Chng 1: THNG K A CHT

1.1. X l thng k a cht tnh ton nn mng

H s kho st a cht phc v thit k nn mng c s lng h khoan nhiu v
s lng mu t trong mt lp t ln. Vn t ra l nhng lp t ny ta phi chn
c ch tiu i din cho nn.
Ban u khi khoan ly mu da vo s quan st thay i mu, ht m ta phn
chia thnh tng lp t.
Theo QPXD 45-78 c gi l mt lp a cht cng trnh khi tp hp cc gi tr
c c trng c l ca n phi c h s bin ng nh. V vy ta phi loi tr nhng
mu c s liu chnh lch vi gi tr trung bnh ln cho mt n nguyn a cht.
Vy thng k a cht l mt vic lm ht sc quan trng trong tnh ton nn
mng.
1.2. Phn chia n nguyn a cht
1.2.1. H s bin ng
Chng ta da vo h s bin ng phn chia n nguyn.
H s bin ng c dng nh sau:

A
n
Ai
Trong : gi tr trung bnh ca mt c trng: A i 1
n

n
1
lch ton phng trung bnh: ( Ai A) 2
n 1 1

vi: Ai l gi tr ring ca c trng t mt th nghim ring.

n s ln th nghim
 1.2.2. Qui tc loi tr cc sai s
Trong tp hp mu ca mt lp t c h s bin ng [ ] th t cn ngc
li th ta phi loi tr cc s liu c sai s ln .
Trong [ ]: h s bin ng ln nht, tra bng trong QPXD 45-78 tu thuc vo
tng loi c trng .
c trng ca t H s bin ng [ ]
T trng ht 0.01
Trng lng ring 0.05
m t nhin 0.15
Gii hn Atterberg 0.15
Module bin dng 0.30
Ch tiu sc chng ct 0.30
Cng nn mt trc 0.40

Kim tra thng k, loi tr s ln Ai theo cng thc sau:

A Ai ' CM

trong c lng lch

n
1
CM ( Ai A) 2 , khi n 25 th ly CM =
n 1

V l ch tiu thng k ph thuc s mu th nghim n

n 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2,07 2,18 2,27 2,35 2,41 2,47 2,52 2,56 2,6 2,64 2,67 2,7 2,73 2,75 2,78

n 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
2,8 2,82 2,84 2,86 2,88 2,9 2,91 2,93 2,94 2,96 2,97 2,98 3,0 3,01 3,02

n 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,1 3,11 3,12 3,13 3,14 3,14 3,15
 1.2.3. c trng tiu chun
Gi tr tiu chun ca tt c cc c trng ca t l gi tr trung bnh cng ca cc
kt qu th nghim ring l A , (tr lc dnh n v c v gc ma st trong ).
Cc gi tr tiu chun ca lc dnh n v v gc ma st trong c thc hin theo
phng php bnh phng cc tiu ca quan h tuyn tnh ca ng sut php i v ng
sut tip cc hn i ca cc th nghim ct tng ng, = .tg +c.
Lc dnh n v tiu chun ctc v gc ma st trong tiu chun tc
c xc nh
theo cng thc sau:
n n n n
1
ctc = ( i i
2
i i i )
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1

n n n
tc 1
tg = (n i i i i )
i 1 i 1 i 1

n n 2

vi =n i
2
i
i 1 i 1

1.2.4. c trng tnh ton

Nhm mc ch nng cao an ton cho n nh ca nn chu ti, mt s tnh ton
n nh ca nn c tin hnh vi cc c trng tnh ton .
Trong QPXD 45-78, cc c trng tnh ton ca t c xc nh theo cng thc
sau :
A tc
Att =
kd

Trong : Atc : l gi tr c trng ang xt

kd : h s an ton v t .
Vi lc dnh (c), gc ma st trong ( ), trng lng n v ( ) v cng chu
nn mt trc tc thi c h s an ton t c xc nh nh sau :
1
kd =
1

Trong : l ch s chnh xc c xc nh nh sau:

Vi lc dnh (c) v h s ma st (tg ), ta c: =t
 tnh ton , gi tr lch ton phng trung bnh xc nh nh sau:
n
1 2 n
c= . i ; tg =
i 1

n
1 tc
( i tg ctc i )2
n 2 i 1

Vi trng lng ring v cng chu nn mt trc Rc

t
=
n
n
1 tc
( i )2
n 1i 1

n
1
R ( R tc Ri ) 2
n 1i 1

Trong : t h s ph thuc vo xc sut tin cy

Khi tnh nn theo bin dng th = 0.85
Khi tnh nn theo cng th = 0.95
(n-1) vi R, ; (n-2) vi c, = 0.95 = 0.85
2 2,92 1,34
3 2,35 1,25
4 2,13 1,19
5 2,01 1,16
6 1,94 1,13
7 1,9 1,12
8 1,86 1,11
9 1,83 1,1
10 1,81 1,1
11 1,8 1,09
12 1,78 1,08
13 1,77 1,08
14 1,76 1,08
15 1,75 1,07
 16 1,75 1,07
17 1,74 1,07
18 1,73 1,07
19 1,73 1,07
20 1,72 1,06
25 1,71 1,06
30 1,7 1,05
40 1,68 1,05
60 1,67 1,05

ngha ca h s tin cy c hiu nh sau:

NG TTGH II

NG TTGH I

NG TIEU CHUAN
c I

c II

c
tc
0.95
0.85

Cc c trng tnh ton theo TTGH I v TTGH II c gi tr nm trong

mt khong
Att = Atc A
Ty theo trng hp thit k c th m ta ly dau (+) hoc du (-) m
bo an ton hn.
Khi tnh ton nn theo cng v n nh th ta ly cc c trng tnh
ton TTGH I (nm trong khong ln hn = 0.95).
Khi tnh ton nn theo bin dng th ta ly cc c trng tnh ton theo
TTGH II (nm trong khong nh hn = 0.85).
 1.2.5. Mt s lu :
Khi tnh ton thng k, s mu n 6 th mi thng k trng thi gii hn. Nu n<6
th chng ta tin hnh kim tra thng k <[ ] v ly gi tr tiu chun = gi tr trung
bnh. (dung trng , m W).
Vi lc dnh c v gc ma st trong , vi th nghim ct nhanh khng thot nc
mu, s mu th nghim 1 (ng vi 3 cp ( , ) : n=3) th ch tnh gi tr tiu chun, s
mu th nghim 2 (ng vi 6 cp ( , ): n=6) th tin hnh thng k theo trng thi gii
hn.
Khi tra bng t lu n-1,n-2.
S dng hm LINEST trong EXCEL h tr thng k lc dnh c v gc ma st
trong .
Khi thng k cho cc ch tiu c, ban u ta phi kim tra thng k vi tng cp
p lc bit rng c loi mu no hay khng.
1.3. V d tnh ton
1.3.1. Trng lng ring
LP 1: Ct pha do
S lng mu: 8 mu.
K hiu
STT (kN/m3) ( - i)2 - Ghi ch
mu tb tb i

1 ND 1- 9 19.0 0.0576 0.24 Nhn

2 ND 1-11 19.2 0.0016 0.04 Nhn
3 ND 1-12 19.6 0.1296 0.36 Nhn
4 ND 2-10 19.1 0.0196 0.14 Nhn
5 ND 2-14 19.2 0.0016 0.04 Nhn
6 ND 3-7 19.3 0.0036 0.06 Nhn
7 ND 3-9 19.4 0.0256 0.16 Nhn
8 ND 3-13 19.1 0.0196 0.14 Nhn
Tng 153.9 0.2588
Trung bnh tb 19.24
a. Kim tra thng k
( tb i )2 0.2588
= = = 0.192
n 1 7
 y 0.192
= = = 0.01 < [ ] = 0.05
tb 19.24
( tb i )2
cm = = 0.18 (n<25)
n
v'* cm = 2.27 *0.18= 0.41 ( n=8 v =2.27)
(Theo QPVN 45-78 th dung trng c [ ]=0.05)
Vy tp hp mu c chn.
b. Gi tr tiu chun
n

i
tc 1
= 19.24 (kN/m2)
n
c. Tnh theo trng thi gii hn I
Vi TTGH I th xc sut tin cy = 0.95
Tra bng ta c (n-1=7) t = 1.90
t 1.90 x0.01
= = = 0.007
n 8
tc
I = (1 ) =19.24 (1 0.007) = 19.1119.37 (kN/m3)
d. Tnh theo trng thi gii hn II
Vi TTGH II th xc sut tin cy = 0.85
Tra bng ta c (n-1=7) t = 1.12
t 1.12 x0.01
= = = 0.004
n 8
tc
II = (1 )=19.24 (1 0.004)= 19.16 19.32 (kN/m3)

1.3.2. Gc ma st trong v lc dnh c

LP 4a: St pha na cng
S lng mu: 2 mu.
Chn bng gm 5 hng, 2 ct.
C php: =LINEST (v tr dy max, v tr dy s ,1,1)
Nhn cng lc Ctrl+Shift+Enter

MU ( kN/m2) ( kN/m2)
37.8 50 tg tc
=0.339 ctc =19.416
ND2-3 51.5 100 tg =0.015 c=1.611
69.9 150 0.992 1.492
35.2 50 516.6 4
ND2-4
54.6 100 1149.2 8.898
 70.9 150

a. Kim tra thng k

0.015
tg
tg = = = 0.044 [ ] = 0.3
tg 0.339
c 1.611
c= = = 0.082 [ ] = 0.3
c 19.42
Vy mu c tg , c [ ] = 0.3 nn tp hp mu c chn .
b. Gi tr tiu chun
tg tc = 0.339 tc
= 18.730
ctc = 19.42 ( kN/m2)
c. Gi tr tnh ton theo TTGH I
Theo TTGH I xc sut tin cy = 0.95 (n-2 = 4) t = 2.13
- Gc ma st I
tg = t . tg = 0.094
tc
tg I = tg (1 tg ) = 0.307 0.371
Suy ra I = 17.070 20.350
- Lc dnh cI
c= t . c = 0.175
cI = c (1 c) = 16.022.8 kN/m2
tc

d. Gi tr tnh ton theo TTGH II

Theo TTGH II xc sut tin cy = 0.85 (n-2 = 4) t = 1.19
- Gc ma st II
tg = t . tg = 0.052
tc
tg II = tg (1 tg ) = 0.321 0.357
Suy ra II = 17.820 19.630
- Lc dnh cII
 c= t . c = 0.096
cII = c (1 c) = 17.521.3 kN/m2
tc

BNG TNG HP THNG K

B dy Tnh
Lp v su
Tn t trung c trng c l nng k
ph lp lp (m)
bnh (m) thut
1 t san lp 0.5-1.0 0.8 tc =18 kN/m3
3
tc =16.1 kN/m
2a St do mm tc =7.86
0
Km
2 ctc =12.6 kN/m2
2.1-2.4 1.5 3 thun
tc =16.1 kN/m li
2b St do mm tc =3.21
0

ctc =11.8 kN/m2

3
tc =20.15 kN/m
0
tc =20.20
0
I =15.22 24.890
Thun
3 St cha dm sn cng 4.3-5.5 2.4 II =17.22
0
27.740 li
ctc =45.5 kN/m2
cI =35.2 55.8 kN/m2
cII =39.2 51.5 kN/m2
3
tc =19.3 kN/m
0
tc =18.73
0
I =17.07 20.350
St pha na cng 0 Thun
4a 5.5-5.5 3.7 II =17.82 19.630 li
ctc =19.4 kN/m2
cI =16.0 22.8 kN/m2
cII =17.5 21.3 kN/m2
3
tc =19.38 kN/m
0
tc =15.80
0
I =10.11 21.190
Thun
4 St na cng 7.5-8.5 3.8 II =7.88
0
23.150 li
ctc =48.1 kN/m2
cI =22.5 73.7 kN/m2
cII =32.5 63.7 kN/m2
3
tc =19.1 kN/m
0
tc =18.11
0
I =16.21 19.670
Thun
5a St pha do cng 13.4-13.4 5.9 II =17.052
0
19.150 li
ctc =17.7 kN/m2
cI =13.9 21.5 kN/m2
cII =17.052 19.15 kN/m2
 tc =19.1 kN/m3
St pha do mm 0
5b tc =20.656
ctc =14.2 kN/m2

tc=19.1 kN/m3
5c St pha do mm tc =15.70
0 Thun
5 14.0-17.2 6.8
ctc =11.7 kN/m2 li

tc=19.1 kN/m3
St pha do mm tc =19.9
0
5d
ctc =11.9 kN/m2

tc =19.05 kN/m3
0
tc =18.16
0
I =15.32 20.910
Thun
6a St pha do mm 31.2-31.2 22.9 II =16.45
0
19.840 li
ctc =16.2 kN/m2
cI =10.4 22.0 kN/m2
cII =12.7 19.7 kN/m2
3
tc =19.24 kN/m
3
I = 19.11 19.37 kN/m
II =19.16 19.32kN/m3
0
tc =22.00
Thun
6 Ct pha do 29.3-31.4 15.5 I =21.08 22.91
0 0
0 li
II =21.42 22.570
ctc =10.1 kN/m2
cI =8.00 12.2 kN/m2
cII =8.8 11.4 kN/m2
3
tc =19 kN/m
Thun
7 St pha do cng 35.2-39.6 7.0 tc =18.88
0
li
ctc =13.9 kN/m2
3
tc =18.9 kN/m
Thun
8 St do cng 34.2-36.8 4.6 =13.770
tc
li
ctc =27.2 kN/m2
3
tc =19.3 kN/m
0
tc =23.46
0
I =21.40 25.46
Thun
9 Ct pha do 41.5-42.6 5.8 II =22.26
0
24.640 li
ctc =7.8 kN/m2
cI =3.4 12.2 kN/m2
cII =5.2 10.4 kN/m2
10 St cng 47.2-50.4 6.5 tc =19.65 kN/m
3
 I =19.53 19.77 kN/m3 Rt
II =19.57 19.73 kN/m3 thun
tc =16.59
0 li
0 0
I =9.77 29.97
0
II =12.32 20.680
ctc =57.4 kN/m2
cI = 43.6 71.1 kN/m2
cII = 48.8 66.0 kN/m2
3
tc =19.4 kN/m
Thun
10a St pha do cng 52.0-52.0 4.2 =17.010
tc
li
ctc = 13 kN/m2
tc =19.7 kN/m3
Thun
10b Ct pha do 49.3-49.3 2.1 =18.620
tc
li
ctc =23.1 kN/m2
tc =19.28 kN/m3
3
I =1.913 1.943 kN/m
3
II =1.918 1.938 kN/m
0
tc =21.45
Thun
11 Ct pha do 64.6-71.2 17.5 0
I =20.95 22.06
0
0 li
II =17.68 25.050
ctc =10.9 kN/m2
cI = 9.5 12.3 kN/m2
cII =10.1 11.7 kN/m2
3
tc =18.98 kN/m
0
tc =20.10
0
I =18.89 21.300
Thun
12 St pha do cng 73.2-76.0 6.8 II =19.36
0
20.840 li
ctc =12.4 kN/m2
cI =9.9 14.9 kN/m2
cII =10.9 13.9 kN/m2
3
tc =19.53 kN/m
0
tc =18.16
0 0
I =20.56 23.22
Thun
13 Ct pha do 80.0-cx cx II =13.34
0
29.550 li
ctc =11.1 kN/m2
cI =08.2 14.0 kN/m2
cII =9.3 12.9 kN/m2