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Maxwell's Equations PDF
Maxwell's Equations PDF
=
D !
B
=0
!
= B
E t
"
= J +
H
D
t
#
&
'
D
= 4
B
=0
= 1 B
E c t
4
1 D
H
=
c
J + c t
D(statcoul/cm2
) E(statvolt/cm)
B(gauss)
H(oersted)
(statcoulomb)
J(statamp)
!
q0
( ! E
F = q0 E
E D B
H
D B !
= 0 E
D + P
= 0 H
B +M
2
& $
% 2
' 2
0
2 = 0 J = 0
5
2 = 0
6 72
! 2
E
=0
B
=0
= B
E t
= E
B t
D = E B = H
D = 0 E + (2) E E +
(3) E
+
E E
5
7
B !
E ! 1
,
E $
% 4
B
= ( B ) = ( B)
( E)
t t
= t
( tE )
( E) E
2 E
= ( E) = 0
2
2 E
= E2
t
#
E 2
2
2 B
= B2
t
v = 1/
c = 1/00 = 2.998 108 m/s
0
1 c
v= =
0 0 r n
6
kr)
r , t) = E0 ei(t
E(
k
* ! 7
*
E(
r , t)
E(
r, t)
9
r)
2 E
= E0 2 ei(tk
= E0 [ikei(tkr) ]
= k 2 E0 ei(tkr)
= k 2 E
2E
= 2 E
t2
k =
"
E
=0
[E0 ei(tkr) ] = E0 ei(tkr) = ik E0 ei(tkr) = 0
k E0 = 0
ik E
= i B
:
k E
= B
z
E
B
y
"
B !
|k| 0 n
|B| = |E| = |E| = |E|
c
9
;
S 9
!
!
S H
=E
9
J/(m2 sec)
7
!
<
U = 12 (D
E H)
+B
B = nc E
1 B2 1 n2 1 r 0 0 2
U = (E 2 + ) = ( + 2 )E 2 = ( + )E
2 2 c 2
U = E 2
9
2
Wmech U dA
+ = S
t t s
Sin Sout
A U Wmech
9
;
$Sout Sin%
A
,
V
! $U %
Wmech
9
|S|
= v U v
U 7
$
9
S
J
U
%
; S
.7
/ S
I 7
;
$W/m2 %
= I k = I n
S
k
# k E = B H = 1 k E k =
= E0 ( 1 k E0 ) cos2 (t k r) =
S
2
E0 cos2 (t k r) n
U = 12 E02
A
;
7
>? F = qE + qv B +
>?
J = qv
>? 7
$)% F1 = E + J B -
J
E
= /0 , B
= 0 J + 0 0 E/t
E
F1 = 0 ( E) + 1 ( B) 0 E B
B
0 t
-
= E B
(E B) B
+ E
t t t
+ 1 ( B) 1B
F1 + 0 (E B)
= 0 ( E)
E ( E)
0 E B ( B)
t 0 0
B)dV 1
Pf ield = 0 (E = 2
SdV
v c v
!
!
2
g = S/c
&B
4 r.h.s.
T dV T ds
v s
1 0 2 B 2
T = 0 E E + B B I( E + )
0 2 20
T . / 2nd
r.h.s.
V
4
V
|P | |g |V
f orce
P = = t = t
area A A
t
ct V = Act
|
g |Act
S
t
P = = |g | c =
A c
C
P = S /c = I/c
#
1.34 103J/m2 s #
4.46 106 N/m2
105 N/m2
0 exp i(k r t)
=E
E
0 exp i(k r t)
=H
H
E 0 H 0
? ! E H
!
?
!
?
&&
H
D
? E0 ?
7
, 2 !
= E0 [x exp i(kz t) + y exp i(kz t )]
E
2
ei/2 = i
= E0 (x y) exp i(kz t)
E
E
"
1 !
&'
H
"
?
?
? ! !
$ ?% "
D ?
? - ! E
E 1 E 2 E 1
?
&0
(Incident wave)
E2
E
Transmitted axis
(Transmitted wave) of polarizer
E
1
E
7
!
E1 = E cos
"
I1
!
I1 = I cos2
# ?
? ?
(
cos2
12
>
? ?
?
P !
?
Ipol
P =
Ipol + Iunpol
Slow Slow
/2
Fast Fast
Slow Slow
/2
?
0 = xE0x + yE0y
E
E
7
?
? 1
0
0
0
# 1
0
0
i
F 7 # ? 1
0
0
i
1 i
# 45 1
2 i 1
* 7 1 0
0 1
ei 0
0 ei
eix 0
G
0 eiy
G
1
2
1 i
i 1
D ?
1 i
> 1
2 i 1
&:
!
"#
4
,
E E
i t
ki
kt
Bt
Bi i, i t, t
!"
Incident
k
i r
ni kr
i
Reflected
kt
Transmitted
y
nt
z
ki
kt x
kr
plane of incident
&=
# kx ky kz
> ! x z 4
z
ki kr
Incident i r Reflected
n
i x
n
t
Transmitted
t
kt
kxi = kxr !
;
i = r
ni sin i = nt sin t
#
4
7
&A
D ds = 0
s
s B d
s=0
dl = B
E ds
t s
H dl =
D ds
t s
i
dh
t
i
dh
t
t
t " dh 0 ; B = s
ds = 0
B
D = s D ds = 01
i t = E
E t t
i t = H
H t t
'B
.
E H
/ E i H i E t H t !
! i n
Ei
kr
Bi ki Er
i Br
ni
y(y) x(x)
nt t
Bt Et
kt
z(z)
%!
"#$
E
"
#$
E
'&
2
i = yEi exp i(t ki r)
E
Er ( nii cos i nt
t
cos t )
rs = ni nt
Ei ( i cos i + t
cos t )
''
C
nt = ni sin i / sin t
ni ni sin i
cos i (Ei Er ) = cos t (Ei + Er )
i t sin t
t tan t (Ei Er ) = i tan i (Ei + Er )
Er (i tan i + t tan t )
rs =
Ei (i tan i + t tan t )
Ei + Er = Et
!
Et 2t tan t
ts =
Ei (i tan i + t tan t )
rs = sin(i t )/ sin(i + t )
Ei
Bi Er
kr
ki
Br
i
ni
y(y) x(x)
nt t
Et
Bt
kt
z(z)
#
i tan i + t tan t
rp =
i tan i + t tan t
2i sin i
tp =
cos t (i tan i + t tan t )
i t 1
rp = tan(i t )/ tan(i + t )
Sr
Si
ni i i
Ao
nt t S
n t
At
'5
# I
7
! E ! E
*
;
?
I
nt
I ni *
!
I
./
7
.
/
A W
# Wi = ni
2
0 2
E A
o i 0
cos i
# ; Wr = ni
2
0 2
E A
o r 0
cos i
# Wt = nt
2
0 2
E A
o t 0
cos t
!
&
#
! ;
2
'6
n =1, n =1.5
i r
0.2 1.0
Brewster Angle
0.0
0.8
P Glancing incident
-0.4
S
0.4
-0.6
P
0.2
-0.8 Brewster Angle
-1.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
incident angle incident angle
0.8
0.8
Total Internal Total Internal
Reflection Reflection
0.6
Power Reflectivity (R)
Field Reflectivity (r)
0.6
0.4
0.4
S
0.2
P Brewster Angle S
0.2
0.0 Brewster Angle
Critical Angle P Critical Angle
-0.2 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
incident angle incident angle
= 0
!
! 9 ?
;
9 ? < 10
;
I = 0
I 0
sin(i + t ) = sin i cos t + cos i sin t
':
2 sin t cos i
ts =
sin i cos t + cos i sin t
+
> sin i = nn t
i
sin t
2 cos i
ts = nt
ni
cos t + cos i
" i = 0 t = 0 cos i = cos t = 1
t= 2ni
ni +nt
T = ( n2n+n )2
i
i
t
+
r= ni nt
ni +nt
R = ( nn n
+n
)2
i
i
t
t
? tp rp
;
?
?
.+
/ #
; I ?
rp = tan( )
i
tan( + )
i
0 t
t
i + t = 90
nt sin i sin i
= =
ni sin(90 i )
cos i
+
!
+
B
B = tan1 ( nnti )
c = sin1 ( nnti )
"
t = 90
4
Et eikr = eikt (x sin t +z cos t )
4
ni sin i
sin t = sin i =
nt sin c
sin i 2
cos t = 1 sin2 t = 1 ( )
sin c
- i > c
#
sin i 2
cos t = i ( ) 1 i c < <
sin c 2
sin i 2
= ( ) 1
sin c
Et eikt (x sin t +z cos t )
1+2
Et = ekt z eikt x
$
x %
z $
%
H
'=
z
1
;
!
!
9
# ! E H
$7
9
%
= 1 Re(E
I n = S )
H
2
#
;
kt E t
1
I = St n = Re[(Et H t ) n]
2
1 t ( 1 kt E t )] n}
= Re{[E
2 t
1
= Re[Et2 (kt n)]
2t
kt n = kt cos t = ikt
St n = 0
4 ! z = 1/ z
1/e
1
1 1
=
kt
4
7
!
; + ; 7
;
tan(i t )
rp =
tan(i + t )
sin(i t ) cos(i + t )
=
sin(i + t ) cos(i t )
sin 2t + sin 2i
=
sin 2t + sin 2i
sin i cos i sin t cos t
=
sin i cos i + sin t cos t
sin i cos i i 1 + 2
= = eip
sin i cos i + i 1 + 2
;
& Rs = Rp = 1
!
;
4 !
;
! 9
?
sin i
s = 2 tan1
1 + 2 cos i
1 + 2
p = 2 tan1
sin i cos i
0B
180
160
140
Phase change ()
120
100
S
80
60
40
20
0
40 50 60 70 80 90
Incident angle ()
4
90
;
& ni nt
! ;
9 ?
D
4
90
!
7
; !
;
;
7
#
& $
&M%
7
(
;
C
7
$
i & '
90% 7
;
.
/
7
0&
. /
D = E B = H
#
r, t) = E(
E( r)eit
i n
k = ( )=
c
0'
n = n(1 i)
!
?
z
r) = E
E( 0 exp(in z) exp( z )
0 exp(ikz) = E
c d
d = c/n . /
n k
c2
n2 = [ 2 2 + ( )2 + ]
2
2 2 c2
n = [ 2 2 + ( )2 ]
2
#
n22 c2
2
2
d
1/
10N
4
# ;
&% '%
# ;
# ! ;
t
ni
sin t = sin i
nt
; I
;
?
? ; 4
;
(n1)2 +(n)2
R = |r|2 = n+1
n1 n 1
n +1 = (n+1)2 +(n)2
4n
= 1 (n+1)2 +(n)2
00
-
n = in
(in 1)(in 1)
R= =1
(in + 1)(in + 1)