v so lch ngang c hng lm vic da
theo nguyn tc so snh dng in trn hai ng dy song song. Trong ch lm vic
bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi (gi s ti N1), cc dng in chy trn hai nhnh
Z cng chiu v c gi tr gn bng nhau nn dng in vo rle:

Cng dng in gim bt dy dn ph trong s bo v so lch dng in (Hnh 4.24)

B pha thanh gp A:
. . . . . .
1
ISL = nI .[(I1S I2S) (I1 I2)] IKCBT< IKR (4-57)

bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny.

B pha thanh gp B: s b kho do chiu dng in i t Z vo thanh gp. Nh vy

bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny.

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 S nguyn l bo v so lch ngang c hng (Hnh 4.25)

Khi xy ra ngn mch ti N2 (gi s pha ph ti khng c ngun truyn ngc v),
dng ngn mch ti im N2 c cung cp t hai pha: dng cung cp trc tip theo
ng A1N2 v dng v theo ng vng A34B2N2 (thng dng ngn mch do
nhnh A1N2 c gi tr ln hn so vi dng do nhnh kia cung cp do tng tr mch
vng thng ln). Dng ngn mch trn i qua hai b bo v so lch hai u thanh
gp.

B pha thanh gp A: Chiu dng in i t thanh gp vo ng dy s lm cho chc

nng nh hng cng sut ca rle lm vic xc nh im ngn mch nm trn
nhnh ng dy no c lung cng sut ln hn (nhnh I), ng thi dng in so lch
vo rle xc nh theo cng thc:
. . . . .
1
ISL = nI .[(I1S I2S) (I1 I2)] > IKR (4-58)

Cc d liu trn s c tng hp v so snh vi cc gi tr ci t. Trong trng hp

ny b pha A s a tn hiu i ct my ct 1.

B pha thanh gp B: Dng in chy trn hai nhnh I1S v I2S c chiu ngc nhau.
Khi dng in so lch c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
. . . . .
1
ISL = nI .[(I1S + I2S) (I1 + I2)] > IKR (4-59)

Cc s liu thu c s c b pha thanh gp B tng hp v a tn hiu i ct my

ct 2 (dng I2S c chiu hng t ng dy II vo thanh gp B, cn dng I1S hng t
thanh gp B ra ng dy I). Nh vy s c s c ct bi bo v so lch hai pha
thanh gp v nhnh ng dy cn li tip tc vn hnh nhng khi chc nng so lch
s b kho trnh bo v c th tc ng nhm khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v v
lc bo v so lch ngang tr thnh bo v qu dng c hng.

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Khi xy ra ngn mch ti N3 (gn thanh gp A), do tng tr on t thanh gp A n
im ngn mch nh hn rt nhiu so vi tng tr mch vng dn n dng ngn mch
hu nh dn hon ton qua nhnh A3N3 lm cho bo v pha A tc ng ct my ct
3 cn dng trong mch vng rt nh nn bo v pha B khng tc ng. Ch khi my
ct 3 b ct ra, dng ngn mch dn v nhnh vng v khi bo v pha B mi tc
ng ct my ct 4. Trng hp ny c gi l hin tng khi ng khng ng thi,
hin tng ny s lm tng thi gian ct ngn mch ln gy nh hng n tnh tc ng
nhanh ca bo v.

Trong trng hp xy ra t dy km theo chm t mt nhnh ng dy th bo v so

lch ngang c hng s tc ng khng ng ct c hai nhnh ng dy. y chnh l
mt nhc im rt ln ca bo v so lch ngang c hng. khc phc ngi ta da
vo khong thi gian t lc t dy n khi chm t kho chc nng so lch ca bo
v.

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III. Bao v khoang cach

Bo v khong cch

Vo nhng nm u th k 20, bo v khong cch c xem nh loi bo v hon ho

nht bo v cc ng dy ti in. Tri qua gn mt th k cc rle khong cch
c nghin cu rt rng ri v khng ngng c ci tin qua cc th h rle in c,
rle tnh n cc rle s ngy nay. Tnh nng ca rle khong cch nht l nhng hp
b bo v khong cch s dng k thut s hin i c m rng v a dng hn
rt nhiu so vi cc rle trc y. Ngy nay cc rle khong cch s nh P441, P442,
P444 (Alstom); 7SA511, 7SA513 (Siemens); SEL321 (SEL) ngoi chc nng bo v
khong cch n cn c tch hp nhiu chc nng khc na nh cc chc nng: qu
dng ct nhanh, qu dng c thi gian (50/51), chng chm t (50/51N), in p gim
(27), qu in p (59), t ng ng tr li TL (79), kim tra ng b (25) v cc chc
nng truyn thng khc.

Bo v khong cch l chc nng chnh ca rle. N gm mt h thng d tm s c,

mt h thng o khong cch v mt h thng xc nh hng cng sut (dng in) s
c. Tu vo mi loi rle ca tng hng ch to m cc rle khong cch c cc phng
php d tm pht hin s c v a ra nhng phng thc x l khc nhau nhng nhn
chung u da trn nguyn l c bn l da vo gi tr dng in v in p o c t
tnh ton gi tr tng tr o ri so snh vi gi tr t vng cng vi hng cng sut
trn ng dy tng hp a ra quyt nh thao tc.

m bo tc ng chn lc trong mng phc tp, ngi ta dng bo v khong cch

c hng, ch tc ng khi hng cng sut ngn mch i t thanh gp vo ng dy.
Rle khong cch dng bo v ng dy ti in thng c nhiu vng tc ng tng
ng vi cc cp thi gian tc ng khc nhau.

Hin nay tn ti nhiu phng thc tnh ton gi tr t cho bo v khong cch, phm
vi ng dng ca mi phng thc tu thuc vo tng ng dng c th. Ngoi ra bo v
khong cch c th c s dng kt hp vi TL, cc s ct lin ng dng knh
truyn tin gim thi gian ct s c. Sau y chng ta s i phn tch cch tnh ton
cc vng ca rle khong cch.

Phn tch cc vng tc ng ca bo v khong cch:

n gin y chng ta ch xt vi rle khong cch ba cp (three step distance

protection) ti thanh gp A (hnh 4.26). y l dng bo v khng cc b c dng
kh ph bin trn thc t. Bo v c ba vng tc ng:

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Vng I:

Chc nng ca vng I l ct cng nhanh cng tt cc s c bn trong ng dy c

bo v (on AB) do thi gian t tr ca vng ny thng chn bng tIA = 0(sec).
Cn phn bit thi gian t cho rle vi thi gian ct s c thc t tc:

tc = trlmin + tt + tt + tMC (4-60)

Trong :

trlmin: thi gian tnh ton v ra quyt nh thao tc nh nht ca rle khong cch. Thi
gian ny tu thuc vo tng loi rle. V d rle 7SA511 c trlmin =25 msec, 7SA513
c trlmin 18 msec.

tt: thi gian t cho rle.

tt: thi gian truyn tn hiu bn ngoi rle, thi gian ny c th b ph thuc bi bus
truyn...

tMC: thi gian thao tc ca my ct, tu thuc vo loi my ct c s dng.

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 Xc nh cc vng khong cch ca bo v khong cch ba cp (a), (b), (c) v s logic ct
(d). (Hnh 4.26 )

Do vng I l vng bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn ch cn s c xy ra trong vng

ny bo v s tc ng m khng cn phi hp vi cc bo v khc. Gi tr tng tr t
vng I ph thuc vo tng trng hp tng ng vi tng loi rle c th.

Trng hp ti thanh gp B khng c ngun trc tip ni vo cng nh khng c nhnh

r qua my bin p v sai lch gia cc BI, BU khng ln hoc vi cc rle s hin i
c b lc s tc cao (7SA513). n gin ngi ta thng xc nh tng tr t
vng I ( ZIA) bng 85% tng tr ca ng dy AB (ZlAB):

ZIA = 0,85.ZlAB (4-61)

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Trng hp c k n cc sai s ca cc phn t khong cch, cc bin dng BI, bin
in p BU cng nh sai s v thng s tng tr o c, ngn mch qua in tr h
quang, nh hng bi chiu di ng dy..., c th lm cho rle tc ng nhm khi s
c thc t nm ngoi vng I (v d ngn mch trn on BC). Khi ngi ta c th s
dng cng thc:
1
ZIA = 1 + + ZlAB (4-62)

Vi 0,05 l h s tnh n sai s ca rle khong cch (tu vo tng loi m

c th c cc gi tr khc nhau); = 0,1 l h s tnh n sai s ca cc bin
dng BI, bin in p o lng BU v khong d phng ca rle.

Khi thay cc gi tr trn vo cng thc (4-62) gi tr ZIA s dao ng trong khong (0,8
0,9) di thc ng dy AB, do n cng ph hp vi cng thc (4-61).

Trn thc t khng phi bt c loi rle khong cch no cng c gi tr t trc tip
l tng tr Z (P44X ca Alstom (Php), Sel321 ca Sel (M)). V d nh 7SA513 ca
Siemens (c), gi tr t ca rle ny c th l cc gi tr in khng v in tr (khi
xt n s c chm t) v chng c xc nh bng 85% chiu di ng dy.

XIAprim = 0,85.XlAB (4-63a)

Nct I In
XIAseco = Nvt .XAprim. A (4-63b)

1
RIAprim = RlAB + 2 .Rarc (4-64a)

Nct I In
RIAseco = Nvt .RAprim. A (4-64b)

Trong :

XIAprim, XIAseco: gi tr in khng s v th cp cn xc nh.

RIAprim, RIAseco: gi tr in tr s v th cp.

Nct, Nvt: ln lt l t s bin dng BI v bin p BU.

In
A: dng danh nh ca rle c tnh bng dng th cp ca BI.

Rarc: gi tr in tr h quang do ngn mch gy ra (b chia u cho hai pha khc nhau),
Rarc c xc nh theo cng thc C. Warrington i vi s c pha-pha:

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 28700.(D + v.tc)
Rarc = (4-65)
I1,4
N

vi D l khong cch tng ng gia cc pha (m), i vi ng dy cp ba

pha trn khng: D = 3DAB.DAC.DBC; v l vn tc gi (m/sec); tc l thi gian ct
ngn mch ca h thng bo v (sec); IN dng ngn mch tng theo hai pha
ng dy n im ngn mch (i vi ng dy c hai ngun cung cp t
hai u). Trn thc t gi tr ny xc nh nh tnh ton theo cc chng trnh
tnh ngn mch trn my tnh.

RlAB, XlAB: gi tr in tr v in khng ca on ng dy AB ( ).

Ch cc gi tr xc nh theo cc cng thc trn cha tnh n trng hp s dng

chc nng t ng ng lp li TL (auto recloser) ca bo v khong cch.

Vng II:

Chc nng ca vng ny l bo v on cui ng dy AB (khong (15 20)% on

ng dy AB tnh t thanh gp B) ngoi khu vc vng I ca rle khong cch t ti A
v yu cu bt buc l n phi bao trm hon ton thanh gp trm B sao cho tt c cc
s c xy ra trong on ny v ton b vng I phi nm trong vng II, ngoi ra n cn
c th lm nhim v d phng mt phn cho bo v vng I t ti thanh gp B. Thi
gian tc ng ca vng II i vi tt c cc rle cc trm thng c t bng nhau
tr mt s trng c bit, gi tr thi gian t ny c chn ln hn thi gian t vng
I ca on sau lin k cng nh ca cc bo v ct nhanh ca cc my bin p ni vo
thanh gp trm B mt bc chn lc l t, thng tIIA 0,5 sec.

Cng nh vng I tng tr t ca vng II c chn tu thuc vo tng trng hp c

th.

Trng hp ti thanh gp B khng c ngun trc tip ni vo cng nh khng c r

nhnh qua my bin p v s sai lch gia cc BI, BU khng ln hoc s dng cc rle
c b lc s tc cao th gi tr ci t tng tr c th xc nh theo cng thc:

ZIIA = 0,8.(ZlAB + 0,85.ZlBC) (4-66)

Vi 7SA513 ca Siemens th gi tr ci t vng II c xc nh:

XIIAprim = 0,8.(XlAB + 0,85.XlBC) ( ) (4-67a)

Nct II In
XIIAseco = Nvt X Aprim A ( ) (4-67b)

Vi P441, P442, P444 ca Alstoms:

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ZIIAprim = ZlAB + 0,3.ZlBC ( ) (4-68a)

Nct II
ZIIAseco = Nvt ZAprim ( ) (4-68b)

Trng hp ti thanh gp trm B c ngun dng khc bm vo hoc c r nhnh cng

nh khi tnh ton c th k n cc sai s ca BI, BU v ca bn thn rle..., khi gi
tr tng tr t ca rle c th chn theo cng thc:
1 1 I
ZIIA 1 + + (ZlAB + KpdBC ZB) (4-69)

Trong :

= 0,1: h s tnh n khong ng bin an ton vng II ca bo v khong cch

ti A khng ln sang vng II ca bo v khong cch ti B.

KpdBC: h s phn dng ca ng dy BC ti thanh gp B, c gi tr bng t s gia

dng qua rle (ti A) v dng qua im ngn mch ti N1 (hnh 4.26).

Theo cng thc (4-69) th di vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti thanh gp A

phi c chn sao cho khng c php ln sang vng II ca rle ti B, v nu nh
vy khi c ngn mch vng ln ny, cc rle c th tc ng khng chn lc v thi
gian t vng II (tII) ca cc bo v khong cch u bng nhau nn khng bit rle no
s tc ng trc nu bo v vng I ca rle ti B khng tc ng, mt khc do cc h
thng bo v u c sai s (, ) nn khi tnh di vng II ca rle khong cch ti
A trong cng thc (4-69) phi c h s 1/(1++) rt ngn vng ny li. Ngoi ra
m bo hn na, phi c thm mt khong ng bin an ton c xc nh bi h
s 0,1 cho php rt gn vng II thc t BF nm trong on BC (hnh 4.26). Vng
II tng tr thc t BF m rle khong cch ti A o c khc bit vi tng tr thc t
ca on ny h s phn dng Kpd, h s ny l i lng biu th lng cng sut
thm vo hay bt i ti im no nm gia im t rle v im ngn mch do cu
trc ca mch vng c nhiu ngun cung cp ca h thng in. Trn thc t h s phn
dng ny c th lm cho gi tr tng tr o c ca vng II thay i kh ln gy kh
khn cho vic phi hp vi cc bo v vng I ca rle khong cch t ti B.

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 Anh hng ca Kpd n hin tng ht vng (kpd<1) v vt vng (kpd<1) (Hnh 4.27)

Khi Kpd < 1 (hnh 4.27) ngha l gi tr tng tr o c ln hn tng tr thc t, trng
hp ny ngi ta gi l hin tng ht vng (underreach). Lc rle ch c th pht
hin c nhng s c v tr gn hn so vi v tr c gi tr ci t tng tr vng. Nu
iu ny xy ra i vi vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A th c ngha l vng
bo v d phng cho vng I ca rle khong cch t ti B s gim i v nh vy thi
gian ct d phng cho vng I ca bo v ti B s tng ln n tIIIA, lm gim hiu qu
d phng ca bo v A. Vic p dng cng thc (4-69) s gy rt nhiu kh khn cho
kh nng phi hp cp II ca bo v ti A vi cp I ca bo v ti B nu gi tr Kpd dao
ng trong khong rng. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta c hai hng gii quyt: th
nht l chn gi tr Kpd cc i tnh ton, th hai l tnh ton cc gi tr chnh nh
khc nhau trong ch cc i v cc tiu ci t vo rle. iu ny rt d dng vi
cc rle s v b nh ca chng cho php cha nhiu b tham s chnh nh khc nhau.

Khi h s Kpd > 1 (hnh 4.27) s xy ra hin tng vt vng (overreach). Khi gi tr
tng tr o c s nh hn tng tr thc t ci t vng v rle s ct c cc ngn
mch xa hn so vi gi tr vng ci t, ni cch khc l gii hn vng bo v s tng
ln. iu ny cha chc tt v khi vng II ca bo v t ti A c th s b ln
sang vng II ca bo v ti B v nh vy cc bo v c th tc ng khng chn lc.

Trng hp ti thanh gp trm B c my bin p phn nhnh ni vo, khi di

vng II ca rle khong cch ti A khng c php bao trm my bin p trn m thi
gian ct nhanh nht ca bo v my bin p ln hn thi gian tc ng ca vng II (tII).
Thc vy, gi s nu xy ra ngn mch ti N3 (hnh 4.26) sau my bin p c loi bo
v nh trn, nu N3 nm trong vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A th rle khong
cch ti A c th s tc ng ct my ct ti thanh gp A trc khi my ct bo v my
bin p tc ng, iu ny l khng cho php. trnh trng hp ny th tng tr t
vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A phi c chn theo cng thc:
1 1
ZIIA 1 + + (ZlAB + KpdMBA ZMBAmin) (4-70)

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 Trong :

KpdMBA: h s phn dng qua my bin p.

ZMBAmin: tng tr tng ng nh nht ca mt trong s cc my bin p ni vo

thanh ci trm B.

Thng thng gi tr tng tr t vng II ca bo v ti A c chn theo gi tr nh

nht ca biu thc (4-69) v (4-70).

Theo cc lp lun trn y th cc cng thc (4-66) n (4-68) thng ch p dng cho
cc li hnh tia mt ngun cung cp (c trng ca li phn phi) cn i vi mng
in vng th phi p dng cc cng thc c tnh n h s phn dng.

Nu t thanh gp trm B c nhiu ng dy ra th ng dy no c chiu di nh nht

s c chn phi hp vi tng tr vng II ca bo v t ti A.

Vng III:

Hin nay cch tnh di vng III ca bo v khong cch ba cp vn cha thng nht.
Tu vo tng trng hp, mc ch s dng vng ny m gi tr tng tr t vng III s
c xc nh theo cc cng thc hp l. Trn thc t Vit Nam mt s ni vng III
khng c s dng.

Nu xem vng III ca rle khong cch t ti A thun tu d phng cho vng II rle A
v n phi phi hp tt vi vng II ca rle t ti B th c th p dng cng thc (4-71)
cho trng hp n gin:

ZIII
A = 0,8[ZlAB + 0,8(ZlBC + 0,85ZlCD)] (4-71)

v cng thc (4-72) cho trng hp phi hp vi vng II ca bo v pha sau

k n (ti B):
1 II
ZIII
A = Ktc.(ZlAB + Kpd ZB ) (4-72)

vi Ktc l h s tin cy, Ktc = 1,2.

i vi rle 7SA513 ca Siemens, gi tr t vng III c xc nh theo gi tr in

khng nh sau:

XIII
Aprim = 0,8.[XlAB + 0,8.(XlBC + 0,85.XlCD)] (4-73a)

Nct III In
XIII
Aseco = Nvt XAprim A ( ) (4-73b)

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Tuy nhin, khi p dng cc cng thc ny i vi li mch vng th khng phi lc
no cng c th m bo c s phi hp tt gia cc bo v. Gi s xt mng in
nh hnh 4.28, trong on ng dy BC c tng tr ln hn tng tr on BMC
(gi s do cc ng dy ny c tit din dy ln,...). khi c ngn mch ti N, nu theo
mch thng ABCN th im s c nm vng III ca bo v khong cch t ti A v
l vng II ca bo v ti B.

S khng phi hp gia bo v trm A v B (Hnh 4.28)

Tuy nhin nu xt theo mch vng ABMCN th tng tr ngn mch o c ti A nh

hn nn c th ri vo vng II ca bo v t ti A. Khi bo v t ti A v B c th
tc ng khng chn lc.

Nh vy, cc cng thc (4-71); (4-72) ch nn p dng cho li hnh tia mt ngun cung
cp. i vi mng in vng do nh hng ca ca h s phn dng nn gi tr tng tr
o c vng III c th bin thin trong di kh rng v khi vic tnh ton gi tr ci
t vng III rt phc tp v phi tnh ton nhiu gi tr t trong nhng trng hp vn
hnh khc nhau ci t vo b nh ca rle.

Thi gian t vng III ca bo v ti A trong trng hp ny c th phi hp vi thi

gian t vng II ca n theo cng thc sau:

tIII II
A = tA + t (4-74)

Nu xem vng III ca bo v khong cch ti A khng nhng d phng cho

vng cho vng II ca n m cn dng d phng xa cho bo v ng dy lin
k (BC) v khng n yu cu phi hp vng III ny vi vng III ca bo
v t ti B. Khi , gi tr t vng III ca bo v khong cch ti A c ly
bng tng ng dy c bo v (AB) vi ng dy lin k di nht (BC) v
25% ng dy th ba (CD) hoc bng 120% tng ng dy c bo v vi
ng dy lin k di nht. iu ny cho php rle A c th ct c cc ngn
mch trn ng dy lin k (BC) khi ton b bo v ca on ng dy lin
k ny khng lm vic. V d vi rle khong cch s P44X ca Alstoms, gi
tr tng tr t vng III c xc nh nh sau:

ZIII
Aprim = (ZlAB + ZlBC).1,2 ( ) (4-75a)

Nct
ZIII III
Aseco = ZAprim N ( ) (4-75b)
vt

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 Hoc cng c th xc nh theo cng thc :
IR + IF
ZIII
A ZlAB + IF ZlBC (4-76)

vi IR, IF tng ng l dng qua rle v dng i vo im s c ti thanh gp

trung gian trong ch dng vo cc i.

Thi gian t ca vng III trong trng hp ny c phi hp vi thi gian t vng
II ca bo v lin k (ti B):

tIII II
A = tB + t (4-77)

Ngoi ra cng c mt phng n xut xc nh tng tr t vng III theo tng tr lm

vic nh nht ca ti theo cng thc:
Zlvmin
ZIII
A = Ktc.Kmm.Ktv (4-78)

vi tng tr lm vic nh nht c tnh theo cng thc:

Ulvmin
Zlvmin = 3.Ilvmax (4-79)

Trong :

Kmm: h s m my, Kmm = 1,3.

Ktv: h s tr v ca rle, Ktv = (1,05 1,1).

RTuy nhin cng thc ny cha hp l lm khi p dng cho rle s v i vi li

truyn ti, gc ca ti thng nh hn (20 30)0 so vi trc R (hnh 4.29) trong khi
gc tng tr ng dy thng ln hn 600 v cc rle khong cch thng c xc
nh hng theo gc ny hoc theo hng in khng ch khng theo trc R. Hn na
trong cc rle s thng ci t thm chc nng kho rle trong vng ln ca ti (load
encroachment), do cc gi tr t ca rle cng khng ph thuc vo cc ch ca
ti.

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 Hng t ca bo v khong cch v v tr tng tr ti (Hnh 4.29)

Cc s ct lin ng trong bo v khong cch:

Trong h thng in, c bit i vi li truyn ti, yu cu v chn lc cng nh

tc khc phc s c ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nng cao tin cy cung
cp in cng nh tnh n nh ca h thng. Khi cp in p v cng sut truyn ti
tng ln, cc yu cu ni trn cng tr nn ngt ngho m trong nhiu trng hp cc
bo v dng nguyn l phn cp ba vng khong cch thng thng xt t ra khng
p ng c. khc phc iu ny, hin nay ngoi vic s dng cc rle cng nh
cc thit b ng ct cht lng cao, ngi ta p dng cc loi s khong cch khc
nhau trong s c s s dng ng truyn thng tin lin lc lm vic kt hp vi
cc logic khc nhau tng tin cy ca bo v.

Chng ta nhn thy rng vng I ca bo v khong cch (ti thanh gp A) ch c th

bo v ct tc thi c khong 80% chiu di on ng dy AB, 20% on cn li
s c loi tr ngn mch vi thi gian cp II (tII). c th loi tr nhanh s c trn
100% on AB ngi ta dng cc s ct lin ng truyn ct tn hiu cho php hoc
kho gia hai bo v khong cch t hai u on ng dy AB.

Cc ng truyn thng tin lin lc dng trong bo v rle c th l cc ng thng tin

hu tuyn kiu dy dn tn hiu (pilot wire) hay knh dn tn hiu (pilot chanel), knh
ti ba PLC (power line carrier), cc knh v tuyn chuyn tip hay vi ba (microwave) v
cc ng truyn cp quang... Chc nng ca chng l truyn thng tin t mt u ca
ng dy c bo v n u kia to cc tn hiu ct lin ng (transfer trip) trc
tip, tn hiu cho php, tn hiu kho hay tn hiu gii kho... Cc tn hiu ny thng
dng s, c th l mt bit thng tin ring l kiu ng - m (ON - OFF) hoc dy cc tn
hiu s gi l thng bo. Di y s trnh by s lc cc s bo v lin ng:

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Cc s ct lin ng trc tip DTT (direct transfer trip):

Theo s ny, rle mi u khi pht hin s c v ct my ct ca n s truyn tn

hiu ti rle u i din qua mt trong nhng cng truyn thng s output. Rle pha
u nhn s nhn c tn hiu ny qua cng vo s input. Gi tr gn u vo ny c
th l mt bin (variable) hay mt hm (function) c kh nng pht tn hiu ct trc tip
u ra ca rle (nhn tn hiu) ti my ct ca n m khng cn kim tra bt c iu
kin no.

Trong s ct lin ng trc tip DTT, tn hiu ct s c pht i ct my ct ng

thi chuyn thnh tn hiu lin ng kiu trc tip cho rle pha i din. Rle pha i
din v mt nguyn l cng phi c ci t ging rle ny.

S vng I m rng khi c ngn mch trong v ngoi ng dy (a) v logic ct ca rle s
(b) (Hnh 4.30)

Trn hnh 4.30 ta gi s rle khong cch B1 l rle pht tn hiu, rle khong cch A2
l rle thu tn hiu pht t B1 khi c s c ti N2 thuc vng ct nhanh (tI) ca B1. Nu
s dng s khong cch thng thng th rle A2 s ct my ct vi thi gian tr ca
vng II (tIIA2), thi gian ny i khi qu ln (300 600 msec) i vi mt s ng dy
truyn ti cao p v siu cao p. Khi s ct lin ng dng ng truyn thng tin
cho php gim ng k thi gian ct ca rle A2. Thc vy, khi rle B1 s a tn
hiu ct my ct tc thi (30 msec), ng thi pht tn hiu lin ng trc tip ca n ra
u ra s output v thng qua ng truyn tin (i mt ti a 20 msec) ti u vo s
input ca rle A2. Rle A2 s ct ngay my ct ca n khi nhn c tn hiu trc tip
ny.

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 S logic ct lin ng DUTT bn trong rle SEL-321 (Hnh 4.31a)

Thi gian cch ly s c (k c thi gian thao tc my ct (40 50) msec) trong trng
hp ny ch cn khong (90 100) msec r rng l nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian
tIIA2. Rle B1 cng c gi tr t v thao tc tng t nh rle A2 khi s c gn u
trm A. Nh vy, vic s dng ng truyn tn hiu lin ng ni chung s gim thi
gian ct s c trn 100% di on ng dy c bo v (AB). iu ny c ngha
rt ln i vi n nh ng ca ton b h thng, c bit i vi cc li lin kt
cao p hoc siu cao p.

S logic ct lin ng trc tip DTT ng thi 3 pha (a) v c lp tng pha (Hnh 4.31b)

Mt s k hiu trn s :

M1P: tng tr pha vng 1 theo c tuyn MHO.

M2PT: tng tr pha vng 2 theo c tuyn MHO tc ng c thi gian.

Z1P: tng tr pha vng 1 theo c tuyn t gic pha.

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Z1G: tng tr vng 1 theo c tuyn t gic pha-t.

Z2GT: tng tr vng 2 theo c tuyn t gic pha-t tc ng c thi gian.

KEY: tn hiu lin ng u ra.

Trong trng hp s dng my ct n pha cn phi to ra ba tn hiu ct tng pha TPA

(trip phase A), TPB v TPC. Cc tn hiu ny c th dng lm tn hiu lin ng trc
tip gi i. Pha u rle i din chng c a vo cc u vo khc nhau gn
thnh cc bin DTA (Direct tripping A), DTB v DTC. Cc bin ny c t trong
bin ct v iu kin MTU gi ti my ct.

Nu phn t pht tn hiu trc tip ca rle u pht l phn t ni tuyn (vng I khong
cch) th s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu trc tip
DUTT (Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip) (hnh 4.31). Cn nu phn t pht tn hiu
trc tip ca rle u pht l phn t vt tuyn (vng I m rng, vng II, III khong
cch, phn t pht hin s c, phn t nh hng) th s c gi l ct lin ng do
phn t vt tuyn truyn tn hiu trc tip DOTT (Direct Overreaching Transfer Trip).

Cc s ct lin ng trc tip c u im l n gin nhng tin cy khng cao.

Nu ng truyn v nguyn nhn no nh b nhiu, pht tn hiu sai... th rle c th
ct my ct nhm gy mt in khng ng c.

Cc s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT:

Do nhng nhc im va nu trn y ca cc s ct lin ng trc tip DTT,

trn thc t ngi ta hay s dng loi s truyn tn hiu cho php PTT (Permissive
Transfer Trip) c tin cy cao hn. Thc cht ca loi s ny l khi rle nhn c
tn ct lin ng t pha i din gi ti, n khng gi tn hiu ct ngay m cn kim
tra xem iu kin no c tho mn khng, nu c th mi pht tn hiu i ct my
ct. iu kin ny c th l khi rle pha u nhn pht hin s c bi cc vng khong
cch, phn t nh hng hay phn t pht hin s c tc ng. Nh vy tn hiu lin
ng khng phi l tn hiu trc tip DTT m ch l tn hiu cho php PTT, i khi n
cn c vit tt l PIT (Transmissive Intertrip).

Cng tng t nh trn, nu phn t pht tn hiu cho php ca rle u pht l phn
t ni tuyn (vng I khong cch) th s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t ni
tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php PUTT (Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip). Cn
nu phn t pht tn hiu cho php ca rle u pht l phn t vt tuyn (vng I
m rng, vng II, III khong cch, phn t pht hin s c, phn t nh hng) th
s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t vt tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php POTT
(Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip). Vi 7SA513, c th dng cng mt lc c hai
kiu truyn POTT v PUTT c lp qua cc ng ni sng mang ring bit. Khi
kiu truyn PUTT hot ng trong vng I cn kiu truyn POTT hot ng trong vng

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m rng hoc vi vng pht hin s c. Trn thc t ngi ta c th phn bit cc s
POTT thun tu (dng bo v khong cch ba cp kt hp vi ct lin ng, cn
gi l POTT1) v s c thm vng III khong cch hng ngc c chc nng kho
(POTT2). Loi s sau lm vic tng t nh s thun tu i vi cc s c bn
trong ng dy. Cn i vi cc s c bn ngoi, vng III hng ngc ny s kho
ton b bo v khong cch li.

Nu mt h hng xy ra trong thit b nhn tn hiu hay trong ng truyn, logic nhn
ca b giao tip vin thng a nng c th b kho bi u vo nh phn v iu ny s
khng nh hng n chc nng bo v khong cch thng thng. Khi vic iu
khin khong o vng m rng s c chuyn n chc nng TL nu chc nng ny
cha b kho.

S khi ca chc nng ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT (Hnh 4.32)

Trn hnh 4.32 trnh by s khi tng th ca logic ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho
php PTT dng chung cho c hai kiu PUTT v POTT. Vic chuyn t s ny sang
s kia c thc hin bng chuyn mch logic (mch lt,...) m y ta ch th hin
nh mt tip im c kh thng thng.

Trn s ny chng ta nhn thy logic PUTT v POTT khc nhau nhng im c bn
sau:

Trong s PUTT, phn t khi pht tn hiu lin ng cho bo v khong cch i
din khi thao tc ct my ct ti ch l vng I, trong khi s kia l cc phn t c
gii hn vng vt ra ngoi vng I nh vng I m rng, vng II, III khong cch, phn
t pht hin s c, phn t nh hng...

Trong s PUTT c th ch cn phi dng mt ng truyn tn hiu theo hai chiu

cho cc tn hiu lin ng, v khi c cc s c cui ng dy (v d im N2 trn
ng dy c bo v AB, hnh 4.26), ch c mt phn t pht tn hiu lin ng lm

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vic (ca rle B1). Cn khi ngn mch v tr giao nhau ca vng I ca cc rle hai u
(ti N1), s ct lin ng li khng cn thit v s c nm trong vng I ca c hai bo
v nn s c s c loi tr vi thi gian tI 0 sec. Ngc li trong s POTT, vi
mi v tr ngn mch trong ng dy, hai phn t pht tn hiu lin ng hai u u
lm vic nn y cn phi c hai ng tn hiu ring r truyn tn hiu theo hai chiu
khc nhau, hoc mt ng truyn tin lm vic trong ch phn chia thi gian kiu
song cng (duplex).

i vi ng dy ngn, s PUTT ch nn s dng vi c tuyn t gic trnh

hin tng ht vng v vng I khong cch vi c tuyn ny khi bao trm c in
tr s c (thng ln hn so vi in tr ng dy). Nh minh ho trn hnh 4.33a,
vi vic s dng c tuyn MHO, in tr s c (do h quang, in tr tip xc...) s
lm gim vng I l thuyt AC xung cn thnh on AD trn thc t, on ny c th
gim xung thp hn 50% chiu di ng dy AB v s c gia ng dy vi in
tr h quang ln s nm ngoi gii hn vng I ca c hai u. Nu s dng s POTT
th c th dng c tuyn MHO v vng II khong cch khi c khong ph theo trc
in tr ln hn nhiu so vi vng I.

Anh hng ca in tr s c n vng I khong cch MHO trong s PUTT (a) v vai tr
ca phn t ra quyt nh ct trong cc s PTT (b) (Hnh 4.33)

i vi tn hiu lin ng c truyn i thng c cc yu cu sau:

Trong s PUTT, phn t quyt nh ct c th l phn t v hng hoc c hng.

Cn trong s POTT, n phi l phn t c hng v hng v pha ng dy. Thc
vy, gi s nu trong s ny dng phn t ra quyt nh ct thuc loi v hng (biu
din bi ng nt lin di cng nh trn hnh 4.33b), th khi c ngn mch ti im
N2 ngoi ng dy AB nhng trong vng II ca rle A, rle ny s pht tn hiu cho

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php n rle B. V phn t ra quyt nh ct v hng ca rle B cng nhn ra s c
ny trong gii hn vng ca n nn rle B vn tc ng, ngha l gy ct nhm.

Tn hiu lin ng u pht c th c lm tr (sn trc) c lp vi thi gian tr

ca phn t khi pht tn hiu.

Tn hiu lin ng sau khi qua giao din truyn tin ca rle pht cn phi c ko di
sn sau khong thi gian so vi tn hiu pht ca phn t khi pht tn hiu lin ng.
iu ny nhm m bo tn hiu lin ng n c vi u thu mt cch ton vn ngay
c trong trng hp phn t khi pht b ngt t ngt hay ng dy truyn tin qu di.

i vi rle pha u nhn cng vy, sn sau ca tn hiu thu cng phi c ko di
mt khon thi gian l Tr (hnh 4.32). cn ch l phn t thi gian Tr ny thng c
s dng trong cc s kiu PUTT, cn trong s POTT t c dng.

i vi cc ng dng ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php s dng knh cao tn thng
thng bng ng dy ti in (ti ba) PLC, tin cy truyn tin khng cao do tn hiu
truyn lin ng phi i qua im s c trn ng dy ti in nn hay b nghn v suy
hao ln (ti 20 30 dB). Trong trng hp khng c thit b khuch i cng sut
tn hiu c th vt qua im nghn th phi dng loi knh truyn khc cng s dng
ng dy ti in nh knh m chuyn tn (SFK). Knh ny c chng nhiu cao
hn v c th c dng to tn hiu ca s gii kho cho chc nng ct lin ng
trong cc s gii kho.

Trn hnh 4.34 trnh by s ni dy ca h thng bo v ng dy ALPS ca hng

GE-Multilin (M) theo logic POTT vi giao din truyn tin. Tn hiu cho php t pha
xa gi n s khp mch tip im u ra ca u thu v kch hot u vo s ti cc
chn D2-D18. cn khi rle ny pht tn hiu cho php gi i, n s khp mch rle tn
hiu u ra ti cc chn B5-B21 v kch hot u pht ca giao din truyn tn hiu lin
lc.

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S ni dy theo logic POTT s dng giao din di m tn NS40A v rle khong cch ALPS
ca GEC-Multilin (Hnh 4.34)

Trong cc s ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php PUTT giai
on u, ngi ta thng s dng vng I khong cch va lm phn t khi pht tn
hiu lin ng i xa, va lm phn t ra quyt nh ct khi nhn c tn hiu cho php
t xa gi ti. S nh vy c th khng cho php ct nhanh cc s c cui ng dy
c bo v. Gi s khi c ngn mch ti im N1 (hnh 4.33b), rle A khi nhn c
tn hiu cho php t rle B vn khng th thao tc ct c v s c nm ngoi vng I.
khc phc tnh trng ny, ngi ta phi s dng vng II lm phn t ra quyt nh
ct.

Tuy nhin khi do nhng hn ch v cng ngh, vng I v vng II thng vn phi
dng chung mch so snh, nn thc t hai vng ny vn khng th ng thi c kch
hot v vng II thng phi ra quyt nh ct sau mt khong thi gian tr.

Trong cc rle khong cch kiu khng chuyn mch (non-swiched relay), c bit l
rle s hin nay, vn ny c gii quyt v vic s dng s PUTT khng gy
ra kh khn no.

S kho lin ng (Blocking scheme):

Khc vi s dng tn hiu cho php, s dng tn hiu kho s dng ng dy

truyn tin truyn tn hiu kho khi rle pht hin thy s c vng ngc (hng v
pha thanh gp), bn ngoi ng dy c bo v.

S khi ca logic ct dng tn kho lin ng c trnh by trn hnh 4.35a. Gi

s khi c ngn mch ti im N1 trong on ng dy AB trn hnh 4.35b, cc vng
khong cch I hoc II thng thng s tc ng. Cn khi c ngn mch ti im N2 cc
vng khong cch I m rng hoc vng II thng thng s pht tn hiu ct khng c
thi gian tr cho my ct nu chng khng nhn c tn hiu kho lin ng t pha
u B gi n. Tn hiu kho ny l ca phn t no ca bo v khong cch c
hng ngc hng v pha sau rle, tc l pha thanh gp trm B. N c th l vng
III hng ngc hoc l s kt hp ca phn t pht hin s c v hng vi mt phn
t nh hng thun (forwards) nh trn hnh 4.35c.

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 S khi ca chc nng ct lin ng dng tn hiu kho trong rle c hai u ng dy
c bo v (Hnh 4.35)

Khi c s c im N3 pha sau rle B nhng trong vng II khong cch ca rle A,
cc vng c hng ngc ny s pht tn hiu kho ti rle A n khng b ct nhm.
Cn khi c ngn mch bn trong ng dy, chng s khng pht tn hiu kho lin
ng. Nh vy gi tr t ca vng hng ngc (vng II hng ngc, phn offset ca
phn t pht hin s c...) phi bao trm phn vt tuyn ca vng II khong cch
m bo mi s c ngoi ng dy nhng trong vng II phi c pht hin bi vng
hng ngc ny. b sai s c th ly gi tr t bng 1,2 ln phn vt tuyn vng
II ca rle u i din.

Do c s khc bit v thi im tc ng ca cc rle hai u nn thi gian tr T c

dng kho bo v u A trnh cho bo v tc ng nhm khi c s c thong qua,
ng thi i tn hiu kho t u B gi n. Khi c ngn mch ti N3, bo v ng
dy lin k thng ct nhanh s c ny. V thi gian gii tr tn hiu kho lin ng ca
vng ngc c th rt ngn, khin cho tn hiu kho ny ti u nhn c th b gii tr
trc khi thi gian T tri qua. Do , thi gian tr (sn sau tn hiu) u nhn Tn
c s dng b p s thiu ht thi gian ca tn hiu kho. Trong trng hp c
hin tng o dng, thi gian tr Tr cn c dng kho phn t vt tuyn ca
rle A trong sut thi gian o dng khi c ngn mch pha sau rle B. Tm li, cc gi
tr t thi gian ca s dng tn hiu kho phi c tnh ton chnh xc i vi mi
ch lm vic ca i tng bo v rle lun lun nhn c tn hiu kho trong
mi trng hp cn thit.

Knh truyn tin dng trong s kho lin ng c th dng loi mt ng truyn kiu
n cng. Trong trng hp dng h thng ti ba PLC, tn hiu cao tn c th ch lm
vic trn mt tn s. Nu s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT, tn hiu cho

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php cao tn phi truyn qua im s c trn ng dy n u bn kia th bo v
pha i din mi ct my ct, cn vi s ang xt nu bo v pha i din khng
nhn c tn hiu kho th n s pht lnh ct my ct nh vy th mc an ton c
cao hn nhng c th gy ra ct nhm. Ni chung i vi s kho lin ng yu cu
v cht lng ca ng truyn rt cao trnh tc ng nhm. Khi knh truyn hoc
b phn pht nhn tn hiu b h hng th s lin ng phi b kho v khi bo
v thc hin cc chc nng ca mt bo v khong cch thng thng hoc kt hp vi
TL.

So vi s dng tn hiu cho php PTT, s dng tn hiu kho lin ng lm vic
tt hn trong trng hp ngn mch trong ng dy c mt u l ngun yu. Khi
u dy pha ngun mnh s t ng ct ra v khng c tn hiu kho t pha ngun yu
gi ti.

Nh ta thy phn trn, s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT c tc

thao tc nhanh hn cc s kho lin ng do khng cn phi c thi gian tr ch
tn hiu lin ng t pha i din. Thi gian nhn tn hiu ny li thay i trong mt
khong rng tu theo tng trng hp s c nn khong thi gian tr phi c t ln
nht d phng. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ng truyn tn hiu b trc trc lm
cho tn hiu cho php khng n c ni nhn, vic s dng s PTT c th khin
cho s c trong ng dy khng b cch ly, gy nh hng n tin cy ca bo v.
Trong khi vic mt tn hiu kho trong s kho lin ng do li ng truyn ch
c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi, tc l lm gim tnh chn
lc ca bo v. S u vit ca s kho cng th hin r trong cc logic kt hp vi
chc nng TL. Khi c s c bn trong ng dy dng s bo v kiu PTT, vic
khng c tn hiu cho php c th lm cho bo v hai u tc ng khng ng thi,
trong trng hp ny TL c thi gian cht ngn u dy ct ra trc s lun lun
thc hin khng thnh cng do phi ng vo im c s c. khc phc nhc im
tc ng chm ca s kho lin ng v tin cy ca s ct lin ng (PTT)
ngi ta thng dng s gii kho (unblocking scheme).

S gii kho (unblocking scheme):

y l logic bo v tng t vi chc nng ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php (PTT)
nhng c tin cy cao hn, s gii kho khng hn l s ngc vi s kho
xt. Trong trng hp s c ng truyn, vic t ng gii kho c t ng thc
hin mt ln u nhn ch khng phi do tn hiu t xa gi ti. Tn hiu gii kho
v tn hiu cho php l hai dng khc nhau ca tn hiu ho gii (release) thng dng
trong cc s lin ng.

i vi s ct lin ng s dng ng truyn tin bng h thng ti ba PLC, tn hiu

cho php c th b nghn do s c bn trong ng dy gy ra. Trong trng hp s
PTT c kch hot, khi khng c tn hiu cho php gi n trong mt khong thi

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gian no khi rle pht hin ra s c trong hng tc ng ca mnh, logic bo v ca
n s kho chc nng PTT li v chuyn quyn kim sot sang cc vng khong cch
thng thng. iu ny c ngha l s c s b cch ly chm hn so vi cc s ct
lin ng.

S gi kho c kh nng gii vic kho chc nng PTT trong cc trng hp nghn
ng truyn nu trn bng cch khng dng tn hiu cao tn PLC thng thng m
dng loi m chuyn tn SFK (frequency shifp keying). M ny c hai tn s sng mang:
tn s th nht ng vi trng thi khng c tn hiu lin ng gi l tn s gim st
(guard), tn s th hai khc vi tn s u ng vi trng thi c tn hiu lin ng gi
l tn s lm vic hay tn s gii kho (unblock frequency). Tn s th nht f1 dng
xc nh ng truyn vn thng mch v thng c gn mc logic 0. Tn s
th hai f2 thng c gn mc logic 1 tng ng vi trng thi c iu kin. Vic
chuyn phng thc bin iu t bin sang bin iu tn s c gii tn hp lm tng
kh nng chng nhiu ca tn hiu lin ng i vi cc s c ngn mch trn ng
truyn PLC.

S logic gii kho in hnh to tn hiu cho php (Hnh 4.36)

Trn hnh 4.36 trnh by s to tn hiu gii kho R ti u nhn ca knh cao tn
PLC. Khi rle pha xa pht tn hiu cho php, trong trng hp lm vic bnh thng
ca ng truyn tin, khng c li ng truyn (f = 0), tn hiu lin ng ng vi tn
s f2 ca s PTT c b gii m to thnh tn hiu U (U = 1). Mch AND th nht
m thng v tn hiu gii kho R = 1 s thc hin chc nng nh mt tn hiu cho php
thng thng. Trong trng hp ng truyn b nghn hay b t, c tn s gim st f1
v tn s gii kho f2 u khng c (U = 0), b gii m s pht ra tn hiu bo li ng
truyn f = 1. Khi mch v th nht ngt, cn mch v th hai m thng cho php to
ra tn hiu logic 1. Sau khong thi gian tr d phng thng l 20 msec, tn hiu gii
kho R c pht ra trong vng 100 msec ri c gii tr (R = 0). Trong thi gian ,
s s dng tn hiu cho php t to ny thc hin quy trnh thao tc ca mnh nh
trong trng hp ng truyn tin vn lm vic tt. Sau tn hiu R = 0 s c duy
tr u ra mch logic gii kho cho n khi ng truyn c phc hi. Nh vy, khi
ng truyn b s c, s gii kho ch c th dng thao tc mt ln. phc hi

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li s lm vic ca s ny, cn phi khc phc s c ngn mch hay ng truyn
thng tin.

Nh vy s gii kho thc cht l bin th ca s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho

php PTT. Vic p dng logic gii kho lm tng tin cy ca cc s POTT tiu
chun.

Ngoi ra trn thc t ngi ta cn c th dng cc s khong cch hn hp gia cc

s cho php v s kho lin ng.

Phi hp bo v khong cch vi t ng ng lp li:

Gii thiu:

Theo thng k thc t cho thy cc s c thong qua xy ra trong h thng in chim
ti 80%. nng cao tin cy ca h thng cng nh kh nng cung cp in lin tc
cho cc ph ti ngi ta thng s dng cc s t ng ng lp li. nguyn l hot
ng ca s t ng ng lp li c th gii thch nh sau: cc s bo v c s
dng sao cho khi s c xy ra c th ct nhanh cc my ct lin quan, sau mt khong
thi gian tng i ngn s t ng ng lp li s ng cc my ct va ct ra. Nu
s c l thong qua th li in tip tc vn hnh cn nu s c duy tr th my ct s
c ct ra tr li. Tu vo kt cu cng nh ch vn hnh ca tng li in m s
ln ng lp li c th khc nhau, thng thng l di 3 ln.

i vi li in ca Vit Nam trc y do tn ti nhiu ngun diezen nn vic s

dng cc s t ng ng lp li s khng m bo tnh n nh ca h thng in.
Hin nay, cc ngun pht diezen hu nh c loi b v cc s t ng ng lp
li c a vo vn hnh v ang mang li hiu qu rt ln.

Trong phn ny ch trnh by s phi hp bo v khong cch vi t ng ng lp

li. S phi hp n gin nht gia bo v khong cch v t ng ng lp li l s
tng tc bo v sau t ng ng lp li. Cc r le khong cch (21) loi vi x l
hin nay thng c ch to c km theo chc nng t ng ng lp li (79) v mch
tng tc bo v sau khi t ng ng lp li (TOR - Trip On Reclose). Mch TOR
thng c thit k loi b nhanh s c duy tr ngay sau khi my ct c ng lp
li.

Ngoi ra, cc r le khong cch loi k thut s hin nay cn c thit k vi s

vng 1 m rng, thc cht n l mt mch tng tc bo v trc t ng ng lp
li vi mc ch thay th cho cc s bo v khong cch kt hp vi knh truyn tin
khi knh truyn tin ang trong thi gian sa cha hoc bo dng. S ny s c
cp chi tit trong cc mc (III.5.2).

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Ngoi hai s tng tc nu trn, mt s tng tc cng thng gp l s tng tc
theo th t. Trong mc (III.5.3) s cp s tng tc ny vi bo v khong cch, c
th l dng vng 1 m rng tng tc. mc (III.5.4) s gii thiu thm mt s phi
hp gia bo v khong cch vi thit b TL li tm gi l S tng tc vng 2 kt
hp vi thit b RAR v DAR, trong :

RAR (Rapid Auto-reclosing: T ng ng lp li nhanh) l s t ng ng lp li

c thi gian cht nh.

DAR (Delayed Autoreclosing: T ng ng lp li c thi gian duy tr) l s t

ng ng lp li c thi gian cht tng i ln.

S bo v vi vng 1 m rng:

y l mt s phi hp gia bo v khong cch vi thit b t ng ng lp li.

phn u chng ta cp, b phn o lng vng 1 ca r le khong cch c hai gi
tr t c th iu khin c. Gi tr t th nht c chnh nh nh s khong
cch thng thng, tc l khong 80-90% chiu di ng dy c bo v v gi l gi
tr t c bn, k hiu l Z1. Gi tr t th hai c chnh nh khong 125% chiu di
ng dy c bo v gi l vng 1 m rng, k hiu Z1E. Bnh thng r le khong
cch lm vic theo gi tr t ca vng 1 m rng Z1E v khi nhn c tn hiu t r le
t ng ng lp li s t ng chuyn v gi tr t c bn.

S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng (Hnh 4.37)

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Khi c mt s c xut hin mt im bt k bn trong vng 1 m rng, r le s thao
tc vi thi gian ca vng 1, ct my ct v khi ng r le t ng ng lp li. Mt
tip im (lnh) t r le t ng ng lp li s c s dng chuyn gi tr t ca
rle khong cch tr v vng 1 c bn. Tip im ca r le t ng ng lp li c s
dng cho mc ch ny s thao tc trc khi xung ng c a ti my ct v ch tr
v vo cui thi gian phc hi ca mch ARC (xem biu thi gian trn hnh 4.43).

S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng c trnh by trn hnh 4.37. Khi s c

xut hin im bt k trn ng dy c bo v, chng hn ngn mch ti 1 im
bt k trn ng dy BC, cc my ct B2 v C1 s c ct nhanh bng vng 1 m rng
(Z1E) v sau s c t ng ng lp li. Nu s c l thong qua, my ct s c
ng li thnh cng. Nu s c l duy tr, my ct s ct li ln na vi thi gian ca
vng 1 hoc vng 2 thng thng m bo tnh chn lc. Nh vy, vi vng 1 m
rng s dng kt hp vi chc nng t ng ng lp li (ARC) th mi s c thong
qua trn ton b ng dy c bo v u c th c cch ly nhanh v y chnh l
u im ca s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng.

Nu thanh ci cui ng dy c bo v cng c nhiu ng dy ni vo th s

ln ct khng chn lc trc t ng ng lp li ca cc my ct cng ln, chng hn
my ct C2 s ct khng chn lc khi s c xut hin trn cc ng dy DE, DF, DG
v gn thanh ci D (N4, N5 N6). Mt khc khi ngn mch xut hin trn mt ng dy
bt k v gn thanh ci th cc my ct u i din vi thanh ci ca cc ng
dy cn li cng s ct khng chn lc, v d khi ngn mch xut hin ti N3 trn ng
dy CD gn thanh ci D, th cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 i din vi thanh ci D cng s
b ct khng chn lc.

Phn tch s hot ng ca s :

Khi ng dy c ngun cung cp t hai pha b s c, hai my ct hai u ng dy

s ct ra. Nu cc my ct ny c trang b thit b t ng ng lp li mt ln, thng
thng chng s ln lt c ng li theo s phi hp nh sau:

My ct u th nht ca ng dy c ng lp li trc theo iu kin in p

ng dy khng tn ti: UL = 0

My ct u cn li ca ng dy c ng lp li sau theo iu kin tn ti in

p ng dy UL = 1, nhng phi thm mt trong hai iu kin sau:

in p ng dy ng b vi in p thanh ci: S = 1.
in p thanh ci khng tn ti: UB = 0.

Theo iu kin phi hp tc ng ca cc mch t ng ng lp li nu trn, th my

ct c ng li theo iu kin UL = 0, s c s ln ng ct nhiu hn. cn bng

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s ln ng ct my ct sau mt thi gian vn hnh c nh trc, iu kin tc ng
ca thit b t ng ng lp li hai u ng dy c i ngc li. Thao tc ny
c thc hin bi kho chuyn mch K4 v K5 (hnh 4.37a) v thc ra i vi r le s
n l mt mch lt bng vi mch. Cn kho K3 ch s dng i vi li in c ngun
cung cp t mt pha.

S phi hp trn khi p dng trong cc s bo v r le bnh thng hoc trong s

tng tc bo v r le sau khi t ng ng lp li th khng c vn g, bi v khi
c s c xut hin trn mt ng dy th ch c hai my ct hai u ng dy s c
b ct ra. Tuy nhin i vi s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng, nh phn trn
nu c nhng v tr ngn mch c th c ba hoc nhiu my ct cng ct. V vy vn
y l s phi hp ca vic thc hin ng lp li ba my ct tr ln, nhng mi
my ct ch c th ng lp li theo mt trong hai iu kin nu trn v v nguyn tc
th hai my ct ca mt ng dy cng phi c phi hp nh trn. Mt vn cng
cn lu l khi cn thit, my ct mt u ng dy c th cho php t ng ng
lp li theo c hai iu kin nu trn l UL = 0 hoc UL = 1 (kho K4 v K5 cng kn
mch) nhng my ct u ngc li ch c thc hin t ng ng lp li theo iu
kin UL = 1 (kho K4 phi h mch).

c c s la chn s phi hp ca vic ng lp ca nhiu my ct (trn 2 my ct),

di y ta s phn tch s hot ng ca s theo phng thc ci t iu kin tc
ng ca s t ng ng lp li cc my ct ca li in trn hnh (4.37b) nh sau:

Phng thc th nht: cc mch ARC ca cc my ct c ci t ging nhau theo

thanh ci.

Phng thc th hai: cc mch ARC ca cc my ct c ci t ging nhau theo chiu

ng dy.

Phng thc th nht:

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 Ci t phng thc hot ng ca mch ARC theo thanh ci ( Hnh 4.38)

Theo phng thc ny cc my ct cng u ni vo mt thanh ci c iu kin tc ng

ca s t ng ng lp li c chn ging nhau. Khi thanh ci th nht c cc my
ct c t ng ng lp li khi UL = 0 th cc my ct ca thanh ci tip theo s c
t ng ng lp li khi UL= 1 (km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0). Phng thc phi hp
ny hp ny c trnh by trn hnh (4.38a) v sau thi gian vn hnh theo nh k,
cc my ct c th thay i phng thc vn hnh ngc li nh trn hnh (4.38b).

Di y ta xt s hot ng ca s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng

v tr ngn mch in hnh l N1 v N2 2 u ca ng dy BC theo phng thc ci
t nh trn hnh (4.38a). Sau ta s thm s hot ng ca s ti im ngn mch
N3 gn thanh ci D (thanh ci c nhiu xut tuyn) theo c hai phng thc hot ng
ARC nh trn hnh (4.38a) v (4.38b).

Ngn mch ti N1:

Gi thit N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti A2 v khng nm trong

phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s c ba my ct cng ct
ngn mch do vng 1 m rng tc ng l A2, B2 v C1. Sau cc my ct A2 v C1
c iu kin ng li l UL = 0 s ng li trc.

Nu s c cn tn ti th my ct C1 s ct ra li bng vng 2 vi thi gian tr t2, cn

my ct A2 s khng ct ra bi v my ct B2 cha ng li nn khng c dng s c
chy qua my ct ny. My ct B2 trong trng hp ny cng khng ng li c do
khng tho mn iu kin ng li (khng c tn hiu in p ng dy).

Nu s c l thong qua, my ct A2 v C1 s ng li thnh cng, lc ny ti

my ct B2 c tn hiu UL = 1 v n s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin
kim tra ng b (S =1).

Nu N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1 (do ng dy

CD qu di so vi ng dy BC), trong trng hp ny c bn my ct cng ct l A2,
B2, C1 v D1. Sau ch c my ct A2 v C1 ng li theo iu kin UL = 0, nhng
c hai ng dy BC v CD vn khng c in do hai my ct B2, D1 ang h mch v
hai my ct ny cng khng ng li c do iu kin ng li ca n l UL = 1 khng
tho mn. Kt qu l thanh ci C b mt in khng chn lc.

Ngn mch ti N 2 :

Gi thit N2 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s

c cc my ct cng ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l B2, C1 v D1 (c th my ct
A2 cng ct). Sau ch my ct C1 (A2) ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 nhng ng

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dy BC v DC vn khng c in, do my ct B2 v D1 cng khng ng li c
v thanh ci C b mt in khng chn lc.

Ngn mch ti N3:

Trng hp th nht:

Gi s phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh 4.38a v

N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1. Lc cc my
ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng. Sau cc my ct C2, E1, F1, D1
s cng ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 nu nh cc mch ARC ca cc my ct ny c
cng thi gian tc ng. iu ny ch cho php khi cc my ct nu trn c ng lp
li nhanh cho cc ngun t thanh ci E, F v G c th t ng b vi nhau sau khi
ng li. Nu thi gian ng lp li ca cc my ct trn khng p ng cho cc ngun
t ng b th cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my C2 phi c mch ARC c ci t
c th t ng ng li theo c hai iu UL = 0 hoc c in p ng dy UL = 1
(km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0), ng thi chng phi c thi gian tc ng khc nhau
(iu ny hon ton cho php v mch ARC ca cc my ct i din vi cc my ct
ny ch tc ng theo iu kin UL = 1):

Nu s c l thong qua th cc my ct C2, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln

lt ng li thnh cng v sau my ct D1 cng s ng li thnh cng theo
iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1).
Nu s c l duy tr th C2 s ct ra bng vng 2 vi thi gian tr l t2, cn cc
my ct E1, F1, v G1 cng s ln lt ng li thnh cng. Ring my ct D1
khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in p ng dy (do C2 ang h
mch).

Trong trng hp N3 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti mt

trong nhng my ct E1, F1 v G1. Gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1
m rng ti E1, lc cc my ct F1, G1 i hi phi c kh nng ng li theo iu
kin kim tra b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c v thanh ci D trong trng
hp ny vn c in v ng dy ca cc my ct F1 v G1 vn tn ti tn hiu in p
(iu kin ny cng i hi phi p dng cho c my ct E1 v C2). Ring mch ARC
ca my ct D1 c tc ng hay khng ph thuc vo s ng li thnh cng hay khng
ca my ct C2, tc ph thuc vo s c c tnh thong qua hay duy tr.

Trng hp th hai:

Xt trng hp ngn mch ti N3 m phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c

ci t nh trn hnh 4.38b.

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Gi s N3 nm trong vng tc ng ca ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1 lc cc
my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng Z1E. Sau ch c my ct D1
ng li. Cn cc my ct C2, E1, F1, G1 khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in
p ng dy (UL = 0). Thanh ci D s mt in khng chn lc.

Gi s N3 nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca E1 th cc my ct F1 v G1 s ln ng li
thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra in p ng b khi m thanh ci E c ni vi ngun
cung cp. Nu s c l thong qua th D1 s ng li thnh cng v my ct C2 cng s
ng li khi in p ng dy v in p thanh ci ca n cn ng b vi nhau. Nu
s c duy tr th my ct D1 s ct nhanh tr li v my ct C2 s khng ng li.

Nh vy theo phng thc ci t ny, s tn ti cc v tr s c (gn thanh ci c iu

kin ng lp li ca my ct l UL = 0) m tt c cc my ct xung quanh v tr s c
c iu kin ng lp li l UL = 1 b ct ra cng lc. iu ny lm cho cc my ct ni
trn sau khi ct ra s khng c my ct no c tn hiu in p ng dy thc hin
chu trnh t ng ng lp li v cui cng cc ng dy ca cc my ct ni trn u
b mt in khng chn lc d cho s c c th l s c thong qua.

Phng thc th hai:

Theo phng thc ny cc my ct cng chiu (chiu tc ng ca r le bo v) trn

ng dy c iu kin tc ng ca s t ng ng lp li c chn ging nhau.
C th trn hnh 4.39a, cc my ct c nh s 1 s t ng ng li khi UL = 0. Cc
my ct theo chiu ngc li c nh s 2 c iu kin t ng ng lp li khi UL
= 1. Sau thi gian vn hnh theo nh k, cc my ct c th thay i phng thc vn
hnh ngc li nh trn hnh 4.39b.

Di y ta xt s hot ng ca s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng

v tr ngn mch in hnh l N1 v N2 2 u ca ng dy BC theo phng thc ci
t nh trn hnh 4.39a. Sau ta s thm s hot ng ca s ti im ngn mch
N3 gn thanh ci D (thanh ci c nhiu xut tuyn) theo c hai phng thc hot ng
ARC nh trn hnh 4.39a v 4.39b.

***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***

Ngn mch ti N1:

Gi thit N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct A2 v khng

nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s c ba my
ct cng ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l A2, B2 v C1. Sau my ct C1 s ng
li trc theo iu kin in p ng dy khng tn ti (UL = 0).

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 Nu s c cn duy tr th my ct C1 s ct ra tr li bi vng 2 vi thi gian
tr l t2, ng dy AB v BC lc u khng c in p nn cc my ct A2
v B2 khng khng tho mn iu kin t ng ng lp li. iu ny dn
n thanh ci B b mt in khng chn lc.
Nu s c l thong qua, my ct C1 s ng li thnh cng. Sau my ct B2
s ng li c theo iu kin (UL = 1, UB = 0) v tip theo my ct A2 cng
s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin (UL = 1, S = 1). Trong trng hp ny ta
thy nu khng ci t thm iu kin ng lp li (UL = 1, UB = 0) cho cc
my ct A2 v B2 th my ct B2 s khng t ng ng li c do in p
thanh ci khng tn ti nn khng c tn hiu ng b v my ct A2 cng
khng ng li c do in p ng dy khng tn ti nn cng khng c tn
hiu ng b. iu ny dn n thanh ci B b mt in khng chn lc.

Ngn mch ti N2:

Gi thit N2 nm trong phm vi vng 1 m rng ca bo v khong cch ti D1 v khng

nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti A2. Khi s c ba my ct cng
ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l B2, C1 v D1. Sau my ct C1 v D1 s cng
ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 (theo hnh 4.38a):

Nu s c cn duy tr, my ct C1 s ct vi vng 1, cn my ct D1 s khng

b ct ra do vng 1 m rng b chuyn v vng 1 c bn. Trong trng hp
ny my ct B2 cng s khng ng li v in p ng dy khng tn ti nn
khng tho mn iu kin ng lp li.
Nu s c l thong qua, C1 v D1 s ng li thnh cng v tip theo n my
ct B2 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin (UL = 1, S = 1).

Nu N4 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct A2 (ng dy AB

qu di so vi ng dy BC), th thanh ci B cng s mt in khng chn lckhi s
c duy tr (tng t nh trng hp ngn mch ti N1).

Ngn mch ti N 3 :

Trng hp th nht:

Gi s phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh (4.39a) v

N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1. Lc cc my
ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng Z1E. Sau cc my ct D1, E1, F1,
D1 s cng ng li theo iu kin mt p ng dy (UL = 0) nu nh thi gian cht
ca mch ARC ca my ct ny ging nhau. iu ny ch cho php khi cc my ct nu
trn c ng lp li nhanh cho cc ngun t thanh ci E, F v G c th t ng
b vi nhau sau khi ng li. Nu thi gian ng lp li ca cc my ct trn khng p

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ng cho cc ngun t ng b th cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my C2 phi c mch
ARC c ci t c th t ng ng li theo c hai iu UL = 0 hoc c in p
ng dy UL = 1 (km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0), ng thi chng phi c thi gian tc
ng khc nhau (iu ny hon ton cho php v mch ARC ca cc my ct i din
vi cc my ct ny ch tc ng theo iu kin UL = 1):

Nu s c thong qua th cc my ct D1, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln

lt ng li thnh cng v sau my ct C2 cng s ng li thnh cng theo
iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b.
Nu s c duy tr th cc my ct D1, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln lt
c ng lp li. Ring my ct D1 s b ct ra tr li v ko theo my ct C2
khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in p ng dy.

Trong trng hp N3 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti mt

trong nhng my ct E1, F1 v G1. Gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1
m rng ti E1, lc cc my ct F1, G1 i hi phi c kh nng ng li theo iu
kin kim tra b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c v thanh ci D trong trng
hp ny vn c in v ng dy ca cc my ct F1 v G1 vn tn ti tn hiu in p
(iu kin ny cng i hi phi p dng cho c my ct E1 v C2). Ring mch ARC
ca my ct C2 c tc ng hay khng ph thuc vo s ng li thnh cng hay khng
ca my ct D1, tc ph thuc vo s c c tnh thong qua hay duy tr.

Trng hp th hai:

Xt trng hp ngn mch ti N3 m phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c

ci t nh trn hnh (4.39b).

Gi s N3 nm trong vng tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1 lc cc my

ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng Z1E. Sau ch c my ct C2 c ng li
theo iu kin UL = 0:

Nu s c thong qua, my ct C2 ng li thnh cng, sau my ct D1 s

ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v UB = 0) cn cc my ct E1, F1, G1 s ln
lt ng li theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1).
Nu s c duy tr, my ct C2 s ct ra li v lc cc my ct D1, E1, F1, G1
s khng ng li c v iu kin ng li khng tho mn (UL = 0). iu
ny dn n thanh ci D mt in mt cch khng chn lc.

Gi s N3 nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca E1 th cc my ct F1 v G1 s ln ng li
thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra in p ng b (khi m thanh ci E c ni vi ngun
cung cp). Nu s c l thong qua th C2 s ng li thnh cng v my ct D1 cng s

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ng li khi in p ng dy v in p thanh ci ca n cn ng b vi nhau. Nu
s c duy tr th my ct C2 s ct nhanh tr li v my ct D1 cng khng ng li.

Theo phng thc ci t ny s tn ti cc v tr s c gn my ct c iu kin ng

lp li UL = 1 m cc my ct k pha trc (cng c iu kin ng lp li l UL = 1)
u b ct ra. Nu s c l duy tr th khng c my ct no ng li c do khng tn
ti in p ng dy. iu ny lm cho cc ng dy lin k pha trc ng dy s
c s b mt in khng chn lc.

Nhn xt

S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng ch m bo ct nhanh cc s c thong

qua, cn i vi cc s c duy tr th tu theo v tr ngn mch n c th b loi b vi
thi gian tr ca vng 2. Mt khc c hai phng thc ci t iu kin tc ng ca cc
mch t ng ng lp li ARC ca cc my ct u tn ti mt s s c dn n mt
thanh ci mt in khng chn lc do cc ng dy ni vo thanh ci khng iu
kin thc hin chu trnh t ng ng lp li. Tuy nhin theo phng thc th nht, s
mt in thanh ci xut hin khi cc s c c tnh duy tr hoc thong qua, cn theo
phng thc th hai, s mt in ch xy ra khi cc s c c tnh duy tr.

S tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng:

S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng hot ng theo nguyn tc nu trong mc

(III.5.2) ch loi b nhanh cc s c thong qua, cn cc s c duy tr vn c loi b
vi thi gian ca cc vng khong cch c bn. c th loi b nhanh khng nhng
cc s c thong qua ln s c duy tr th tn hiu iu khin vng 1 m rng Z1E tr
v vng 1 c bn Z1 cn phi c mt thi gian tr tK n loi b nhanh s c mt
ln na bng vng Z1E trong trng hp s c duy tr xut hin cui ng dy c
bo v. Tuy nhin m bo tnh chn lc khi s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m
rng hot ng theo nguyn tc ny, th my ct pha trc phi ng li chm hn
my ct pha sau (theo chiu tc ng ca bo v) mt bc thi gian t tn hiu
vng 1 m rng ti my ct ang xt tr v gi tr vng 1 c bn. S ny chnh l s
tng tc theo th t trong vng 1 m rng l bo v khng chn lc cn vng 1,
vng 2 v vng 3 c bn chnh l cc bo v chn lc.

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Trn hnh 4.40a trnh by s lgic ca s tng tc bo v theo th t bng vng
1 m rng ca bo v khong cch v hnh 4.40b th hin cc bc thi gian tr ca mch
t ng ng lp li ARC ca cc my ct in trn li in khi h thng bo v r le
hot ng theo nguyn tc ny.

Theo nguyn tc tc ng ca s ta thy mi my ct khi ct khng chn lc (ct s

c u ca on ng dy lin k) u phi c ng li trc my ct cng chiu
ng dy s c. thc hin c iu ny mi mch ARC ca tt c cc my ct
phi c th tc ng ng lp li theo iu kin UL = 0. iu ny i hi thi gian tr
ca mch ARC ca cc my ct trn mt ng dy hoc ca cc my ct c kh nng
cng ct khng chn lc c ci t khc nhau trnh ngun t hai pha cng ng
li mt lc.

Khi ngn mch trn mt ng dy, chng hn ngn mch ng dy BC. Hai my ct
hai u ng dy l B2 v C1 s ct ra. V c hai my ct u c th ng li theo
iu kin UL = 0, nn my ct c thi gian tr ca mch ARC nh hn s ng li trc
(gi s my ct B2). Nu B2 ng li thnh cng (s c l thong qua) th my ct u
cn li l C1 c thi gian tr ca mch ARC ln hn phi c thm kh nng t ng
ng li theo iu kin kim tra ng b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c
khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy BC. Nu B2 ng li khng thnh cng (s c
duy tr hoc bn duy tr), sau my ct C1 vn tip tc ng li theo iu kin UL =
0. Nu s c l duy tr th C1 ng li khng thnh cng. Cn nu s c l bn duy tr
th C1 s ng li thnh cng. Tuy nhin s ng li thnh cng ca my ct C1 lc ny

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khng c ngha, bi v mch ARC ca my ct B2 b kho. iu ny c ngha s
ng li ng dy ln th hai ca my ct C1 ch lm tng chi ph bo dng my ct.

Nhn xt:

u im c bn ca s ny l khng nhng loi b nhanh cc s c thong qua m

k c cc s c duy tr. Tuy nhin s c mt s khuyt im l cc my ct cng xa
ngun (xt theo tng chiu mt) c thi gian ng li my ct cng ln. iu ny nh
hng n tc khi phc s cung cp in

i vi li in c ngun cung cp t mt pha th cc s c thong qua cng gn

ngun, thi gian khi phc li s mang in ca cc phn t cng nhanh.

i vi li in c ngun cung cp t hai pha vn tng i khc. Khi s c thong

qua cc on ng dy gia th thi gian khi phc li s lm vic ca on ng
dy tng i ln. Nhng khi s c thong qua cc on cng gn ngun (k c hai
pha) th thi gian khi phc li s mang in ca n cng chm. Bi v i vi cc on
ng dy ny mt my ct c xt theo ngun ny cng gn bao nhiu v c thi gian
ng lp li cng nhanh bao nhiu th my ct cn li c xt theo ngun kia cng xa
by nhiu v c thi gian ng lp li cng ln (xem hnh 4.40b).

Khi s c thong qua, cc my ct c thi gian tr ln c ng li theo iu kin ho

ng b. Khi thi gian tr cng ln cng nh hng n s ng li ca my ct ny v
khi kh nng mt ng b gia hai ngun tng ln.

Chi ph bo dng ca cc my ct trong s ny ln hn so vi s bo v khong

cch c vng 1 m rng mc (III.5.2). Nguyn nhn ca n l khi s c c tnh duy
tr hoc bn duy tr th ng dy c ng li 2 ln. Nhng vic ng li ng dy
ln th hai khng c ngha khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy d s c l bn
duy tr. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do ng dy c ng li hai ln bng
hai my ct hai u ng dy v mi u ch c kh nng ng lp li mt ln.

C th p dng phng thc ci t thi gian tr v iu kin tc ng nu trn cho s

bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng. Gii php ny s khc phc c hin tng
mt in khng chn lc ca mt s thanh ci i vi mt s ngn mch nh nu
trong mc (III.5.2). Tuy nhin lc s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng gp
phi nhng khuyt im tng t nh nu trn ca s tng tc theo tun t bng
vng 1 m rng, ngoi ra n cn km hn s tng tc theo tun t bng vng 1 m
rng l khng loi b nhanh c cc s c duy tr. Nu s bo v khong cch c
vng 1 m rng trang b thm mch TOR ct nhanh cc ngn mch duy tr th n
chnh l s tng tc theo th t v mch tr v chm ca vng 1 m rng cng chnh
l mt mch TOR.

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S tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR:

Trong mc (III.5.3) ta thy khi s c xut hin on u ca cc ng dy th cc

my ct ca n v my ct ca ng dy lin k pha trc u c ct bng vng 1
m rng. Do sau khi ct ln th nht vn khng bit c s c ang ng dy
no, v vy thm d v tr s c buc phi ng li cc my ct theo th t my ct
gn ngun c ng lp li trc. Chnh v iu ny nn cc my ct cng xa ngun c
thi gian tr ca chu trnh t ng ng lp li cng ln.

Trong trng hp nu trn, nu ta dng vng 2 tng tc bo v th my ct gn v tr

s c s ct bng vng 1, cn my ct ca ng dy lin k pha trc s ct bng vng
2 v vng 1 ca n khng tc ng. Li dng c im ny ca s bo v khong
cch pht hin v tr s c sau ln ct th nht bng cch trang b mi my ct hai
b t ng ng lp li: b th nht t ng ng lp li nhanh RAR c thi gian cht
nh c khi ng theo tn hiu vng 2 v b kho khi c tn hiu vng 1, b th hai t
ng ng lp li chm DAR c thi gian cht ln hn chu trnh RAR mt cp v c
khi ng theo tn hiu vng 1 v/hoc vng 2.

Vi gii php nu trn, ta thy my ct ng dy lin k vi ng dy s c b ct

bng vng 2 tng tc s c ng li trc bng chu trnh RAR (do vng 1 ca n
khng lm vic), ng thi mch tng tc ca n cng c mch t ng ng lp li
kho li sau mt thi gian tr no ( my ct c th ct nhanh tr li khi s c xut
hin cui ng dy). My ct trn ng dy s c c ct bng vng 1 s c
ng li sau bng chu trnh DAR. Gii php ny cho php cc my ct ci t thi gian
cht ca cc chu trnh ng lp li nh nhau, ngoi ra vi vic trang b mi my ct hai
b t ng ng lp li cng cho php khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy i vi
cc s c bn duy tr.

S nu trn c th gi l s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR v c

trnh by trn hnh trn hnh 4.41.

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 S tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR (Hnh 4.41)

Nguyn l tc ng:

Theo s trn hnh 4.41a, mi my ct u mi ng dy c trang b: 1 b bo

v khong cch 3 cp, 1 b t ng ng lp li nhanh RAR c thi gian cht l tRAR
v 1 b t ng ng lp li chm c thi gian cht tDAR > tRAR.

Bo v khong cch 3 cp c vng 1 (Z1) tc ng tc thi, vng 2 ( tc ng vi thi

gian tr t2 v vng 3 (Z3) tc ng vi thi gian tr t3 theo ng s bo v khong
cch 3 cp thng thng. Ngoi ra vng 2 cn c tn hiu i ct tc thi my ct (kho
K1 v K2 trn hnh 4.41a kn mch) hoc vi thi gian tr nh (kho K1 kn mch cn
K2 h mch) v n b s kho li sau khi my ct c ng lp li ln u vi thi gian
tr l tK m bo vng 2 ct nhanh li my ct mt ln na nu s c duy tr xut
hin cui ng dy ca n. Mch tng tc vng 2 b kha trong khong thi gian tDT
m bo n khng hot ng nu s c vn cn duy tr sau khi my ct ca ng
dy b s c c ng li bng chu trnh DAR.

Mch RAR:

Mch RAR c khi ng khi s c nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 v ngoi

phm vi tc ng ca vng 1, tc Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0. Mc d s RAR c khi

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ng v duy tr theo tn hiu trn nhng mch to thi gian tr (tRAR) ca n ch lm
vic khi c tn hiu in p thanh ci UB (khi khng cn thit th ni tt mch ny li).
Khi my ct c ct bng mch tng tc vng 2, n s c ng lp li nhanh theo
chu trnh RAR khi iu kin ng li sau y ca n c tho mn (hnh 4.41a):

ng trc tip sau khi khi ng (kho K5 kn mch).

Tn ti in p thanh ci UB = 1 nhng khng tn ti in p ng dy UL =
0 (kho K6 kn mch).
Tn i in p ng dy UL = 1 v ng b vi in p thanh ci S = 1 (kho
K7 kn mch).

Cc iu kin tc ng ca mch RAR c p dng nh sau:

i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 1 pha p dng iu kin 1 cho mch RAR ,

tc l K5 kn mch, cn K6 v K7 h mch. Tuy nhin cng c th p dng iu kin 2,
tc K6 kn mch cn K5 v K7 h mch.

i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 2 pha, mch RAR lun ng trc mch

DAR, do phi p dng iu kin 2, tc K6 kn mch, K5 v K7 h mch. i vi cc
my ct i din vi thanh ci c ba xut tuyn tr ln (thanh ci D trn hnh 4.41b), thi
khi ngn mch ngoi, n c th b ct ra bi vng 2 v mch RAR khi ng, tuy nhin
do thanh ci i din c th vn c in (do tn ti mt ng dy ni vo thanh ci ny
khng b ct) v nh vy ng dy c my ct ang xt vn c in, trong trng hp
ny mch RAR s tc ng theo iu kin 3, tc K6 v K7 phi kn mch.

Mch DAR:

Mch DAR khi ng theo tn hiu khi ng ca vng 1 (Z1 = 1) hoc/v vng 2 (Z2
= 1) thng qua v tr kn mch ca kho K3 hoc/v K4. Mch DAR cng c cc iu
kin tc ng nh sau:

ng trc tip sau khi khi ng (kho K8 kn mch).

Tn ti in p thanh ci UB = 1 nhng khng tn ti in p ng dy UL = 0 (kho

K9 kn mch)

Tn ti in p ng dy UL = 1 v ng b vi in p thanh ci S = 1 (kho K7 kn
mch).

Cc iu kin tc ng ca mch DAR c p dng nh sau:

- i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 1 pha p dng iu kin 1, tc l K8 kn

mch, cn K9 v K10 h mch. Tuy nhin cng c th p dng iu kin 2, tc K9 kn
mch cn K8 v K10 h mch.

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- i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 2 pha, v mt u c kh nng c ng
li bi mch RAR, nn mch DAR lun phi kim tra theo iu kin 3, tc K10 lun
tnh trng kn mch. Tuy nhin khi ngn mch on gia ng dy th vng 1 c 2
u u tc ng, do mch RAR khng lm vic, nh vy cn phi c 1 u ng li
my ct theo iu kin 2, tc u ny phi c K9 v K10 kn mch.

Phn tch s hot ng ca s :

Di dy ta s phn tch s hot ng ca s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v

DAR nhng v tr ngn mch in hnh trn li in c m t trn hnh 4.41b.

Ngn mch ti N 1 :

Khi ngn mch ti v tr N1 on gia ca ng dy BC, hai my ct B2 v C1 c

ct nhanh bng vng 1. Trong trng hp ny, mch RAR khng lm vic nn cc my
ct B2 v C1 ch c th t ng ng lp li theo chu trnh DAR. Gi thit my ct C1
c kha K9 trong s DAR ang kn mch, n s c ng lp li trc theo iu
kin kim tra mt in p ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Nu s c thong qua C1 ng
li thnh cng, sau my ct B2 s c ng li theo iu kin kim tra ng b (UL
= 1 v S = 1). Nu s c duy tr th my ct C1 sau khi ng lp li s b ct mt ln na
(bng vng 1) v my ct B2 cng khng ng li c do khng c tnh hiu ng b.
Trong trng hp ny, c mch RAR ca hai my ct C1 v B2 khng tham gia lm vic
nn khng ng lp li ln th hai c.

Nu v tr ngn mch ti N, nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti cc my ct

A2 v D1, th hai my ct ny cng c ct ra cng vi my ct B2 v C1. Nhng hai
my ct ny s ng li thnh cng bng chu trnh RAR theo iu kin kim tra mt p
ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Tip theo hai my ct B2 v C1 s c ng li bng
chu trnh DAR nh nu trn.

Ngn mch ti N 2 :

Khi s c xut hin ti v tr N2 on cui ca ng dy BC v gi thit n nm ngoi

phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ca s bo v ti u my ct B2. Ti v tr ngn mch
ny, my ct C1 s ct nhanh bng vng 1 v my ct B2 s c ct nhanh bng vng
2 tng tc. Sau , my ct B2 s c ng li theo chu trnh RAR vi iu kin kim
tra mt p ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Nu s c thong qua th my ct B2 s ng
li thnh cng v sau my ct C1 s c ng li theo chu trnh DAR vi iu kin
kim tra s ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu s c l duy tr th my ct B2 s c ct
ra tr li, tuy nhin trong trng hp ny s xy ra hai tnh hung nh sau:

Nu chu trnh DAR ti my ct C1 ang c ci t theo iu kin kim tra s ng b

(kho K10 kn mch v K9 h mch) th my ct C1 s khng ng li. Lc kho K9

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ti my ct B2 ang kn mch v nu kho K3 ca s ti my ct B2 cng kn mch
th my ct B2 s ng li ln th hai (t ng ng li hai ln) theo chu trnh DAR vi
iu kin (UB = 1, UL = 0). Nu B2 ng li thnh cng th s ko theo my ct C1 ng
li thnh cng. Nu s c cn duy tr th my ct B2 s c ct nhanh bng mch TOR.
Mch TOR c khi ng theo chu trnh DAR v nu khng c mch ny th B2 s ct
vi thi gian tr t2 ca vng 2 c bn (v vng 2 ct nhanh lc ny b kho).

Nu chu trnh DAR ti my ct C1 ang c ci t theo iu kin kim tra s mt

in p ng dy (kho K9 kn mch) th mc d my ct B2 b ct ra ln th hai
nhng my ct C1 vn c ng tr li theo chu trnh DAR. Sau khi my ct C1 ng
li nu s c vn cn duy tr th my ct C1 s c ct nhanh mt ln na bng vng
1 v mch TOR (nu c). Nu my ct C1 ng li thnh cng th my ct B2 cng s
ng li thnh cng bng mch DAR (nu K3 v tr kn mch) theo iu kin kim tra
s ng b.

Trong trng hp ny, ta thy vng 2 tc thi ca bo v khong cch ti my ct D1

cng c th tc ng i ct D1. Sau khi my ct D1 ct ra th n s c ng li thnh
cng theo chu trnh ca mch RAR v vng 2 tc thi ca bo v ti y b kho trc
khi my ct C1 ng li theo chu trnh ca mch DAR.

Mt vn cn quan tm trong trng hp ny l gi thit ng dy AB di so vi

CD n ni N2 cng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti my ct A2. Lc ny
c hai my ct A2 v B2 u c ct bi vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin ch c my ct A2
s c ng li thnh cng trc bng chu trnh RAR cn chu trnh RAR ca my ct
B2 tuy c tn hiu khi ng (Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0) nhng b to thi gian tr ca n vn
khng lm vic v tn hiu in p UB = 0 (xem hnh 4.41a). Sau khi my ct A2 ng
li thnh cng, th mch to thi gian tr tRAR ca my ct B2 mi c khi ng (lc
ny UB = 1) v tc ng vi thi gian tr l tRAR vng 2 tc thi ti my ct A2
c kho li. Thc vy, i vi li in 110kV v 220kV thng chn tRAR = (0,25
- 0,5s), cn thi gian cn kho vng 2 tc thi ti my ct A2 lc ny ch yu cu
ln hn tng thi gian lm vic ca vng 2 tc thi (khong 30ms) vi thi gian ct ca
my ct (khong 40-50ms). Sau khi my ct B2 c ng li bng chu trnh RAR, nu
thnh cng th my ct C1 s c ng lp li thnh cng theo chu trnh DAR v nu
khng thnh cng th my ct B2 s c ct nhanh mt ln na bng vng 2 tc thi
v sau ng dy BC s c ng li ln th hai bng chu trnh DAR nh nu
trn. y ch ch trng hp kho K9 ca my ct B2 ang kn mch th chu trnh
DAR ca my ct B2 s ng li ng dy BC trc. Nu s c vn cn duy tr v
cc my ct khng c trang b mch TOR th my ct B2 v A2 s b ct ra ng thi
bng vng 2 c bn vi thi gian tr l t2 v thanh ci B s b mt in khng chn lc.
trnh trng hp ny th my ct B2 khng c kho K9 v tr kn mch hoc
phi trang b mch TOR ct nhanh s c ln th ba. Nu my ct A2 cng c trang

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b mch TOR th mch TOR ca n trong trng hp ny khng khi ng v chu trnh
DAR ca n khng lm vic.

Nhn xt:

Trong trng hp trn, nu mch RAR ca my ct B2 ch khi ng theo tn hiu vng

2 v tn hiu ph nh ca vng 1 c bn (Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0) m khng s dng tn hiu
in p thanh ci UB khi ng mch to thi gian tr, lc c hai my ct A2 v
B2 cng ng li mt lc theo chu trnh RAR v sau khi ng li th c hai my ct A2
v B2 s li cng ct ra mt lc bi vng 2 tc thi nu s c cn duy tr. Sau ng
dy BC v my ct A2 c ng li ln th hai theo chu trnh DAR nh sau:

Nu kho K9 ca my ct A2 ang kn mch th my ct A2 s ng li theo chu trnh

DAR cng lc vi mt trong hai my ct B2 hoc C1 (my ct c kho K9 ang kn
mch). Nu A2 c ng li cng vi C1, m s c cn duy tr th ch c my ct C1
ct nhanh bng vng 1 (A2 khng ct v B2 ang h mch). Nu A2 c ng li cng
vi B2 v s c vn cn duy tr th c hai my ct A2 v B2 u b ct ra tr li bng
mch TOR (hoc vng 2 c bn) v nh vy thanh ci B s mt in khng chn lc.

Nu kho K9 ca my ct A2 ang v tr h mch th mt trong hai my ct B2 hoc

C1 s ng li trc cho ng dy BC. Nu B2 ng li trc th A2 v C1 cng khng
ng li c v khng c tn hiu in p ng dy v iu ny lm cho ng dy
AB, BC v thanh ci B mt in mc d s c c th l bn duy tr. Nu C1 ng li
trc v thnh cng (s c bn duy tr) th B2 s ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v UB
= 0) tip theo A2 s ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu C1 ng li khng
thnh cng th A2 v B2 cng khng ng li c v thanh ci B s mt in khng
chn lc.

Nh vy trong trng hp phm vi vng 2 ti my ct A2 bao ph ln vng 2 ca my

ct B2, nu khng s dng tn hiu UB = 1 khi ng mch to thi gian tr ca s
RAR, ta nn kho K9 ca my ct A2 v C1 v tr kn mch cn kho K9 ca
my ct B2 v tr h mch. Nhc im ca gii php ny l my ct A2 phi ct v
ng lp li hai ln, mc du s c xut hin trn ng dy BC. Nhng xc sut ca
trng hp ny nh, v ch c nhng s c nm trong phm vi vng 2 ca A2 v nm
ngoi phm vi vng 1 ca B2.

Ngn mch ti N 3 :

Khi ngn mch ti N3, gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ti my ct D1,

v nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti my ct B2.Trong trng hp ny c ba
my ct cng ct l B2, C2 v D1, sau qu trnh thao tc ng lp li din ra tng t
nh nu trong trng hp ngn mch ti N4.

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Vn t ra y l gi s N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ca mt trong
nhng bo v ti cc my ct i din trc tip vi thanh ci D (E1, F1, G1) v gi s l
ti my ct G1. Lc my ct G1 cng tham gia ct nhng thanh ci D vn c in (do
c ngun t thanh ci E v F) v ng dy DG vn c tn hiu in p, do chu trnh
RAR ti my ct G1 ny phi c ng theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL
= 1 v S = 1), trong trng hp ny th mch RAR ti my ct D1 vn khi ng bnh
thng (v UB = 1) v ng li cng lc vi my ct G1. Nu s c cn duy tr th c
c hai my ct G1 v D1 cng ct ra tr li bng vng 2 tc thi v mch RAR ca n
b kho li. Nhng sau my ct G1, D1 v C2 c ng lp li theo chu trnh DAR.
trnh trng hp my ct D1 v G1 cng ng vo v cng ct ra theo vng 2 c bn
(hoc bng mch TOR) khi s c cn duy tr, ta nn my ct G1 v C2 cng ng li
trc trong chu trnh DAR (kho K9 ca C2 phi kn mch). Khi nu s c cn duy
tr th C2 s c ct ra bng vng 1, cn G1 ng li thnh cng. Nu s c l bn duy
tr th my ct D1 s c ng li bng chu trnh DAR theo iu kin UL = 1 v S = 1.

Trong trng hp trn ta thy my ct G1 phi ct 2 ln khi s c duy tr hoc bn duy

tr xut hin trn ng dy DC, nhng xc sut ca tnh hung ny khng ln v n
ch xy ra khi ngn mch trn ng dy CD nhng ngoi phm vi vng 1 ca bo v
khong cch ti my ct D1. trnh nhc im ny, ta c th ci t chu trnh RAR
ti D1 c thi gian tr ln hn chu trnh RAR ti my ct G1.

Ngn mch ti N 4 :

Xt ngn mch ti N4, gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ti my ct

C2 nhng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti cc my ct E1, F1 v G1. Lc
cc my ct D1 s ct nhanh bng vng1, cn C2, E1, F1, v G1 s ct nhanh bng
vng 2 tng tc. Sau cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 c th ng li nhanh cng lc vi
C2 bng chu trnh RAR. iu ny c th cho php v thi gian ng lp bng chu trnh
RAR nhanh cc ngun t cc thanh ci E, F, G t ng b tr li vi nhau. Nu
s c thong qua th my ct D1 s c ng li thnh cng bng chu trnh DAR. Nu
s c duy tr th sau khi ng lp li bng chu trnh RAR, my ct C2 s b ct nhanh tr
li bng vng 2 tng tc (vng 2 tng tc ca cc my ct E1, F1, v G1 b kho li).
Sau ng dy DC s c ng li bng cc chu trnh DAR ca cc my ct C2 v
D1 (tng t trng hp ngn mch ti N2).

Nu khng chp nhn gii php cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 ng li cng lc bng chu

trnh RAR, th chu trnh RAR ca cc my ct E1, F1, G1 k c my ct C2 c ci t
c hai iu kin ng li UL = 0 hoc UL = 1 v S = 1) vi thi gian tc ng khc nhau
(ti thiu phi c hai my ct tc ng vi thi gian khc nhau v nh hn cc my ct
cn li). iu ny s lm tng thi gian tDAR ca my ct D1.

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Vic ci t cc chu trnh RAR ca cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my ct C2 va c
th tc ng vi iu kin UL = 0 va c th tc ng vi iu kin UL = 1, S = 1 l cn
thit trong trng hp v tr ngn mch N4 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng
2 ca mt trong cc my ct E1, F1 hoc G1.

Tnh ton cc tham s thi gian ca s :

Trong mc ny s xem xt vic tnh ton la chn cc i lng thi gian ca s tng
tc vng 2 ca bo v khong cch kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR bao gm: thi gian
cht tRAR ca mch RAR, thi gian cht tDAR ca mch DAR, thi gian tr v thi gian
duy tr ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin, trc tin cn phi xem xt ngha
cc i lng thi ca mt chu trnh ng lp li.

Cc i lng thi gian ca chu trnh ng lp li:

Trn hnh 4.42 ch ra trnh t ca chu trnh t ng ng lp li mt ln (khi ng theo

tn hiu bo v r le) in hnh, trong :

Qu trnh ca s bo v bt u t thi im t0 vkt thc thi im t5 nu ng li

thnh cng (s c thong qua), v nu ng li khng thnh cng (s c thng xuyn)
th qu trnh bo v s kt thc thi im t13.

Chu trnh ng ct ca my ct khi u t thi im t1 v kt thc ng li my ct

thi im t9. Nu ng li khng thnh cng th my ct s tip tc thc hin mt qu
trnh ct v kt thc ti thi im t12, ng thi ti thi im ny my ct s b kho.

Chu trnh ca mch t ng ng lp li s bt u ti thi im t1 v kt thc ti thi

im t14.

***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***

- i vi mch bo v:

Thi gian thao tc (tBV): cn gi l thi gian bo v, c tnh t thi im xut hin
s c n thi im tip im u ra ca s bo v khp mch (nu bo v c r le
ct ring th thi gian ca n cng c cng vo) cung cp nng lng cho cun ct
my ct.

- i vi my ct:

Thi gian m (Opening time): tnh t thi im cun ct ca my ct c cp nng

lng cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct bt u tch ra.

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Thi gian tn ti ca h quang (Arcing time): tnh t thi im cc tip im ca my
ct bt u tch ra cho n thi im h quang s c c dp tt.

Thi gian ct (tCMC): l tng ca hai thi gian m v thi gian tn ti ca h quang, tc
l tnh t thi im cun ct my ct nhn in cho ti khi h quang s c trong bung
ct my ct c dp tt hon ton.

Thi gian ng (tMC): tnh t thi im cun ng my ct nhn in cho n thi

im cc tip im ca my ct thng mch.

Thi gian cht (Dead time): tnh t thi im h quang s c c dp tt cho

n thi im cc tip im ca my ct bt u khp mch.

i vi mch t ng ng lp li:

Thi gian cht(tARC): tnh t thi im s t ng ng lp li nhn c nng

lng khi ng (t s bo v) v thao tc cc tip im u ra cp nng lng
cho cun ng ca my ct. i vi tt c cc s ng li tc thi hoc tc cao,
thi gian ny c ly xp x thi gian cht ca my ct.

Thi gian xung ng (Closing pulse time): khong thi gian m tip im u ra ca s
ng lp li kn mch cho n khi cc tip im ca my ct khp mch hon ton.

Thi gian phc hi (Reclaim time): l khong thi gian tip theo sau mt thao tc
ng thnh cng, c tnh t thi im tip im u ra ca s t ng ng lp li
khp mch ( cung cp nng lng cho cun ng my ct). Thi gian ny phi c
tri qua trc khi s t ng ng lp li khi ng cho chu trnh ng lp li tip
theo trong trng hp xut hin thm mt s c khc.

Thi gian nhiu lon h thng (System disturbance time): tnh t thi im
xut hin s c cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct thng mch. Thi
gian ny i lc cn c gi l thi gian dao ng ca h thng.

Cc i lng thi gian ca s :

Hnh 4.43 trnh by biu thi gian ca s tng tc vng 2 ca bo v khong cch
kt hp vi cc thit b RAR v DAR.

***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***

La chn thi gian cht ca mch RAR (tRAR):

Mch RAR tc ng cng nhanh cng tt, tc l thi gian cht ca mch RAR (tRAR)
cng nh cng tt nhanh chng phc hi s cung cp in, c bit l cc ng c

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phi sc t khi ng tr li. Tuy nhin tnh tc ng nhanh ca s b hn ch
bi iu kin kh ion ho ti ni s c, ngha l thi gian cht phi ln phn tn
khng kh b ion ho ti ni s c. iu kin ny c th hin bi biu thc sau y:

tkh ion < tRAR - tCMC < tK (4-80)

trong :

tkh ion : thi gian kh ion ho.

tRAR : thi gian cht ca s ng lp li RAR.

tCMC : thi gian m ca my ct.

tK: thi gian t khi ng ca cc ng c.

Thi gian kh ion l thi gian cn thit tip sau thi im dp h quang s c ca ng
dy trn khng m bo phn tn khng kh b ion ho sao cho h quang s khng
chy li khi ng dy c mng in tr li. N l mt i lng ngu nhin, ph
thuc nhiu yu t nh cp in p ca ng dy, khong cch gia cc phn mang
in, dng in s c, thi gian tn ti s c, tc gi v iu kin mi trng, in
dung ca cc phn t ln cn vi phn t c ng lp li, trong cp in p ng
vai tr quan trng v ni chung cp in p cng cao i hi thi gian kh ion cng ko
di. Cc s liu di y tham kho:

Cp in p (kV) Thi gian kh ion ti thiu (s)

66 0,10
110 0,15
132 0,17
220 0,28
275 0,30
400 0,50

La chn thi gian tr (tK) ca b kho vng 2 tc thi:

Theo nguyn tc hot ng ca s (xem hnh 4.41a), ta thy vng 2 tc thi tc ng

i ct my ct, ng thi s gi tn hiu khi ng mch RAR. Mch RAR sau khi tho
mn iu kin tc ng s gi tn hiu i ng li my ct, ng thi gi tn hiu i kho
vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin vic kho phi xy ra sau thi im ng li my ct mt

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khong thi gian tK m bo vng 2 ct nhanh li my ct mt ln na s c duy tr
xut hin cui ng dy ca n, tc l:

tK tMC1 + tBV1 + tCMC1 + tDP1 (4-81)

trong :

tK: thi gian tr ca b kho.

tMC1: thi gian ng my ct (ly gi tr ln nht).

tBV1: thi gian tc ng ca vng 2.

tCMC1: thi gian ct my ct (ly gi tr ln nht).

tDP1: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian ca
mch kho v mch bo v).

Theo biu thi gian ca chu trnh ng lp li trn hnh (4.43) ta thy vic kho ch
cn xy ra ngay sau khi cun ct ca my ct tc ng. Trong khi theo cng thc (4-81),
thi gian tk c tnh t lc mch kho c khi ng (thi im mch RAR gi tn
hiu i ng my ct) ti thi im my ct dp tt h quang khi my ct c ct ra
tr li. S khc bit ny l tng tnh an ton cho vic ct ln na ca vng 2 tc thi
(khi s c xut hin cui ng dy ca n), ng thi thun li cho vic tnh ton
v thng thng cc l lch my ct ch cho bit thi gian tCMC m khng cho bit thi
gian thao tc ca cun ct.

La chn thi gian cht (tDAR) ca mch DAR:

Trong vic la chn thi gian tr ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi, mt iu kin na n
cn phi tho mn l vic kho phi tc ng trc khi my ct u on ng dy
lin k c ng tr li theo chu trnh DAR khi ngn mch xy ra u on ng
dy lin k ny. Theo biu thi gian trn hnh 4.43 ta c:

tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDP2 (4-82)

tDAR (tBV1 + tRAR + tK)- (tBV2 + tMC2) + tDP2 (4-83)

trong :

Cc thng s ca ng dy ang xt:

tBV1: thi gian thao tc ca vng 2 ct nhanh.

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tRAR: thi gian cht ca s ng lp li RAR.

tK: thi gian kho bo v vng 2.

Cc thng s ca ng dy lin k:

tDAR: thi gian cht ca s ng lp li DAR.

tMC2: thi gian ng ca my ct.

tBV2: thi gian thao tc ca vng 1.

tDP2: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian trong
biu 4.43b).

La chn thi gian duy tr (tDT) ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi:

Mch kho sau khi kho phi c duy tr thm mt thi gian m bo chc chn khi
ngn mch u on ng dy lin k th vng 2 tc thi ca n khng tc ng m
ch c vng 1 ca ng dy lin k tc ng. Mun vy phi tho mn cc biu thc
sau y:

tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDT 2tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 + tCMC2 + tDP3 (4-84)

tDT (2tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 + tCMC2 + tDP3) - (tBV1 + tRAR + tK) (4-85)

trong :

tCMC2: thi gian ct ca my ct.

tDP3: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian trong
biu 4.43b, trong sai s ca mch bo v c tnh n hai ln).

n gin hn, thi gian duy tr tn hiu kho ca vng 2 tc ng nhanh ca ng

dy lin k c th kt thc cng thi im vi thi gian phc hi chu trnh DAR ca
my ct trn ng dy s c (tPHDAR), khi ta c:

tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDT = tBV2 + tDAR + tPHDAR (4-7)

tDT = (tBV2 + tDAR + tPHDAR) - (tBV1 + tRAR + tK) (4-8)

Nhn xt:

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So vi bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng th s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi thit
b RAR v DAR c u im l loi tr nhanh s c khng nhng thong qua m k cc
cc s c duy tr, ng thi khng c hin tng mt in khng chn lc.

So vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng, th s tng tc vng 2 kt

hp vi thit b RAR v DAR c u im vic khi phc s lm vic ca cc phn t
khi s c thong qua nhanh hn, ng thi gim kh nng khng ng li c ca cc
my ct do vic mt ng b gia cc ngun.

V chi ph bo dng my ct th s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi thit b RAR v

DAR cao hn s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng khng ng k v
thp hn s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng. Chi ph bo dng tng thm
ca hai s sau l do c cc ng dy c th ng li ln th hai i vi cc s c
duy tr v bn duy tr (c xc sut 10 -15%), nhng i vi s tng tc vng 2 kt
hp vi RAR v DAR vic ng dy ng li ln th hai khi s c duy tr v bn duy
tr ch din ra khi v tr ngn mch nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ca bo v
khong cch mt u ng dy, cn i vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng
1 m rng th bt k v tr ngn mch no. Mt khc vic ng li ng dy ln th
hai i vi s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR c ngha khi phc li s
mang in ca ng dy cn i vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng
th khng c ngha .

Khuyt im ca s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR l cn trang b hai b

t ng ng lp li nhng b li l khng cn vng 1 m rng. Ring i vi cc r le
k thut s ngy nay th cc khuyt im trn khng c ngha v cc r le khong cch
thng c ch to km theo s t ng li nhiu ln. Chng hn cc r le khong
cch P441, P442 ca hng ALSTOM c trang b t ng ng lp li ti 4 ln, cn r
le khong cch 7SA513 ca hng SIEMENS c trang b t ng ng lp li ln ti 10
ln.

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Chng 5: Phn phu luc
A. Gii thiu chung
Gii thiu chung

Do iu kin lch s, cho n nay cc loi rle bo v nc ta phn ln c xut x t

Lin X c. Cc loi ny ch yu l rle in c. Trong qu trnh khai thc v s dng
cc loi rle ny bc l t nhiu cc nhc im sau:

nhy v chnh xc bo v cha cao, d b nh hng ca cc nhiu lon bn ngoi

do nguyn l truyn v x l tn hiu tng t.

Chi ph khai thc, s dng cao, chi ph kim tra, chnh nh li cc tham s bo v
thng xuyn theo nh k ..., ngoi ra cn c cc thit hi do vic ngng cung cp in
do cc cng vic ny gy ra.

Vic thay i cu hnh cng nh tham s bo v thng km theo cc chi ph ln, do

vy trn thc t h thng bo v nh th thng khng p ng kp vi s thay i ca
phn nht th do cc bin ng v ngun v ti.

Kh nng cung cp thng tin v h thng in trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi
s c cha cao nn gy nhiu kh khn cho vic xc nh nguyn nhn cng nh v tr
s c khi n xy ra.

Tc pht hin v cch ly s c cha nhanh.

Trn c s trong phn ny s xin gii thiu s lc v cu to ca mt rle s, nguyn

l lm vic v mt v d v mt rle so lch k thut s loi KBCH130 ca ALSTOM
T&D Protection & Control Ltd hin ang c s dng cc trm phn phi ti min
Trung Vit Nam (nh trm110 M Vng ti Nha Trang,).

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B. Tng quan v Rle s
Tng quan v Rle s

u nhc im ca rle s

u im:

u vit rt ln ca rle s so vi cc loi rle khc l kh nng t hp cc chc nng

bo v rt thun li v rng ln, vic trao i v x l thng tin vi khi lng ln vi
tc cao lm tng nhy, chnh xc, tin cy cng nh m rng tnh nng ca
bo v

Hn ch c nhiu v sai s do vic truyn thng tin bng s.

C kh nng t lp trnh c nn c linh hot cao, d dng s dng cho i tng

bo v khc nhau.

Cng sut tiu th nh.

C kh nng o lng v c th ni mng phc v cho iu khin, gim st, iu chnh

t ng t xa.

Nhc im:

Gi thnh cao nn i hi phi c vn u t ln thay th cc rle c bng cc rle

s.

i hi ngi vn hnh phi c trnh cao.

Ph thuc nhiu vo bn cung cp hng trong vic sa cha v nng cp thit b.

Cu trc phn cng ca rle s

Cu trc in hnh ca rle s:

Hnh 5.1 minh ho cu trc in hnh phn cng ca mt rle. in p u vo hoc

dng in u vo ca rle c ly qua cc BU v BI t i tng bo v. Lu tn
hiu tng t ch chuyn sang tn hiu s i vi in p nn i vi cc tn hiu dng
in th trc tin phi bin i n sang in p theo nhiu cch. V d: cho dng in
chy qua mt in tr c gi tr xc nh v ly in p trn hai u ca in tr
biu din dng in. Sau cc tn hiu ny c lc bng b lc gii m.

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Hot ng ca rle k thut s: Tn hiu t BI, BU sau khi c bin i thnh tn hiu
ph hp. Cc tn hiu c bin i ny c a vo b chn knh. B x l trung
tm s gi tn hiu i m knh mong mun. u ra ca b chn knh a vo b bin
i tng t -s (ADC) bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s v a vo b vi
x l. Nguyn l bin i tn hiu phi thng qua b ly v gi mu (S/H).

V cc b chuyn i tng t - s (ADC) thng rt t nn khi thit k ngi ta c

gng tinh gin ch s dng mt b ADC trong mt rle s, chnh v l do m trong
b vi x l c t mt b dn knh (multiplexer) la chn cc tn hiu cn thit cung
cp cho u vo cc b ADC. V ADC c thi gian tr xc nh khong 25 s nn phi
duy tr tn hiu tng t u vo ca ADC trong sut qu trnh chuyn i t tng t
sang s. iu ny c thc hin bng b khuych i duy tr v ly mu S/H.

Tn hiu u ra ca b ADC by gi c th bin i ty bi b vi x l. Nhn chung

trong mt rle s ngi ta s dng nhiu b vi x l ( thc hin cc chc nng khc
nhau). V d b vi x l TMS320 thc hin thut ton ca rle, b vi x l 80186
thc hin cc php ton logic. B vi x l c a vo ch lm vic theo chng
trnh c ci t sn trong b nh ROM, y l b nh khng thay i c v khng
b mt d liu khi b mt ngun. N so snh thng tin u vo vi cc gi tr t cha
trong b nh EEPROM (b nh ch c, lp trnh in v xa c bng in). Cc
php tnh trung gian c lu gi tm thi b nh RAM.

Modul ngun lm nhim v bin i ngun mt chiu thnh nhiu ngun mt chiu c
cp in p khc nhau cung cp cho cc chc nng khc nhau ca rle. y l b
bin i DC/DC vi u vo ly t acquy, hoc b ngun chnh lu ly in t li in
t dng ca trm. V ngun cung cp t acquy thng khng n nh trong khi rle s
li rt nhy i vi s thng ging ca in p nn trong ni b rle s c tch
hp mt ngun DC ph c gi tr bin i vi phm vi 5 V hoc 1 V nhm n nh
ngun cung cp cho rle s.

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Giao din ca rle s:

Cu trc phn cng in hnh ca mt rle s (Hnh 5.1)

Truyn d liu (communication) l iu cn thit v ba l do sau y:

d dng cho vic ci t cc chng trnh vo bn trong rle.

Rle phi trao i d liu vi cc b phn o lng xa.

Rle phi pht ra tn hiu i ct (Trip) v tn hiu bo ng (Alarm) khi c s c.

Khng ging cc rle in c v cc loi rle tnh khc, rle s hu nh khng cn phi
hiu chnh. Vic ci t thng thc hin bng cc chng trnh phn mm t mt my
tnh c nhn hay c tch hp trong rle. V l do m mt s loi giao din c
s dng ngi dng trao i d liu vi rle.

* Loi 1: Loi ny ph bin i vi cc loi rle s hin i c mn hnh tinh th lng

(LCD) v bn phm lp mt trc ca rle. nhp cc gi tr ci t, ngi s dng
phi n cc phm hin th v thay i cc gi tr s xut hin trn mn hnh.

* Loi 2: S dng mn hnh hin th thng thng (VDU) ni n rle s thng qua
cng ni tip. Loi giao din ny thng thy cc trm bin p ( hin th s vn
hnh) hoc c s dng trong s kt ni vi rle ti trm qua modem t trung tm
iu khin xa ly d liu hay ci t li thng s.

Yu cu i vi rle s l phi c phng php pht ra tn hiu i ct v

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tn hiu bo ng thch hp. V cc tn hiu ny c dng m nh phn (Binary) cho nn
b vi x l d dng gii m cc a ch. iu ny c thc hin bi khi tn hiu u ra
(digital output) trong hnh 5.1. Mc d cng ngh s c p dng trong bo v rle
nhng cc tn hiu ct v bo ng vn phi l cc tn hiu tng t a n cc rle
in c thc hin mnh lnh.

Mi trng lm vic ca rle:

Trm bin p l mi trng in t nguy him i vi rle k thut s v n nm gn

cc ng dy cao p, dao cch ly v my ct. Khi c s c hay ng ct xy ra iu cn
thit l khng cho nhiu bn ngoi xm nhp vo rle lm nh hng n s lm vic
bnh thng ca n. Nhng nhiu tc ng khng mong mun ny gi l tc hi in t
EMI (electromagnetic intefrence).

C hai nguyn nhn sinh ra EMI trong trm bin p l:

Do thao tc ng ct ng dy hay xung st truyn t ngoi ng dy lm nhiu tn

hiu in p u vo ca rle.

Do st nh trc tip vo thit b in hoc sng radio.

V b vi x l lm vic vi tc cao nn rle s d b nh hng ca EMI. V vy iu

bt buc khi ch to rle s l n phi c tnh tng hp in t EMC (Electromagnetic
compatibility). rle s p ng c EMC phi p dng cc bin php thch nghi.

Cc rle in c khng chu nh hng ca EMC, do vic dng rle s cng gp

nhng tr ngi nht nh bn cnh nhng u im ca n.

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C. Rle so lch s KBCH130
Rle so lch s KBCH130

Rle hon ton x l bng tn hiu s, rle s dng hai vi x l: mt x l tn hiu s

(DSP) thc hin cc thut ton bo v, c nhim v x l cc tn hiu dng v p
c bin i thnh tn hiu s t b chuyn i A/D a lnh bo v v bo hiu
ph hp vi tnh trng bo v v mt vi x l 80C196 thc hin chc nng truyn d
liu vi cc thit b bn ngoi nh bn phm, mn hnh LCD ci t thng s v hin
th tnh trng rle, thc hin cc php ton logic. Rle c th kt ni cc rle khc c
thit k tng ng v vi my vi tnh.

Cc tn hiu dng v p c a vo b bin i tn hiu bin i thnh cc tn hiu

thch hp rle x l, sau tn hiu c a n b lc trnh li gi. Tn hiu
sau khi qua b lc c a vo b chuyn i tng t s (A/D) thng qua b chn
knh bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s v a vo b vi x l DSP.

S khi rle KBCH (Hnh 5.2)

Rle KBCH130 c 13 u vo tng t dng v p, trong 9 u vo dng in dng

cho bo v so lch, 3 u vo dng dng cho bo v chng chm t c gii hn (REF)
v mt u vo p dng cho bo v qu kch thch.

Rle s dng php bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT: Discrete Fourier transform) lc tn

hiu ri rc. DFT l cng c ton hc manh cho php xc nh bt k mt loi tn hiu
c tn s nht nh trong N gi tr ly mu.

Cc chc nng ca rle KBCH

* Chc nng bo v.

Bo v so lch.

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Bo v so lch ngng thp c hm.

Bo v so lch ngng cao.

Bo v so lch chng chm t c gii hn cun dy MBA.

Bo v qu kch thch.
Tc ng hm khi xut hin dng t ho tng vt.
Kho bo v bng thnh phn sng hi bc 5.
Chc nng logic: 8 u vo tn hiu cch ly quang, mi mch u vo cch ly
quang cha mt it pht quang bo v rle trong trng hp u ln cc
tnh tn hiu u vo.

S a dng cc chc nng bo v ca rle KBCH khng ch c ng dng bo v

MBA m cn c th s dng chc nng bo v so lch hoc bo v tng tr cao bo
v cho cc thit b sau:

+ B my pht - my bin p.

+ My pht in.

+ Khng in.

* Cc chc nng khc (chc nng khng bo v):

Chc nng ghi s c (tm tt cc l do rle tc ng ct).

Ghi s kin (tm tt cc s kin xy ra vi rle).
Lin lc thng tin vi cc thit b xa bng cng ni tip.
iu khin u phn p t xa.
Chc nng hin th cc gi tr o lng.
C th hin th 4 th ting: Anh, Php, c, Ty Ban Nha...

Cc thng s k thut

Cc u vo:

u vo dng in (Im):

nh mc Qu ti cho php lu di 3sec 1sec

Im = 1A 3Im 30Im 100Im
Im = 1A 3Im 30Im 400Im

u vo in p (Um): Ngun nui (Ux):

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nh mc Phm vi cho php
Um = 100/120V 0/140V
nh mc
Phm vi c hiu lc
DC AC 50/60Hz
Max
24/125V ac/dc 20/150V 50/133V 190V
48/250V ac/dc 33/300V 87/265V 380V

Tn s (fm):

nh mc Phm vi thay i ti
50Hz hoc 60Hz 13/68Hz

Ngun cung cp u vo cch ly quang:

nh mc Phm vi thay i ti
50V dc 25/60V

Cng sut tiu th:

Mch bo v so lch.

Vi Im = 1A : 0,045 VA.

Vi Im = 5A : 0,022 VA.

Mch bo v chng chm t.

Vi Im = 1A : 0,085 VA.

Vi Im = 1A : 0,24 VA. Khng c in tr n nh.

Mch in p (bo v qu kch thch).

Um = 100/120V < 0,002 VA ti in p 110V

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Ngun thao tc

DC: Version in p thp 4,8/8W Version in p cao 4,8/8W

AC: Version in p thp 6,78/12W Version in p cao 7/21W

u vo cch ly quang 0,25 W

Vng gi tr chnh nh cc chc nng bo v:

* Cu hnh MBA.

Hai hoc ba cun dy.

* Chc nng bo v so lch.

Ngng thp: tm t Id> = (0,1 0,5)Im bc 0,1Im.

Thi gian tc ng 0 35msec.

Ngng cao: tm t Id>> = (5 20)Im bc 0,5Im.

Thi gian tc ng 0 15msec.

* Chc nng kho bo v khi sut hin thnh phn sng hi bc 5.

Tm t Iof = (10 50)% bc 5%

Thi gian kha bo v: tOF = 0,1sec 4h bc 0,01

* Chc nng bo v chng chm t c gii hn.

Cun cao p: I0 > HV

Cun trung p: I0 > LV1 (0,051,0)Im bc 0,005

Cun h p: I0 > LV2

Thi gian tc ng (20 40) ms.

* Bo v qu kch thch.

V/f (ct) Char (DT: thi gian c lp, IDMT: thi gian ph thuc)

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V/f (ct) 1,53 V/ Hz bc 0,01

tV/f (ct) 0,1 60s bc 0,1 (chn DT)

V/f (ct) TMS 1 63 bc 1 (chn IDMT)

V/f (cnh bo) 1,5 3 V/ Hz bc 0,01

tV/f (cnh bo) 0,1 60s bc 0,1

Cc tip im:

Rle c 8 tip im n thng m. Trong 1 tip im cnh bo, 5 tip im ct v

2 tip im a tn hiu iu chnh tng (tap up), gim(tap down) u phn p.

Hai tip im mt thng ng, mt thng m biu th tnh trng rle.

3 n LED v mn hnh LCD c th hin th 16 k t mt trc ca rle.

Cc menu chnh v ci t thng s rle.

Cc phm s dng trong chng trnh c t mt trc ca rle.

[F]: Chn chc nng.

[+]: Tng gi tr.

[-]: Gim gi tr.

[0]: Thit t li/Thot

Menu chnh gm cc thnh phn:

1. System data: thay i cc chc nng ca rle

2. Fault records: chc nng ghi s c, cho php ngi iu hnh c c cc thng tin
v s c xy ra trong qu kh c lu trong b nh, xo cc trang ghi s c.

3. Measurements: o lng cc thng s v hin th cc gi tr o lng.

4. Settings: kch hot cc chc nng bo v v thit t thng s cho rle. Rle
KBCH130 c hai menu Setting (Setting(1) v Setting(2)) thch ng vi cc ch
vn hnh ca h thng in.

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5. Logic functions: kch hot cc chc nng logic, chc nng iu khin xa.

Chc nng ca bo v so lch

Rle c kh nng t ng b tr s v pha dng in th cp BI cc bn ca MBA, nh

vo phn mm ICT (interposing current transformer) ca rle m khng cn bin dng
trung gian. Rle cha hai thut ton bo v so lch c m t di y:

Bo v so lch ngng thp c hm (Id>):

c tnh hm bo v so lch ngng thp nh hnh v.

c tnh tc ng hm ca rle KBCH (Hnh 5.3)

Dng so lch c xc nh: (Vi MBA ba cun dy)

Idiff = I1 + I2 + I3

Dng in hm c xc nh:

(I1 + I2 + I3)
Ibias = 2

Trong :

I1,I2,I3 dng in cc pha MBA sau khi bin i qua BI v c hiu chnh v tr s v
gc pha.

Gi tr dng khi ng ca bo v so lch ngng thp: 0,1Im 0,5Im bc 0,1Im(vi

Im dng in nh mc ca rle). Gi tr chn ph thuc vo cng sut MBA v dng
khng cn bng xut hin trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng.

c tnh tc ng hm.

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on a ( dc 20%): Biu th dng khi ng ca bo v, c k n

sai s ca my bin dng 5% v sai s do vic iu chnh u phn p 15%.

on b ( dc 80%): Tnh n kh nng kho bo v khi xut hin hin tng bo ho

khng ging nhau cc my bin dng.

Bo v so lch c hm ngng thp s b kho khi xut hin hin tng dng t ho
tng vt.

* Hiu chnh t s v gc pha BI.

m bo rle lm vic ng trong iu kin lm vic bnh thngcng nh khi c

ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, rle KBCH130 c cung cp h s hiu chnh t s BI t
0,05 n 2 nhm cn bng dng vo rle so lch.

V d: Bo v cho MBA hai cun dy

20MVA, /Yo_1, 33/11KV.

20.103
Dng nh mc 33KV = 333 = 350AChn BI chnh pha 33KV 400/1A

350.1
Dng th cp BI = 400 = 0.875A

S bo v MBA (Hnh 5.4)

20.103
Dng nh mc 11KV 11.3 = 1050AChn BI chnh pha 11KV 1500/1A

1050.1
Dng th cp BI = 1500 = 0.7A

H s hiu chnh dng khng cn bng BI cc pha MBA c xc nh (vi u vo

rle 1A):

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 1
Pha 33KV h s hiu chnh l 0.0875 = 1.14(gi tr t cho rle).

1
Pha 11KV h s hiu chnh l 0.7 = 1.43 (gi tr t cho rle).

Bng chn h s b pha c rle cung cp.

T ni dy my bin p Gc lch pha

H s b pha (gi tr t cho rle)
Cao p H p

Yy -0 Yy0 ?z-0 00 Y(?)y0 Y(?)y0

y1 -300 Yy0 Y?11

Y1 Yz1 -300 Y?1 Y(?)y0

Yy2 ?z2 -600 Y?1 Y?11

Yy4 ?z4 -1200 Y?11 Y?7

y5 -1500 Yy0 Y?7

Y5 Yz5 -1500 Y?5 Y(?)y0

Yy6 Yy6 ?z6 1800 Y(?)y0 Y(?)y6

y7 +1500 Yy0 Y?5

Y7 Yz7 +1500 Y?7 Y(?)y0

Yy8 ?z8 +1200 Y?7 Y?11

Y9 +900 Y?9 Y?0

Yy10 ?z10 +600 Y?11 Y?1

y11 +300 Yy0 Y?1

Y11 Yz11 +300 Y?11 Y(?)y0

Bo v so lch ngng cao (Id>>):

Bo v so lch ngng cao tc ng nhanh tc thi khng hm. Khi dng s c qu

ln lnh tc ng c trin khai m khng ph thuc vo dng in hm. Vng gi tr

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chnh nh (520)Im. Dng chnh nh chn ln hn dng t ho tng vt sau khi
hiu chnh v ln.

Bo v chng chm t c gii hn (REF)

Rle KBCH cung cp chc nng bo v chng chm t c gii hn. ng dng REF
da trn c s rle so lch tng tr cao (l thuyt phn bo v so lch thanh gp dng
rle tng tr cao). Rle khng b nh hng bi u phn p.

Bo v qu kch thch, chc nng kho bo v khi xut hin sng hi bc 5

Bo v qu kch thch c hai cp tc ng: cnh bo v tc ng ct khi my bin p b

qu kch thch trong thi gian di. C th chn mt trong hai loi c tnh thigian c
lp hoc ph thuc ty vo yu cu thc t.

Chc nng kho sng hi bc 5 dng trnh bo v so lch ngng thp tc ng khi
MBA b qu kch thch thong qua.

Tn hiu cung cp cho bo v qu kch thch c ly t tn hiu p pha ngun ca

MBA. Tn hiu cung cp cho chc nng kho sng hi bc 5 c cung cp t dng
sng dng so lch ca mi pha.

Chc nng logic

C 8 u vo tn hiu cch ly quang (Aux0 - Aux7) dng kt ni cc tn hiu do cc

bo v bn ngoi cung cp (nh tn hiu cnh bo rle hi Buchholz, rle nhit...). Khi
rle ng vai tr nh mt rle trung gian bo ng hoc tc ng ct MBA theo
hot ng ca cc bo v bn ngoi.

iu khin thay i u phn p

Rle KBCH cung cp chc nng thay i u phn p bng tay t xa.

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S ni dy rle KBCH 130 bo v cho MBA 3 cun dy

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S ni dy KBCH130 bo v MBA 3 cun dy (Hnh 5.5)

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D. Rle khoang cach Micom P44X
Rle khoang cach Micom P44X

Gii thiu chung v rle khong cch s micom P44X

Cc rle khong cch MICOM l loi sn phm ca h thng bo v v iu khin ca

ALSTOM T&D. y l mt trong nhng loi rle k thut s c ng dng cc cng
ngh hin i nht hin nay. Chng c th cung cp cc kh nng bo v ton din cho
cc ng c, my pht, cc xut tuyn Z trn khng, mng in cp, Z c b dc...
Nh vy, cc rle khong cch s MICOM P441, P442 v P444 hon ton c th p
ng c cc yu cu bo v cho tt c cc TBA truyn ti v phn phi bt k cp
in p no trong h thng in.

Cc rle khong s MICOM c tch hp hon ho c phn cng v phn mm, cho
php x l mm do, chnh xc cc tnh hung s c gn, xa, s c chng cho. MICOM
c mt th vin vi y cc s logic ng dng cng nh cc s logic kh trnh,
kt hp vi kh nng o lng, thu thp - x l nhanh cc tnh hung xy ra trong h
thng v a ra cc phng thc x l hp l cho tng loi s c. c bit l nh cc
thut ton d tm chun on tin tin m rle khong cch s MICOM c th phn on
c cc tnh hung s c trc khi n thc s xy ra v hin th cc cnh bo khng
nhng v cc ch s o lng m c cc dng sng v th vct ca chng thng qua
cc cng truyn thng s hin i.

Ngoi phn mm ci t cho rle, MICOM cn c phn mm m phng vi giao din

ging thc t vi cc ca s Window phn lp a nng, ng thi c th lp trnh v kt
ni trc tip vi cc rle thu thp - truy xut cc d liu thng qua h thng modem.
Do c th dng phn mm ny phc v cho cng tc o to, hun luyn ci t rle
khong cch.

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 Hnh dng bn ngoi ca rle MICOM P441 (Hnh 5.6)

Ngoi chc nng chnh l bo v khong cch, MICOM P441, P442 v P444 cn cung
cp chc nng bo v khc nh chc nng: qu dng (50/51), qu dng chng chm t
(50/51N), qu in p (59), in p gim (27), TL (79), t chi ct (51BF), chng dao
ng cng sut (78), chng ng in vo im s c (50/27), kim tra ng b (25)...

Cu hnh chung ca rle khong cch s MICOM:

Hnh dng bn ngoi ca mt rle MICOM P441 nh hnh 5.6.

Trong :

(1): mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD) c th hin th 16 k t di hai hng.

(2): bn n led c nh.
(3): tm n LED hin th vng kh trnh.
(4): h thng cc phm chc nng.
(5): phm chc nng c, xo cc k t v hin th thi gian.
(6): v bc v k hiu sn phm.
(7): tm che chn bo v cc u kt ni cng truyn thng.
(8): phn u kp ch.

Ngoi cu hnh chung nh trn, cc rle khong cch s MICOM h P44X cn c cc

c im ring nh sau:

P441: c 8 u vo logic cung cp cho mn hnh hin th v cc chc nng

khc, 16 u ra truyn tn hiu ct my ct, hin th thi gian, truyn thng
xa v cc chc nng khc.

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 P442: c 16 u vo logic v 21 u ra s, ng h ng b thi gian thc, cc
u ni truyn thng vi cp quang.
P444: c 24 u vo logic s v 32 u ra, ng h ng b thi gian thc, cc
u ni truyn thng vi cp quang.

Thi gian tc ng nhanh nht ca rle khong cch s MICOM c th t c khong

18 msec.

Rle khong cch MICOM c hai loi cng truyn thng l: cng truyn thng ni b
(local communication port) v cng truyn thng t xa (remote communication port).

Cng truyn thng ni b: gm cc mch giao tip tun t c thit k s

dng kt ni trc tip vi my tnh thu thp cc d liu hay ti cc chng
trnh, cc s logic, cc thng s ci t khi s dng phn mm m phng S1
hoc kt ni gia cc rle vi nhau.
Cng truyn thng t xa c s dng kt ni vi cc thit b truyn tin trao
i cc thng tin gia trung tm iu khin vi rle, hoc truyn tn hiu ct
lin ng gia hai rle hai u Z... Nh cc cng truyn thng t xa m
ngi ta c th xy dng cc TBA vn hnh hon ton t ng khng cn
ngi trc, t c th nng cao tnh t ng ho, kh nng ng b, tin
cy cng nh cht lng in nng trong h thng in.

Cc li ch ca vic s dng rle khong cch s MICOM:

Rle khong cch s MICOM P441, P442 v P444 c th loi tr mi s c mt cch

nhanh chng l nh vo vic ng dng kt hp gia tc x l ca phn cng vi
nhng gii thut ti u ca phn mm, lm cho bo v tc ng c tnh chn lc v
tin cy rt cao. Khng nhng th, rle khong cch s MICOM cn c tch hp rt
nhiu cc mun c nhiu chc nng khc nhau nhng rt gn nh, iu ny lm cho
MICOM tr thnh mt bo v a nng m khng phi bo v no cng c c nh:

Tiu chun ho cc cc rle cho tt c cc ng dng.

n gin ho cc ph tng vi cc u vo ca bin dng (TI) v bin in p
(TU).
Khng cn thit phi c thm cc bo v b sung nh: bo v qu dng (50/51),
qu dng chm t (50/51N), bo v in p (59/27), TL (79), kim tra ng
b (25), bo v chng dao ng cng sut (78), chng ng in vo im s
c (50/27), s c my ct (50BF), cc thit b t ng ghi li trng thi s c,
cc thit b o lng...
Chun on li nhanh chng vi cc thng tin li, nht k s kin v cc thng
k li.

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 Cung cp kh nng bo v ti u v kh nng t kim tra bn thn phn cng,
phn mm nh b gim st h thng. N c th kim tra tnh trng ca TU, TI,
my ct...
Tng cng tin cy cho bo v nh s dng hai k thut o khc nhau.
Thi gian x l v thao tc rt nhanh, c th t n 10 msec cho chc nng
qu dng v 18 msec cho chc nng khong cch.
Mt h thng th vin vi y cc s logic ng dng cng nh cc s
logic kh trnh.
Cc cng vo/ra s tc cao, c bit l cc cng ni trc tip vi h thng
cp quang thng qua cc u ghp ni m khng cn b m.
Cc chng trnh m phng a dng, d x dng chy trn mi trng Window
cho php hun luyn cc thao tc ci t trn m hnh cng nh cng c th kt
ni giao tip trao i thng tin vi rle.

Cc ng dng ca rle khong cch s Micom h P44x

Chc nng bo v khong cch:

y l chc nng bo v chnh ca rle khong cch s MICOM. N gm mt h thng

d tm s c, mt h thng o khong cch v mt h thng xc nh hng cng sut
(dng in) s c.

Chc nng chnh ca bo v khong cch gm hai phn: bo v khong cch cho s c
pha (21P) v bo v khong cch cho s c chm t (21G).

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Bo v khong cch cho s c pha:

S bo v Z ca rle khong cch s MICOM (Hnh 5.7)

Rle khong cch s MICOM P441, P442 v P444 c 5 vng bo v cho s c pha v
c ch ra trong c tuyn tng tr t gic c trng hnh 5.8. N c th bo v c tt
c cc s c pha xy ra trong vng tc ng ca t gic c trng v c nh hng
nh sau:

Vng 1, 2 ,3 l vng tc ng theo hng thun, c dng nh mt bo v

khong cch ba cp thng thng, ch rng vng 1 c th m rng n vng
1X (vng 1 m rng Zone 1X) khi cn thit.
Vng P (Zone P) l vng kh trnh. C th chn theo vng hng thun hoc
hng ngc.
Vng 4 l vng hng ngc.

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 T gic c trng cho s c pha (Hnh 5.8)

T gic c trng cho s c chm t (Hnh 5.9)

Bo v khong cch cho s c chm t:

MICOM cung cp 5 vng bo v cho s c chm t c th hin trong mch vng

tng tr t gic c trng hnh 5.9.

S c th bo v c tt c cc s c chm t xy ra trong vng bo v v cng

c xem nh mt phn ca cc s c pha.

i vi s c chm t, dng in d bt ngun t tng vct dng in u vo (Ia +

Ib + Ic) c gi tng chy qua mch vng s c pha - t. V vy, mch vng s c
ca bt k vng no cng phi c m rng h s nhn (1+kZ0) so snh vi thnh

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phn th t thun cho ph hp vi s c pha. KZ0 c gi l h s dng in d v
c xc nh nh sau:

kZ0 = ((Z0 Z1) / 3Z1)

?kZ0=?(Z0 Z1) / 3.Z1 ()

Trong :

Z1: tng tr th t thun ca Z.

Z0: tng tr th t khng ca Z.

Tnh ton ci t cc vng cho rle khong cch s MICOM:

Mi vng khong cch c th c kch hot hoc khng s dng, ngha l chc nng
ca vng c th c kt ni tham gia bo v hoc khng c la chn. kch
hot mt vng no th gi tr trong chn vng phi c chn l bit 1, cn bit 0
nu khng dng vng . Ch rng vng 1 khong cch lun c kch hot.

Hnh 5.10

Tt c cc gi tr ci t vng u c tnh ton trong h ta cc Z?0 . Trong Z

c tnh bng n v Ohm ( ) v 0 ().

Vng 1: Ca bo v khong cch nn c ci t sao cho c th bao ph c cng

nhiu phn ng dy c bo v m cho php ct tc thi c chn lc vi tt c cc
s c xy ra trong vng ny. Tng tr t vng 1 thng c xc nh bng khong
(80 85)% tng tr ca on Z m n lm bo v chnh. i vi rle khong cch s
MICOM, gi tr tng tr t vng 1 c xc nh theo cng thc:

Z(I)
s = 0,8.ZAB( ) (4-80a)

Nct
Z(I) (I)
th = Zs . N ( ) (4-80b)
vt

Vi: Nct, Nvt ln lt l t s bin ca bin dng v bin in p.

Vng 1 khong cch l vng tc ng chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian t vng 1 c th

chn bng 0 (sec).

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Vng 2: Gi tr tng tr t vng 2 nn ci t sao cho c th bao ph 20% on cui
Z cn li khng c bao ph bi vng 1 v ton b phn thanh gp trm lin k m
khi ngn mch ti , bo v khong cch trm ny khng th tc ng. Thng thng
n gin, ngi ta c th ly gi tr t ca vng 2 khong 120% gi tr tng tr ca
on ng dy c bo v. c th ct nhanh mi s c xy ra trong vng 2, c th
dng cc s ct lin ng v khi vng 2 c th c m rng cng ln cng tt.
Tuy nhin vng 2 khng c vt ra ngoi vng 1 ca bo v khong cch on Z
lin k, iu ny l cn thit c th m bo c s phi hp c chn lc vi thi
gian vng 2 ca bo v ca bo v lin k. y chnh l l do m vng 2 bo v khong
cch nn ci t bao ph di 50% tng tr on Z ngn nht ca on Z lin k.
Gi tr tng tr vng 2 c th tnh theo cng thc:

Z(II)
s = ZAB + 0,3.ZBC( ) (4-81a)

Nct
Z(II) (II)
th = Zs . N ( ) (4-81b)
vt

Thi gian t vng 2 ca bo v c phi hp vi thi gian ct ca vng 1 Z lin k.

Thi gian tr nh nht ca vng 2 c th ly bng 200 msec. Thi gian ny phi c
iu chnh khi yu cu phi phn cp vi vng 2 ca bo v khc hoc phi hp bo
v d phng cho bo v ca on lin k. Thng thng thi gian t cp 2 ca cc bo
v khong cch t ti cc TBA A,B,C l nh nhau v c xc nh theo cng thc:

tIIn = tI(n + 1) + t (4-82)

Trong :

tI(n + 1) thi gian t cp 1 ca bo v on lin k cn phi hp.

t: bc chn la thi gian, thng t = 0,5 sec.

* Vng 3: Thng c dng lm nhim v bo v d tr cho vng 1, vng 2 v bo

v khong cch ca on Z lin k, trn thc t n gin ngi ta thng tnh gi
tr tng tr t vng 3 ca bo v khong cch bao trm 120% tng tr ca Z di nht
lin k. iu ny cho php rle khong cch t ti TBA A c th ct c cc ngn
mch trn Z lin k khi ton b cc bo v ca on ny khng lm vic. Tng tr t
vng 3 c xc nh theo cng thc:

ZIII
s = (ZAB + ZBC).1,2 (4-83a)

Nct
ZIII III
th = Zs . N ( ) (4-84b)
vt

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Thi gian t vng 3 c phi hp vi thi gian t vng 2 ca bo v on lin k.
Thi gian tc ng nh nht vng 3 ca rle khong cch MICOM c th t n 400
msec

Vng P: L vng kh trnh, vic tnh ton ci t cho vng P ph thuc vo cc ng

dng c th ca n. Cc ng dng vng P y c th s dng nh mt bo v d phng
hng ngc cho thanh ci v MBA, cng c th s dng vng P hng thun tng
s vng ca bo v. Vng P cng c th hu ch cho cc trng hp tng h trong bo
v Z kp.

Vng 4: L vng hng ngc, thng c s dng lm bo v cho thanh ci TBA.

Khi tng tr vng 4 c th ci t n 25% tng tr vng 1ca rle pha hng ngc
cho Z ngn (<30 Km) hoc 10% tng tr vng 1 cho Z di. Phng php ci t tng
tr vng 4 cng c th c xem xt khi yu cu v mt an ton trnh ng in vo
im s c khi dng TL. Vit Nam, vng 4 thng ch c s dng thu thp d
liu s c phc v cho cng tc iu .

Thi gian t vng 4 cn phi phi hp vi thi gian ca tt c cc bo v on Z lin

k trong vng hng ngc ca rle.

Ngoi ra, vi rle khong cch s MICOM chng ta cn phi tnh ton cc gi tr in
tr cho s c pha v s c chm t.

Tnh ton gi tr in tr t cho s c pha: Cc gi tr in tr ny c th hin trn

c tuyn tng tr t gic hnh 5.8, cc gi tr in tr ny (Rph) c ci t c lp
vi tng tr ca Z c bo v. Rph c nh ngha l phn in tr s c ln nht
thm vo tng tr Z vng khong cch s ct, khng ph thuc vo v tr ca vng s
c. in tr vng pha bn phi v bn tri trong c tuyn tng tr c trng c biu
th bi +Rph v -Rph. Khi ci t rle, gi tr Rph phi bao ph cc i in tr s c
pha-pha. Mt cch tng qut, gi tr in tr ny phi c ci t ln hn gi tr in
tr h quang ln nht do s c pha-pha gy ra, in tr h quang (Rarc) c tnh
theo cng thc Van Warrington:
28700.D
Rhq = ( ) (4-85)
I1.4
f

Rph Rhq (4-86)

Trong :

D: khong cch ng tr gia cc pha (m), vi Z ba pha trn khng gi tr D

c th c xc nh:

D = 3DAB.DAC.DBC (m)

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vi DAB,DAC, DBC l khong cch gia cc pha AB,AC,BC.

Bng di y cho cc gi tr in tr Rhq tng ng vi dng s c nh nht i vi

cc s c pha-pha tng ng vi cc cp in p khc nhau:

Khong cch cch in (m) in p h thng (kV) If = 1 kA If = 5 kA If = 10kA

2 33 3,6 ( ) 0,4 ( ) 0,2 ( )
5 110 9,1 ( ) 1,0 ( ) 0,4 ( )
8 220 14,5 ( ) 1,5 ( ) 0,6 ( )

If:dng ngn mch nh nht khi xy ra s c pha-pha.

Tnh ton gi tr in tr t cho s c chm t:

in tr ci t ca rle cho s c chm t (RG) nn tho mn cc yu cu i hi ca

in tr s c, nhng trnh thao tc khi tr khng ti l nh nht. in tr s c bao
gm in tr h quang v in tr c nh. Ngoi ra, tt nht in tr bt k vng no
ca rle, thng thng khng nn ln hn 10 ln in tr mch vng t.

Ni chung gi tr in tr ny nn ly khong 40 tnh theo pha s cp h thng. i

vi trng hp in tr chm t ln, tnh hung ny c th xut hin ni khng c phn
t khong cch no c th tc ng. Trong trng hp ny phi s dng cc thit b bo
v s c chm t b sung.

Cc s bo v khong cch:

Cc s c bn ca rle khong cch s MICOM:

Cc s bo v khong cch c bn ph hp cho cc ng dng m khng i hi

s dng knh tin. Mt cch tng qut, vng 1 v 2 cung cp chc nng bo v chnh nh
trong hnh 5.11cn vng 3 ng vai tr bo v d phng.

Bo v chnh trong s c bn (Hnh 5.11)

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Trn hnh 5.12 trnh by s ct logic c bn ca rle khong cch s MICOM. Ch
rng, vi rle khong cch s P441, P442 v P444, cc b thi gian vng t tZ1 n
tZ4 hot ng c lp nhau v cng bt u tnh thi gian k t khi s c c tm thy.
iu ny gii thch ti sao chng c a vo song song nhau trong s logic.

S ct logic c bn (Hnh 5.12)

Cc du nhy s dng trong s (v d Z'1 ) ch ra rng cc vng bo v c lm n

nh trnh tc ng xu ca dng t ho my bin p. Phng php c s dng t
c tin cy v kh nng d tm thnh phn sng hi bc hai.

S c bn hp nht cc cc c tnh sau:

Vng 1 cho php ct tc thi, cng c th chn thi gian tr t (0 10) sec.

Thi gian ct tr vng 2, 3, 4 v P cng c th ci t t (0 10) sec.

S khong cch c bn trn thng thch hp cho cc Z n hoc kp c mt ngun

hay hai ngun cung cp. Hn ch ca s c bn ny l khi xy ra s c cui Z
(khong 20% chiu di on cui Z bo v), thi gian ct s c tng ln n thi gian
ct vng 2. Thi gian ny c th c ci thin nu s dng s vng 1 m rng.

S vng 1 m rng:

S vng 1 m rng (zone 1 extension) c th ng dng cho cc xut tuyn hnh tia
cung cp bo v tc cao cho ton b on Z c bo v. Trn hnh 5.13 trnh
by tng tr vng 1 m rng so vi vng 1.

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Trong vng ny vng 1X c kch hot v ci t n phn vt vng ca Z c
bo v. Vng 1X thng c s dng kt hp vi TL c th ct nhanh cc s c
v nng cao tin cy cung cp in ca h thng in.

S vng 1 m rng (Hnh 5.13)

Cc s ct lin ng:

Cc s khong cch s dng truyn ct tn hiu cho php c th c chn la bi

cc s tiu chun sau:

Cc s truyn ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php

(PUTT): s pup z2 (Permission underreaching protection Zone 2) v pup
fwd (Fwd: Forward fault detection).
Cc s truyn ct lin ng do phn t vt tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php:
s pop z2 v pop z1.
S logic ngun yu do phn t vt vng truyn tn hiu cho php.
S logic gii kho.
S kho bop z2 (Blocking overreaching protection zone Z2) v bop z1.
S logic o dng.

S ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php (PUTT):s pup Z2:

cung cp kh nng loi tr mt cch nhanh nht tt c cc s c, c s c thong qua

v s c duy tr dc theo chiu di ca mch ng dy c bo v cn phi s dng
s truyn tn hiu cho php. Trong s lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn
tn hiu cho php l s n gin nht c tch hp trong rle khong cch s
p441, p442 v p444 ca alstom. Knh truyn cho s pup s dng tn hiu cho php
do phn t ni tuyn pht ra. Trn hnh 5.14 trnh by s vng 1, vng 2 v trn hnh
5.15 trnh by s logic ct lin ng. Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau: gi s
khi ngn mch xy ra ti n1, im ngn mch ny thuc vng 2 ca bo v khong cch
t ti a v thuc vng 1 ca bo v khong cch t ti b. Bo v khong cch ti b s
tc ng ct my ct ti b ng thi gi tn hiu cho php n b phn thu tn hiu bo
v a, b d tm s c ti a cng pht hin ra s c v ct my ct ti a, thi gian loi
tr hon ton s c ny nh hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian t vng 2. Nh vy s c
s c loi tr vi thi gian nhanh nht c th, thi gian ny ph thuc vo thi gian

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truyn tn hiu lin ng gia hai bo v t hai u z v thi gian tr ca bo v
cng vi thi gian tr ca my ct.

S phi hp vng 1 v vng 2 (Hnh 5.14)

u im ca s loi ny l:

Ch s dng knh truyn truyn tn hiu n cng nn chi ph cho knh truyn
tng i thp.
S cho php ct vi tin cy tng i cao vi cc s c trong vng bo
v.
Thi gian loi tr s c cui Z (khong 20% chiu di on cui Z ) kh
nhanh.

S logic ct lin ng PUP Z2 (Hnh 5.15 )

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Tuy nhin, nu ngn mch c dng tng i b m b d tm s c pha b A khng
pht hin c hoc knh truyn tin b s c th bo v pha A (hnh 5.15) cng s khng
tc ng.

S ct lin ng do phn t vt tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php (POTT) POP Z2:

y l dng s bin th th hai ca h rle P44X, s ny c mt s tnh cht v

yu cu sau:

S i hi dng knh truyn tin kiu song cng ngn nga rle c th tc
ng nhm.
S POP Z2 thng c s dng tt hn i vi Z c chiu di ngn m
gi tr in tr s c bin ng mnh v vng 2 bao ph ln hn vng 1.
Logic dng in o ngc c s dng ngn nga ct sai Z c bo v
do tc cao ca dng in ngc xut hin khi s c m mt nhnh ca mch
Z kp va c ct ra.

S logic POP Z2 (Hnh 5.16)

Nu knh tin b s c, khi s bo v khong cch c bn s tc ng.
Hnh 5.16trnh by hnh thc n gin ca s logic. S POP Z2 cng c
th c s dng cho vng 4 hng ngc ca rle nh mt b d tm s c
hng ngc. iu ny c dng trong logic dng in o v trong c tnh
phn hi ngun yu.

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S kho lin ng vi vng 2:

Khc vi s dng tn hiu cho php, loi s ny dng tn hiu kho truyn n b
phn thu tn hiu ca rle pha i din khi pht hin s c vng ngc (vng 4 hng
ngc), iu ny s cho php ct nhanh cc s c cui Z. S c cc c im sau:

S kho lin ng ch yu cu knh truyn tn hiu n cng nn chi ph cho

knh truyn s gim i.
Vng 4 hng ngc c s dng gi tn hiu kho n rle pha i din
trnh ct nhm.
Khi knh truyn n cng c s dng, s BOP c th d dng ng dng
cc thit b u cui.
S d dng s dng h thng ti ba (PLC) truyn tn hiu kho.
C th ct nhanh chng cc ngun cng sut ln pha cui Z.

Bo v chnh trong s BOP Z2 (Hnh 5.17)

S khi logic BOP Z2 (Hnh 5.18)

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 Nu knh truyn b s c th rle khong cch s lm vic nh mt bo v
khong cch thng thng.

Tnh ton thng s ci t rle khong cch micom cho xut tuyn 220kv
nng-hu (tba 500kv nng-tba 220kv hu)

Cc s liu h thng:

Chiu di on ng dy (line length):

nng - Hu: l = 97,72 Km.

Hu - ng hi: l = 170 Km.

Tng tr ng dy nng - Hu - ng hi (line impendances):

Tng tr th t thun (Positive sequence impendance):

Z1 = 0,0252?800 ( /Km).

Tng tr th t khng (zero sequence impendance):

Z0 = 0,877?820 ( /Km).

Tng tr MBATN AT4 ti TBA 220 HU:

ZB = 0,5 + 48,6 = 48,6025? 7,90 ( ).

T s bin dng in (current transformer ratio): Nct = 1200/1 (A)

T s bin dng in (voltage transformer ratio): Nvt =(220.000/110)

Cc gi thit ban u:

Trong thc t khng phi lc no ngi ta cng s dng tt c cc vng ca rle khong
cch s bo v m vic ci t vng no tc ng v vng no b kho cn ph thuc
vo tng trng hp c th nh: v tr ca bo v trong h thng, mc bin ng ca
ph ti, cng sut ca h thng..., thng thng Vit Nam cc rle khong cch s
c s dng nh mt bo v khong cch ba cp. Ngha l: vng 1, vng 2, vng 3
c ci t thc hin cc chc nng bo v cn cn vng 4, vng P thng c s
dng thu thp cc thng s bin ng ca h thng phc v cho cng tc iu .

Trn tnh thn , y chng ta gi thit rng vng 1 m rng (zone 1 extension), vng
kh trnh P (zone programmable), vng 4 khng s dng v ch s dng ba vng hng
thun.

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Cc gi tr ci t cho rle khong cch s micom c tnh ton qui i v gi tr s
cp.

Gc pha Z ci t cho rle t -900 n +900, bc nhy l 10.

Tnh ton chi tit:

Gi tr tng tr ton b ng dy tnh gi tr s cp:

on nng - Hu:

Z1s = 0,252?800.97. 72=24 ,62?800

= 4,275 + 24,244 ( ).

on Hu - ng hi:

Z1s = 0,252?800. 170=42 ,84?800 ( ).

Cc gi ti ci t pha vng 1:

Vng 1 c yu cu phi bo v khong 85% chiu di ng dy gia TBA 500 kV

NNG v TBA 220 kV hu.

Zs = 0,85.24,62?800 = 20,927?800 ( )

Gi tr t vng 1: 20,927 ( ).
Gc pha: 80 ().

Cc gi tr ci t pha vng 2:

Vng 2 yu cu phi bo v c khong 20% on ng dy cn li m vng 1 khng

vi ti v phi bao trm hon ton thanh ci TBA 220 kV HU cng vi khong 30%
chiu di on Z Hu - ng hi.

Zs = 24,62?800 + 0,3.42,84?800 = 37,477?800 ( )

gi tr t thc s ca cng 2: 37,477 ( ).

Gc pha: 80 ().

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Cc gi tr t vng 3:

Vng 3 y yu cu ngoi bo v d tr cho vng 1, vng 2 ca bo v khong cch

t ti TBA 500 kV NNG cn bo v d tr cho bo v khong cch ti TBA 220
kV Hu. Gi tr tng tr t vng 3 c xc nh bng 120% chiu di Z nng -
Hu - ng hi.

Zs = (24,62?800 + 42,84?800).1,2 = 4,775+j72, 846=73 ?86,265 ( )

Gi tr t thc s vng 3: 73 ( ).
Gc pha: 87 ().

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Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Giao trinh Bao v cac phn t chinh trong h thng in
Bin tp bi: PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/6c2bdeb4
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Ma s Rle
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3be6ac44
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: A. Gii thiu chung v may phat in

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4ad7f981
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: I. Bo v so lnh dc
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5d0fa6da
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: II. Bo v so lnh ngang

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/df2044b2
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: III. Bo v chng chm t trong cun dy Stator

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/46a57b95
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: IV. Bo v chng chm t mch kch t ca may phat in

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0f874a37

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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: V. Bo v chng qu in p
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4c38f96f
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: VI. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a0acefcf
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: VII. Bo v chng mt kch t

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4190f15d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: VIII. Bo v chng mt ng b

Cc tc gi: PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2dd6397c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: IX. Bo v chng lung cng sut ngc

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d3ed0c12
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: X. Mt s s bao v may phat in dung Rle s

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/13ef003e
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: A. Gii thiu chung

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cb4acc9d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

265/269
Module: I. Bo v chng s c trc tip bn trong MBA
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b84bcaf0
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: II. Bo v chng s c gin tip bn trong MBA

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/60ff1304
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: III. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a0d82fc4
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Mc ch
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b5e0ab2d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: I. Bo v qu dng in
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/13938d1d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: II. Bo v qu ti
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/dd3e9b82
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: III. Bo v dng th t khng ca MBA trong mng c dng chm t ln

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/dbca992a
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: IV. Tinh toan cac bao v so lnh cho my bin p

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Cc tc gi: PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ab843185
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: V. Bo v so lnh khi c dng t ha nhy vt, hin tng qu kch t MBA
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/12e50335
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: VI. Mt s s bo v tiu biu cho my bin p

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8f312ded
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: A. Gii thiu chung

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c95dfbbf
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: B. Cac dang bao v thanh gop

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b1511ef9
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: C. Tinh toan bao v thanh gop

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/aa55708e
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: A. Gii thiu chung v bo v ng dy

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/59b519d3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: I. Bao v qua dong

Cc tc gi: PGS.TS. L Kim Hng

267/269
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/bbdacf8d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: II. Bao v so lch dong in

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4cc16c42
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: III. Bao v khoang cach

Cc tc gi: PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/81c58859
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: A. Gii thiu chung

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/fed06945
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: B. Tng quan v Rle s

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/56e454fe
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: C. Rle so lch s KBCH130

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/89cfac64
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: D. Rle khoang cach Micom P44X

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7e70a352
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

268/269
Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.

Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh

mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.

Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc

tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.

Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

269/269