Gs, Ts. LEU THO TRINH CO HOC KET CAU TAP 1 Hé tinh dinh ‘Tai ban c6 sita d6i va bé sung NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HA NOI- 2006fav oun 6-605 KHKT-06 50 NAM DAO TAO 40 NAM THANH LAP 1288 ~ 12.1 -06 Léi tua (Co hos két ei la met phi klén thie co $8 dl ves ky suf thube cdc nganh x8y dung eo b&n, mon hee duge bé tr trong chong tri do tao eta nhiéu trudng dai hge nhurxay dung, glo thong, thy i, md da chat Co hoc kt edu trang bi cho ky su va sinh vign nhimng kin thie edn tito il quyét cdc bal toan thu t6 c6 llén quan En cae knau ti thist Ké, thdm ginh dn thi cong va a8 nghién eis obo mén kj thust Khéc che cchuyen ngann. ido tinh Co he Két cifu dupe bién soan nhim glup ce kj su va sinh \ién nghién ctu, luygn tp kh nang phan teh tinh chit chu ie ca keto V7 nang tinh toan ket edu chiu cdc nguyén nhan tae dung thuong gp trong thuc t8 hu ti trong, sy thay a6i nist &, chuyén vi cung bee eb cfc lin kEt,ché tao cdc thanh khéng chinh xa. ‘V8 nei dung, gi tri duge bién soan nhim dap (mg yéu cfu vé hoe va ‘day phi hap vei chong tinh mén hoe high Hanh trong cde tung dal hoc, kkhéng tham vong trinh bay éuge édy ai cc knla canh phong phi, da dang cela Ca hoc kst ef rong ln ti bn nay, tac gd 4: Chinn sda nhing sai st trong cusn Co hge Két eu xudt bn nim 2000. 188 sung mst 56 npi dung nhdm mye dich nang 80 va phuc wy cho cae ‘mén hge ehuyén men, “Tae gid chin thanh cm on cde Can bo gléng day trong bo mén Ca hoc két Bu va BO mén Céu Hm 48 £6 nig y kién déng gp quy bau cho cub Co hoc Ket cu xust bin nam 2000, d9e bigt cBm on Ths. Lév Mpc Lan di ‘66 nhing gidp €8 cy thé cho bn thio trong tn tl ba, Ching 61 mong tig tye nhign duge sy quan tam va ning y kién déng gép cela ban doe cing cdc dng nghisp. TAc GiAKy hiéu cac dai lugng H6 to3 dp z teye than x.y hye chinh tung tim cla tt didn; a8 toa above. Cae dae trung vét gu E _nddun dan n6i kh kéo hose nén (médun Young); » hi 86 bign dang ngang (hé $6 Poisson): ——_-médun dann kl tut; @ NO 86 dan nd dai vi niet oda vat fu Cae ge trung hinh hoc A digntich tit ibn 'S.1, W_ mémen fn, momen quan tinh vat momen chéng uén aba tt sien; SeeSy_ rmbmen th d6i v6 rye x va 66 vl trey: ‘momen quiin tinh 66 vo try x va 06 vi tye ye ‘xémen qué tnh ly tam 46 vin trye ay, mémen chéng uSn cia tit dign trong mat phing uBn yz va mat phing uén x2; Wgg momen chéng uén déo cf tit ei trong mat pring uh ya 1 mbmen qu tinh eve (86 v6 fc tom 4). Ngoal Ive va phéin Ive PWetBp tring > ceting 48 ue phn b6 ign th @ cextng 46 ke phn b& theo dung, vudng abe v6l tre than t ceuting 49 lye phan bé theo dung, tsp tuyén v6 ruc than; M mormon tip trang m eating &@ momen phan b5: Rm phn ye tal ln kt do mguyin nan, Fyn phan ye ta én Két do nguyén nhan m bing don vi "am pn eon wil no chy rg Be Hn atm; Fim phi he dom va in tk bo ue Pr Pe ‘tBltrongtitu chun; tA trong tan oan. Cae ung suat p..¢ img sust tod phén, (ng sust pha, cng sus ip 3) siéihen oc gidi han chiy; 2% tian bn gong sult ot han [eo] tg subt cho phép: Ree —_eufng 6 tibu chu, ste chu tidu un: Fy eutng 6 thn tos, se hj tin oan, Noi tye 1N.M,Q_cécthdnh phn ngi ye trong bal tosn phn: IIT, ke than phn m8 ve doe don vi gy a: N edge: Mz mBmen ub rong mat phéra yz (mémen wéh quanh true %); 1M, mbmen un rong mat phéng x2 (mémen wén quanh trey) -M, —_m&men xo8a (mémen xoén quan ruc 2) 1.0, Weck theo phusng x vay ct theo phung yi yy mémen uéa gi han: Bi6in dang va chuy6o v1 vim dang xoayt7 8 (ge hop lie ha tt ign te mt phn {5 thanh 6 chu dai bing don vi ki phn t6b bin dang) £ ln dang doe te at 7 ign dana tut 4 bin dang dai cia dogn than;@ ——gbe xn 66 eda thanh; im —_ehuyBav tu8ng mg v6 va phuang cla We Pk do nguyen aan Zim ehuya vi cut bot en KB 8 rang tlm 1.8 vbg v8 gbe xoay cba Nt ign thanh chu win trong mat hing yz Jim ehuyBn v don vj twang ding vv tv phuong cba We Pk do We Pm: Sim cu vd v tang ng vl vt v8 phuong cba Wye Pk do chuyén v exdng bie Zm. Cc ky higu Khe vb 8 iu chins, 8 wl ay phn Bé Khdng 66u cda tng sult tio, Seal tugng nghian oS: Fal wong nghlen ctu S dove dn vi oy ra; (5) bi6u 68 oda dei vena S; (S) bu 68 cba dai tugng nghién eit S do ye don vl oy re: T —efng eds ngoa We: A obngeta note: Vth rng bin dang dan Up tb nang eda ngot ue: tim, fam &8 bin tin nhit 0 & thd bn va thd than; tem dB bin thin nh@t 6 tye than ne su Shh, bbe sidu dog, hb $6 wat ti (hd 86. tn cy wétd trong) kh s6antoan; + Nb 86 dibukign lm vig: nN 98d tn cy theo chi nang cia kt ou wR 88 9 tin cby eka vat iu (8 65 dng cht cba v8 iu). Mo dau 1. BSI tugng va nhiém vy cila Co hoe két edu Ca hoe Kei ci la men Khoa hoe the ghigm, tinh bay cde phép tinh idm tra d9 bén, dd cing va do dn dink eb cdc ng tinh ape ch 0 ce vat thé big dang, chiutée dung ev c&e nguyen nhan Khe nha nut tai trong, sy thay dBi nbigt do va bien tug ln Tinh cong trinh vé d9 bén shim bio dim cho cng tinh c6 khi ning chu te dung cia ti trong cng nhu eda efe nguyen nhtn Khe mi Khong bi Ph hos, Tinh cong trinh vé 6 cimg shim bio dim cho cong wiah khong ob chuyén vi ln va rung dng lém c6 thé lim cho cdng tink mit trang thi 1am vige bin thvémg ngay ci khi div kien bén vin bio dim. Tinh cong trinh vé mat bn dink Ws tim bidu kha nang bio totn vi tri vi hin dang ban déu cha cOng trinh dusi dang can bing trong trang thai bie dane. “Tuy ndi dung nghién edu cia Soe bén vat ligu va Co ge két ef ging ‘shaw nhung pham vi nghien city o6 Khe nhau, Sie bén vat ligu nghien eu ‘ch tinh dp bén, do cing va do én din cia ting cu kignrieng 8. Co hoe gt cu nghien cau toan bo cong tinh gém hia ef kien ring wé lien ket Gi hav tao thinh mot ket cfu €6 kh ng chiu lye va nghien eds phuong hip tinh toan céc két ctu 46. DS Ik sy phan biet dé ging day edn tong ‘ghign ety cing c6 nhiu vin 48 d6ng thd cing thuge Tinh we cia ef mon hoe, (Nig vic chit yéu cia Co ge ket eu Ih xe dink noi Ie (cOm got Id ng |e) va chuyén vf trong cong tinh, BO béo, 69 edng va dd én dinh cia cong trinh 6 lin quan dé tinh cht co hoe cba vA iu, hinh dang va kich thude ci cau kin, noi lye phat sinh va phat trién trong eng tri, Hom fa kich thude cia efi ign lai phy thuge ngi Ive trong ea kien 46. Do 46 cong vite du tien Khi tinh cong win 1d xe dinh trang thai noi lue va bin ‘dang phan b6 trong cng trinh dui ce we dong ben ngoti 15 ‘Trong thye 16 thug gp hal Logi bai tf * Bai ton kim tra: Ta gp bai toén ny Kh e6 sin cOng tinh, we 1 A ‘biet hinh dang, kich thuse cia céng tink cing nhu di biét due céc ‘nguyen nhan tée dong ben ngod. Trong truong hop niy efn phi xée dinh trang thai ni lute va bin dang cba he dusi céc tic dong bén ngodi eb thé xy radé pin dodn xem cong tein c6 bio dim dis bén, di cig va di én int hay khéng, c6ng tinh thit ke e6 kinh hay khong? 1 Bai ton thide kei Ta pnp bhi toém my ki cén thiét Ke cOng tein ie Lk ‘cin x&e dinh hinh dang, kich thude cu thé eia cde edu ki trong cong. tninh mot edch hop Ij dé cho e6ng trinh &6 khi nang thda mn diéu kien bn, digu kien cdng va digu kign én dinh dui tie dong ci ede nguyen hin ben ngoai da bie. Bé gidl bi codn nly nub thiét ke thudng phi da vio kinh nghiém hode st dung cfc phuong phép thigt ke so b9 pan ing dé gid thiet trade hinh dang, kich hude cia efe cv kign tong cone teinh, Tiép 6, tigh hanh gid bal tos kidm ta hur 48 noi & tren 46 xem cng tinh vou mei gid thet c6 théa main cfc diéu kien bén, diéu kitn ‘img, didu kien 6n dinh hay Khng, €6 bio dim tétkiem riguyen vat lieu hay Khong, Tren oo si 46 ngudi tiet k€higu chinh Ia gi tht ban du a chon. [Nhu vay, trong cd hai foi bai ton kidm tra va thet ke ta du phi bit cekeh xe dinh trang théi noi lye v2 bign dang phitn bs trong cong trinh Khi ‘cho bit hinh dang kich thichthude ela e&c ea kien trong cOng tinh v8 fe te dong ben ngodi ‘Sau ki mda co hoe ket eu gid quyét vin dé noi lye va bien dang cba cng tin, ede mon ky thust chuyen mén ahr Ket cf thép, Ket cau betdng, Ketel g8, Két ed gach df s8 can eit vao cdc ket qua tinh ng Iye (8 tim due déng’ thei tDy theo tinh mang cia vat lieu do efe mon dé raghign cu dé tigp ty hon thign vee tinh tosn cOng tinh. Do d6 Ca hoe Fei ef 18. mon ky thutt ea 38, chuin bj phuc vu cho e&e mon ge chuyen men, [Not ra, Corhoe ket ety cdn & nit vy nghitn edu dang hop fy cia fe cong tinh bio dim yeu ef tit kigm vat ligu aktt eng nhu nghien ctu fe quy lugthinh thanh cng tiah bo dim cho céng trnh khong bi thay {86 dang hinh he duci tie €Ong cia cfc nguyen nhan ben ngodi. CCohoe ket efi [al mon tha hge thye mghigm: do dé ede Khaw Ig Iwan vi thuc nghigm c6 lin quan mat thist voi naw, Thy nghigm 6 thé tin Bink {rude hoge sas Khi sing t20 ly lutn, 40: kh tién hanb et trade Un st ‘Thue nghi¢m tia hanh truge Khi séng tg IY luén him phat hign ohing, Tihtn t6 co bin trong d6i tuomg aghién edu, dng thd cing phithien nh Thin 6 thd yeu €6 thé BO qua duge dé dom gidn ha bude dic Ket lf ludn ‘Thue nghiém tig hh sau khi sing tg ly lun nhiim kiém ta ket qua tim duge bing 1y lugn. Chi ¢6 nhing cOng tinh nghien cu nao duce thve ‘nghigm xe nhgn mdi xing déng duce tn ety. ‘Mon Ca hoe ket eau git mot vai trd quan trong d&i vi ky su xty dim am cong tke tht KE cling nh thi cdng. Co hoc Ket cy trang b cho ky su hist [ee chong tthe pip ho phat hign duge trang thai phin bd noi ye va bia ‘ang trong cOng tri va do 46 tim duge nhng hinh dang hop ly cla cong Wh the hign duge mot edch dy di va hop IY mhng nght sang tao cia mints Mon boe nay gid ning ngudi Tam cOng tc thi cong c6 kha nang fidu bei dong din sy lam vigc cba cong tinh loai tt dage nhimg this sot trong khi xty dmg, quyét dink mot céch diing din vé kich thude cdc di fifo, cde thet bi lip rip vA o6 Khd nang quy6tdinh thay the eds kg my bing efi kitn ke twong duong... 2. So dé tinh cita céng trinh [Néi chung, khi xée din noi Iye trong cOng tinh, neu xét dn mgt cch Chin xde'v8 dy db tt eb ee yo 16 hin hoe cia cfe ey Kign th bai ton 2 qué phe tgp. Do dé eting nbs e&e man khoa hoe Khe, Co hoe két cai phil dine phuomg php tn tugmg khoa hoc dé thay thé cOng trink thye bing t0 6 tin cba 6. 'S0 66 tinh eta céng tinh 1 inh anh dan gién hoa ma vin béo dém phan énh dug sat voi sua vigc tue de céng tinh “Trong 40 4S tinh ng ta luge bd ede yéu 1 Khong. ca bin va chi xét én cde ye 16 chi yeu quy8t dink khd nang lam vige cla eng trinh. Khi tinh {ait cn tm ech thay thé cOng tah thye bing so d6 tinh hop 1¥ co 1a Iya chon so 46 tinh. Lua chon so 46 tinh 8 cong vige Kh phe tp vi da dang. Khé 6 thé new rang quy tie o6 tinh chit ting quat vé win 48 ny. Vige chon 50 46 tint Ching ahing tay thuge vio Binh dang ket efu va tim quan trong cia n6, fy thude vio khé ning tinh tof, by thuge vio quan he ty I gida do cong (ia cdc cas kin trong cng tinh mA cbn thy thuge vio ti trong va tinh °‘hit tée dung citi tong. Khi lua chon sa tinh ching nhing phai xem ‘Et ce gi thigt dom gin hoa o6 thé chap nhan duge khong, ching ning ‘hi kiém tre xem so tinh c6 di phn dn st thy t8 vE ede di kien oO ‘én, do cimg, 8n djnh mi dn phil chi ¥ khio sé them ede yeu edu kinh 1,3 thuat kde i, ‘rong thye t6, d& chuyén cong tinh thy v8 so 6 tint tuomg dng, thug ‘fn thue hign hai buse bien d8i sau, % Bude thit mhdtz Chuyén cong tinh thyc v8 s0 46 cia cong tinh. Bude ‘ny duge thye hign theo mgt s6 nguyén th thay the gin ding nu sau: ‘#Thay cfc thanh bing dudng trang gian gol Ik true, Thay e&e bin hose vv lng ede mBt trang gian. ‘#Thay tii dign bing efe dai lugng d8c trumg nhu diem ich A, momen ‘quSo tinh 1. cia tet dign, ‘# hay ee thiet bj ya bling ed lien ket a ly tung (khong ma si) + Din cfc ti tryng tée dung tren mat cfu kign v8 truc eds eu ki, °% Buabe hit hat: Chuyéa so 46 cia cong tinh vé s0 46 tinh cia cOng tein, © base nay, mtu etn, ta b6 qua them mot $6 yéu 8 git vai ed tht yeu trong se lam vige cba cong tinh nhkm bo dim cho So 46 tinh phd hop vi kha ning tinh toén cia ngui thi ke. Vi du, véi eng tinh din van cung tren hinh La, sau khi thye hign ef hep bin d6i trong buse tht mht, ta duge so d6 cia cong rinh nh tren hinh 16. Néu ding so d6 nay dé tinh tos vei quan nigm mat din (giao «idm cia ede thanh) durge xem 1A nt eng, nghia la xem chuyén Vf (ox cchuyén div te khi chia ly) thing va chuyén vj g6c cha ede d&u thant ‘quy ty & mBi ndt ahu nha, thi bai tog 38 rit phe tap ne khong C6 se tno ip cia may tinh dient Teen thye t&, 4€ don gid hoa eéch tnt din nguti ta thuimg quy di tii trong vé mit din va gid tiét xem ee mit ela din nbu cde Kop 19 tuéng, ‘aha 18 quan nigm cfc thank quy ty vao mit e6 thé xoay ty do, khong ma si, Sau khi thye hign ech don gidn héa 46, a duge he tén hinh le, 8 30 166 tinh cia cong tinh, [Néu so-d8 cia cOng winh 4 phi hop vi khé nang vit yeu edu tinh todn {hi 6 thé chap nhan lamso 6 tinh ma kong cf don gin he them nt 10 Vi du, v6i be Khung eho tren hin 2a, sau khi thae hign phép bign i 8 bade thi nbs ta 05 0 46 cong tinh nh tren hinh 2, Sod6 may cling I 50 66 tinh ‘ii phi hop v6i kha nang tinh toda, Nhu trea di n6i, eéch chon so \ 46 tinh eta cong trinh Ia mee ‘nd ph tp va quan trong v1 » ht huong ket qu tinh tosn phy thuge rt nhigu vio 50 46th, Cang cf nin manh them ring ‘gu thet KE Tua bn phis trich nhigm ty kiém tra xem 3046 tinh 48 chon 66 phi hop v6i thu 1 khong, o6 phn én chin xée ° su Tim vie thue té ea cong tah hong. Néu vige ya chon sa. d5 tinh ym tn higu gid thist dom | aidn héa 6 thé din déo sai ech Gui lin 80 v6 sv lim vige thye © «= —) ca cdg tinh thi mgudi thigt ke inn 4 phai tign han tinh ton lai voi so Sih mle dr en note fF inh 2 si voi hing phép tin so bo, s0 46 tinh 66 thé dom gin, tho 30 cdn di v6i nhimg bude tinh todn 6 tinh chat quyét dinh thi so d6 tinh phil hota thign, chat che u3. Phan loai céng trinh ‘C6 ahiw efch phn loai cOng tein. Dubi day ta s8 tim higu mot vBiedch ph loa thudng dupe si dung. A. Phan loai theo sa d6 tinh ‘Thea eéch may ta chia ede cong traf thinh hal logis hf png vd hy khong sian 4. Hb phing: Khi ut ch eke @) habe Bs whe ‘fa Kien eli cOng im trong mot ping va) gg {i trong cing chi tée dung Hon 3 ‘Trong hé phing. dua theo inh dang cia cong tinh a) rgudi ta edn chia thinh hiéu dang ket es khéc shaw: ‘6 dim (hint 3a, by: » ‘6 dan hinh 43,6); + vom (hinh 5 ¢ khung (hinh 6, 6); 1+ he ign hop (he treo ren Haha 71h he litn hop aida din va day xich, iaieent fe 7 a 2. HB khdng gian: khi fe efu kign ola cong tinh khong nim trong ‘cing mot mat phing hode nlm trong cing mgt mit phing nhung ti trong ide dung. ngodi_ mit ping cia cOng tinh, Nhting he khong gian tht ep I + dm urge giao inh 8); + dan khong gian (phn ‘duti Kink 99) + kung khong gian (phn gi hinh 9b) + bin vinh 9); “+ v8 (hinh 94, 0. inh a 4g tion B: Phan loai theo edch tinh cong trink ih tin todn cong tinh, n6i chung ta phil sit dung ede iu kign sau: 1 Didu kgn cn bing tin hoe ‘# Didu kign dng hoe hay cbn gol Ib didu kien Ninh hoe, diéu ign lien tue vé bign dang (big thi sy twong quan Kinh ge gida cfe diém tren ‘cong tah; ching han diy kign biduthj chuyén vj tai hai tiet diem ké ha trén cOng tinh Ta nb nha hoge khde nhaw wai mot gid ti io 65). B* Dida kitn vit Iy bidu this lien he gid ngi-tue va bign dang (su bien 446i hinh dang) eva cong tinh Ty theo eéch van dung cfc digu ign n6i tren trong mgt khdu tinh toén ‘mio d6, u c6 the pan loa cong trinh theo mot tong hai ech sau 1. Phin toai theo sy edn thiét hoge khéng efn thiét phi sir dung iéu kign déng hoc kh xae dinh n9l Ive trong he ‘Theo ch ny ta e6 hai lsi he “+ He tinh dinh 14 nhong he Eh chja ti trong ta €6 thé xde djnh duge ‘i Iue trong he chi bing ede du kien ean bing inh hoc. Vide, ee he tren inh 3a; 4a; Sa va 6a nh din, “+ He seu fin Lk nhing be Ki chi ti trong, nu ch sk dung oe digu kkign cin bing tinh hoe khong thoi th chia dt dé xée dinh gi Ive ‘wong he. Dai wi cdc he nly ngodi none diéu ki cn bang tinh hoe "a cn psi dung ede digu kin dong hoc vi cde digu kien vat I "Nh he vé ttn hin 3b; 4b; Sb; 6b vA 7 Ia sieu ia, 2, Phan ogi theo sy cn thiét ho8e Khéng e&n thiét phat sit dung igu kign cin bing khi xée dinh bin dang ela hp Theo edch ny t 66 hai loa he: nn 10 + He xe dinh dong 18 nidng he khi chiu chuyén vj cumg bie (sy chuyén ddi vj tf eho biet tai mot hoge mot 36 na no 6 trén cng tinh) ta c6 thé xée din duce bién dang cha he chi bing ede digu Kien dong hoe. ‘Tren hinh 10a ta: mot vid vE he xe dinh dong. Khi mt A cia he chuyén vj ngang cung bie I 4, ti ede didu kign inh ge tad ding ‘de dinh duoe su thay 46i chifu dhi cia timg cfu kign, te 14 xée dlink dupe bign dang cia he. + He sieu dong 1k nhing be ki chiu chuyéa vi cudng bic, név chi ‘ing cde di6u kien dong hoc khong thoi th chua di dé xde dinh bin dang cia he, Lie nay ta cén phi bé sung them eée digu kien cén being cin hoe. ‘Hg ten Hinh 106 Bi he situ dong. That vay dus téc dung cia chuyén i eung bic 4, céc eu kign tong he bi won cong vA Khong thé xc inn ngay duce bit dang trong ede eu kin theo ce dtu kién inh hoe don tht Ngoli ra, ngubi ta cdn phan Joa cong rin theo nhigu efch kh nbur % Phan Losi theo kid mang thay déi hinh dang hinh hoc cia cong tah (cer chuong 1). 4% Phan lopi theo kich thude hinh hoc tog AB? ela ede edu kign. Toy theo 49 lon cis kich thuée inh hoe eda efe efi kign ngidi te chia tinh ba loi + Than Ckich thade ch cau kin c6 mgt chi8y lén so vi bi chidw edn Wa; + Ban (kich thude ca cu kien 66 hal cid lim s0 wi chidu cdn ai + Kid (koh thude cia eu kien theo ea chigu gin bing nha), 4. Cc nguyén nhan gay ra néi lye, bién dang va chuyén vi C6 nhiéu nguytn ahn gay ra noi lye, bien dang va chuya vi trong cong tinh. Dusi day i ee nguyen nhtn thug gp vita s8 nghien ecu: a. Tal trong ‘Tai trong ey ra noi Ive, bn dang vA chuyén vi trong eéng trinh va duce ‘phn Jogi nh sau: 1. Phan logi theo that glan tac dyng + Til trong law di 8 nhing ti trong tée dung trong sust qua tinh Him vige cia cong tinh. Vid: trong lug bin thin cia cong tinh, “+ Til trong tam thot IA nhOng ti trong chi tée dung tren e@ng tinh trong timg thoi gian ngin so vi toin bo thai gian lam vige ela cdng twink. Vi dy: ti trong gi6, ti trong don nguti Phan loai theo vi ti tac dng “ Tl trong bat dong fa nhing ti trong £6 vj tr Khong thay déi trong 1s{qué tinh Tar vige ea cong inh. VE du: trong tumg bin thin, tong Tgng ede thst bj dat tren cong tinh 4+ Tit rong Al déng Id ng ti trong c6 vit thay 46 tren cong Win. ‘Vi du: ti tong, doin xe la, 610, dota ngubi fu chay. '3. Phin loai theo tinh chat tae dung . “Tai trong tée dung tnh 1h nhing ti rong te dung mot céch ahip hing, tt, tang dn len 6) git cust cling ea nd trong qua tink ‘ie dune khong gay ra lye quén tint + Tai trong tie dung dng [8 ahing ti trong Khi Se dung tren cong tiinh e6 ply ra le quén tinh, Vid: ti trong tée dung dt ngot cing mot be Wo todn bil tela n6, ti trong va cham (trong lueme bia tren coe), ti tong €6 git thay déi theo thot gian mo eéch tush, hon (eng eo di¢n e6 Khoi lugmg lech tim quay trong Kh lam vige), Iedia chan (ong dit). [Ngoti ra, ngudi ta edn phn Losi theo hin thie ea ti trong nh ti rong, vp tung, ti trong phan Bg (nem Sac én vat lieu). B. Su thay At nhige dd ‘sw thay d8i nhigt 9 gy ra bign dang va chuyén vi trong tt ef eS hes spy m ng trong he sign Gn nhumg khong gAy ea nd Ive trong he tin Gin (xem chi tet rong ede cheng 4¥8 5). C. Su chuyén vi ewtng bite cita ode lién két, su ché tao cdc edu ign khong chinh xde vé Kich thube hink hoe CCang nin trvimg hep thay 46 nhige 4, c4e nguyen nan nby gay ra bie dang va chuyen vj tong tat ch cdc loa hes gly ra ngi Ive trong he sit Tinh ohumg khong gay ra noi luc trong he ci dinh (xem chi it trong cde etnaomg,4 ¥8 5) 5. Cac gid thiét - Nguyén ly céng tée dung és tinh ton ma vn bio dim phn énh duge sit v6i sy lam vige thye t€ cia cong tinh trong Cethoc kt cu thing thts nhén mot s6 i tit ea bin. 4. Gid thidt vat ligu dn hl tuy@t déi vA tua theo din lust Hooke ‘pehia I git bign dang vi noi lye 66 sy Ldn he tuyén tinh (xem Suc bén variigu) 6 Gi hit ny bid thi didu Kien va ly cba bai voén. [Néi chip nn gi tht my thi BA tim duge got TR dm hd cuyen sin ‘Trong ating traf hp khong cho phép chp nbn gi tht ny thi ai oan age got la phi myn hay hi tay wt 1. 2. Gia thi8t bign dang va chuyén vi trong he rt nhd, nga [A dud te ‘song ea ede nguyen nitn bén ngos, inh dang cia edn trinh thay di tat ft cho phép ta 68 thé si dung efe lien he gén ding gia cfc dai luomg, hinh hoe. Ching han, nu goi 0 1 gée xoay cia mot tet dién mdo dS tren ong tinh trong qua tinh bign dang th theo gid thist ny ta 66 thE viet sind =0; 800; cos 1. Do 6, Khi xée dinh ni lye ea e6 thé thye hign theo so dé Khong big dang cba cong tinh. Nghia 1A mac di dud tée dung cia ti trong. Ong rink c6 thay ai hin dang shing Ki tinh noi Iveta vin ding ede Kich thade Biah hoe twang dng vi inh dang ban df ca cOng rin Di wi nhing traimg hap aby bai ton won ngang déng tho vi won doc trong Sée bén vat liu ching haa, néu dang gid thiét nay thi o6 thé mc fn ohm sa 56 thuge vé bin chet, do d6 phai xée dinh noi Iue theo trang thi bién dang. [Nei chp nh gi thigt my th BA tin due goi IA uyén tink ink ho: Ki khong ehigp nhgn duge gi thist nly th bai tosin duge go 1 phi yet Ink hoe v4 céch tinh s& kt phic tap vi edn duge thye hign theo 30 d5 big dang cia cng ten 1Néa cong tinh nghign ctu dép dng duge cdc gi thiet 1 vi 2 tht kh in Cong trinh d6 ta duge phép Sp dung mot nguyen IY goi IA nguyen 1 cong tae dung Noi dung nguyén ly cong tée dung: ‘Mek dei laang nghién eis ndo a6 (ching han phn Ive, ol lve, chuyén Win) do mot s6 nguyén nan (ngos! Ive, si thay a6) nhiet 60.) d6rg tha cing tac dung trén cng trnh ay ra duce xem nhus tng dei sb hay tng hinh hoe nhang gi tr thanh phén cia dai lusng 3 do ting Inguyéin nh tae dung riéng r8 gy ra. Ly tng da s6 néu dai lung nghin ctu 1A v6 hung cdn iy tng vEcto i dai luge nghidn ct dug bidu th bing che véct. ‘Vid, edn xée dinh 69 din ca thank eh Ine Py, Pz va su thay &61 niet 4 chinh 11a). Néw got dy Hd din cia thanh do riéng Iye Py gay 1 ”18 (inh 110), 4 8 49 din cba thanh do ring Iwe Pz gy ra (hinh 1c) va. 18 do dn cia thank do rigng su thay d6i niet 49 gay ra (hin 11d) theo nguyen ly cong te dung tae thé viet: Anat ata. $4 HSS, ® S25,Py + SPrt aot BPat nt SyPat SQ) ugg nghitn eta do e&e Wye Py, Pay» Pky ow» Pn VOW thay 461 nhigt dd hoke ede nguyen nhan khse Séng thoi gay Sk -dgilugng nghien edu do rtng Ive Pe gay ra; ‘5, 6ai lug nghien ei do riéng lye Pr e6 gi ti bng dom vet Wve ayn, Pas eo ‘S,~ai ugg nghitn ctu do riéng sy thay 46i nhigt do gay ra ‘Tu bigu thie (2) ta thay nguyen Iy cong the dung bi tj sy Tien he tuys tinh gia di lugmg nghien et $v6i ti trong. [Nguyen ly cong tie dung hay cdn goi I nguyen IY de lap de dung cia cede ude dong bén ngodi, gid mot vai tr quan trong trong Ca hoe Ket ci. ‘Voi nguyen ly nay ta 06 thé xAy dag duge cfc thu ton don gid nbung. vin thda min duge yeu fu chin xe tong thye 1. Cing ef alin manh them Ta nguyen IY eg tke dung chi sp dung duge cho nhing bai tosn luyén inh vé vat ly cng nh v8 hinh he. CAU HOI ON TAP 1. Boi chiga niem wu vit doi wong nghitn cu eda e€e mon hoe: Co hee | thuyét, Sie bn vat ign va Co hoe ket 2. ¥ nghia eda so-d6 tinh cong tinh. BE chuyén cOng tinh thye vé s0-d6 tinh, edn thye hin nhu the nto? 3. Phan bet cfc losi hg sau: he tinh doh, bg stu inh, he xée din dng, he sieu dong. 4. Phin bitte logit trpng sau: ti trong bét dng, ti trong di dog, i ‘rong te dung tinh vat rong the dang dng. 5. Phat bidu noi dung nguyen ly eng ta dung va Sp dung. hich ede didu kienPhan tich cau tao hinh hoc 1 cia cac hé phang Ket cu ding trong xty dmg thutmg duge ef (90 te nhigu vat thé ni vi inhau dé edng chiu ede nguyen nha tic dog bén ngoai nh tt trong, Cach Who e6 thé thye hign dust ni Hinh thic kiée ahaw nung digu eo bin TA {dud te dng ela tt trong, ket clad vn gi duce Ninh dang hinh hoe ban (div ma khong dupe sup &6, Do 46, truce Khi di vao tinh tin cOng tein, inpudl KF su phi bigt ede quy te cho phép cfu tg be thanh 6 kh nang Chiu duce ti trgng, Trong chong ny thyc hign nig vy 46.461 voice Ne phing 4.4. Khai nigm ma dau DDE nay dmg quy tée ef tg0 hinh hoc eda he thanh ping ta cfu tim higu ce Khai nem sa A. He bat bin hink He bat bin inh (BBH) 1 bo Kh chu tl tong vin gia nguyén disc hinh dang hinh he ban dBu cla nd néu ta xem bién dang dén Ni (ha cae vét thd la khong ding Ké, Hoke xem che eéu kibn cba he 18 yet ci cing. He ten hinh 1.1 1 BBH vi du6i te dung iia ti trong, nu xem cde cfu ign la tye 44 cing th he vin gid nguyen. dang inh hnge ban du, Thyc vay, Khi xem cfc efit ign AB, BC, AC Te tuy@t d6i cing te IAA c chiéu dti cha ching kvong d6i tht nb ta dt Dit, voi ba canh xe dinh tachi 6 thé dmg hea ‘Guage mgt tam pide day nll ABC ma thei “Ter mgt vi truimg hop de bigt edn n6i chung efe ket cf trong xy dung phi fa he BBH. He BBH 6 kh nang chu ti tongs n0i Tye ph ‘inh trong hé ea bing wi ngoat Iu. 20 Pp B. He bigs hink | biénhinh (BH) 18 nd kh chi tl trong 88 thay a8 hinh dana inh hoc mot cach haw hen mBc a fa xom céc ed kign cla he 8 tuyet Oct amg. Ket efy tn Hinh 1.2 1 he BEL Duti the dung cia tii trong, he ‘ABCD 6 thé thay déi dang hin hoe how han va 6 thé sup d6 theo dhuimg dit nét AB'CD ah tren Bn 1.2 mie db ta xem cfc thanh AB, BC, CD ls tye di cig. TNéi chung ket cu bigh inh khong 6 khit ning Chie i tryng, do dS trong 8 c6ng tinh xAy dame, ngui ta khong ding he BH. ‘Doi kh trong thue té ngudi ta cing ding he BH a chu Ive néu ti tong tée dung o6 thé fam eho he ‘nim trong trang thai fn bing. Vi du he dy xich trem inh 1.3 8 he BH (kh ei trong tie dung theo phuomg ngang, he thay 46: ‘dang inh hoe ban 4éu) nhung vin o6 Kha nang chu Ive tic dung dee theo ede mit xich (phuomg, P ang). sion 13 C. He bien hink te thoi 1p bin hin ts tho! (BHT) Ihe kh chiv ti trong 88 thay dt dang inh hge ve cling bs (ndu bé qua cBe lugng vd cing bé b&c ceo vé suv thay 281 kich tude hinh toe) mac dl ta xem cée cu Kign cba he 18 tuyot ai camg. ‘Sau ki thay dé dgng hinh hoe v6 cing bé, he Ii trsnen bat bign hin. Tren hinh 1.4 1a mot vi dy om giin vé he BHTT. Bé xxée mhgn difu 6 te cfn ‘cing minh digm B chi 6 hi ning chuyén ddi_ mot dogn BB" v0 cing bé oh 14 "Tagt vay, dui td dung ct ti tong, diém B thude thanh AB 66 khuyoh, 2hung chuyén dong theo udug tn tm A bn inh AB. Tuong ty, idm ‘B thie thanh BC e6 Khuyns hueng chuyéa dong theo dung tba ttm C bi kink CB. Vi ABC thing hing nén ha dug tn 6 ip Xe iB. Do 6 idm B 6 khi ning chuyEn di vo cing bé theo phuomg, cia ip uyen chung 1B véi met ueng bing & Chuyén db v6 cing bé ny o6 thé xay ra duge bai vi d9 chen Itch gia chigu di cia efe thanh & vit nim nghidng va vit nd ngang la dai lugng. vo ching bE bec hal. That vay, ching han vi thanh BA 40 cheat lech ny hog: anna see HY fof PS Sau khiB chuyén dd vo cing bé ti 8, diém B’c6 khuynh hutng chuyén bi theo fa dug trdn o6 tam A vA’ C v6i bin kink AB" v8 CB’. Hal, E. Bae tudo Ki nigm vé bfe w do 45 duce tinh bay trong, Cotige casi 6 day chi ne la dinh nga: Bac ty do cla he 18 86 thong 86 6 Ip 0 a6 xae anh v ti cba he 461 vo mgt hs kbc dsc xem Ia ba dong. oi voi mot he tre toa do bst dong tong mat phing. mot diém 6 hai bbe tw do 1 hai chuyén dong tinh tien theo hal phuong bit ky kh nha, ‘con mot miging eng e6 ba bac ty do Th hai chuyn dong tinh ign theo hal phuong bit ky khde nha va mot chuyén dong quay quanh gino diém cis hai phuong 6. 4.2. Cc loai lién két Dé néi cée ming eng véi nhau ta ding ede lien ke. Liem ket o6 thé don side hay phe tp. A. Lign két don gin ibn kt on gin 1 i Kt ch nha ming cing vi nha. Lien ket dom gin duge chia thinh ba loa nh sau: 1. Lidn kit logi mgt hay ién kétthanh pene te ee eaten ci fale na ee ee waninn LWA eee ea can cans SSeS SEE pl eee = huyén theo pong doe te than, DS TH, es eee SoS at ae we VE mat fink hoc, trong lin két thanh: et ees eee onan [Niu vay, mo lem ket thanh Khit ee mot bg ng do va ph sinh wrong 48 met phn le doe true than nn 18 2m4 ‘Can vio ia chit ni ttn ta thay eu tgo cia tien Ket than khong fond shit pai Ta thanh thing nb ten nh 1.7a ma e6 thé [a mot mien ‘ing bat mi Ia hai 8 o6 kh 1 twimg nb tren hinb Le. Tong truth, hop my lien ket vin Khir duge mae be ty do theo phuong dee theo dung not hai Khgp va tong iéy ket vin phat sinh mot phin Ive hg theo phuong néi ten, Lien ket thanh I Khai nigm mé rong eta gotta di dong. Ligm ke than rmigng bit kj cbn goa di dong I Tien ket ding €€ nt 1 vt tri, Néa xem ti At La mot mig eg th B61 ‘than vin i onal ney tn kp casual hp ih 188 Fda len aasay atom oy ere aninenarrnn Tehthnuae Pa ye Me do sie va I vite eg B lao chnda Se te cy ok ae tle dg reed Soucy emniey cg tai kop A. Trong lign ket s& phat sinh mgt phin lye dit tai K ahumg cK) phuong bit kj) nen thudng due phn tich thinh bai thin phn theo hai phuomg xée diah giao nhau ta hop K chinb 1.86). ‘Nh vay, mde lidn két kop Bhat vee hai Bee do va pt sink hai thank phn pin he di qua Bhép. \Vé mat dong gc idm két kh tuomg, duong vt hal Len ket than, NEw 6 ming cing B vi migng cing A bang ha than tht iting cng B bi ‘hit mat hai ge ty do va chi con o6 thé quay quanh giao diém K cia ha than (Minh I.8e). Ta goi giao diém 46 18 thd gid 120. “Tong tw nur 63 tinh bay & tn, lin ket khp 18 mot Kh nigm mi rong ci goi ta bit dong di bist trong Sie bén vat iu. inh 4.8 3. Lidn két foal ba hay ién két han Ding mot mi hin dé n6i ming cimg B vei migng cig o6 dinh A toe fh pin chat B vio A (hind 1.9). Lle ny moi hin Khir dupe ba bet do ea BAS v6i A. ° ‘That vay, migng cing B khéng di chuyén ae ucnstcieionseerancsons a. PU, ‘eng en bhi hii mh ‘e6 phurong va diém dat bat ky. >) barge myo ot im ak oh Pe eas morta pin omen “Deg DSB Eda la"Sin eg eo Ba aang phuomg xée dinh nto d. [Ni vay, mol lién Ret han Khe dege ba be a do w’ phat sinh ba thanh phd phn le: V6 mat dang hoe, mot lin két hin twomg duong vi ba lien ket thanh hay twomg dong voi me thanh va. mot Khép néu ching duoc sip xép hp Iy (Gud dy ta s tin hidu v6 ditu kien sp x€p hop i). Lien Ket hn Ia kh nigm md rag ca Tien ket ngim Ax bet trong Soe én vat lieu B. Lien két phite top i; Ligh kt phure tap 18 an ket a 7 ‘nol nhiéw miéng cing, $5 ‘mifing cing Ian hn hal D Ikhép phic tgp (rink 1.102) ote ign ket han phic rap (inh 1.108), HH 1.10 Bé tign cho vite nghign city, ta quy 46i lidn ket phic tap than ee lien ci don gin edng log tuong dug, Do dé edn xAy dung kh nigm vé dd phi ep. ‘Vid len kei kh6p phic tgp teen inh 1.10a tuomg dung wi hai Hien ket hop dom gin. That v4y, coi A TA mith. cing €6 dink, n6i B voi A bing 25 “Trong thye ta c6 thé g§p cf lien ket phic tap dudi dang ‘D0 ph tap cda mét ign két phic tp lo s6 én kBt don gin cing fos! tuong dong vol len kél phat tap a.khop K s€ kh ge hai ble ty do eda B, Tiép 46 nb C v6i A cling bing ‘hep K s& Khir duge hai ble ty do ela C. Nhu vay khap K’khit dave bon bis tr do tie la tuomg dong véi hai khgp dam giin. Do 46 d9 phe tap cia ian két my bing ha ‘Tir nhgn xét dé tx dB ding suy ca: phi rap cia mor lien kei phe rap ‘ing sd tang D cia cdc ming cig quy t vdoliém ket wit di mbt p=D- ap trong 46: pdb phic tap cia lien ket phe tap: _D~ 6 ming cime quy ty vio lien két phe tap. Vi dy, lien két pie tap tren inh 1.10a €6 d9 phe tap Ia p = 3 — lien ket phe tp tren hin 1.100 6 dpe tap La .3. Cach ndi cdc miging cimg thanh hé bat bién hinh ‘Dé n6i ee ming cing ta phi ding cdc lien ke. Nhs vay, vin 6 tras usin n6i mot s6 lug x4e dink cée migng cig thi cA sr dung bao nhieu lien ket va ef lin ket d6 phi duge b5 tr nu thé no 4é bio dim cho he thu due Ia bt bign hinh. DE giai dép digw 46 ta en Ldn tut nghien cts 0: kha ning lon hom yeu edu, ching 1 Ae shia lien ket. Trong tevimg hp nly he €6 tign vong li BBE nén ein phi xétthém didu kkign di Néo he BBH thi 38 1a situ nh. S6 m bigu thi 36 luomg lien ‘ee tha twong.duong loai met. [Nhu vay, tong trudng hop he bit ky t 66 didu kign ed eT 42K 43H ~3(D =1) 20 a2) 2. HG nl val tra t rong thye tf, phin in fc cOog tinh déu dye n6i voi tr dat. New {quan nigm tli dat 1A mot ming cing th ta vin c6 thé sir dung cong thie (1.2) 48 Khio sét diu kien eda cho nbitng be nay. Tuy nhien bai tosin he ni voi tai ft etng khé phd bién nén dé ign cho vee sit dung 138 thit lap cong the bidu thi difu kien efn cho tung hop ny. Gi sic trong hé 66 D migng cing khong ké trl dat, dupe n6i vi nau bing T lien ket than, & lién ket Kp, H lien ket hin 43 quy di vé lien ket don gidn Va duoc n6i voit dat bing C lien ket wa tuong. ducng loi mot (xem bing 1D. aes aaa RT | FE Fete |* 2”8 CCoi tri dat bat dong, nhu vay muén ni D ming cing voi nhaw vi ‘vi edi dst th yeu e6v phi Khir duge 3D bac wr do. Vé kha ning, voi 56 Tong ee lidn ket n8u, 06 th Khir duce T + 2K + 341 + C bse ty do. CCang If an twong ty ahu ten, trong tating hop nay, ta e6 diéu kien cin + aK + 3H + C-3D 20 Cong thie ny 66 ¥ aghia wong tw nh (1.2) va fA truimg hap dBe biet eia(12) 3.6 ain an 18 h6 gém ede thant thdng nd! vai ahau chi bang cde Knap 3 hei 4 m8i thant. Gio diém cia ede thanh duge gol la mat. He ten inh 1.11 Ba he dan, He tren hint 1.12 khong phi TA Be din thank 1-3 Khong phi chi 6 kp 3 hai du, ‘D5: v6i he dn, ta eOng 66 thE dP dong cOng thie (1.2) bode (1) 48 Kihio sit song cn chi 1a wong he din cde lin két khop thing Ii Ikhdp phic tap nén cf quy i vé khop don gin. Céch fam nu vay thutng d& nh Hin Bé tao diéw kign thutn Ii cho vige ko st, dud dy ta & thigt Ip ce digu kidn cn dp dung sitng cho he dn, tong 6 aa nong edn quan thm dén d9 phe tap eta ign ke khép. it dn ae XxX st 4 inh 4.49 inn 1.412 4a) Trang hap dan khong ndl v6i dat: id sir trong he dan 6 D thanh ‘vi M mit. Xem mt thanh no 4618 migng etmg bit dng. Nh vty he bn Iai DY thanh va M-2 mit efn duge n6i vo ming ing bat dng. [Nin diet, mBi diém (mAt) wong mat pling c6 hai ble tu do, do 46 48 ni (44-2) mAt thi 36 be ty do cn phi Kh Ia 2(M=2), 6 Ta yeu chu, Xétvé kh ing, he cba lai (D1) than tuong duang toa mgt na Keni nding €6 thE Khir due 1a. (D-1) bfe wy do. Cing lap Iwan coon, fh ten ta 06 cong thie biéy thi didu kign e&n eho tru’mg hop din khong 96 voi dat ni sa: n= (D-1) = 1M-2) 20, maD+3— 2M 20 hay as {¥ neha ca (1.4) cdng dupe gi thie tong tw nh 461 vi (1.2) 1b) Trig hop he dan nd vk tri dts Git si tong he din 6 D than, ‘M mat vi C lien ket ta tuomg dong lai mot ni voi wes dat. Cott ‘Bu Th ming cling bat dong th sO mit cd ni vio ming cing bit ‘dong 18 A. Do.d6 6 bt wy do cn pl kira 2. Ve Kh nt, s6 Ibe tudo o thé Khir duoe Ia D + C. “Tuomg wy nhu tr, ta thidtIgp dage cong thc bigu thi du ign cin cto hg din nt vi dat nu sa: nab as gta eda (1.5) cling Gage gi thie trang oe nur i wh (1.2). B. Diéu kien dt ‘Khi didu kign c&n && duge théa man, he 06 thé 18 dit hoae thm lien ket rhumg néu céch be lien ket khong duge hop Iy thi cc Tin ket nay vin hong c6 kh nang Khir tt cb efe bie ty do cia he vi he 6 thé la bien inh hose bigs hinh te thei. ‘Nhu vty, did hig dit cho he bat Digh hink la cde Hem ht om de BS tri hop bi [Nhung Iam thé no dé e6 thé Khdng din dupe ce lién ket dS tT hep I? Dé gilt quyet vn d& nay ta In lugt Kido sft mat s6 tums hyp 6 whe 1. Gach nd mét diém (mat) vio mBt miéng ctmg thanh he bat bin hint Xét mgog cing bil dong. 1 vA moe diém (mit) A nim ngodi ming emg 426. DE nol diém A vio migng cig ta cf phi kit hai be ty do cba A ‘nea [pha dng ha Hien ket than nh ten Bib 1.132. Hai than ny Thong dage nim tren cong mot dubng thing niu teén inh 1136, ev » MeO‘Eu khong thi dim A €6 thé chuyén vj vO cing bé thea phuong vuong 6 v6i true ct hai than va he 1A BHT (ching mink wong ty nhu AS ‘961 Me ten hinh 1.4). Nhu vay, iu kitn dn va at a6 nl mot alin (mat) vao mot ming ‘cng thénh mgt ba bin hinh la phd cng hai thanh khong thing ong. Goi he hai than khong thing hing my a be di a » Han 4.13, ‘Do su cf 40 op iy va ch vad ie Ke mot dé vio mete nén 19 doi cin ets £80 46 kg lam thay 86th cht dong noe oda Me nga kn We cho ban div Ik BBH (Nose BH, BHTT) th sau Kh them hose bit met bp doi ta sé duge mgt he mi, he mei my vin la BH (hose BH, BHT?) Cé thé van dng tn chit ns én ci bo doi Aé phi wién ming cing, thm mie dch ume ie mlengetng vhs gon mols se mies {dng d Khost cho a dng. Ta im ida ch ph ida mig cong thong qua he vé ten hin 114, Tam gide hop 1-2-3 Ta mot mieng cing. them mig cing my b6 dO (4-2) (403), 32 dug hg mi 1-2-4-9 cng BBH. Two tw, them vio he BBH 1-243 66 doi (5-4) (55) tsb dupe We mol 124053 elng BH, Nhu vay, c6 thé ke ign tin ea BBH. CCng e6 thé phn ich sy cls go inh hoc theo trinh ry nguge hep), Theo efeh my ta in luo loi ra Kh hecho ban dda tb) 401 mot, cus cig 8 duge mothe m6, cane vdo els go ca be nly ta 6 thé Ke 1ugn v8 sc ta nh hoe ca hecho band. Vi dy, Wi he nh 1.14 VE tn hin 1.14 10 Im luge Jogi b8 Khdi he ede BO Aoi (5-41/5-3) (4-2)¢63) vb (2-123), be cb la thanh 1-3 bat in ink, do 06 he ‘ho ban déu 1k BBH. 2, Caich ni hal migng eimg thinh m@t hg bat bigh hink ‘Tie didu kign cfm ta thy: 48 nSi hai mitng cdg thinh he BBH thi toi ‘thigw phi sl dung ba thanh (hinh 1.15); moe khop va mgt thanb Chink 1.156), hode rot msi hin (hinh 1.150). ‘3 dung mot méi han (hin 1.15e) 4é ni hai migng cing thi bao gid ng duge mot hé BBH. [Néu sir dung ba thanh thi diéu kign bs tri hop If 1k bar liém ket thank ‘ids ding déng quy hode song song (inh 1-153). ” » 9 Ea 4 en’ ® A 7 Hah 1.15, “That vay, trong trang hyp bs tribe thanh déng quy nhu tren Hin 1. 16a thi ci ba thanh 6 déa Khong ngan cin duge chuyén vi xoay vo cing bE ‘i tm quay K cha migng cimg B quanh ming edng quy use bat dong ‘A. Chuyéa vi xoay 468 vO cing bé bai vi sau Khi dich chuyé, ba than {eG thinh khong déng quy na va he lei BBH. He trén inh 1.16a BHTT, Kh b tr ba thanh song song nhu ttn hinh 1.16b thi he f& BATT bai vi Iie nay he Ia trutmg hep die biet cia teu’ng hop ba thanh dng quy (giao diém cba ba than & vo cling). Khi ba thanh song song cé chigu a) 4 a ) ) e a : inn 1.48 au2 {ai bling nhau th chuyén vi xy ra 18 haw han, he sé bign in. INéw st dung mot kh va mgt than th diga ign 6 txt hop IY 18 en et thanh kg dg di qua kp (bin 1.156) ‘Trong tnvtng hp litn ket thanh di qua khép thi he s® BHTT 1L16e,edeh ching minh nud thu, hig voi be trén hind 1.4). “Tm Us trong Bi tod hal ming ctmg ta c6 thé pt bigu nh sa: ‘BS néi nai ming cima thanh mot Np bat Din inh th du kibn cB va ails pn sd dyng it aha “= hoge: ba ldn kat thanh Khéng dng auy hay khdng song song; node mot ln kB! kop v8 mot itn Kétthanh khéng a qua Khop, + hoe mot méi ha. 23. Céich ndi ba miging eting thanh mot hg bat big hinh ‘Tu didu kign cfr ta thy: dé ni ba migng cing thinh mot he BH tht tei thigu ph st dung s6u len ket tome dong foi mot. Nhu vay 66 thi thye ign theo niu ech noi nu sau: + si dung hai moi han (hind 1.178, b), + sr dung ba khap (inh 1.17); + st dong sd lien ket than (hin 1.174, €); + sr dng mgt m6 hn, mgt kh v8 mot than (Rink 1.17: (Qua nihtng eich néi ba ming cing gist ehigu ten Hin 1.17 ta thay trong migt 6 trang hop 6 thé six dung cde diéu kign n6i hai miéng cng di biet 8 phtntich digu kien di, Cle eéch n6i tren inh L.17a, 4, f huge tam hop nay, VE dy v6i Be trem nh 1.17 a 66 thé xem iy 64 ding mot m6i han 48 ni hai ming img J va 1! thinh he BBE, tigp 46 ni 11 vol he BBH vir thu duge bing mot khép va: mgt thanh hong di qua khop, Ki be migng cing duge lien két time cdp hai_mitng cing véi shaw bing mt khép hode bai thanh shu tren in 1.17c, e, ta khéng thé vin dung digu kign noi hai ming cing 46 phan tich ma phi sir dung itu kign iba ming cing nhu sau: ‘iby kin cin va a a ni ba ming cig Ia ba khop thut hode gi 20 tung h& (giao dm cba hai thenh nél tong cap hal miéng cong) nang duge ném tén cing mgt duing thang. Néw ba Kkhop tuomg hS cing. nim ao teen met dung thing th he sé BHT. He sé ten Hioh 118 1 BHTT wi efi 90 cla né tuomg tw anhu he BHT i Kho sét tren hinh 14. Hoh 4.48 4. Trung hgp téng quit “Trong trang hop téng quit, ki didu kign efn 48 duge théa min ta 06 thé phan tch digu kien di theo bign php sau ‘Van dng tinh chit ea b9 dei, digu i ring edmg 48 biet dé pit cia timg be df cho dén mie toi da cho phép. Nhu vay, ta dus bi higu migng cing vf Bai tos mdi 6 86 lugmg ming cig thon. ‘Nu he mai duge dua v# mot miging eng thi he sé bt bin hin. NEw he mei duce dua vé hai ming exmg thst dung. diu kign m6 hai ming cing dé khio sit. NE hg moi duge dua vé be migng cing thi sis dung didu kign n6i be ming cing dé Khio sit. Phén dn ee he trong thyet€ 4éue6 thé st dung bith php tren phar tich sy ea tg0 hin hge, Trong nbiing tng hop phise tap, Ki Khong thé van dung efe bign phép tren dé phan uch ta o6 thé &p dung cic phuong phép khée ahy phuong phép ti trong bing khong (xem chung 2): phone php déng hoe (xem chueng 11) hote phuong php thay the Tien ké (1:5) 31.4. Vi dy 4p dung Vidi 1.1. Khost sya tao inh hoe cia he ten inh 1.19. iu kitn edn. He di cho li be 6 Wid, ta sé ding cong the (1.3) 48 khdo sit digs Kiem cfn. C6 thé the hign theo niu ede quan nigm Kenge nau: 8) Quan wig mdi thamh thing 1 mot mighe cing Le nay ta06: D = 6:7 = 0;K = 2:H= 3:6 Theo (1.3): m= 0+ 22+ 3345-36 =0. Hedi lit ke CCéch quan nigm ndy ch fim phe tap bai togn vi ai ming cing dupe oi wi nfiau ing mot m6i ht the ra to thn mot ming cing. 1) Quan nif mi thanh ody hic Ua ‘mot mite cing Lc niy ta e6 De 3 (fe ming cing ab, bef, ed). Coe lito ket 6 git ba migng cing: T = 0: K = 2; = 0.86 Tian ket noi wt dt wong. dung, tsi mot: € ‘Theo (1.3): m= 042.243.045-3380. He dis en ket, Hinh 4.24, inh 1.20 ©) Gidi theo each chon 56 migng cing 1 hidu ‘Quan nigem thank gy khic bef 1A mot mig cing cdn ede thanh ty Ke ab, ed I lidn kEt loai mot ni v6i dit a 06: D=/; P=0; H=0;C-=3.Theo(13): n= 3-3.1= 0. Hed lien ke. 4) Quan nigm ii dat 1a mer midng cing va sit dung cong tht (1.2) Lite my ta 6: D = 2:T = 3; K = 0; H = 0. ‘Theo (1.2): n= 342.043.0-3 (2-1)= 0. He di len ket [Nhu vay ki phtn tch digu kign ed ta e6 thé thye hign theo nhigu cich quan nitm khée nhau, song véi bét k¥ cfch quan nigm no t2 ceding thu duoc mot két qué thong nt. Diéw kigm di. He dB cho 6 thé dua vé bai tos hai migng cong. ah luén hinh 1.20. Hai ming cimg duge n6i v6i ahau bing bathanh (2b, ef, dde) dng quy. Vay helt BHT. Neu thay di ech bo w len ket sao cho ba thanh ab, ef vb de khong ing quy na, ching han nhur he ten hinh 1.21, hi s€ duge mot he BH. Vi du 1.2. Khio st seu t40 i hoe eta he trem in 1.22 al Hin 4.22 Diu kién edn. He 16 v6i 8h nen ta SE ding cong thic (1.3) dé phan Aich. Quan nigm he gém bén migng eimg: 1-2-4; 3:7; 6-8 va 5-9. Llc nly ede thank 1-3; 3-4; 25; 4-5 vh 46 thda man yeu cfu cla lien ket than, Tacé:D Theo (13): m= 5420+ 3047-34 =O, He di igo ket Diu kiém dl. Ta s& tm céch phat wién dn e&e miéng cng. Neu ni smigng cing 6-8 vio tri dat bg lien két hin ti 8th migng cing ti 6 sé pit eign ti vi ti 7-6-9 nhu ten hinh 1.22b. MAK Khe, xét ming cing 1-2-4. NEw nb hai bo doi (3-1)3-4) vA (5-2)(5-4) vio ming cong /-2-4 th ming cing s& phéttién thigh 1-2-5-3. Nhu vay, 35hi s8 gdm hai migng emg due ni véi nau bing ba thanh 7-3; 6-8 va 9-5. Vihe di xing nn bathanh nly déng quy tai K, do dS toin b9 he lwBHTT. Ve du 1.3. Khio st sy e190 inh hoc ea he din tren hin 1.23, Dieu kién cén. BR toin my Ta hg din ni vol dt nen ta sé sit dung cong thie (1.5) 48 khio sit “Trang tevtng hep my ta 6: D= 9: =6; Do d6 theo (1.5) na 943-2620. He i ti kt. ‘Diu kign di Ta 06 thé dya vio an xét sau dé Lim don gin bi Sa: “Trvtmg hop hé nd vi dt bing ba Len ke ya bt hop I. nu ph thas n6i vi dit ma BBH thi fon bo he sé BH. Do d6, trong trang, fngp ny tae thé fai ti dat phan tich sy cut. ‘Qua nigm hei tam gide khép aDe vk FBC Thai ing cing. Nhu vty pihin dan chua ni vi dit gém hai migng cing n6i voi nhau bing ba thank aB, CD va eF Khong déng quy hofe song song. Ket lutn:hé BBH. Vide 14, Kho sts cf igo Hin hoe ea he ttn Ninh 1.24, gw kign edn, Bui ton 3 cho ti he dn n6i vi dt. “Trong tradng hop nly cD = 12; Mo 8; Theo (1.5%: 244-2820. He di en ket. Big kien di. Goi tai dt 1 migng exng J. Xuat pst tirtam gige khop 1-2-3, si dung bp d8i (4-2)4-3) sb (age mikng etng 1-4-3 ky biga Ia J. Tuomg ty 4-7-5 ‘cng IA mot ming cng, Kj higu Ik 17. Ba mig eimg may duage noi wi G nn 1.23 hau timg Joi mot bing cde khép twang. HS (2,2), (2,3), (0-3) nb ten Fn 1.24. Ba Kh twang. hd khong thing hang nén he dang xét 1 BBE. Viedw 1. Kho st sy edu tao Binh hye cis he ten Hin 1.25. ‘Diu kién cn. He 8 cho Ia he dn n6i vi dt. Ta 6 D=18;M =10:C= 4. ‘Theo (1): 844-210 =2>0. He thie hai lien ket wong dong loai mot Digw kign dit. Goi tri 8h a ‘mig cung J. Tr tam giéc kop 2°5-6 ta 06 thé phat wrién thin ming. emg a-5-1-2-6 gol lb sing cng 11 bing cach thém vio hai bo doi, ching han (1-5)(1-6) va (2-5)2-6), Trong, qué tinh phét ign thinh ming eimg 1 ta thy c6 ‘mot thanh tha. Tuong tu ta cling duce migng cing -7-3-4-8 goi Ik ring cig If trong 46 eng e6 mt thanh thia. Nhu vay ba tosn dduge dua vé be miéang cing noi voi nau bing ba khép tuong hb. Kho twong 6 (2.3) nd I vi 1B giao diém cb hai thanh song song nen & xa 0 cling theo phuomg ngang. Céc kha tong hi (1.2) va (1-3) nim ten dueng thing song song Ys hai thanh néi hai mighg cing 1 va II ‘tn khép (2,3) 8 nhm ten ddng thing noi (1,2) va (1.3). Ket lugn: he BHTT. ‘Trong trvtng hap nay, cong 6 thé quan nigon tri dt a mot ming cng c6 hai Khop a, & duge ding d& noi hai ming eng I va, gi0 val ted nu mot lien ket thanh ab, BAi ton dua vé truing. hop ha. ming cing IT v8 IT age noi v6i shaw bing bathanh song song 2-2, 6.7 va a 6 chidu di khée shaw, Ket lug: he BHTT. Ved 1.6. Kho st sy e890 inh hge cia he etn in 1.26. ‘Diu kign edn. Tdi kign cn (1.3) 48 ding tim duce he den ke iéw kien dii. Név chi 9.266 thé quan nigm lien ket thanh mot cach Keni quét hon nhu tren hin 17th ta e6 thé van dung tin chat cia BO 4454 pi bai todn ny Bing bign plhfp thu hep hote phat wién ming cng mh sa: Ove 3Lb 12. 13, La. 15. 16. ey ii Logi BS be 404 (6-76-8) ta duge hg cn li Th tri dt ‘Visi dat hg BBH nen on ‘bp he dX cho edng 1b BBH. Ging 6 thé phn tich bal todn blag efch phat ida ming cing theo thw ngage ha CAU HOI ON TAP ‘Y nglita cia vige nghién edu sy es to hinh hoe ca ket fu? ‘ThE mio Ihe ba bit hinb, bin hinh va bign Minh tée thi. Kh nang fp dung efe he 66 trong xay dung? inh nghia migng cing, ‘Thiet lap ef cong thie bidu thi didu kien cén 48 nt ce mit cing thinh he bt bien hinh, New doi tuame Sp dung cho tim cong th. Gili hich tin chat cia bg doi va rin by e&eh vin dung Pt bigu v8 gifi thich digu kign en v8 dl noi hai migng eng, ba ming cig thanh mot he bat bien inh Cach xac dinh ndi luc trong hé phang tinh dinh chiu tai trong bat dong 2 ‘Xai phét wa djah ghia he Gn gin dé new rong chuomg Ma du, ta thy Ki xée dinh noi Ie chi cin sit dung ede digw kien cin bing, Khong yeu clu sé dung cée diéu kien vat va bién dang. Do 46, ng Ive trong he tinh din chi phu thuge ef dy lugng tham gia phuomg tinh etn bing nh: ti trong, ‘6 hin hoe cia cong trnh, khdng phy thuge d9 eing cia céc edu kien ‘at lieu, ich thude tet diem) cong nr Eng ph thupe edng tinh lam vice trong giai doon dan fii hay dan déo. NOI lye chi phy thuge vEt lieu va kich ‘thude it dign Kh tinh he thank véi tong lugng bn thin cha bic (Cing e&n chi 1h khéi itm vé noi Iue ti moe tet dign no dé cd Ne, hod toin e6 thé déng nh voi kh nigm vé phn luc trong cfc lien ket neu ‘quan nigm gt dign & TA moj len ket hin ode Lien ket wong. dung ndi ha migng cing & bai ben tet dien k. Nhu vay, vé sau may ta e6 thé déng ni vite x&e dinh noi lye v6ivige xe dinh phin lye tong ed Tien ket. Noi dung chi yéu cia chuomg nay IA nghign ett phuong, php tin he ti inh chiu ti tong bat dong voi gid tht I tdi trong téc dung tin. Cac phueng php tinh duge ay dung tren co 86 cée dtu kien edn bing Gah hoe ‘én duge goi Ik phuong php tinh he. ‘rong nhing trang hop, khi g§p bai ton phdc tsp ta c6 thé vin dung phuong phip dong hoc duge xty dmg tren co si nguyen IY cong khi dt (Gem chuong 11) hote phuong phép tah hoc tong 46 sit dung bien phép thay the len ket [ 1; 5:6) 2.1, Phan tich tinh chat chju lye ella cde hé tinh dinh Cé nhieu céch phan loi ede he Gah nh. Dusi dy A fh phn los theo inh chit chi lve cia ef he. A. He dom gidn (Can ed vio phuomg cia phn lye ta khi he chiu ti tong thing dng, ta chia cdc hé dom sian thin ha tring hap co bin: he dd va ba Bhp 34.86 dim 1g lhe bat bh Kn duce 120 m8 mot ming cig nd So ra di Bg me 60 dink 48 mot adi dl dong e6 phuong Indng ding. (Nok 2.10) Rode being mon ttn hei mgm (Kink? e 2b). Dusi tée dung cha tai Mag yA trong thing. ding, thiah phin 1420 pin ye nim ngang tong Me Vv 2 Jnoa on Bing Khong von. 4 “Ty theo a fv toca mig cng, he dm due phn log nhs: 2) Dé th gin don gid, ki ring cng duge Hh thin & mee ‘than thing, bao gm: «+ iim dom gin King 6 dt tht hin 2.28) + Dim don gin o6 du thi bin 2.28), + Dim céngxdn (hin 2.26) a) a a vtm22 °) yp oy Dai tg dung ein ti trong bat KY, tong dm phSt sinh fe than phin noi Tue; momen én, Ive eft vA Ive doe. Luc dec bing khong khi true ‘dim wong ge v6i phuong cat trong. _b) Khung tinh dinn, ki migng exng dooe hinh thin tr mgt thanh sty ‘hie (hinh 2.24, e). Trong khung phét sinh ee than phén mpi lve: momen usin Tye eft va le doe. ©) Dan dém th anh, Ki migng cing duoc Kink thinh ty eée than thing néi vi nhau chi bing ede khop & ha dfu moi thanh (hinh 2.3, -Khoing céch gida cfc g6i ua cia din goi & nhip. Gino diém cia cfc thanh goi Ia mt dn. Nhayg thank nimy tren chu vi cha din tyo chant dutmg bem ren va bien dui Cie thanh nim ben trong rinding Sauén SEE diag bien go ann eM hie thank bung. HE thash yy bung gém c6 cfc thanh ding vi ee thanh xen le Khoding eich gida efe mit boat 1 thuge dung bien goi M |— mio dt (xer hinh 2. aaa ‘Dé th tofn dan duge don ne ‘id, ta thi nh ee gi thi sau: 4) Mit cia dan phii nim tal giao aim cba céc tre thanh va 18 khop Iy taing (oae abu thann quy ty 6 mat cd thé xoay mes cach ty do kn6og ma sat. 2) Tal trong chi tae dyng ta ce mat ta dn 19) Trong lugng ban thén ala cAe thank Kdng dng K6 so vt trong tng tné tac dung tren ci. “Trong thye 16 c4e than thutng, duge ni voi nau bing dinh tén hoe ri hn, rt it khi ni bang Khop (bulOng, ch... Nang mi noi may “khong pha la Kho If tung, ngoai ra ede thanh déu e6 trong lume Feng, cho nén ket qui tinh tod theo cfc gi thiet én chi la gn ng. ‘Tired gi tit ren tai da kt Ivan quan tong nbs sau: (Gée than trong dan chi chu kéo ode nd, nghia 18 trong dén chi {nto ue doe N ma khang cb momen usin M va ue ct Q “That vay, v trgng luong bin thin ca mdi thanh trong din Khong dng Ke vi tt tong chi dato mit nghia I than khong ehju ti trong at tna tgp tien chigu Jai cha n6, hon na vi ede khp & hai du than Ld Ig tating nen ta 26 thé xem mB thanh trong do nh’ mot lign ket foat rot Nhur di biet tt chuemg 1, trong ec lien ket log mat chi pt sinh ‘mot thn phén phn Ive hud theo true thanh, do dé trong ede thank tha dan chi tén a le doc N. {Ui didm cia dan a o6 thé vast qua duge nag mhip in va tit kitm ‘age vat Ligu. Néu ding dim de 48 vucr qua nhtng nip Kon thi chigu ‘cao cba dm dae phat lon va vat ligu lam vige khong déng déu. That ‘ay. tong dm e6 mémen wn do 46 Ung sutt phn bo khong du tren to tit din, cfe tha bien Iam vige niu cdn cfc thd gia lam vige i “Trong dan thi ede thanh chi eh kéo hoae nén ding tim nén sng sut 42 2 pin b6 du tn ton it itn, do de thd Tm vie ar aha vate ig de vt i. a khep (hay hd vom) ‘He ba khdp hn 2.4) Ihe duge ede 90 thal ming cing ni vot ha bing mde Rhip (hop C) v8 ni vt tdi da bg hat Gt et ong (A vB) és xem tli dt 18 mgt ming cing hh 5 gdm ba meng cing i vi nhau bing ba Khdp wong 18 khong thing hing A BC. Ne vay he ba Khop Ub he Bit bign ih, a en ee He ba hop 1a he 6 Ie 0. Ja vong Be ph sinh tanh phn phn Ive nim ngang ngay ed Ahi gag chi de dung thing ing. 6 ls digu Khe nau coin gia he ba Khop va he dm. Dé ade nn dig tant wen hinh 2.4. Khi ti rong tng ding P tie dung ten ming eens ben tri J ela he. phin Ie tai gi B phi di cua kop C: That vay de ny een meng cing 1! chi chia te dung cla ha ue dt ti B va C, mucin cho ming emg I cn bing thi hai Ive phi ye ds, dod phin le tai Bes phuong BC. Mit khéc, Ki xétcdn bing cm tn be ta thy tn he 66 ba ye the lung: le P, phi Ive wi Bva phn luc ti A. Dida Kin d& cho he ean bing ba tue ny phil dng guy. do 46 pn yeti A bude phi di qua a0 didm m cha bal le PAB. ‘Nhu vy, Kh ti trong ic dung thing dng, cfc pin Ive A vB agi hung 6 hinh phn nm gang tee x8 (tung hep de bit 1 Khop C va B cng ttn dung thing dng, Ie nly he te han We do, He ba khop duce sir dung rng tong thy dui niu hn the: + Vom bo Kidp (ish 28), ki eae ming cing ela be 1 céc than cong, rong Vom ba KhGp phst sinh d&y di e&e thin phn ng te: momen us, geet vai de. + Kung ba Khdp (hth 2.50, ki fe mig cing, ca Ikebe than sy kh hoc thing. Trong khung ba khép pt sinh dy i ede tin hin noi luc: momen ub, ie ed, ye doe: += Dan vom ba khép (hinh 2.52), khi mbi migng cing cia he 1a din hing bat bién hinh va tinh dinh.Trong ede thenh eda din vom ba Kop chi phat sinh le doe. a a e 3 4 a inn 2.5 & ¢ o 4 Trance] be Bary 4 * Hé ba khidp co thanh cang (hinh 2.54), He nay gdm hal ming cing ‘Gi voi hau bing Khdp C va thanh eang a, gp 6 lien ket vl te dt bing mét soi c6 dinh A va mot géi di dong B. Thanh cing 6 téc dng Uigp nhgn luc x6, chiu lye doc. Trong cic mits cig AC vi CO, 16, ching phat sinh dy di: céc think phn noi lye: momen u6n, lye cit vi Ie doe. Ket cay he ba Khdp c6 wu diém 186 thé vu qua duge e&e np Kh Wr 0 wi kt ed dm. That vay, nhu dugi day s8 théy, momen ude vi luc elt trong vor ba khop thing rit ahd s0 Vl momen usin VA Ivs ca trong dm e6 diu kien Fim vige nhu nhau v6 nhip v8 i tong, Hon nda ‘nu khéo chon dang cia tryc vim thi momen uc va do 46 lute ct ta ci cfc tit dign a vom déu bing khong hote xp xi bing khong, vor chi chju lye ngn 18 chi yu. Lic nly 06 thé sir dung dace cde lai Tigu chiw néa tt nhu gach, d& 1A nhiing logi vat Lieu d2 kim dé xay «dung vom. ‘DSi voi hing nhip nd, si dung ket eau vom sf khong kinh t€ bing Ké' ‘fy dim vi ch tao ket fu vom thuomg phic tap hon. Mgt nhuge digm nda edn chi § hi sr dung kEt ctu vom ba khop I phi xy dung ket cfu ben dui go ya A v8 B kh Ton d¥ chu thin phn yc xO. Cb thé ke phye nhuge digm nay bing céch st dung vom ba Khoy 6 thanh eng, Lie nly dudi tic dung cba tdi wong thing ding, cdc pin Iye & g6i tga chi ¢6 thinh phén thing ding cOn than cang ug “&