Exercise 8

1.
2.

3. The main bonding in DNA which renders the double helix structure so stable is that of hydrogen
bonds. Between the complementary base pairs, hydrogen bonds connect the two strands of the
helix. There are 3 H bonds between Guanine and Cytosine and 2 between Adenine and Thymine.
As well as this there are hydrogen bonds between the bases and surrounding water molecules,
and this combined with the even stronger phosphodiester bonds in the sugar phosphate
backbone make DNA very stable.

4.They are similar in terms of the shapes used for the sugars and the phosphate, however they
differ in the shapes of the nitrogenous bases. They are also different in a way that some created
a big 2d structure and we created a small structure that can easily be assembled anywhere.

5.

6. If the initiator proteins are not synthesized, Dna replication would not proceed.the process of
DNA replication is begun by special initiator proteins that bind to double-stranded DNA and pry
the two strands apart, breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases. If the Dna strands are not
separated transcription will not happen and therefore translation would also not happen
leading to the cessation of not only protein synthesis but also DNa synthesis.

Ex 11

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
Conclusion
B
1 Tt
2 Tt

1. TT 2.Tt 3. Tt 4. Tt 5. Tt
1. TT 2. T_ 3. Tt
Conclusion:
First and second generation exhibits autosomal recessive inheritance , 25% of the offspring will
be affected. While the second and third generation exhibits X-linked dominant inheritance. 50%
of the son and daughters will inherit the disease.

C
1 Aa 2. Aa 3.Aa 4. Aa
1. aa 2.Aa 3. Aa 4. Aa
1. AA 2. Aa 3. Aa 4. Aa 5. Aa 6. Aa
1. A_ 2. A_/ Aa AA

Conclusion:
I3 and 4 exhibited autosomal dominant inheritance, leading to 50% of sons and daughter who
are affected. I1 and 2 exhibited autosomal recessive inheritance leading to 25% of the offspring
to be affected. II2 ans II3 exhibited sex limited inheritance ??

D.

E>