Hé théng tu ligu trwc tuyén Day hoc Hoa hoc dayhoahoc.com — trungtamABC.com cee@ “Ce OWE COL CEC CE SOCCCEEECCCOE COO Ge “CCCCEE EE CE COO ee 2O@QGCas MeGEs>s thang 9/2011BANG NHAN BIET ANION Ton Thudéc thir Hién twong on” qui tim héa xanh cr trang Br AgNO; ¥ vang nhat g r ¥ ving dim Zz Pot AgNO; + vang 2 Pb(NOs)> + den e s* AgNO; + den z i H bot khi t ES a Ca”; Ba? trang ge co; 5 Z: HCI bot khi T Pe a Ca”; Ba? + tring = z Es HCI bot khi 7 5s so? Ba Vining 232 Cro® Ba" ving 3 i = HCI Lkeo i = ; dun néng bot khi t S222 Sng dun néng bot khi T ise 8p Cu, SO, hi khong mau héa nu \E 80.0 Khi nau d6 T tGqUP TRINHG - TOM TATLY THU ST HOA HQC PHO THONG GIUP TRI NHG- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HQC PHO THONG Ton Thude thir Hién twong Li ngogn lira mau do tham ia lira dn en ngon lira mau vang tuoi NGUYEN TU" Kt ngon Itra mau tim hong Lop vo Hat nhan es lira dén cn ngon lia mau d6 da cam Electron (e) dign tich I-, | | Proton (p), dign tich 1+, | Natron (n), Khong mang Cal dd SO, CO Y ting Khoi luong khong ding ké | | khéi tugng Lu dign, khdi Iuvgng Iu a liza dén con ngon lira mau luc (hoi vang) A aX A: $6 khéi Z=s0p=soe Ba dd SO}, CO? , Cro} | tring Z: $6 dv d.tich h.nhan A=Z4+N ler. br ~ “AgCl 4 tring ‘Thong thuimg Z, Hg(CN),... 6 dign li: Khi Thuéc thir Hién twong qui tim am héa héng foe HS van due S (ving) dd Br:, dds, dd KMnO, mat mau nude véi trong, van due CaSO; (tring) a qui tim am Kim mat mau 2 dd(KI + hé tinh bét) dd mau xanh tim (xem h inh bot miu xanh _ qui tim am hhéa xanh . khi HCL tao khdi tring (NH,Cl) NO oxikhéngkhi SS hOngmau— nau NO, khi mau nau, lim qui tim héa d6 née véitrong sda CO: qui tim am héa hong Khong duy tri su chay co cu0 (t”) mau den > 46 thém O> rdi d&t ¢6 tiéng nd. Cho sin phim vao CuSO, khan H, mau tring tao thanh CuSO,.nH,O mau xanh, C00) CuO (den) > Cu) tan dém bing chay Or cu) Cul) > CuO en qui tim im héa do cl AgCl ket tia trang qui tim im héa hong HS 0», Ch, SO» vn due $ (miu ving) PbCh, két tua de H,O/hoi) CuSO, khan tring héa x Os dd KI/hé tinh bot phire mau xanlf di 4 a re Eomtp TRINHG- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HOC PHO THONG 2. MOT SO KIM LOAI KHAC 47 107,87 Ag 1,93 Bac IKr}4d'ss! 79 196,97 AU 254 Vang IxeHrSu'6s) 28 58,710 Ni 191 Niken tAr3das 30° 65,410 ZN 165 Kem [Ards 50 118.69 Sn 1,96 Thige (ied ssp 82 207,20 Pb 233 Chi errs op Mau tring, déo, dan dign, dan nhiét tét, 10,5g/em’, t'=960,5°C. EAg’/Ag)=#0,80V. Hop kim ding thau (Ag-Cu) Ag + 2HNO aj) —* AgNO5 + NOst + HO _ 4Ag + 2H2S + O02 Agd$ (gen) + 2H20 Muéi bac phan img véi NH; tao Ag;O (mau den) tan trong NH dur do tao phite [Ag(NHs)s]". Mau vang, déo, dan dién, dan nhiét tot, 19.3g/em*. t'.=1063°C, E(Au’/Au=+1,50V. ‘Au +HNOs + 3HCI > AuCl; + NOt + 2H:0 nuée cuwdng toan Mau trang bac, rit cimg, 8,91 gem’, t',.=1455°C. Ei" Ni)=-0,26V. Hop kim Inva (Ni-Fe), ding bach (Cu-Ni) Ni+0, 25 Nio Ni+Ch S Nich Mau lam nhat, 7,13g/em’, t",.=419,5°C, t°,=906°C gion (1° thang) — déo (100-150°C) + gidn (>200°C) E°(Zn""/Zn)=-0,76V. ‘Tan trong axit, kiém,... Oxit va hidroxit ludng tinh, Zn(OH); + NHs — [Zn(NHs)s]”"gsonemawy ** 20H” Mau tring bac, déo, t°y.=232°C, t°,=2620°C. ‘Thiéc tring 7,92g/em’ (bén >14°C) Thiée xm 5,85g/em’ (bén 6 <14°C) Tan trong axit, kiém dac,... Oxit, hidroxit ludmg tinh, Mau tring hoi xanh, mém, 11,34g/em*, t°,.=327,4°C, 1°.=1745°C, EX(Pb"/Pb)=-0.13V. Hop kim thiéc har =Pb, Mudi PbCh, PbSO, rat it tan nén khi tiép xe voi HCI, H,SO, loang, Pb khéng bi tan. Tac dung voi HsSOy dae ning, HNO5, dung dich NaOH, KOH,... nong. Oxit vai hidroxit luéng tinh. “EPR Ie inate ye . denikitfn GIUP TRI NHG- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HQC PHO THONG Hidroxit ludng tinh vira c6 thé phan dt c6 kha nang phan li cho H’. hat c6 kha nang phan li cho OL, cho H” vita c6 thé phan li cho OH chat c6 kha ning nhudng H. - Bazo: chat c6 kha nang nhan H’. Chat ludng tinh vita c6 kha ning nhudng, vita c6 kha ning nan H” Lau y: Mot s6 hidroxit lung tinh thudng gap: Al(OH)s; Zn(OH)>; Cr(OH)s; Sn(OH)s; Be(OH)»; Pb(OH)s... oxit tuong ting ludng tinh, Nie trung gian cia axit yéu nhiéu nac IA chat lwong tinh. 5. MOI TRUONG CUA DUNG DICH (pH = -Ig{H']; pH+pOH = 14) Baz j6i trugng_—_axit trung tinh bazo 1H 6 7 883 Phenolphtalein khéng mau (pH<8,3 Quy (V6i dung dich kiém dae, phenolphtalein bi mat meu) © DO manh axi Axit khong c6 oxi: phy thuge vio d6 dai lign két H-X HF< Fe) 2Fe™ + Fe > 3Fe™. 2Fe™ + Cu 2Fe™ + Cu. 2Fe +20 > 2Fe** +b. Fe +OH > Fe(OH)s ae 40) 2Fe(OH)s 5 FeO; +3H,0. Fe(OH): + 3H! — Fe'’ + 3H,0. Fe,0; + 6H” — 2Fe** + 3H30. Fe:0; + C > Fe + COs}. Gang: hgp kim Fe véi C (2-5%), Si, Mn, S. ‘Thép: hop kim Fe voi C (0,01-2%), Mn, Si, Cr, N 29 63,540 $6 oxi héa +1; +2. 1.90 Mang lip phuong tam dign, Dong 1°.=1083°C, nang 8,98 g/cm’, [Ar3d4s) (Cu /Cu)=+0,34V. Dan dign rat tot (sau Ag, 46 din dién giam khi lan tap chit), day din dign t6t chira 99,99% ding. ° ‘00-1000°C Cujyy + O2 5 CuO (den), cu0 + Cu =" Scus0 Cut Ch = CuCh. e : : Cu+$ 5 Cus (den) 2Cu + 4HCI + O; > 2CuCl, + 2H,0. Cu+2Ag' > Cue + 2Ag. a Cu + 2H,804 age > CuSO, + SO; + 2H,0 Cur + 4HINO5 (age) > Cu(NOs)2 + 2NO>P + 2H;0 3Cu + 8HNOs — 3Cu(NOs)2 + 2NOT + 450 2Cu(NOs)> 5 2CuO + 4NOt + Oxt cud co Scut COst 3CuO + 2NH; 5 3Cu + Not + 3H,0 CuCh + 2NaOH — Cu(OH)>1 (ani) + 2NaCl Cu(OH)s + 4NHy — [Cu(NH,)4°" nn am + 20H" (m ” ewosiffietUP-TRINHG- TOM TATLY THUYET HOA HOC PHO THONG 3. SAT 26 55,850 $6 oxi héa: +2, +3. Tinh thé Fe, mang lap phuc Fe 133 Fe, lap phuong tim dién. Mau xam, déo, dé Sit 540°C, nang 7,9g/em’, C6 tinh din dign, dn nhigt [Arpd4s tot, ¢6 tinh nhiém tir. EX(Fe"'/Fe)=-0,44V; EXFe™ Fe )=+0,77V. Bj thy dng khi tiép xi voi H:SO, de ngudi, HNO; dc ngudi. Quang hematit do: Fe;O; khan. Quiing hematit nau: Fe:O3.nH,0. Quang xiderit: FeCOs. Quang pirit sit: FeSs, Quang manhetit: FeO, hiém, ham Iwgng Fe lén nha, e e Fe +S FeS, 3Fe +20; > FeO, ° ° 2Fet 3Ch > 2FeCh. Fe +I) > Fel. Fe + H;SO,— FeSO, + Ho}. Fe + 2HCI— FeCl + Hot. Fe + CuSO, — FeSO, +Cu|. Fe + 3AgNO; — Fe(NO3); + 3Ag|. >570% <570°C Fe+H,0 "Sr e0 + 4H:f. 3Fe + 4H;0 —"Sre,0, + 4Hst. 2Fe + 2H,0 +0; 5 2Fe(OH),. Fe + 4HNOsy) — Fe(NOs); + NOt + 2H,0 2Fe + 6H:SOqq —> Fe(SO,); + 3802 + 620 (cin 6 tinh khit: Fe > Fe+ le; eiing 6 tinh oxi héa Fet2e— Fe ) 4Fe0 +0; 5 2Fe,05, | 4FeO +0: + 2nH,0 — 2Fes0s.nH0 3FeO + 10HNO;— Fe(NO;); + NOt + H20 FeO+ Hy SFe +H,0. FeO + Cy) oS Fe +0. Fe(OH): 5 FeO + 1,0. FeO + CO Fe + COs. Fe™ + OH — Fe(OH) | uing sani Fe? + Ag’ — Fe*’ + Ag. 2Fe* + Ch > 2Fe** + 2Cr° 5Fe™ + MnO, + 8H" — 5Fe** + Mn?" + 41,0 2Fe™ + H:0, + 2H’ — 2Fe™ + 2H20 Fe™ + Zn — Fel + Zn™* oni TRENHO- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HQC PHO THONG H, +; 2HF (tir -252 dn t° thudng, trong béng 16) F, +H,0— 4HF 40, Hidro florua (HF): khi, khong mau, tan v6 han trong nue tao dung dich axit yéu c6 kha nang in mon thiy tinh 4HF + SiO) — SiF, +2H,0. ‘NaOH + HF — NaF +H,0. 2. CLO: Cl/ NTK: 35,5 / TT OXH: -1, +1, #3, +5, +7/ d6 am dign 3,16 / Ch khi, vang lye, tan nhiéu trong nude, rat déc, chat oxi héa manh, tae dung véi da sé cae kim loai (trir Au, Pt), phi kim (trir oxi), kiém, tac dung mét phan véi nude. Cl, +H, "8 2HCL. - Cl. + H20 > HCI + HCIO, Cl, + NaOH —"—+ NaCl + NaClO; + H,0. Ch + NaBr— NaCl + Br. Ch +Nal + NaCl + bp khi, khong mau, tan nhiéu trong nude tao dung, dich axit manh (axit clohidric) HCI + Mgxt ae ) > MCly + Hat Fe + 2HCI > FeCl, + Hat 4HClayc + MnO, —"—» MnCl; + Clzf + 2H30 (digu ehé Cl). Hau hét déu tan trir AgCl (tring), PbCl, (tring), CuCl (xanh nhat) ARitihipoclorel(HCIOY: khong tach duge o dang ty do, tinh axit yeu hon COz, chat oxi héa manh (tiy mau, sit tring...) Nie javel! hén hop dd mudi CI, ClO” (hipoclorit) cia Na hod K. C6 tinh oxi hoa manh (cua Clo +1) ty mau, khir tring. NaClO + CO) + Hj — NaHCO; + HCIO iéu ché: dign phan dung dich mudi An khéng mang ngin. Glortia V6i: CaOCl, — mudi hdn tap ciia Ca” voi Cr; CIO”. C6 tinh, oxi héa manh (cia Clo +1), tay mau, khir tring, 3. BROM: Br / NTK: 80 ~ TT OXH: -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 / di 2,96 / Brs: chat long, mau d6 nau, tan vira phai trong nu chat héa hoc tong ty Clo nhung yéu hon, tae dung véi Hi; dun néng, tac dung véi da sé kim loai. Axit HBr manh hdn a’ 4 ; jayhoahbé'gom -2s'¢ Ch + Fe > FeCh.GIUP TRINHG - TOM TATLY THUYET HOA HOC PHO THONG 4.10: 1/ NTK: 127 / dO am dign: 2,66 / TT OXH: -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 Ip: chat rin, mau den tim, thing hoa khi dun néng, it tan trong nude. Tinh chat héa hoc trong ty Brom nhung yéu hon, tée dung véi H> (°, Pt, phan tmg thudn nghjch), tée dung véi nhidu kim logi (t° hoge xt), hdu nhu khéng téc dung vi nude, to phire mau xanh die trung véi hé tinh bo (0) PLO aitE 1, OXI: O/ NTK 16 / TT OXH: -2 (bén), +2 (véi F), +1 (H:02) / 9 am ign 3,44 (kém F) / Op: chat khi, khng mau, duy tri sy s6ng, sur chay, 6 tinh oxi héa manh, tac dung véi hau hét cae kim loai (trir Au, Pt, Ag,...) va cde phi kim (tri Cls, Br, l..), cde hgp chit v6 co, hitu eo. 160-250°C Fe +0; SFe,0,, cu+03 Cu,0. Cu +05 Cud. FeO + 0) 5 Fe:03 OZON: 0, — mét dang thi hinh ctia oxi — khi, lam nhat, tan it trong nuée. Tinh oxi héa rat manh (hon O;) 0, HW, +0. 3+ Ag— Ag,O+0>. Os + 2KI + H30 > KOH + Ip] + Ost (nhan biét bang hé tinh bot) 2. LUU HUYNH: S$ / NTK 32 — TT OXH: -2, +4, +6 — d6 am 2,58 ‘vong Ss: hai dang thi hinh a. va B, chat rin mau vang, khéng tan trong, nu6c. Tinh chit twong ty oxi nhung yéu hon Tinh khit: (khi td voi chét oxi héa manh) $40.50; $+3F; SSFe. S+2H,SO46 5380. + 2H; Tinh oxi héa: (khi td voi chat kh) S+FeSFeS. S +H) SH,S. S+Hg— Hg (1° thug). HS: hidrosunfua Khi, khong mau, mii trimg théi, déc. a inh axit yéu (khi tan trong nude — axit sunfuuhidrie — yéu hon COs). HS + NaOH > NaHS + H;0. | NaHS + NaOH > NaS + 150." FeS + 2HCI— FeCl +H:S7. CaS + CO; + H,0 + CaCQs|+F he doves ésom GIUP TRE NHG- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HQC PHO THONG we x Pare 2 Cr+ 0 CrOs, Giéng nh Al, lép mang crom (II) oxit rat bén, bio vé phan tinh thé bén trong. ° 500-700°C Cr+Ch 5 rch, 2Cr + KCIO; "5 Cr,0; + KCL Cr+2HCl + CrCl, +Hot. Fe +Cr— Fe +Cr*. Dieu ché (nhiét nhém): Cr,O; + 2Al S2cr+ ALO. = 700°C C10, + 2HCI > CrCl, + H,0. BIO 2S COyp + Cry CrCl, + 2NaQH Gch ch eel Cr(OH),| + 2NaCl. ae * ACr(OH)> (9 + O2 + 2H0 — 4Cr(OH)s 0 Cr(OH) + HCI > CrCl; + 2H,0. C1205 lung tinh; C03 + 6HCI — 2CrCl; + 3H;O rg C140; + 2NaOH + 3,0 “8 aNalCHOH)s) Cx(OF) luGng tinh: Cr(OH); + 3HCI > CrCl + 3H;0 Cr(OH)s + NaOH — Na[Cr(OH).) 2C1(OH)s + 4NaOH + 3H,02 — 2NaCrO, + 8H:0 2Cr** + 3Br + GOH’ > 2Cr0? + 6Br + HO 2Cr* + Zn Cr + Zn. Cr+ Al Cr+ Ab CrOs: Chat rin, dé thm, 14 m6t oxit axit, c6 tinh oxi héa manh. 2CrO3 + 2NHs — C105 + Nz + 3H0 cr0} —=—cr,.07- (mau vang)—' “OF 7? (mau cam) K,Cr0;+ 6FeSOy+ 7H2SO4—> Cra(SO,);+ 3Fe(SO4)s+ KySOs+.7H:0 K2Cr2O; + 6KI + TH:SOy > Crs(SO,)s + 4K2S8O, + 3h: £7E . & t/ yasGIUP TRINHG - TOM TATLY THUYET HOA HOC PHO THONG 1. NHOM 26,980 S6 oxi héa ben: +3. 1,61 Tinh thé lap phuong tam dign, mau tring bac, mém, dé kéo sgi, dat mong, nhe (2,7g/em*), néng chay 6 660°C. | [Ne[3e3p!_ Dn dign hon sit 3 lan, E°(AP*/Al)=-1,66V. 1g héa 6 trong nurée, axit ni dung dich kali dicromat vi tao nén mang oxit bén; Al da hon héng héa (Al — Hg) phan img duge véi nuée. Phen chua: — K»SO,.Als(SO,)s.24H20 hoe KAI(SO,)2.12H;0 Quang boxit: Al;O3.2H20 (lan SiO»; Fe:O;) Allggy) = O2 > AIO; ‘manh nhém hay tinh thé 1én, phan ing nay img lai ngay khi Isp ngoai tao lép bge oxit nhém bén bao xung quanh, 2Al + 3Ch > 2AICIs 2Al + 32 Alls 2Al + 6H" — 2AP* + 3Hsf [ALE Fe:0, 5 AbOs + Fe Al c6 phan tng véi nude nhung phan img dimg lai ngay vi mang hidroxit nhém bén tao thanh bao boc tinh thé nhém, Trong dung dich kiém, mang oxit va hidroxit (Iuémg tinh) bj tan ra nén phan ting tiép tuc, Al tan trong dung dich kiém manh gidi phng hidro Al: + 2NaOH +3H;0 — 2Na[AI(OH),]. Al(OH); + NaOH — Na[Al(OH),]. 2Al + 6H;0 — 2AI(OH); + 3Hyt. iéu ché bing phuong phdp dign phan hdn hyp ALO; vA Na;AlF. (criolit ~ lam giam nhiét néng chay): 2AL0yn0) > 4Al + 30st 2. CROM 24 51,996 $6 oxi hoa: +1 dén +6, Phé bién: +2; +3; +6. Cr 166 Tinh thé mau tring bgc, kim Jogi etmg nba nang Crom (7.2g/em’), kh6 néng chay (1890°C). [Arp3d'as) ECP Cr) -0,74V, E(CrCr’)=-0,42V Bj axit nitric dic, nude cutmg thiy thy dong hoa: Quang cromit: FeO.Cr,0; (lan Al,Os; SiO.) GIUP TRI NHG- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HQC PHO THONG - Tinh khir manh: NaOH + SO, — Nal1SOs H,O = SOF +H;0° SO2 + H:0 = H,SOs H,SO; + H:0 = HSO} + Hy - Long, khong mau, tan v6 han trong nude tgo axit sunfuric (H>SO,) H,SO.: axit sunfuriec - Long, khéng mau, sanh nhu dau, rat hao nue. Tinh axit: HsS, (6 ngus + N©QH > NaHSO, + 20 H;SOq + 2NaOH — Na;SO, + 2H,0 H;SO, + Ca(OH): > CaSO,| + 2H20 H,SO, + Kim loai gnyse ) > Mudi + Hat Tinh oxi héa manh (H,SO, die, t°) 2H,SOy,+ Cu SCuSO, + SO3t + HO 2H2SO qu) + 2Ag AgsSO, + SOs1 + H20 2HsSO qu) + HS 5 3803¢ +230 H,SO 4a) + H2S S| + SO,t + 2H,0 ‘Tinh héo nude (H:SO, de) HS04 (4) CoH)205 —— 6 C + 6 H,0 (tap cht: CO, CO;, SO.) - H,SO, dac ngudi lam thu dong Fe, Al, Cr. © Sin xudt tir S hoje FeS; (pirit sit) S +0; 580; hoe 4FeS2 + 110; 52Fe:O5 + 802. Sau dé: 280, + O; 2803, SOs + HoSO4os95) > H2SOs.nSO; (oleum). H,SO4.nSO) + H20 — H2SO 4. 7GIUP TRINHG- TOM TATLY THUYET HOA HOC PHO THONG NITO: N/ NTK: 14/ TT OXH: -3, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 / Hau hét cc mudi sunfat déu tan trir CaSO, (thach cao), BaSO,, S1SO,, PbSO, kh6ng tan, AgSO, it tan... ITO — PHOTPHO. 3,04 / No: khi, khdng mau, tan rt it trong nude. G nhiét 46 thutmg, tro NEN bén nén vé mat héa hoc. Hoat déng héa hoe & nhiét 46 cao. . AMONIAC - MUOI AMONI 2000°C N23 ~Puivinoy * NO: ening AIN. No +6Li LN. No + 3H 2NH3. No+ 2Alleny —S20=000%C. No& thy + Mg, 200-800°C, Mg5Ny. Nz + 6Na S2NaN. Ny = Amoniae khi, khong mau, tan nhiéu trong nude, dung dich c6 moi trudng kiém yé Tinh khié manh: 4NH; + 50: 4NO +6H20. 2NHy —m +3Hp. 2NHs + 3CuO SNi+3Cu+3H:0, 4NHs +302 SON: +61 QNHy+ Ch NH.CL+NEACL 2H + Ch 5 NHCL+ No. Tinh bazo: NH; + H,0 = NHj + OW. NH; + HCI > NHCl. NH + H,SO, —» NHHSO. 2NH; + HSO4 — (NH;):SO«. . MOT SO OXIT CUA NITO ‘NH; tao phitc tan voi mét so ion kim loai: Cu’, Zn”, Ag’... (tr. 17, 18) Dinito oxit NO: “Khi vui”, khong mau, ning hon khéng khi. Nito monooxit = NO: Khi khong mau, héa nau trong khong khi 6NO + 4NaOH — 4NaNO, +N; < ; Gencaidon GIP TRI NHG- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HQC PHO THONG 4. SU AN MON KIM LOAI An mon héa hoe: qua trinh oxi héa ~ khit xy ra khi kim logi bj oxi héa truc tiép bai héa chat, a qué trinh oxi héa — khtr xay ra khi 2 dién cue (kim: im logi; kim logi — phi kim; kim logi — hgp chat) duge tiép xtic hoe ndi véi nhau va cing tiép xite véi dung dich chat dign fi, Electron duge chuyén tir eye am dén cue duomg dudi tic dung cua dung dich dign fi. ‘Thir ty an mdn dign héa tuan theo day dign héa. KIM LOALKIEM — KIEM TH 1. KIM LOAI KIEM Nauyén t6 hoa hoc dimg ké sau cde nguyén t6 khi hiém, c6 1 electron lép ngoai cing (ns'). Kim loai kiém nhe (Li la kim loai nhe nhat), mém, dé néng chay (déu thap hon 200°C) do lién két kim loai yéu trong mang tinh thé. Tinh khir rét manh: M — M*+ le. 2Na + 025 Na:Oxo, 2M + 2H" — 2M" + 2H; (nd). 2M + HO + 2MOH uy + Hat (chy). Li +N; — LisN (dk thudng). iéu ché thong bing pp dién phén mudi halogenua nong chay. len 2NaChee) nS 2Na + Ch. 2. KIM LOAI KEM THO ‘Thuge nhém ITA trong bang tuan hoan, dimg ké tip kim logi kiém, c6 2 electron lép ngoai cling (ns*), Kim loai kiém thé cig hon kim loai kiém, 46 cimg thap, dé néng chay (trir Be). ‘Tinh khir tng dan tir Be dén Ba... 2Mg +0, ‘5 2MgO. Ca+ChSCaCh. 2, M+ 2H*—> M™ + Hb. Sh each Mg + 2110 Mg(OH), + Hot. (ehém)_B&* 2H20 > BaCQHs 81 Digu ché thudng bing phuong phap dién phiin mudi non chaiy: = aEGIUP TRINHG - TOM TATLY THUYET HOA HOC PHO THONG Cae mudi trung hoa cla kim loai (tir LixCO3), amoni, cc mudi axit déu tan tét (trir NaHCO; hoi it tan). Cae mudi trung hda cia ede kim logi khie khong tan hoge it tan, Muéi hidrocacbonat cé tinh lwéng tinh, dé bi nhiét phan: HCO; + H’ COst + H0. HCO; + OW CO}-+H,0. ° e 2NaHCO, SNa;COs+COs}+H;0. Ca(HCOs)>CaCOy+COxt +30. ‘Mui cacbonat cia kim loai kiém bén, cia céc kim loai khdc kém bai My(CO:), M30 + nCO>. DAL CUONG KIM LO. 1.CAU TAO Hau hét déu 6 dang tinh thé (trir Hg — long), cde nguyén tir va ion duong kim loai lién két véi nhau bang lién két kim loi do sy tham gia cla cde electron chuyén d6ng ty do trong mang tinh thé. ~ Mang lap phuang tim khdi: p=68%. - Mang lye phurong: p=74%. - Mang lip phurong tam dign: p=74%, 2. TINH CHAT VAT Li Tinh déo, tinh dan dign, tinh dan nhiét, tinh anh kim déu chit yéu i do trong mang tinh thé kim loai ¢6 cdc electron ty do. D6 din Kim loai khé néng chay nhat: W. Kim loai nang nhat: Os. . TINH CHAT HOA HOC GIUP TRI NHG- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HQC PHO THONG Khi mau nau. 3NO2 + H;0 52HNO; + NOT. __4NO, + 2H,0 + 0 > 4HN 2NOp + 21 — NaNO; + NaNO; + Dinito trioxit =NzOs: chat long, mau xanh. Dinito pentaoxit — NzOs: chat ran, mau tring. La anhidrit nitric. 4, AXIT NITRIC - MUOI NITRAT HINOS: chat long, khéng mau, duéi anh nang chuyén mau vang do ln NO». Tan v6 han trong nude. La axit manh, chat oxi héa manh, khong phan img véi Au, Pt... khong phd hy thiy tinh, HNOs ngugi kim thy dng héa Al, Cr, Fe, Ni,... 4HNO; S4NOzt + Ost + 2H30. HNO + H:0 — NO;+H30". Ag + 2HNO x) > AgNO3 + NOst + HO 3Cu + SHNO ssn) —* 3CU(NO3)2 + NOT + 4HLO 4Mg + 10 HNO song) * 4Mg(NO3), + N,Of + 5H,O (tap cl 58n + IZHNO (ing —> SSn(NOs)2 + Not + 6H30 (tap chit NO) BAI 30HNO aang)» SAI(NO3); + SNHANOs + 9HO(tap chat Hs) Diéu ché trong céng nghiép tir NH; 03 4 41,00, NH; S22 NO- NO, 182-2, HNO; Didu ché trong phong thi nghigm tir mudi nitrat NaNO aan) + HeSOgag NaHSO, + HNOst Mudinitrat: Tat cd déu tan trong née, dé bj nhiét phan ra sin phim: 9GIUP TRINHG - TOM TATLY THUYET HOA HOC PHO THONG NO; cé tinh oxi hoa: = Trong moi trudng axit: 3Cu+8H'+2NO} —> 3Cu?+2NOT+4H0 = Trong méi trudng kiém: 3NaNO; + 4NaOH + Crx0; 4", 2NasCrO, + 3NaNOy+ 2H;0 3KNOs+5KOH+8AI+18H;0—8K[AI(OH),]+3NHs7 (lin Hb) . PHOTPHO: P / NTK: 31 / TT OXH: -3, +3, +5. Nhiéu dang thi hinh: Pying(P1) mém, d& néng chay, bée chay trong khOng khi & nhigt d> trén 40°C, bao quan bang im trong nuée. Hoat dng manh, = Py(polime) khé néng chay, khé bay hoi hon, kh6ng tan trong ede thong thudmg, dé chay rita, bée chay & trén 250°C. 4P + 6H, SAPHs 2p +3CaS CaP, 4P+ 3Ocitu, 2P,03. 2P+ 3Chenty S2PChs. AP + S04) 92P.0s. 2P + 5Claan S2Pchs. 6P + SKCIOs 3P;0s + SKCI. Axit photphoric — HyPO,: axit trung binh, 3 Lin ax Axit phophoro— H.(PHOs) — H;POs: axit yéu, 2 lan axit. Axit hipophotphoro — H(PH;O;) — HsPO:: axit yéu, | lin axit. Muéi photphat: Tat ca cdc mudi dihidrophophat déu tan; mudi hidrophotphat va photphat it tan (trir mudi Na’, K°, NH,") . PHAN BON HOA HOC. Phan dam: Cung cap N - NO; , NH}, (NH2):CO (URE). CO; + 2NH; —89-2%°C_, (NH,),CO + HO ‘Trong dat 4m: (NH2);CO + 2H30 — (NH,)sCOs. Phan ln: Cung cp photpho. Supephotphat don: Cas(PO,)s + 2H:SO, —> Ca(H2PO,)s + 2CaSOs] Supephotphat kép: __ Cas(POs)2 + 3 HoSOy + 2HsPO, +3 CasPOne + AHSPOs—+ 3Ca(HaPOs)! . Phan kali: Cung cap kali - 10 GIUP TRI NHG- TOM TAT LY THUYET HOA HQC PHO THONG ACBON, - CACBON: C/ NTK: 12 — TT OXH: -4,+2,+4... / C6 nhiéu dang tht hinh: thé hinh tir din déu, bén. Cig nhit (« tinh thé cdu true lop. ~ Fuleren: cdu tric hinh edu réng. + Cacbon v6 dinh hin (hoa nh man: than mudi, 28, xuomg... cing 10). C+CO; 520, at C+ 2H, —> CHy. 4A143C5 ALC. C+O5 00s C#4HINO ayy > COrH4NO+2HLO. C12H,$O yay CO3+280.12H10. CBON MONOOXIT Khi, khéng mau, khong mui, nhe hon khéng khi, dc. Tinh khir manh. 120-130°C/p CO+ HO. COs+Hb. CO+NaOH——"“"SHCOONa. 5 wae pC 2 . Ey 2CO + 07 52COs (eine snoycvo,, CO*NH3 —azoyrnig, HCN*HLO. COHH, 20°C CH+H,0, CO+ 2H SE SP CHLOH. Khi than ust: ~44%CO Kin COs, No, Ho... Khi than kh (Kkhi 19 gas):~25%CO lin Nz, COs... CACBON DIOXIT - AXIT CACBONIC - MUOI CACBONAT (COs: khi, khong mau. CO, rin (nude dé khé) thang hoa & nhiét d6 thug. Tinh axit yéu. CO; + H:0 =H,COs CO; + NH3.H,0 — NH,HCO3. CO; + NaOH — NaHCO, CO; + 2NaOH — Na;CO3 + CO; + Ba(OH)»—BaCO,|+H,0. CO; + Hs0 + BaCO;—Ba( COs). mank, hidro, cachon kite. COs+4H, 2", CHy+2H:0, C2 + 2M. C +2MgO. gis, a owestdfon