You are on page 1of 33

 

 
  
    
 
 
      
            

          
    
     
          
   

                     
        
    
   
          

 
 
                

 =
D       !
B
 =0     
  !
 = B
E t
"  
 = J +
H

D
t
#     

D       $C/m2 %


E   ! $V /m%
 B 
  ! $T  V s/m2%
H 
  !    $A/m)
  
    $C/m3 %
J      $A/m2 %

&
    
  
    
'
   
 

D
 = 4

B
 =0

 = 1 B 
E c t

4  
1 D
H
 =
c
J + c t

 
D(statcoul/cm2
) E(statvolt/cm)
  B(gauss)
  H(oersted)
  (statcoulomb)
J(statamp)


 
       !      
    
 q0
  (    ! E      
F = q0 E



  E  D  B
 H
 D  B  !  
 = 0 E
D  + P

 = 0 H
B  +M


 0 = (1/36) 109 $#)%  0 = 4 107$*)%     


   
    
 P  
   M             +

                    
    P  M  !            
        
 
 
      
 P  M     
 !            
 
   P  M            ,


*  
                 
    D  B       E  H     - 
  
  J      E         .       /
 = f (E)
D 
J = g(E)

 = h(H)
B 
    
  
    
0
"                       
                 E  H      1 
  D = 0 E           
 = 0 E
D  + P = 0 E
 + 0 E

 = E
= 0 (1 + )E 
2      $ 
    %        3   
 
D  = 0 n2 E
 = E 
 

n= = r
0
                   
 
J = E

2             
     M = 0
          
 
 = 0 H
B 

           


4     
 
            

    2
&   $
 % 2            
'  2             
 
0   
2 = 0 J = 0
5    
2 = 0
6  7  2            
          !  2
E
 =0

B
 =0

 = B
E t

 =  E
B t

 D = E  B = H
 
 
  

 

     D = 0 E + (2) E E +
(3)   E
 +
E E
    
  
    
5

 

   7 
B !
    E !     1     
   
  ,         
    E $    

 % 4    
B

 = ( B ) = ( B)
( E) 
t t

= t

( tE )

  ( E)    E
 2 E
 = ( E)  = 0    

2 
2 E
 =  E2
t

#
       

E       2

2 
2 B
 =  B2
t

                


   
1 2 f (r, t)
2 f (r, t) =
v 2 t2
 v8  
 $ ./%     f (r, t)8 $  %    
                    
              
 
    
     !
4         
   


v = 1/ 

       c = 1/00 = 2.998 108 m/s      
      0   
1 c
v= =
0 0 r n
    
  
    
6

 
   
               
  
    

 kr)
 r , t) = E0 ei(t
E(
 k           *    !   7
               *     
    E(
 r , t)                 E(
 r, t)
      
 9


               
 r)
2 E
 = E0 2 ei(tk

= E0 [ikei(tkr) ]

= k 2 E0 ei(tkr)
= k 2 E


2E

 = 2 E

t2
  

k = 

                        
"
                 
E
 =0

  
[E0 ei(tkr) ] = E0 ei(tkr) = ik E0 ei(tkr) = 0


k E0 = 0

 !          


  $      B
 !%
#      

 = B
E
t

ik E
 = i B



    
  
    
:

k E
 = B


  k E  B        


  
     
  B
E     9            
2

z
E

B
y

"  
   B ! 

 |k|  0   n 
|B| = |E| = |E| = |E|
c

               7    E   B 7    


   !     !               
    B
H 2

|E|
 |E|

= = Z
|H|
 |B|
 

    Z      ()            


   Z0 =  = 377
0
0

     
    
 9 
           ;  
   

   
    S     9 
 !    
      
  !

S  H
 =E 

     9 
  J/(m2 sec)        
7
            
    
 
! 
    
  
    
<

U = 12 (D
 E  H)
 +B 

      
    B = nc E
1 B2 1 n2 1 r 0 0 2
U = (E 2 + ) = ( + 2 )E 2 = ( + )E
2 2 c 2

       


    (J/m3) #      0  U
    ! 

U = E 2

 
  9 
    
       
          
2

Wmech U  dA

+ = S
t t s

Sin Sout
A U Wmech

 9 
      ;   
$Sout Sin% 
   
A    
 ,   
   V         

 
  ! $U %  
 
     Wmech  
  
            
  9 
  
  |S|
 = v U  v        U    7 

 
    $           9 
 S     
       J    
   U         
   
%
               
      
 
; S      . 7 
/       S     
   I      7 
 
   
;  
  
        $W/m2 %
  
 = I k = I n
S
k
      
     
        
  

   1015   1011 1015


    
  
    
=
    
=E
S  H  = (E0 H  0 ) cos2 (t k r)

# k E = B H = 1 k E   k = 

 = E0 ( 1 k E0 ) cos2 (t k r) =
S
 2
E0 cos2 (t k r) n

-             



       
      $   n%   
          
        $  . 
 /       
 
 %
-    7 
  
;    
  
1  t0 +T  2
I S
 = T t0 0
E cos2 (t k r) dt n

1  2  t0 +T
= T
E
0 t0
cos2 (t k r) dt n

> = t k r    cos2 = 12 (1 + cos 2)


  (t0 +T )   (t0 +T )
1  2 2 1  2
E cos d = E (1 + cos 2)d
T 0 t0 2T 0 t0

1  2 1  (t0 +T )
= E0 (T + cos 2d2)
2T 2 t0

1  2 1
= E0 {1 + [sin 2(t0 + T k r)
2 2T
sin 2(t0 k r)]}

         $T 109  f 1 ?%   


 
      $ 3.5 1015 *? 
 -2@
   
 60' %
T = 3.5 105
1 T 1
11            
          
  
I S
 = 1
2
 2
E
0
= 12 ( Z1 )E02

           I = 1 ( 12 E02) = v U $ 12  


  7 

% #    

U = 12 E02
    
  
    
A

   
  
        
        
   
  ;   
  
  7
     
              

  
  
      > ?  F = qE + qv B  +
 
 > ?       
J = qv
   > ?   7
  $)%  F1 = E + J B  -         
   
    J        
E
 = /0 , B
 = 0 J + 0 0 E/t




 E
F1 = 0 ( E)  + 1 ( B)  0 E B
 B 
0 t
-   
  
 = E B
(E B)  B
 + E
t t t

  + 1 ( B)  1B
F1 + 0 (E B)
 = 0 ( E)
 E  ( E)
 0 E  B  ( B)

t 0 0

     B = 0   


              
 E = B/t
  
          V      
 

    


  B)dV

Ftotal + 0 (E  = [r.h.s.]dV
t v v

-                   



dPmech dPf ield
+ = [r.h.s.]dV
dt dt v

  
 B)dV 1
Pf ield = 0 (E  = 2 
SdV
v c v
            !   
  
       
     !  

 2
g = S/c

   
   

  
 

  
  
   
    
  
    
&B
4           r.h.s.     
 
T dV T ds
v s



1   0 2 B 2
T = 0 E E + B B I( E + )
0 2 20
 T     .    /    2nd      
r.h.s.             
  V 
4          
          
                   V 
            
|P | |g |V
f orce
P = = t = t
area A A
   t  
 
    ct       V = Act

|
g |Act 
S
t
P = = |g | c =
A c
C    
    
 

P  = S /c = I/c


         
      #    
  
    1.34 103J/m2 s # 
      
 
 
        
       
      
4.46 106 N/m2   
     105 N/m2 

      


 
  


  

D        
        ! E  H 

    
 0 exp i(k r t)
 =E
E
 0 exp i(k r t)
 =H
H
     E 0  H 0               
 


       ?  ! E   H         
             !  
        
  ?    
      !        ?
 
    
  
    
&&
H

        7     ? 


      ?  
;          #    
     ? 

                  
   , 
      . /            
!     ?     ,         1      

   
  >  
      ?     
  . /  

     ,         



   


D         ?         E0   ? 
7
           ,   2       !
    
 = E0 [x exp i(kz t) + y exp i(kz t )]
E
2
  ei/2 = i
 = E0 (x y) exp i(kz t)
E
         
         E 
   
     
    
    
           


  "     
 



         1      !      

     
          
    

                     
   


 
    
  
    
&'
H

       ?           


 
! 
          
 
    
!                          ?
H

       !     


 0 = (xE0 iyE  ) exp i(kz t)
E 0

 
  
 

 
 


"
 
             ? 
     ?

           ? !          !
  
                $     ?% "

         

         
    D          ? 
         
  ? -       ! E       
         E 1  E 2   E 1  
    
      ?
    
  
    
&0
(Incident wave)
E2
E

Transmitted axis
(Transmitted wave) of polarizer

E
1

 E  
            
    7
  ! 
E1 = E cos
"         I1  
         ! 

 
I1 = I cos2
              #    ? 
    
                       
  ?     ? 
  (  
    cos2   12 
>
         ?             ?
    ? 
   
  P      !   
               ?
Ipol
P =
Ipol + Iunpol

          


    ?        

     Imax = Ipol + 12 Iunpol  Imin = 12 Iunpol 
Imax Imin
P =
Imax + Imin
 Imax  Imin                

   
      ?
"                  2 
  
    $                 
  % D     ? 
      
     ?

 
      "           
   
   
    
  
    
&5
Fast Fast

Slow Slow
/2

Fast Fast

Slow Slow
/2

Quarter waveplate Half waveplate

 

  
    

     
   ?         
 0 = xE0x + yE0y
E

 E0x  E0y    "


      7
     i
E0x = |E0x |e x
E0y = |E0y |eiy
         !    
        
 


E0x |E0x |eix
=
E0y |E0y |eiy
   ?    E        
 
            E      
      
     
   ?     

  ?         


 E   #   


      ?          ?      
  ?  



1 1 1
+ =2
i i 0
      

     ''        


   
    >        
  B A



A
     


  B
   E     a b
c d

           




a b A A
=
c d B B
    
  
    
&6
 
    
            E    

          2




atotal btotal an bn a1 b1
=
ctotal dtotal cn d n c1 d 1

     E          
7
  ?   


       ?   1
0
0
0

>   9  ?          0


0
0
1


1 1
       45 1
2 1 1



#       1
0
0
i

F 7    #     ?   1
0

0
i
1 i
#     45 1
2 i 1



* 7    1 0
0 1



ei 0
      0 ei



eix 0
G     
 0 eiy



G
 1
2
1 i
i 1
D     ?

1 i
> 1
2 i 1
    
  
    
&:
        !  " #

4         
      
 
       
     
       

   
            , 
     

E E
i t

ki
kt

Bt
Bi i, i t, t

#        7            ;


   
             "    7
       
             , 
        #        ;    
         #   

! " 

Incident

k
i r
ni kr
i
Reflected

kt
Transmitted

y
nt
z

D                     



 ,           ;         
 7                   

   
   2
    
  
    
&<
exp(iki r it)     
exp(ikr r it) ;  
exp(ikt r it)    $ %  
                      
    t          = k r t         
                      
    
ki r|z=0 = kr r|z=0 = kt r|z=0
" z = 0   
r = xx + y y
ki = (ni )(k i x + k i y + k i z)
c x y z
kr = (ni )(k r x + k r y + k r z)
c x y z
kt = (nt )(k r x + k r y + k r z)
c x y z

 x y  z        x y  z      (kx , ky, kz)


            ;        = i
r   t      z = 0
ni (kxi x + kyi y) = ni (kxr x + kyr y) = nt (kxt x + kyt y)
"                    x  y    
ni kxi = ni kxr = nt kxt
ni kyi = ni kyr = nt kyt

kxi = kxr kyi = kyr
kxi = ( nnti )kxt kyi = ( nnti )kyt
                  ;
                    
  x
 y         4        
      
!        
       ki      
         ki      
y

ki

kt x

kr
plane of incident
    
  
    
&=
#          kx ky   kz           
>  !        x z           4
  
  
z

ki kr

Incident i r Reflected
n
i x

n
t
Transmitted
t
kt

          (kx , ky, kz)   = i r  t


kxi = sin i kyi = 0 kzi = cos i
kxr = sin r kyr = 0 kzr = cos r
kxt = sin t kyr = 0 kzt = cos t


   kxi = kxr   !                 
; 

i = r

"  ni kxi = nt kxt                   


 

   

ni sin i = nt sin t

#  
   
   

4          
             
  
            7     
    
  
    
&A
    
  

D ds = 0
s
s B d
 s=0

 dl =  B
E  ds
t s
H dl =
D ds
t s

#       !     


  "    
                         
    
  
dA

i
dh
t

n         i  t1 ds = ndA 


 i  ds = ndA

 t   !      
 
 i n = D
D  t n
 i n = B
B  t n

      .       D  B      


 / -   D i B i  D t  B t             

  !      i  n   
-       
              

!        
dA

i
dh
t
t


t             " dh 0  ; B = s
 ds = 0
B

 D = s D ds = 01    
 i t = E
E  t t
 i t = H
H  t t
    
  
    
'B
       . 
       E  H    
   /      E i H i  E t  H t       !
   
  !   i  n   

$ " $ 



         
        ; 
                  ,     
*    
              
            
       
                       
  ;      

      ;          
             $C   ?      E !    

  ?        %2
&    ?   E      
$      -  H   ?   %
' 9   ?         
E
$        ?   %
 
 


#    ?       !              


 
  

Ei
kr
Bi ki Er

i Br
ni

y(y) x(x)
nt t

Bt Et

kt

z(z)


  %! 


  "#$  
   
E


  "
#$  
   
E
    
  
    
'&
     2
 i = yEi exp i(t ki r)
E

ki = ni (x sin i + z cos i )


c
  B i = 1 ki E i   
 i = ni (x cos i + z sin i )Ei exp i(t ki r)
B
c
 ;  2
kr = ni (x sin i z cos i )
c

 r = yEr exp i(t ki r)


E

 r = ni (x cos i + z sin i )Er exp i(t ki r)


B
c
         2
kt = nt (x sin t + z cos t )
c
 t = yEt exp i(t kt r)
E
 t = nt (x cos t + z sin t )Et exp i(t kt r)
B
c
-               $  r = 0% #    7
                !      ? 

       D !        ! #     
       
-  $z%  B 2
ni nt
sin i (Ei + Er ) = sin t Et
c c

   $x%  H 2
ni nt
cos i (Ei Er ) = cos t Et
i c t c
+ 
      !        Ei + Er = Et   
Et       
ni nt
cos i (Ei Er ) = cos t (Ei + Er )
i t
"

           !     
   !"
   
 


Er ( nii cos i nt
t
cos t )
rs = ni nt
Ei ( i cos i + t
cos t )
    
  
    
''
C 
   
    nt = ni sin i / sin t         

ni ni sin i
cos i (Ei Er ) = cos t (Ei + Er )
i t sin t
t tan t (Ei Er ) = i tan i (Ei + Er )
  
Er (i tan i + t tan t )
rs =
Ei (i tan i + t tan t )
 
Ei + Er = Et      
    !   
 

Et 2t tan t
ts =
Ei (i tan i + t tan t )

   # 


      !    
  
C                 i   t  !
    
                   
  7
   i t 1 4    
     ! I  


rs = sin(i t )/ sin(i + t )

ts = 2 sin t cos i / sin(i + t )

 
 


# 9   ?              


  !   , 
&
    
  
   i 0'       
   

    
  
    
'0

Ei

Bi Er
kr
ki
Br
i
ni

y(y) x(x)
nt t
Et
Bt
kt

z(z)

#
           
i tan i + t tan t
rp =
i tan i + t tan t
2i sin i
tp =
cos t (i tan i + t tan t )
   i t 1

rp = tan(i t )/ tan(i + t )

tp = 2 cos i sin t /[sin(i + t ) cos(i t )]

   %    &


 '
 

Ai Ai

Sr
Si

ni i i
Ao

nt t S
n t

At
    
  
    
'5
 #  I                7

   ! E         !   E   
*                      
;          ?
    I  
              nt       
  
     I       ni     *
   
   !           
   
     I        
    
            ./  
    
 7
     
 .    /       
  
     A    W   
        

    


      ?
J   ,        ?              
          + !
          
A0    
Ai = Ar = A0 cos i
At = A0 cos t
   9 
 S $      
%      
   1    W  
 
      A  
  
W = S A
 = i r  t   
  S = 12  E2  
   0   = n0


#      Wi = ni
2
0 2
E A
o i 0
cos i

# ;   Wr = ni
2
0 2
E A
o r 0
cos i

#      Wt = nt
2
0 2
E A
o t 0
cos t

           $       9


  ?   %
Wr E2
R = r2 = |r|2
Wi Ei

Wt nt cos t Ei2 nt cos t 2


T = 2
= |t|
Wi ni cos i Er ni cos i

!
   
   &
 

#     
 
          
   
     !   ;       
  
2
    
  
    
'6
n =1, n =1.5
i r
0.2 1.0

Brewster Angle

0.0
0.8

P Glancing incident

Power Reflectivity (R)


-0.2

Field Reflectivity (r)


S 0.6

-0.4
S

0.4

-0.6

P
0.2
-0.8 Brewster Angle

-1.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
incident angle incident angle

#          


       2
ni=1.5, nr=1
1.0 1.0

0.8
0.8
Total Internal Total Internal
Reflection Reflection
0.6
Power Reflectivity (R)
Field Reflectivity (r)

0.6

0.4

0.4
S
0.2
P Brewster Angle S

0.2
0.0 Brewster Angle
Critical Angle P Critical Angle

-0.2 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
incident angle incident angle

*       


        
    
   

 
          = 0        
        !            
!             9   ?       
        
     ;       
9   ?         < 10
 ;        I    = 0         
  I       0  
sin(i + t ) = sin i cos t + cos i sin t
    
  
    
':
  
2 sin t cos i
ts =
sin i cos t + cos i sin t
+ 
  >  sin i = nn t
i
sin t    
2 cos i
ts = nt
ni
cos t + cos i
"     i = 0   t = 0  cos i = cos t = 1

t= 2ni
ni +nt
 T = ( n2n+n )2      
i
i
t

+ 
       

r= ni nt
ni +nt
 R = ( nn n
+n
)2      
i
i
t
t

    ?   tp  rp
             

    


           5K  
    ;   7
 
            
      

L&6       &B        ;   R = 0.04 
                   ;  

     7;   
        
$*  7;   
          %
   

  
       
     ;    ?  
  ?   
     
      .+
/ # 
    ;  I       ? 

rp = tan( )
i
tan( + )
i
0 t
t
 i + t = 90
           
    
nt sin i sin i
= =
ni sin(90 i )
cos i
+ !
 
  +
 B 

B = tan1 ( nnti )

    +


  9   ? 
     
 
          ni > nt  nt > ni
    
  
    
'<

    


    ;        


 
     . /
   .  /    ni > nt  $#   



   % #    
ni
t = sin1 ( sin i )
nt
4 ni > nt        nn i
sin i > 1 > !   
 
 c 
 
  nn sin c = 1   
t
i
t

c = sin1 ( nnti )

"     
             t = 90    
    
  
4 
 
           

Et eikr = eikt (x sin t +z cos t )

4        
ni sin i
sin t = sin i =
nt sin c
  

sin i 2
cos t = 1 sin2 t = 1 ( )
sin c
-  i > c       
  #        
  
   

sin i 2
cos t = i ( ) 1 i c < <
sin c 2
 
sin i 2
= ( ) 1
sin c
               
Et eikt (x sin t +z cos t )

1+2
Et = ekt z eikt x
      
        $  
 x  %  
        z    $      
     %
             H       
    
  
    
'=
        
            
 
    
           z          
  1      
;  
 !      
             !    
     
  9 

#  ! E  H      $ 7 
 9 
% 
 
 = 1 Re(E
I n = S  )
 H
2

#   
; 
             kt E t
  1
I = St n = Re[(Et H t ) n]
2
1  t ( 1 kt E  t )] n}
= Re{[E
2 t
1
= Re[Et2 (kt n)]
2t
 
kt n = kt cos t = ikt
 
  
  St n = 0      

 
 
       
4  !       z = 1/      z    
      1/e   
  1        
1 1
=
kt
4         
   

 
   7
            !          
  ;   +             ;     7
             
       
    ;    
      
 

Variable attenuator Prism coupler


    
  
    
'A
 ! ;  I    
  9   ?       
 
cos t = i  sin t = 1 + 2
#    ?  
sin(i t )
rs =
sin(i + t )
sin i cos t cos i sin t
=
sin i cos t + cos i sin t

1 + 2 cos i i sin i
= = eis
1 + 2 cos i + i sin i

# 9   ?            ! 


    sin cos = 12 {sin(
) + sin( + )}

tan(i t )
rp =
tan(i + t )
sin(i t ) cos(i + t )
=
sin(i + t ) cos(i t )
sin 2t + sin 2i
=
sin 2t + sin 2i
sin i cos i sin t cos t
=
sin i cos i + sin t cos t

sin i cos i i 1 + 2
= = eip
sin i cos i + i 1 + 2
           ;       &  Rs = Rp = 1 
 !
     
        ;      
4            !   
  
  
;        
   !         9
  ?    
sin i
s = 2 tan1
1 + 2 cos i

1 + 2
p = 2 tan1
sin i cos i
    
  
    
0B
180

160

140

Phase change ()
120

100
S
80

60

40

20

0
40 50 60 70 80 90
Incident angle ()

                    ;    


 
   1               
      .

/          ;   
     
      


4    
     90 
 
       
      ;       &   ni  nt    
 !   ;        9   ?       
      
                 D  
          4    
    90   
       !      7  
   
   
         
      
  
            
    
      


      ;     !
    
 
  
 
  ;  
  ;  
 

          7   #
    
       
       
 
        & $    
      
     &M%      
          
                    7
  (    
 
      ;        
    C   7       
 
  

$    i    &  ' 
  90%     7   ;
 .
 
    /           7
     

    
  
    
0&
 
  
 
   
 
  
   

         
      .   / 
   D = E  B = H     
       

                  


      !  
    4    
     J = E $          %
-        
E
 = 0
B
 = 0

B
E
 =
t

E
B
 = E
 + 
t
           
      
  
2E
 
E
2 E
 =  +
t2 t
        !               .7

     / 4        !  7      

    #                 
 r, t) = E(
E(  r)eit

       


i 
2 E(
 r) + 2 ( )E(r) = 0

   (                    
        -  !   
 
   
i
 = 

          
2 E(
 r) + 2 E(
 r) = 0

4            


  
   1  
2 E(
 r) + k 2 E(
 r) = 0

 
i n
k = ( )=
c
    
  
    
0'
 n = n(1 i)    
           
 ! 
        ?       
    
             

 z    
 r) = E
E(  0 exp(in z) exp( z )
 0 exp(ikz) = E
c d
          
  d = c/n   . /  
 
n  k          

c2
n2 = [ 2 2 + ( )2 + ]
2

2 2 c2
n = [ 2 2 + ( )2 ]
2
#      
  n22  c2  
2


2
d


   
  1/       
     
             10N
  

 
 

4  
 #       ;          
        &%            '%   
              #       ; 
                
  #  ! ;               

 t          
ni
sin t = sin i
nt
      ;  I          
       ;         ? 
  
      ?  ;        4     
       
             
 ;       
(n1)2 +(n)2
R = |r|2 = n+1
n1 n 1
n +1 = (n+1)2 +(n)2
4n
= 1 (n+1)2 +(n)2
    
  
    
00
-        
   n = in     
(in 1)(in 1)
R= =1
(in + 1)(in + 1)

  . ;/    


        
              
       
  $k = ( i )% "   
 ;    $AB  A6K%   
             
        

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